Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dinamic of HCB
Dinamic of HCB
Eugene Pinder
Eugene.Pinder@IMSeismology.org
of
3. April 2014
IMS Document Number : HCBSPN201401v0ep
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Revision History
Version Comments Date By
April 3, 2014
HCBSPN201401v2ep -3-
1. Site Preparation Checklist
I, the undersigned, as representative of Hidroélectrica de Cahora Bassa hereby acknowledge that all site
preparations have successfully been completed and the Institute of Mine Seismology can make the necessary
travel arrangements to visit Hidroélectrica de Cahora Bassa for commissioning of the seismic monitoring
system. I acknowledge that, should any of the specified site preparations not be complete when IMS arrives on
site, that this may affect the installation and commissioning of the system to such and extent that IMS may not
being able to fully commission the system within the specified time and budget.
Table 1: Site Preparation Checklist
Item Site preparation task to be done Date Responsible
Completed Signature
1 Prepare 5 x installation surfaces for sensors in the dam wall and another slab /
bunker for the sensor in Songo (see Sect. 3)
2 Mount 5 x enclosures in dam wall 1.5 m high and < 5 m from sensor position and
mount enclosure for site in Songo < 15 m from sensor and < 5 m from Seismic
Server (see Sect. 7)
3 Power 5 x steel seismic enclosures in dam wall and Power steel seismic
enclosure in Songo with AC (see Sect. 6) and confirm earthing system (Sect. 9)
4 Run 2 x copper cables through galleries in dam wall (see Sect. 5)
5 Run 2 x optic fiber cables horizontally and vertically in dam wall (see Sect. 5)
6 Survey coordinates for 6 x sensor positions and send data to IMS (see Sect. 4),
mark North clearly near each sensor position
8 Remote Access for IMS to monitor and administer the server (see Sect. 13)
9 Seismic Server placed , powered via UPS and connected to the network (see
Sect. 11)
We would appreciate it if photographs of the completed preparations can be attached with the confirmation. This
enables us to see in advance if there might be any problems or outstanding issues that we can resolve before
coming on site. From experience, we have seen that – for example – trying to arrange an electrician on the day of
the installation is not an easy task.
________________________ ___________________________ ________________
Name Signature Date
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2. Overview / Introduction
Whether there is a history of seismic activity in the region, the dam is being constructed directly on top of or in the
region of fault lines or reservoir induced seismicity (RIS) is a concern, a seismic monitoring system can help
manage the risk of damage to the dam wall (structural integrity) or worst case, dam failure. The seismic
monitoring system is integral to the dam safety emergency plans. The Institute of Mine Seismology is
experienced in seismic monitoring of dams in Southern Africa (Katse and Mohale dams in Lesotho, Koekedouw
dam near Ceres and Maguga dam in Swaziland).
The IMS System is fully digital and features bidirectional communication with intelligent distributed data
acquisition stations, where the seismic signals are digitized close to the sensors. In this way the long cable runs
between the seismometers and central seismic server transmit only digital messages which are less sensitive to
induced electrical interference. Consequently a high dynamic range of > 120 dB is possible as opposed to typical
70 dB of analogue seismic systems.
The seismic monitoring system at Hidroélectrica de Cahora Bassa (HCB) will make use of the latest technology to
acquire seismic data autonomously in realtime from seismometers. With the combination of Ethernet and fiber
optic networks, communication is both faster than legacy systems and can carry a lot more data.
The sensor array will consist of six sensors of which five are Triaxial MEMS accelerometers placed within the
dam wall while the sixth is a low frequency (1 Hz) Geophone located in the town of Songo (see Figure 1). The low
frequency Geophone monitors low level earthquake activity (larger magnitude and greater distance) that occurs in
the vicinity of artificial reservoirs as a consequence of impoundment, and is the result of tectonic loading
associated with water storage and the depth of the water column. The high frequency accelerometers monitor
the vibrations in the dam wall and can be associated with dam operations (water level).
The entire network is synchronized via GPS timing signal. The seismic server (controls telemetry, seismic
database) will be located in the HCB offices in Songo for easy access to dam safety personnel.
