California's Emergency Policy, Planning, and Management For People with

Disabilities

Mercedes Stroeve, Master of Urban Planning, University of Southern California

May 4, 2023

I. Abstract

People with disabilities are often excluded from the emergency management and

disaster recovery planning process, despite suffering a disproportionate impact from

natural hazard events. California's recent emergency management legislation,

Assembly Bill (AB) 477 and Senate Bill (SB) 99, aims to address these disparities.

Implemented January 1, 2020, AB 477 requires representation from the access and

functional needs population in future city and county Emergency Plan updates, while

legislation SB 99 mandates emergency evacuation routes for hazard events within

every community General Plan Safety Element. This report examines the

implementation of AB 477 and SB 99 and determines the policy's effectiveness in

safeguarding individuals with disabilities.

To assess the inclusiveness of people with disabilities within these plans, this report

takes a two-step approach; 1. benchmarks the Emergency Operations Plan against

established standards from the Americans with Disabilities Act, The Centers for Disease

Control and Prevention, and FEMA's Office of Disability Integration and Coordination,

and 2. Examines the General Plan Safety Elements within the same jurisdiction and

determine if disability components from the emergency plan are present.

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Using San Diego County as a study area, I determined the AB 477 helped the 2022 San

Diego County Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) become more inclusive to the

disability community. However, the General Plan Safety Elements within the county

jurisdiction showed a lack of coordination and information-sharing with the EOP. Policy

amendments are recommended to SB 99 to improve the coordination between the

network of emergency management plans and ensure representation for people with

disabilities to secure this population during a natural hazard event.

II. Background

The state of California categorizes people with disabilities within the definition of the

access and functional needs (AFN) population, “individuals who have developmental or

intellectual disabilities, physical disabilities” in addition to individuals with “chronic

conditions, injuries, limited English proficiency or who are non-English speaking,

seniors, children, people living in institutionalized settings, or those who are low income,

homeless, or transportation disadvantaged, including, but not limited to, those who are

dependent on public transit or those who are pregnant (California Assembly, 2019)."

While this report specifically focuses on individuals with developmental, intellectual, and

physical disabilities, it is important to note that people with disabilities are a diverse

group with differing vulnerabilities and inequalities shaped by individual, social,

economic, and cultural factors. (Twigg et al., 2018).

Natural hazard events in the United States have consistently shown that people with

disabilities are disproportionately affected. Studies have found that people with

disabilities are less likely to receive timely warnings before an event, have difficulty

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accessing evacuation routes and public shelters, and receive insufficient relief and

recovery assistance (Twigg et al., 2018). As a result, they are more likely to fall victim to

injury, displacement, and death compared to the general population. Some of the most

notable natural hazard events that have significantly impacted the disability community

include the 2005 Hurricane Katrina and the 2018 California Camp Fire.

i. Hurricane Katrina, 2005

Katrina was a Category 5 hurricane when it made landfall on the Gulf Coast of the

United States in August 2005, striking Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. It is

considered one of the most powerful, costly, and deadliest natural disaster events in the

history of the United States. India Scott, a New Orleans, Louisiana resident who relies

on a wheelchair to navigate, shared her experience with AP NEWS on Hurricane

Katrina and the many other storm events in the gulf coast region. She has found

seeking shelter during a storm a gamble as most sites were not ADA compliant and

thus not accessible for her. Alternatively, the risk of her sheltering at home is potentially

getting trapped by flooding or debris and requiring emergency rescue. She expresses

that "there is inadequate support for disabled people before, during, and after disasters,

from emergency management agencies at all levels of government (Costley, 2022)."

While it's difficult to determine the precise number of casualties in the disability

community, it's clear they were disproportionately impacted. "73% of Hurricane

Katrina-related deaths in the New Orleans area were among persons age 60 and over,

although they comprised only 15% of the population in New Orleans (National Council

on Disability, 2016)." The high number of fatalities of people with disability during the

response and recovery phase of Hurricane Katrina can be attributed to, in part, the lack

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of accessible transportation, shelters, communication aids, personal assistance

services, and accessible information.

ii. California Camp Fire, 2018

The 2018 Camp Fire in California that destroyed the town of Paradise resulted in 85

fatalities, the majority of which were over the age of 65 infirmed or with disabilities

