CHAPTER 4

NURUL IZZA BINTI HUSIN

UiTM PULAU PINANG

CHM 131
CONTENT
Chemical Bonds
3.1 Lewis Electron Dot Symbols
3.2 Definition of Chemical Bond, Ionic Bond, Covalent Bond and Dative Covalent Bond
3.2.1 Formation of Ionic Bond
3.2.2 Formation of Covalent Bond
3.3 Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
3.4 Drawing Lewis Structure
3.4.1 Calculating Formal Charge
3.5 Valence-Shell Electron Pair repulsion (VSEPR) Theory and Molecular Shape
3.5.1 Molecule with No Lone Pair
3.5.2 Molecule with Lone Pair
3.6 Dipole Moments and Bond Polarity
3.7 The Noble Gas
3.8 Octet Rule and It Exceptions
3.9 Introduction to Intermolecular Forces: Van der Waals Forces (Ion-Dipole forces, London dispersion forces, Dipole-Dipole
forces) and Hydrogen Bond
OBJECTIVES
• Define Chemical Bond, Valence Electrons, Noble Gases
and Octet Stability
• Draw Lewis Electron Dot Symbols, Structure and Formal
Charge
• Explain Octet Rule and It Exceptions
• Explain Ionic Bond, Covalent Bond and Dative Covalent
Bond
• Sketch and determine molecular Shape
• Explain Dipole Moment and Bond Polarity
• Identify intermolecular forces between molecules
• Identify the effect of intermolecular forces on melting
and boiling point of substance.
 LEWIS ELECTRON
DOT SYMBOL
(LEWIS STRUCTURE)
: IMPORTANT IN DRAWING
CORRECT MOLECULAR
STRUCTURE
LEWIS ELECTRON DOT SYMBOL
(LEWIS STRUCTURE)
• Lewis electron dot symbol /Lewis structure
Consist of the chemical symbol of an element
Surrounded by dots representing the valence
electron in an atom of the element.
CHEMICAL
BONDS
CHEMICAL BONDS
• Chemical bond is a strong attractive force
that exists between atoms in a substance.
• Four types of chemical bonds:
1 IONIC /
ELECTROVALENT
BOND
Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that
involves the electrostatic attraction between
oppositely charged ions
 IONIC / ELECTROVALENT BOND

✗Between metals and non-metals

✗Metal atom donate electron(s), while non-metal accept electron(s)
✗Strong attraction of electrostatic forces between ions of different
charges, resulting in an ionic bond

10
LEWIS SYMBOL

Lewis symbols can be used to represent the transfer of

electrons from metal atom to nonmetal atom, resulting in
ions that are attracted to each other and therefore bond

+
Practice
Show the formation of bonding in CaO.
Practice
Show the formation of bonding between Magnesium and Chlorine
COVALENT BOND
Covalent compound: Compounds that contains
only covalent bonds.
A covalent bond is a chemical bond in which
two or more electrons are shared by two atoms.
FORMATION OF COVALENT COMPOUND
Show the formation of F2 compound of using Lewis dot
structure.
 FORMATION OF COVALENT
COMPOUND
Show the formation of HBr, H2S and N2 compound of using
Lewis dot structure.
TYPE OF COVALENT
BOND

DECREASING STRENGTH

Triple bond > Double Bond > Single Bond

TYPE OF ELECTRONS PAIR IN
COVALENT BOND
Lone pair

Bonding pair
PROPERTIES OF IONIC AND
COVALENT COMPOUNDS
DRAWING LEWIS
STRUCTURE
 Exercise
Write the Lewis structure of NH3
1. Count valence electrons
 sum the valence electrons for each atom
 add one electron for each −ve charge
 subtract one electron for each +ve charge

2. Attach 1 bonding pairs between atoms, and subtract

from the total (use lines to represent bonding pairs)

3. Place electrons as lone pairs on the side atoms until

octet achieved.

4. Place remaining electrons to the central atom. If

central atom does not have octet, bring in electrons from
side atoms to share with central atom
 Exercise
Write the Lewis structure of NH4+
1. Count valence electrons
 sum the valence electrons for each atom
 add one electron for each −ve charge
 subtract one electron for each +ve charge

2. Attach 1 bonding pairs between atoms, and subtract

from the total (use lines to represent bonding pairs)

3. Place electrons as lone pairs on the side atoms until

octet achieved.

4. Place remaining electrons to the central atom. If

central atom does not have octet, bring in electrons from
side atoms to share with central atom
 Exercise
Write the Lewis structure of SO32−
1. Count valence electrons
 sum the valence electrons for each atom
 add one electron for each −ve charge
 subtract one electron for each +ve charge

2. Attach 1 bonding pairs between atoms, and subtract

from the total (use lines to represent bonding pairs)

3. Place electrons as lone pairs on the side atoms until

octet achieved.

4. Place remaining electrons to the central atom. If

central atom does not have octet, bring in electrons from
side atoms to share with central atom
DATIVE COVALENT BOND

A co-ordinate bond(also called a dative covalent

bond) is a covalent bond (a shared pair of electrons)
in which both electrons come from the same atom.
Draw a lewis structure for an ammonium ion NH4+ (formed when NH3 forms a dative covalent bond with H+)
 
MOLECULAR
SHAPE
VSEPR MODEL
• Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
theory.
• Most important factor in determining
geometry is relative repulsion between
electron pairs.
PREDICTING MOLECULAR
GEOMETRY
1. Draw Lewis structure for molecule.

2. Count number of lone pairs on the central atom and

number of atoms bonded to the central atom.