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Figure 1: Layout diagram of planned Cahora Bassa MicroSeismic sensor network
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3. Sensors
There are preparations to be done for seismic sensors which ensure they operate optimally, do not pick up unnecessary
noise or ringing of the sensor and are not exposed to elements which may shorten their lifetime. For this reason the
guidelines below are provided to ensure the installation of the sensors is completed to standard.
Accelerometers
Figure 2: Accelerometer positions on the Cahora Bassa dam wall (facing upstream).
1 Microelectromechanical systems
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• The MEMS accelerometers are surfacemounted sensors 2 and although these sensors are able to operate at any
orientation3, they come in a footwall mount package4(Figure 3). This means that the sensor should be mounted on
a flat horizontal concrete slab. The sensor ships with a M8 RAWLBolt which is used to secure the sensor to the
surface of installation (Figure 4). The sensor is equipped with a builtin spirit level to ensure that the sensor is
installed horizontal (recommended but not critical;). The three adjustable feet on each corner of the sensor allows
easy horizontal alignment by hand or using a 6 mm hex key.
Figure 3: The surfacemount IMS Triaxial MEMS Accelerometer
• The sensor positions should be chosen such that the sensors are protected from environmental damage like
machinery and excessive water leakage.
• The sensor should be orientated North during installation 5 so that the data recorded can be spatially accurate. For
this reason the sensor installation position should be surveyed by a surveyor as part of the site preparations
2 This sensor does not need to be installed into a borehole
3 This sensor can be installed at any angle and will still function as intended
4 Can be installed on the gallery floor
5 North to be aligned with arrow marked on sensor assembly
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Figure 4: Side view of the surfacemount sensor indicating the dimensions of the RAWLBolt used to secure it to the floor.
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Geophone
The seismic sensor array at Cahora Bassa includes one low frequency Geophone which is to be installed in the town of
Songo. The sensor is a Triaxial 1 Hz Geophone and will be installed at the HCB Offices in Songo (Figure 5).
Figure 5: Aerial view of the area surrounding the Cahora Bassa dam wall. The low frequency Geophone will be installed in the town of
Songo approximately 6 km from the dam wall.
Figure 6: Typical low frequency Geophone installed in a bunker
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Seismic sensors are extremely sensitive instruments, and as such preparation of the site where the sensor will be installed is
of utmost importance, and should not be overlooked.
• The Geophone is sensitive to gravity and as such should be installed to within 3° of horizontal (sensor is also
supplied with a builtin spirit level which can be used to assist with sensor alignment).
• The sensor needs to be orientated North and as such the sensor installation position should be surveyed
beforehand as part of the site preparations and the North line clearly indicated.
• The sensor should be protected from the environment (if not installed in a bunker). This means that it should not be
placed outside where the elements can damage it. It also needs protection from tampering.
• The sensor cable needs to be protected. If the sensor cable needs to run outside of a building, it should be
protected with conduit. This will also provide protection from rats eating the cable and passersby accidentally
damaging the cable. The cables should be well away from other electrical cables and appliences. 6
• The sensor needs good coupling to the earth. If the sensor is to be installed outside, it should be installed in a
bunker (Figure 6). The bunker is usually sunken into the earth (>= 1 m deep) and thereby provides good coupling
to the earth. The bunker floor should be in direct contact with the bedrock 7 and have good drainage. The bunker
can be round or square but should be at least 1 m x 1 m (Figure 7).
• The sensor should not be further than 15 meters away from the data acquisition unit.
Figure 7: Diagram of typical bunker for long term surface geophone installation
6 Stray induced noise from these sources may interfere with the sensor's electronics
7 Good contact with bedrock means that the signals accurately reflect earth motions. Seismic waves do not have to travel through layers of soft soil and
sediment. If the bedrock cannot be reached, good results can be obtained by placing the sensor on a granite/marble plinth on a bed of dry sand inside
the bunker.
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4. Survey requirements
In order for the system to accurately display seismic event locations in realtime relative to CAD drawings of the dam the
sensor positions must be surveyed and the coordinates must be provided to IMS in the same grid system as the CAD
drawings.
• The surveyor should record the sensor position coordinates for use in 3D location of events. In the case of surface
mount sensors the positions must be surveyed beforehand.