(Morris, 2021). Casualties from the fire include 63-year-old Ernest Foss who had

swollen legs and couldn't walk; 65-year-old Vinnie Carota who was missing a leg and

didn't have a car; and 93-year-old Dorothy Herrera who had onset dementia and her

husband 86-year-old Louis who couldn't drive anymore (Bizjak et al., 2018). The State

Auditor's Office assessed Butte County's emergency management plan following the

disaster. It concluded that the County did not properly prepare adequately to warn

residents of the danger of wildfires and did not have adequate resources to evacuate all

individuals with access and functional needs from the Camp Fire (Morris, 2021). The

County exclaimed that its ability to offer substantial resources as a rural county,

including transportation shuttles and ADA-compliant shelters, is unrealistic and requires

adequate funding and support from state and federal agencies. This wildfire catastrophe

is one of the many that led to the development of SB 99, requiring General Plans to

identify evacuation routes in the event of a fire or geological hazard.

III. Shortfalls in Planning

People with disabilities face several issues in emergency planning, including a lack of

representation in the planning process, insufficient data collection and analysis to

understand their unique needs, and a lack of coordination between local emergency

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plans. These issues can lead to inadequate preparedness and response efforts,

resulting in people with disabilities being excluded from relief distributions and not

receiving the necessary support during and after a disaster.

i. Lack of Coordination

A network of emergency management plans for cities and counties primarily includes a

Hazard Mitigation Plan (HMP), an Emergency Operations Plan (EOP), and a General

Plan Safety Element. The HMP identifies and assesses potential hazards and risks that

may impact the community and outlines specific actions to minimize or eliminate the

negative consequences of disasters, such as property damage, loss of life, and

economic disruption. The EOP provides a framework for how a community will prepare

for, respond to, and recover from an emergency or natural hazard event. The General

Plan Safety Element ties together the HMP data and EOP procedures and offers a

long-term strategy for land use and resource development to ensure the community's

safety. The coordination between plans creates a more resilient community by

establishing a comprehensive approach to emergency management and risk reduction

that incorporates short-term emergency response and long-term planning and

development considerations.

However, they are often developed in isolation and are inconsistent with one another.

The lack of coordination and standardization between a network of local emergency

plans has led to confusion and inefficiencies during emergency events and post-disaster

recovery efforts. This is especially challenging for people with disabilities, who may

need to navigate multiple plans or systems in order to access the support and resources

they need. "Failure to integrate multiple local planning activities has become a national

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policy concern," as highlighted by former FEMA director Craig Fugate, who "calls for

more integration of hazard mitigation planning with comprehensive planning and more

cooperation between emergency managers and land use planners (Flanagan, 2020)."

IV. Standards on Disability-Inclusion in Disaster Planning

Taking into account the data and testimonies of people with disabilities who have been

impacted by natural hazard events, and the research on the shortfalls of emergency

management planning, I develop a set of standards to benchmark against the

Emergency Operations Plan and General Plan Safety Element following the

implementation of AB 477 and SB 99. I referred to The Americans with Disabilities Act

(ADA) "Best Practices Tool Kit for State and Local Governments on Emergency

Management" and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Disability

Integration and Coordination (ODIC) "Guide to Expanding Mitigation- Making the

connection to people with disabilities," and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

CDC "Planning for an Emergency: Strategies for Identifying and Engaging At-Risk

Groups."

Disability Inclusivity Standards

Collaboration & Partner with State Office of Access and Functional Needs (OAFN),

Partnership disability and AFN advocacy and service organizations, and local

community members with disabilities to ensure they are properly

represented in the planning process.

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Community Working with partners representing the disability community,

Needs identify the common gathering spaces to conduct interviews and

Assessment surveys, quantifying the population size and location of residence,

and assessing natural hazard impacts by disability and the

responses needed in a disaster event (CDC, 2015).

Engagement & Incorporate a broad spectrum of communication methods that

Outreach make engagement more accessible and easier to participate in

(sign language interpretation & live captions; braille translations;

accessible fonts; screen reader accessibility; navigability of

websites; physical accessibility of meetings; virtual options)

(FEMA, nd).

Communication Consider notification and emergency call options for people who

are deaf/hard of hearing, visually impaired, and nonverbal

(auto-dialed TTY and taped telephone messages, text messaging,

emails, open captioning on emergency broadcasts) (ADA, 2009).

Evacuation & Identify accessible transportation resources that will be available to

Transportation evacuate persons with mobility disabilities (people with

wheelchairs, scooters, medical equipment, and service animals)

(ADA, 2009).