3. Use VSEPR to predict the geometry of the molecule.

AB2E: Sulfur dioxide, SO2
Lewis structure:

bent

Molecular Geometry : Bent

AB3E: Ammonia, NH3
Lewis structure:

trigonal
pyramidal

Molecular Geometry :
Trigonal pyramidal
EXERCISE
Predict the molecular geometry of the
following molecule:
1. COCl2 (phosgene; carbonyl chloride)
2. SbF5
3. BrF5

4. SnCl3-
FORMAL
CHARGE
CALCULATING FORMAL CHARGE
 CALCULATING FORMAL
CHARGE 1 3

H1 N H2 H3
Valence
Electron 1 5 1 1

Lone pair 0 2 0 0
- Bonding pair 2/2 6/2 2/2 2/2
Formal
Charge 0 0 0 0
CALCULATING FORMAL
CHARGE 1

2
EXERCISE
 DIPOLE
MOMENTS &
BOND POLARITY
DIPOLE MOMENTS AND POLAR
MOLECULE
electron
electron
rich
poor
region
region

H F

 
POLARITY OF THE MOLECULE
EXAMPLE : CO2

 Bond dipole and dipole

moments are vector
quantities : have
magnitude and vector.
 By adding the
individual bond dipoles,
one can determine the
overall dipole moment
for the molecule.
CO2 is non-polar
EXAMPLE : H2O

• The molecule is bent

• 2 O-H bonds in the
molecule are identical, and
the bond dipoles are equal
in magnitude.
• However, the bond dipoles
do not directly oppose
each other and therefore
do not cancel each other.
H2O is polar
EXAMPLE : NH3

• 3 N-H bonds are identical

• Shape is trigonal
pyramidal
• However, the bond dipoles
do not directly oppose
each other and therefore
do not cancel each other

NH3 is polar
EXERCISE
Determine which molecule is polar and show the
direction of bond dipoles if any.
1. CF4
2. BF3
3. CH3Cl
4. H2S
5. COS
6. CCl2H2
CF4 Non-polar CH3Cl polar

BF3 Non-polar SH2 polar

COS polar CH2Cl2 polar
THE NOBLE GASES

• The Noble gases have complete outer

energy levels
Cannot get or give any electrons
• The Noble gases are not reactive
Do not form bonds
 STABILITY OF NOBLE GAS
Noble gas atom : has an octet of 8 electrons in its
valence shell. Thus
Noble gases are inert
Not able to take part in any chemical reaction.

In a chemical reaction, an atom achieves an octet

or a noble gas configuration by:
Transferring its valence electrons
Sharing a pair of electrons
 OCTET RULE &
ITS EXCEPTIONS
OCTET RULE
• Octet Rule state that atom tend to gain or lose
electrons until they have eight electrons in their
valence shell to form stable compound
• An octet corresponds to an electron
configuration ending with s2p6
• Example: Ne10 : 1s2 2s2 2p6
EXCEPTIONS TO THE
OCTET RULE
ODD NUMBER OF ELECTRONS
• Though relatively rare and usually quite unstable and reactive,
there are ions and molecules with an odd number of electrons.
• In freeze condition, NO will form dimer to produce N2O2. In
this structure, the nitrogen is already get an octet
configuration.
EXCEPTION 1: INCOMPLETE OCTETS

The number of electrons surrounding the central atom in a stable molecule is fewer than eight.
The common examples of such elements are hydrogen (stable with only 2 valence electrons),
beryllium (stable with only 4 valence electrons) and boron and aluminum (stable with only 6
valence electrons). 
EXCEPTION 2: EXPENDED OCTET

A case where an atom shares more than eight electrons with its bonding partners.

• Only applicable to elements in

3rd row or below (period 3 and below)

55
INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES
TYPE OF FORCES
INTERMOLECULAR INTRAMOLECULAR

• Exist between the • Exist within the

molecules and molecule and
influence the physical influence the chemical
properties of the properties of the
substance substance.
• Hydrogen bond, • Ionic bond, covalent
London dipersion bond
forces • Stronger
• Weaker
TYPE OF FORCES

INTRAmolecula
r

INTERmolecula
r

Intermolecular vs Intramolecular
• 41 kJ to vaporize 1 mole of water (inter)
• 930 kJ to break all O-H bonds in 1 mole of water
(intra)
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

Hydrogen bond > Dipole-dipole Forces > London Dispersion Forces

strength
 LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
•  The London dispersion force is a temporary attractive force that
results when the electrons in two adjacent atoms occupy positions
that make the atoms form temporary dipoles,
• Between non-polar molecules
• Examples: interaction between H2, Cl2, F2, CH4

London dispersion
forces
DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCES
• Dipole-dipole forces is attractive forces between
the positive end of one polar molecule and the
negative end of another polar molecule.
• Between polar molecules
• Examples: Interaction between HCl, HBr, NF3,
CH3Cl
• The strengths of intermolecular attractions
increase with increasing polarity.
HYDROGEN BOND
The hydrogen bond is a special interaction
between they hydrogen atom in a polar N-H, O-H,
or F-H bond and an electronegative O, N, or F
atom.
A H… B or A H… A

A & B are N, O, or F
• The strength of intermolecular forces increase
with an increase in molar mass or molecule size.
• Larger atoms have larger electron clouds which
are easier to polarize.
• Molecular size and mass generally parallel each
other, so the dispersion forces tend to increase in
strength with increasing molecular weight as well.
• Hydrogen bond is stronger
than van der Waal forces
• B.p of NH3, H2O and HF are
high compared to those of
the hydrides of group 15, 16
and 17.
• H2O has b.p higher than HF
although F is more
electronegative than O.
• Each H2O atom is able to
form 2 hydrogen bond
• Each HF atom only can form
1hydrogen bond