• The coordinate system used during survey should be noted, in particular, in which direction X, Y and Z increase.
• The survey data (coordinates) of all six stations need to be sent to IMS.
• IMS will need 3D CAD files for import into the seismic system to model the seismic data relative to the
infrastructure [Optional].
Figure 8: Ticker 3D showing event locations in 3D
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5. Cable Requirements
Two types of cables have been supplied with the design of the microseismic monitoring system at Cahora Bassa dam. The
first type of cable is standard 4pair copper CAT5e Ethernet cable while the second is optical fiber.
Each type of cable has it's own advantages and disadvantages. Ethernet cable has a maximum distance limitation of 100 m,
while optical fiber can be used for many kilometers. On the other hand Ethernet cable can be joined easily while splicing
optical fiber is a specialized task. Copper cable is susceptible to electromagnetic interference and is a good conductor for
lightning while optic fiber cable is immune to lightning.
Copper Cables
The copper cable will be used to send WaveformsoverEthernet between the netADC (digitizer) and the netSP+ (recorder).
The same cable will be used to provide time synchronization to the remote netADC. Two boxes of Ethernet cable were
included in the shipment, each 100 m in length. Table 2 and Figure 9 shows where these cables need to be installed:
Table 2: Details of Ethernet cable that needs to be installed
Cable Starting End Cable Type Approximate Supplied
Run Point Point Length Length
• Cables should installed out of the way of traffic which may damage of snag the cables
• Cables should be installed away from high voltage power lines or electrical appliances as these
could interfere with the operation of the seismometers.
• Cables should be installed such that the cable never takes any strain. The cable should be
allowed to move without putting stress on any vulnerable points in the cable.
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Figure 9: Dam wall diagram showing copper cable runs (blue line)
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Optic Fiber Cables
There are two types of optic fiber cables supplied with the shipment. The first type is SingleMode optic fiber with SC
connectors while the second is MultiMode optic fiber with ST connectors. Each type is designated for a different route. The
MultiMode optic fiber cable is for the vertical run from the toe to the crest while the SingleMode optic fiber cable runs from
the crest to the mountain (Table 3 and Figure 10).
Optic fiber cables are fragile by nature and should be handled with care. The cable should never
take strain or bend at a 90° angle. If the cable were to be damaged, it would require optic fiber
splicing (which is expensive and is not included in IMS's installation and comissioning quote). It is
recommended that only professionals with optical fibre experience install these cables.
• Take care when suspending the cable in the galleries so that the cable is not squashed or tightened too much with
cableties. Rather let it hang loosely.
• The cable is not armored. This makes the cable both lighter and easier to work with, but extra care should be taken
to protect the cable.
• Sufficient excess length has been supplied in order to cater for slack which also makes installation easier as the
cable does not have to be hung tightly.
• There will be some length of cable left over after completely installing the cable. The extra cable should NEVER be
cut but should be looped and tied up gently (see Figure 11).
• The cable should never carry too much load. This means if you were to hang it down a vertical shaft, it should be
suspended every 5 meters so that the weight of the cable is distributed between anchor points.
Table 3: Details of the optic fiber cables to be installed
Cable Starting End Cable Type Length Supplied
Run Point Point Length
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Figure 10: Diagram indicating where the optic fiber cables are to be installed. The orange represents the MultiMode cable run (Vertical)
while the yellow represents the SingleMode cable run (Horizontal)
Figure 11: Illustration of how the optic fiber slack (excess cable) should be looped before entering the steel seismic enclosure.
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6. Power Requirements
Each seismic Enclosure requires mains electric power in the range 100 250 V AC at 50 or 60 Hz . The power needs to be
connected to the circuit breaker inside each enclosure (Figure 12).
• Each NetSP unit is supplied with an iUPS, which is used to keep the device powered when mains power fails.
While the iUPS will filter out “dirty” power to some degree, this is not it's intended purpose. As such the AC power
supply should be “clean” with little to no deviations from the specified 250V AC maximum. Any “spikes” or
deviations from the specified requirements on the power lines will degrade the signal quality of the recorded
seismograms and may even lead to equipment damage.
• The supply should not come from a source that is switched off regularly (such as the lights, winches, etc.).