Sheltering Ensure access for persons with disabilities. (parking, entrance,

sleeping and dining areas, toilet/bathing facilities, medical facilities,

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 recreation areas). Provide backup generators for refrigerated

medication and medical equipment. Create a list ADA compliant

sites for local government websites and emergency evacuation

notices (ADA, 2009).

Recovery Provide transportation, search assistance, and additional time in

shelters to individuals with disabilities who are attempting to locate

temporary accessible housing (ADA, 2009).

Evaluation With disability advocate partners, assess the effectiveness of

emergency preparedness, response, and recovery efforts in

meeting the needs of people with disabilities (CDC, 2015).

V. Policies, Plans, & Study Area

Having reviewed several county emergency plans, I selected San Diego County as the

focus of my study due to their emergency plan's use of inclusive language and

comprehensive representation of the disability community.

I examine the 2022 San Diego County Emergency Operations Plan to determine how

they applied the AB 477 legislation and then benchmark it against the Disability

Inclusivity Standards to determine if it’s effective at safeguarding people with disabilities.

I then evaluated each city's General Plan Safety Elements within San Diego County to

assess the degree of coordination with the Emergency Operations Plan, particularly

actions that are geared toward the disability community. Through examination, I

determine if:

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 1. The County EOP meets the requirements of the AB 477 legislation and the

Disability Inclusivity Standards; and

2. The local General Plan Safety Elements include an evacuation plan as required

by SB 99 and within that evacuation plan has incorporated policy and procedures

from the County EOP.

i. AB 477 & Emergency Plan

Assembly Bill 477

AB 477 requires a county, or a city and county, to include representatives from the

access and functional needs population, as defined, in the next regular update to its

emergency plan. Representation from the access and functional needs population can

include social service agencies, nonprofit organizations, and transportation providers.

City and county emergency plans with also include:

1. Emergency communications, including the integration of interpreters, translators,

and assistive technology.

2. Emergency evacuation, including the identification of transportation resources

and resources that are compliant with the federal Americans with Disabilities Act

of 1990 (42 U.S.C. Sec. 12101 et seq.) for individuals who are dependent on

public transportation.

3. Emergency sheltering, including ensuring that designated shelters are compliant

with the federal Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (42 U.S.C. Sec. 12101 et

seq.) or can be made compliant through modification and that showers and

bathrooms are fully accessible to all occupants (California Assembly, 2019).

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2022 San Diego County Emergency Operations Plan

The 2022 San Diego County Emergency Operations Plan (OEP) uses FEMA's Whole

Community Approach, which emphasizes the importance of collaboration, engagement,

and participation of all members of a community. Collaborators included the Access and

Functional Needs (AFN) Working Group, representatives of the disability community

who help identify the needs of individuals with disabilities and other access and

functional needs before, during, and after disaster strikes and take steps to ensure that

needs and resources are integrated into emergency management systems. The AFN

Working Group was key contributors to the Care and Shelter (Annex G),

Communication and Warning Systems (Annex I), Emergency Public Information Plan

(Annex L), and Evacuation (Annex Q).

San Diego County EOP Benchmarks - Disability Inclusivity Standards

Community Did not specify

Needs

Assessment

Collaboration & Access and Functional Needs (AFN) Working Group

Partnership

Engagement & Did not specify if the community engagement survey on the final

Outreach EOP used disability-inclusive practices.

Communication Communication and Warning Systems (Annex I): Utilizing TRS, a

free service that permits a person with a hearing or speech

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 disability to use the telephone system via a text telephone (TTY) or

other accessible device to call people with or without the same

disability or other access and functional need.

Evacuation & Evacuation (Annex Q): The County evacuation plan is intended to

Transportation be used as a template for the development of other jurisdictional

evacuation plans [i.e. General Plan Safety Element or City

Emergency Operations Plan] and will support or supplement the

evacuation plans prepared and maintained by each local

jurisdiction. Recommendation for local jurisdictions include:

● Establish and maintain working relationships with public and

private agencies that serve transportation-dependent

populations.

● Transportation that can accommodate wheelchairs,

scooters, or other mobility aids will typically be needed in a

large-scale evacuation.

● Lift-equipped buses or vans may be an option.

