Definition of isomer: 1

No number because no isomer

Prepared by: Rudi bin Zainal 0197525195
Tiada nombor sebab tiada isomer

Homolog series : Alcohol Homolog series : Carboxylic Acid Homolog series : Ester
Siri homolog : Alcohol Siri homolog : Asid karbosilik Siri homolog : Ester
General formula/formula am: General formula/formula am: General formula/formula am:
CnH2n+1OH n= 1, 2, 3 ... CnH2n+1 COOH n= 0, 1, 2, 3 ... O
Name/nama molecular Structural ||
Name/nama molecular Structural formula/ formula/formula R - C - O - R’ Atau RCOOR’
formula/ formula/formula formula struktur
formula struktur molekul
molekul Propanoic acid
O
Ethanol ||
Butanoic acid R–C-O :
Derived from carboxylic acid, name ending with ‘oate’.
Propan-1-ol
R is alkyl group with general formula CnH2n+1, n = 0, 1, 2,…
Pentanoic acid
Berasal daripada asid karbosilik, penamaan diakhiri dengan’ oat’
Butan-1-ol -R’ :
Hexanoic acid Derived from alcohol, name ending with ‘yl’.
Pentan-1-ol Berasal daripada alcohol, penamaan diakhiri dengan ‘il’
Heptanoic acid R’ is alkyl group with general formula CnH2n+1 ; n = 1, 2,….
Hexan-1-ol

Functional group/kumpulan berfungsi: Functional group/kumpulan berfungsi: Functional group/kumpulan berfungsi:

Hydroxyl(-OH)
Hidroksil
Each member of alcohol series contains hydroxyl
as the functional group ( -OH ) which is covalently
bonded to the carbon atom.
Setiap ahli kumpulan alkohol mengandungi
hidroksil sebagai kumpulan berfungsi ( -OH ) yang
mana terikat secara kovalen dengan atom karbon.
carboxyl(-COOH)
karboksil
Each member of carboxylic series contains
carboxyl as the functional group ( -COOH)
Setiap ahli kumpulan karbosilik mengandungi
karboksil sebagai kumpulan berfungsi ( -COOH )
Carboxylate RCOOR’
karboksilat RCOOR’
Each member of ester series contains carboxylate as the
functional group ( R-COO-R’)
Setiap ahli kumpulan ester mengandungi karboksilat
sebagai kumpulan berfungsi ( R-COO-R’)

Try this! Draw the Structural formula of butanol

Butan-1-ol Butan-2-ol
C4H9OH(Molecular Formula)
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Naming/penamaan Naming/penamaan
Replace the ending “e” from the name of alkane ethanol → Ethanoic acid
with “ol” propanol → Propanoic acid
Example : butanol → Butanoic acid
Methane - Methanol
Ethane- Ethanol
Propane - Propanol 4 carbon -COOH

Butane- Butanol atoms

Butanoic acid
4 carbon -OH
atoms Kenapa tak perlu Tak perlu nombor
nombor? keran
Butan-2-ol
-OH at the 2nd C .................................

Draw the structural formula Try this! Draw the structural formula Name/nama: ......................................
Try this! of 3-methylpentan-1-ol: Structural formula: of 3-methylpentanoic acid:
Structural formula: Formula struktur:
Formula struktur:

Name/nama: ......................................

Name General Fuctional Name General Fuctional

Nama formula group Nama formula group
Formula Am Kump. Formula Am Kump.
berfungsi berfungsi

Name/nama: ......................................
C2H5OH + 2[O] → CH3COOH + H2O
Ethanol KMnO4/K2Cr2O7 Ethanoic acid
In structural formula/Di dalam formula struktur
 3

Penyediaan: Penyediaan: Penyediaan:

Two methods of preparation of Ethanol
Dua kaedah untuk menyediakan etanol
1)Preparation of ethanol, C2H5OH in the
laboratory ( Fermentation of glucose)
Penyediaan etanol C2H5OH di dalam makmal
(penapaian glukosa)
Laboratory preparation  through oxidation of
ethanol by acidified KMnO4 / K2Cr2O7 solution
Penyediaan dimakmal  melalui pengoksidaan
etanol oleh larutan KMnO4 / K2Cr2O7 berasid.
C2H5OH +2[O]→ CH3COOH + H2O
Ethanol Ethanoic acid
Laboratory preparation  through esterification by
carboxylic acid and alcohol
Penyediaan dimakmal  melalui pegesteran oleh asid
karbosilik dan alkohol
CH3COOH + C2H5OH→ CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
Ethanoic acid Ethanol Ethyl ethanoate

C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 KMnO4(aq) Nice smell/berbau sedap

[Purple]
Glucose Ethanol karbon dioksida
(air kapur menjadi keruh)
Colourless

Alcohol Carboxylic acid

Fermentation is a process in which microorganism
such as yeast act on carbohydrates (sugar or
starch) to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Penapaian adalah proses yang mana
mikrooraganismaseperti yis bertindak terhadap
karbohidrat(gula atau kanji) untuk menghasilkan
etanol dan karbon dioksida.
Remember! Only ethanol can be produced
by fermentation. Other alcohol cannot
Ingat! Hanya etanol sahaja yang boleh
dihasilkan melalui penapaian. Alkohol yang
lain-lain tidak boleh.
Procedure/langkah-langkah:
1. Put 2 cm3 of ethanol into test tube.
Masukkan 2 cm3 etanol ke dalam tabung
uji.
2. Add 1 cm3 acidified KMnO4 into test tube
and 1 cm3 concentrated sulphuric acid as
catalyst
Masukkan 1 cm3 KMnO4 berasid ke dalam
tabung uji dan 1 cm3 asid sulfurik pekat
sebagai mangkin.
3. Panaskan campuran tersebut.
Heat the mixture.
Observation/pemerhatian:
KMnO4: ……………………………………………….
K2Cr2O7: ……………………………………………….
-Turn moist blue paper to …………………….
-Tukarkan kertas biru lembap kepada…………..
-Sour smell produce
-bau masam terhasil
+
Alcohol
Procedure/langkah-langkah:
1. Put 2cm3 of ethanoic acid into test tube.
Masukkan 2 cm3 etanol ke dalam tabung uji.
2. Add 2 cm3 ethanol into test tube and 1 cm3
concentrated sulphuric acid as catalyst.
Masukkan 2 cm3 etanol ke dalam tabung uji dan
1 cm3 asid sulfurik pekat sebagai mangkin.
3. Panaskan campuran tersebut.
Heat the mixture.
Observation/pemerhatian:
-Nice smell produce
-bau yang sedap terhasil
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Industrial production of ethanol, C2H5OH ( Reflux method/kaedah reflux: Reflux method/kaedah reflux:
Hydration of ethene)
2)Alkene is reacted with steam (H2O) at How much How much
temperature; volume of volume of
Alkena telah bertindak balas dengan wap air pada reactant and reactant and
suhu; 300 oC dan tekanan; 60 atm dengan catalyst? catalyst?
kehadiran asid fosforik (H3PO4) sebagai mangkin.

Chemical equation of the reaction : Reactant/bahan Reactant/bahan

Persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas : tindak balas tindak balas
C2H4 + H2O → C2 H5OH …………..cm3 …………..cm3
Ethene steam ethanol alcohol alcohol
Draw the structural formula for this reaction: +…………..cm3 +…………..cm3
Lukiskan formula struktur untuk tindak balas ini: oxidising agent carboxylic acid
Follow ratio 1 : 4 Follow ratio 1 : 4

Catalyst /mangkin Catalyst /mangkin

…………..cm3 concentrated H2SO4 …………..cm3 concentrated H2SO4

Physical properties: Physical properties: Physical properties:

Alcohols with one to eleven carbon atoms exist as
liquids.
Alkohol dengan satu hingga 7 atom karbon wujud
sebagai cecair
Methanol, ethanol and propanol are miscible in all
proportions with water.
Metanol, etanol dan propanol bercampur dengan air
dengan baik.
 The solubility of alcohol in water decreases with
increasing of their molecular size // number of carbon
atom.
Carboxylic acid is substance that partially ionises
in water to produce hydrogen ion, H+(weak acid)
Asid karbosilik adalah bahan yang mengion
separa di dalam air untuk menghasilkan ion
hidrogen, H+(asid lemah)
Example : ethanoic acid, CH3COOH
CH3COOH↔ CH3COO- + H+
Draw the structural formula:
lukiskan formula struktur:
• Has nice smell
Mempunyai bau yang sedap
• Can not dissolve in water
Tidak boleh larut di dalam air
• Ester is a neutral compound with a sweet smell / fruity
smell.
Ester adalah sebatian neutral yang mempunyai bau
yang wangi/bau buah-buahan
• Esters have low density ; less dense than water.
Ester mempunyai ketumpatan yang rendah; kurang
tumpat daripada air(terapung di atas air)
• Simple esters are colourless liquid at room
temperature.

Propanol, butanol, pentanol,and others alcohol can be

produced by this method!
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Physical properties of ethanol, C2H5OH : Physical of ethanoic acid, CH3COOH Ester yang ringkas adalah cecair yang tidak berwarna di
• colourless liquid • colourless liquid dalam keadaan bilik.
cecair tidak berwarna cecair tidak berwarna •Simple esters are very volatile.
• mixes with water in all proportions • can turn blue litmus paper to red in aqueous Insoluble in water
bercampur dengan air pada semua bahagian boleh menukarkan kertas litmus biru ke merah Ester yang ringkas mudah meruap. Tidak larut di dalam
• less dense than water dalam keadaan akues.
air.
kurang tumpat dari air • Boleh mengkonduksikan elektrik dalam keadaan
• boiling point is 78 oC at 1 atm. akues
Zn +2 HCl→ZnCl2 +H2
Takat didih ialah 78 oC pada 1 atm. kurang tumpat dari air
Salt
• Not flammable
Ionic compound produced when hydrogen ion H+ from
Tidak mudah terbakar acid is replaced by metal ion or ammonium ion NH +
4

Chemical properties of ethanol, C2H5OH :
I)Combustion of ethanol/pembakaran
Ethanol burns in air to produce water and carbon
dioxide. Ethanol burns readily with a blue flame and
without producing soot.
C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O
Combustion of ethanol releases large amount of heat
(ethanol is suitable for use as a fuel)
Chemical properties of ethanoic acid, CH3COOH
I)Reacts as an acid with base, metal carbonates and
metals that are more electropositive than hydrogen.
Bertindak balas dengan bes/logam oksida, logam
karbonat dan logam yang lebih elektropositif
daripada hidrogen(sifat kimia asid)
a)Carboxylic acid + electropositive metal →
carboxylate salt + hydrogen gas
Contoh:
Uses of esters :
Kegunaan ester:
▪ Most simple esters are found naturally in fruits and flowers.
The fragrance of flowers and fruits is due to the presence of
esters.
Kebanyakan ester yang ringkas dijumpai secara semulajadi di
dalam buah-buahan dan bunga-bungaan. Bau wangi bunga-
bungaan dan buah-buahan adalah disebabkan oleh
kehadiran ester

☺ Balance the following equations : Example:

b)Carboxylic acid + base/metal oxide →
2C3H7OH + 9O2 → 6CO2 + 8H2O carboxylate salt + water Natural
C4H9OH + O2 → CO2 + H2O Contoh: Name source
Ester
C5H11OH + O2 → CO2 + H2O Nama Punca
C6H13OH + O2 → CO2 + H2O semulajadi
Pentyl Pineapple
Ethanol : c)Carboxylic acid + metal carbonate → CH3COOC5H11
ethanoate Nenas
C2H5OH +O2→ carboxylate salt + water + carbon dioxide Methyl Apple
Methanol: C2H5COOCH3
propanoate Epal
Pentyl Banana
Heptanol : C3H7COOC5H11
butanoate Pisang
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II)Oxidation of ethanol Complete the following equations : ▪ Used in the preparation of cosmetics and perfumes.
Pengoksidaan etanol Digunakan di dalam penyediaan kosmetik dan pewangi.
Ethanol is oxidised by an oxidising agent such as HCOOH + Mg → + ▪ As artificial flavour in processed of food and drinks
acidified potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4 or Methanoic acid …………………. ………. ………. Sebagai perisa buatan di dalam pemprosesan makanan dan
acidified potassium dichromate(VI), K2Cr2O7 solution. minuman.
C2H5COOH + KOH → + H2O ▪ Used in the production of polyester ( synthetic fibers for
Both these oxidising agents are represented as 2[O] in Propanoic acid …………… ……………. ……… making textiles)
the chemical equation. Digunakan di dalam penghasilan piliester(fiber sintetik untuk
CH3COOH + Na2CO3 → CH3COONa+ H2O +CO2 pakaian)
One oxygen atom joins the ethanol molecule to form C …………. acid sodium carbonate Sodium ethanoate + water ▪ Natural fats are esters which react with alkalis to produce
= O and the other oxygen atom is joined to the two + carbon dioxide soap.
hydrogen atoms that are removed from the ethanol to Lemak semulajadi adalah ester di mana bertindak balas
form H2O. C2H5COOH + K2CO3 → + + CO2 dengan alkali untuk menghasilkan sabun.
……………… …………. ……………. ……….. ………
Oxidation of alcohol is the process where an alcohol C2H5COOH + NaOH → +
molecule loses two H atoms and receives one O atom. …………….. ………….. …………….. …………. CH3COOH + C2H5OH 
Pengoksidaan alcohol adalah proses di mana alcohol C5H11COOH + K → +
molekul kehilangan dua atom H dan menerima satu ………………. ……………. ……………. …………..
atom O.
C2H5OH + 2[O] → CH3COOH + H2O
Draw the structural formula: II)React with alcohol to produce ester and water.
Lukiskan formula struktur: Oxidising Agent Bertindakbalas dengan alcohol untuk menghasilkan
KMnO4/K2Cr2O7 ester dan air CH3OH + C2H5COOH 
 Carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol to produce ester
and water with the presence of concentrated sulphuric
acid as a catalyst (Esterification reaction)(pengesteran)

Draw the structural formula of this reaction:

C3H7COOH + C4H9OH 
*Ingat lagi pengoksidaan alkena? Lukiskan formula struktur untuk tindak balas ini.
C2H4 + H2O + [O] → C2H4(OH)2 C2H5COOH + C2H5OH → C2H3COOC2H5 + H2O
Ethene Ethan-1,2-diol propanoic acid ethanol ethyl propanoate
Draw the structural formula:
Lukiskan formula struktur:
 7

Complete the following equations :

C3H7OH + 2[O] → + H2O C3H7COOH + C3H7OH → C2H3COOC2H5 + H2O
butanoic acid propanol propyl butanoate

or
CH3CH2 CH2OH + 2[O] → ……………………… + H2O
Propanol propanoic acid

or
+ 2[O] →

Butanol:

HCOOH + C2H5OH → C2H3COOC2H5 + H2O

methanoic acid ethanol ethyl methanoate
Pentanol:
C5H11OH + 2[O] →

Hexanol:

III)Dehydration of ethanol
Penyingkiran air daripada etanol

Dehydration of an alcohol involves the removal of

water molecule from each of alcohol molecule.
Water molecule from the alcohol molecule is
removed by a dehydrating agents such as porcelain
chips / aluminium oxide (alumina) / concentrated
sulphuric acid / concentrated phosphoric acid.

There are two ways to carry out the dehydration of

ethanol in the laboratory :

Hot vapour of ethanol is passed over a heated catalyst

such as porcelain chips /aluminium oxide.
 8

a) Draw a labeled diagram to show the set-up of

apparatus to carry out the dehydration of ethanol.

b)Ethanol is heated under reflux with excess of Reflux method/kaedah reflux:

concentrated sulphuric acid / concentrated phosphoric
acid. How much
volume of
Draw a labelled diagram to show the set-up of reactant and
apparatus to carry out the dehydration of ethanol.
catalyst?
☺Complete the following equations :
(a)C3H7OH → + H2O Reactant/bahan
……….. ………… tindak balas
…………..cm3
alcohol
(b) → + H2O
Butanol …………
Follow ratio 1 : 4

Catalyst /mangkin
(c) → C5H10 + H2O …………..cm3 con.
H2SO4