• Ideally the power source should not be shared with any other devices and should have a dedicated breaker at the
source.
• The power supply should have a good earth connection (see link to Earthing Requirements document in Section
14).
• Power cables should be fed through enclosure glands and connected to the 1 Amp breaker prior to the arrival of
the IMS Systems Engineer as power will be needed to program the equipment and to test communications, and
IMS Engineers are not certified to work on mains power systems
Figure 12: The AC breaker to which power is to be connected
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7. Seismic Enclosure Requirements
Six steel seismic enclosures were included in the shipment. These enclosures will house the data acquisition units and
protect them from the environment. The steel enclosure should be mounted to a frame or to the wall before the IMS
Engineers come on site. The enclosure should be mounted close to the sensor installation position (> 5 m away).
• The enclosure should be mounted out of harms way, preferably in a cubby or similar, not where moving machinery
or passing traffic can damage it. Ensure it is placed away from hanging wall seepage, or washing of workplaces.
• It should be mounted 1.5 m off the ground for easy access.
• The enclosure protects the NetSP/NetADC from malicious damage and keeps the equipment free from dust and
water with an IP65 rating (ingress of dust or water jet).
• The Seismic enclosure dimensions are 600mm x 600mm x 255mm, wallmountable. The mounting holes are
547mm apart. (Figure 13)
• Power needs to be prewired into the enclosure by the Cahora Bassa electricians (see link to Earthing
Requirements document in Section 14). .
• The netSP+ needs to be programmed with IP information prior to installation, so the equipment should not be
installed into the enclosures until they are programmed by the IMS Engineer.
Figure 13: Dimensions of the steel seismic enclosure
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8. Time Synchronization Requirements
It is important to have the seismic stations synchronized in time to within a few hundreds of microseconds of each other. The
accuracy of location of seismic events is dependent on all data acquisition units being synchronized. At Cahora Bassa there
will be two sources of time synchronization. One GPS time source will be located at the crest of the wall (at point C in
Figure 1) and the other will be located near the seismic server at the HCB Offices in Songo.
• The GPS antenna needs to be mounted outdoors with a 360° view of the sky in order to track as many satellites as
possible to ensure accurate timing. Since Cahora Bassa is in the Southern Hemisphere, we need to make sure
that as much of the northern sky as possible is visible.
• The GPS antenna cable needs to reach the GPS where installed. The normal antenna cable is 5 m long but a 20 m
extension cable has been supplied for the unit installed in the dam wall.
• The GPS antenna should be mounted and cable installed prior to the arrival of the IMS Engineer.
9. Surge Protection
Dam walls are notorious for receiving lightning strikes which damage and destroy expensive monitoring equipment (which is
not covered by the equipment warranty) and as such the following precautions have been taken:
• Each sensor will have sensor surge protection installed which will protect the data acquisition unit.
• The communications between data acquisition units are optic fiber which is immune to the effects of lightning.
• Ethernet surge protection is provided to protect the server from from the data acquisition unit in Songo.
The power supply to each steel enclosure should have a earth connection (see link to Earthing
Requirements document in Section 14). It is important to note that without a low impedance
earthing system, any surge protection installed will not be able to provide the intended
protection. Please confirm that the earthing system has been measured to be less than
50 Ohms to earth.
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10. Sensor Installation Requirements
On the day of the installation a Systems Engineer from the IMS will install the sensors in the proposed positions. The
engineer will ensure that the sensor is installed to within specification. The Systems Engineer will not install the sensor if the
position is not suitable or if North is not indicated near the proposed sensor positions. The following will be needed for
sensor installation and must be provided by HCB:
• A drilling machine and 10 mm masonry drilling bit capable of drilling a 70 mm deep hole into the concrete slab for
mounting of the surface mounted sensor (see Section 3). The drilling machine may be battery operated, however
this is not recommended for highdensity concrete as is used in dam construction.
• The sensor junction box should be fixed to the wall above where the sensor is installed. Again the drilling machine
will be needed with a 6 mm bolt to secure the junction box to the wall (Note: these bolts are not supplied, see
Figure 14).
• The IMS Engineer will connect the cable to the steel seismic enclosure. This enclosure should not be more than
5 m away from the sensor position (the sensor cable is only 5 m long).