Sheltering Care and Shelter (Annex G): The County Health and Human

Services Agency will fill an AFN Unit Leader position, who reports

to the Care and Shelter Branch Coordinator. The role is to ensure

that equipment and services are provided for individuals with

disabilities and others with access and functional needs at shelter

facilities, temporary evacuation points, reception and mass care

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 centers, and charging station locations, as needed. The equipment

and services are focused on maintaining health, support, safety,

and independence.

The Disaster Rapid Assessment Team (DRAT), a designated unit

of volunteers and County of San Diego health care professionals,

will assess potential/current shelters for the need of medical

resources. The intent and purpose of the DRAT will be to provide

health intelligence for the Public Health Department regarding the

need for medical staff, supplies and care at shelters that have

been established or spontaneously opened during an evacuation

event.

Recovery When people are cleared to return to an area, there is a potential

that people with disabilities and others with access and functional

needs may not be able to enter certain facilities, including their

homes, especially if required ramps or other means of access

have been destroyed. Due to these considerations, short-term

housing can be identified in coordination with community partners

that can accommodate the needs of people with disabilities and

others with access and functional needs. Potential sites could be

hotels or motels, apartment buildings, or portable trailers with

ramps. It is also important that these temporary housing sites are

located in proximity to necessary support networks. Additional

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 information can be found in the San Diego County OA Recovery

Plan and the San Diego Housing Recovery Support Function

Annex.

Evaluation Did not specify

ii. SB 99 & General Plan Safety Element

Senate Bill 99

SB 99 "requires the city or county, upon the next revision of the housing element on or

after January 1, 2020, to review and update the safety element to include information

identifying residential developments in hazard areas that do not have at least 2

emergency evacuation routes (California Senate, 2019)."

General Plan Safety Element

Out of the 18 city General Plans in San Diego County, only 2 refer to the 2022 San

Diego County EOP and list disability inclusive policy and action items. The city of

Encinitas’s Safety Element provides community profiles on people with disabilities

including; the percentage per neighborhood and scenarios of adverse impact by hazard

(City of Encinitas, 2023). The city of El Cajon identified evacuation routes and policy

goals to assist special needs residents without a car to evacuate including developing

partnerships with shuttle services for emergency evacuation situations (City of El Cajon,

2021). The remaining safety elements did not mention people with disabilities or AFN.

There were 5 cities that referred to their own city EOP for emergency evacuation routes

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including the City of La Mesa and National City. Some cities didn’t have proper element

titles, for instance the city of Chula Vista has an Environmental Element and the city of

Escondido has a Community Protection Element. There are 2 cities that had outdated

Safety Elements that date back to 23 and 48 years ago, and 5 cities that didn’t have

Safety Elements at all.

Disability

Refers to Inclusive

San Diego Refers to Policy &

General Plan Evacuation County City EOP Action Items

Safety Element Updated Routes Y/N EOP Y/N Y/N Y/N

Carlsbad Sep 2015 N Y N N

Chula Vista n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

City of San Diego Jan 2023 N N Y N

Coronado n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Del Mar n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

El Cajon July 2021 Y Y N Y

(Draft)

Encinitas 2023 Y Y N Y

Escondido May 2012 Y N N

Imperial Beach Mar 2019 N N N

La Mesa July 2013 N N Y N

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Lemon Grove Oct 1996 n/a n/a n/a n/a

June

National City 2011 N N Y N

June

Oceanside 1975 n/a n/a n/a n/a

Poway Aug 2000 n/a n/a n/a n/a

San Marcos n/a Y N Y N

Santee n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Solana Beach July 2004 N N N N

Vista Dec 2011 N N Y N

VI. Conclusion

While guidance for creating inclusive emergency management with the disability

community is readily available by the ADA, FEMA, CDC, and the National Council on

Disability, it is often not fully utilized by local government and planners.

In my evaluation of the San Diego County Emergency Operations Plan (EOP), I found

that it met the requirements of the AB 477 legislation and Disability Inclusivity

Standards, demonstrating the effectiveness of including representation from the

disability community in the planning process to create inclusive action. However, in

reviewing city General Plan Safety Elements, I identified inconsistency in meeting SB 99

regulations and even infrequent review and update of elements. Only two plans

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coordinated with the County EOP and included assessments, policies, and actions

geared toward people with disabilities.

It is important to note that San Diego County comprises a mix of urban and suburban

cities, with planning primarily focused on the city rather than the region or county level.