Figure 14: Sensor junction box (with lid removed) mounted to the wall using eyebolts.
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11. Seismic Server
The seismic server was preloaded with software 8 by the time it is shipped to Hidroélectrica de Cahora Bassa (Figure 15).
Some software packages may need to be updated by the IMS Engineer to make sure that the latest updates are installed
(the server was prepared by IMS in October 2013). Some minor configurations may still be required like network settings
(see Section 13) and updating of all the installed software (Note: this will require Internet access).
Depending on what is available at the HCB Offices in Songo, the server may be located in a Server Room along with other
servers where it can be monitored by the I.T. or Instrumentation department. Another advantage to this approach is that
Server Rooms already have backup power and provide a clean and cool environment. The server will still be accessible on
the network for processing and analysis. Alternatively the server might be placed near the Dam Safety offices.
Regardless of where the server is placed, the server needs to be remotely accessible by the IMS personnel when on site and
should be accessible by dam safety personnel afterhours in an emergency. When placing the server, the following should be
adhered to:
• Stable desk, one that does not pose a risk of equipment falling off.
• Not near any window where it can be exposed to the elements (like the sun and rain).
• Stable power source, preferably UPS, not shared with any other devices.
• The server should be secure, restricting access to authorized personnel.
• Not excessively hot, the office should be equipped with an air conditioner if normally hot.
• Not dirty or dusty environment as dust affects the lifetime of electrical components negatively.
• The server needs a network connection to the same network as which is available in the dam wall.
Figure 15: The DELL Precision T3600 Tower Server Chassis on which the Synapse Server runs
8 Operating System(Windows or Linux), Drivers and licensed proprietary IMS Software.
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12. Safety and Legal Requirements
In most cases, the IMS System Engineer will be a visitor to the client site and as such all the necessary safety equipment
needs to be supplied by the client. Should there be any safety requirements that the IMS Systems Engineer needs to adhere
to that is not provided by Hidroélectrica de Cahora Bassa itself, the IMS will need to be notified in advance in order to
comply.
• All IMS System Engineers complete annual assessments to ensure they are medically fit to work in heatstress
areas. Should proof of competency be required, the IMS System Engineer's certifications can be supplied
beforehand.
• If required, HCB is to provide the IMS Engineer with Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) during the execution of
their duties. These items may include steelcap safety shoes, reflective clothing, 100% cotton clothing, safety
gloves, eyeprotection, hearing protection, hardhats, protective masks, protection from the sun, etc.
• While on the client premises the IMS Engineer will comply with the safety policy of the client unless that policy is in
breech of any requirement contained in the IMS Occupational Health and Safety policy . The client should make
IMS aware of their safety policy before the IMS Engineer arrives on site.
• Should site specific induction be required, the IMS Engineer would be happy to oblige in a short induction session
(for example: risk assessments, or working at heights) but prolonged induction sessions will be charged for at the
full hourly rate.
• The IMS Engineer will not work on power as he is not qualified to do so. Therefore, where necessary, an electrician
must be available.
• Access permits should be arranged ahead of the arrival of the IMS System Engineer. If any Identification
documents, passports or police clearance certificates are required, IMS can provide them on request.
• IMS Engineers have the right to refuse work in an unsafe place or using an unsafe procedure.
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13. I.T. Requirements
Network Settings
The IMS system uses the network to transfer data between data acquisition units (netSP, netADC) and the seismic server
and as such all devices need to be configured with the appropriate network settings for the Cahora Bassa LAN. The seismic
server is located in the HCB offices in Songo to communicate with the devices in and around the dam wall. A Gateway is
needed if the dam network is separated from the HCB network in Songo. The seismic server needs a statically assigned IP
address (Table 4).
Table 4: Details of the required IP addresses for the system system
Device IP Address Subnet Mask Gateway
Besides requesting IP addressing information, you may also need to request a network point to be installed near the Seismic
Server. This is commonly done through the help desk and is subject to approval. If these services are outsourced, this could
take quite some time to complete, so the process should be started as soon as possible. Forms may need to be completed
such as the standard "Identity and Access Request" form which IMS would gladly assist in completing.
The following information is optional and depends on the individual I.T. Department whether they will be needed or not:
• DNS Server IP address
• NTP Server IP address
• Domain name to be used
• IP address of backup file server
NB: Network Connection in the dam wall
It is imperative that a 100BaseTX network connection be available at point C for the seismic
monitoring equipment to connect to the HCB network. If at all possible, a network cable
should be installed into the steel seismic enclosure at point C (center of crest, see Figure 1).
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Remote Access
In order to provide support and to administer the system remotely, we require a remote login to be set up for use with the
seismic server. Optimally we would like a port forwarding setup on the client's firewall which directly connects us to the
seismic server on port 22 (Secure Shell). For added security the portforwarding can be restricted to the IMS external IP
addresses (please allow both for redundancy).
• access1.imseismology.org (196.44.37.100)
• access2.imseismology.org (41.146.7.100)
Seismic Services
For seismic data processing and reporting we require the seismic server to have Internet access to our remote data
processing and reporting center in Stellenbosch, South Africa. The most efficient, secure and least intrusive method we have
of transferring data uses the HTTP protocol. All communication is initiated by the seismic server on the mine site. The server
only needs HTTP access to both our external portal IP addresses for this service. Once again, please allow both for
redundancy:
• portal1.imseismology.org (196.44.37.99)
• portal2.imseismology.org (41.164.7.99)
The server can use any type of proxy server if direct access to the Internet via the default gateway is not possible. When
using proxy servers we require the following information:
• Proxy Server IP Address
• Proxy Server Type (NTLM / Authenticated / noAuthentication)
• Proxy User name (if Authenticated)
• Proxy Password (if Authenticated)
• Proxy Domain Name (if Authenticated)
We would prefer that the password does not expire.
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Security and Confidentiality
The system has been designed with security in mind. The establishment of a link to the mine enables the IMS to access
seismic data recorded by the seismic network. The IMS will regard both the status of the seismic network and the data
recorded by this network as confidential information. Access onto the mine network will be used strictly for services related to
the transfer of seismic data, remote maintenance of the seismic system and any other services in line with the agreed upon
scope of work between the IMS and the Client.
The information above is also available from our website here:
http://software.imseismology.org/documents/IMS_IT_requirements.pdf
Software
It is recommended that the relevant personnel download and install the following software packages and get them licensed
before the IMS Engineer comes on site. This will enable him to start giving training on the software immediately. All software
is available for Windows and Linux in 32 or 64bit versions.
Synapse Viewer is a client software package that connects to the server to monitor the status of the system. (Requires free
License)
http://software.imseismology.org/synapse/
Trace provides tools to derive source parameters from the seismograms recorded by the IMS seismic system. (1 License)
http://software.imseismology.org/trace/
Ticker3D provides new innovative tools for viewing seismic event information moments after it is recorded by the IMS
monitoring system. A 3D acceleration card is recommended. (Evaluation license available on request)
http://software.imseismology.org/ticker3d/
Vantage is a visualization and analysis toolkit used to explore and understand microseismicity both spatially and temporally
within a 3D volume. A 3D acceleration card is recommended. (1 License)
http://software.imseismology.org/vantage/
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14. Contact Information
The Institute of Mine Seismology can be contacted for further information on any of our products. Technical details about our
products can be found on our website or from the links below:
NetSP Specifications
http://www.imseismology.org/products/hardware/documents/IMS_netSP.pdf
NetADC Specifications
http://www.imseismology.org/products/hardware/documents/IMS_netADC.pdf
UPS Specification Sheet
http://www.imseismology.org/products/hardware/documents/IMS_UPS.pdf
Synapse Getting Started Guide
http://software.imseismology.org/documents/SynapseGettingStarted.pdf
Earthing Requirements
http://downloads.imseismology.org/manuals/earthingrequirementsforIMSequipment_IMSSYSTEMEARTHING
201204GGv0.pdf
Please return the completed Site Preparation Checklist on Page 2 via email or fax to:
email Eugene.Pinder@IMSeismology.org, support@IMSeismology.org
Website http://www.imseismology.org
Phone +27(0)218092675, +27(0)218197461
Cell +27(0)762621048
Fax +27(0)218092061
April 3, 2014