For rural counties, such as Butte County, where the 2018 Camp Fire occurred, reliance

on the County EOP may be greater due to resource constraints. Hence, coordination

between city and county emergency plans is crucial to resources and ensure that all

plans align with inclusive policies. If a network of emergency plans doesn't properly

coordinate, and if the inclusive policy only applies to one plan and not the other, then

the population of people with disabilities remains at risk in a natural hazard event.

Based on my analysis, it was concluded that the policies as they are currently written do

not fully safeguard people with disabilities. There is a need for legislation that calls for

the coordination and disability-inclusive practices among the full network of emergency

management plans. The availability of guidance should be taken advantage of, and

regular review and updates in emergency plans to ensure that the needs of vulnerable

populations are accounted for. I recommend the following policy additions and

amendments:

1. Amend SB 99 to include the following provisions:

● Require that vulnerable populations, including people with disabilities and

access and functional needs (ANF), be identified by neighborhood when

forming evacuation routes in order to identify evacuation resources.

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 ● Integrate the protocols for evacuation along with shelter and

communication stated in the County or City EOP into the Safety Element

of the General Plan.

● Build long-term strategies to improve emergency communication,

evacuation, and shelter for vulnerable populations.

2. Create new legislation for the Safety Element of the General Plan that requires

the following:

● Conduct a vulnerability assessment of people with disabilities, including

where they live and gather, their hazard overlays, and barriers to

evacuation and communication.

● Partner with people from the disability community to conduct this

assessment, ensuring that the perspectives of those with disabilities are

included in the planning process.

● Use the results of the vulnerability assessment to inform the creation of

policies and actions that address the needs of people with disabilities

during natural disasters.

3. Expand upon AB 477 to cover all Disability-Inclusive Standards (as seen on page

6).

VII. Resources

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). (2009, October 26). ADA Best Practices Tool Kit

for State and Local Governments. archive.ADA.gov homepage. Retrieved from

https://archive.ada.gov/pcatoolkit/chap7emergencymgmtadd1.htm

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Age and Disability Capacity Programme (ADCAP). (2018). Humanitarian inclusion

standards for older people and people with disabilities. USCIS. Retrieved from

https://www.uscis.gov/forms/explore-my-options/humanitarian-parole

Berke, Newman, Lee, Combs, Kolosna, Salvesen. (2015, November 23). Evaluation of

Networks of Plans and Vulnerability to Hazards and Climate Change: A

Resilience Scorecard. Retrieved from

https://coastalresiliencecenter.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/845/2018/09/Ber

ke_et_al._best_paper_JAPA_2015.pdf

Bizjak, T., Yoon-Hendricks, A., Reese, P., & Sullivan, M. (2018, December 6). Many of

the dead in Camp Fire were disabled. could they have been saved? Fall River

Herald News. Retrieved from

https://www.heraldnews.com/story/news/2018/12/06/many-dead-in-camp-fire/710

0366007/

Center for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC). (2015). Planning for an Emergency:

Strategies for Identifying and Engaging At-Risk Groups. CDC. Retrieved from

https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/hsb/disaster/atriskguidance.pdf

City of Carlsbad. (2015, September). Public Safety. Retrieved from

https://www.carlsbadca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/3428/637434861106

370000

City of El Cajon. (2021, July). City of El Cajon Safety Element. Retrieved from

https://www.elcajon.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/25187

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City of Encinitas. (2023). ENCINITAS GENERAL PLAN SAFETY ELEMENT. Retrieved

from

https://www.encinitasca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/6616/638170003659

730000

City of San Diego. (2023, January). Public Facilities, Services and Safety Element.

https://www.sandiego.gov/. Retrieved from

https://www.sandiego.gov/sites/default/files/pf_2021_final.pdf

City of Escondido. (2012, May) Community Protection. Retrieved from

https://www.escondido.org/Data/Sites/1/media/PDFs/Planning/GPUpdate/Genera

lPlanChapterVI.pdf

City of La Mesa. (2013, July) Safety Element. Retrieved from

https://www.cityoflamesa.us/DocumentCenter/View/6203/09LaMesaGPSafety-C

D?bidId=

City of Lemon Grove. (1996, October) Lemon Grove General Plan. Retrieved from

https://www.lemongrove.ca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/11777/63787690

7446070000

National City. (2011, June) National City General Plan. Retrieved from

https://www.nationalcityca.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/29222/637963502

359500000

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City of Oceanside. (1975, June) Public Safety Element. Retrieved from

https://www.ci.oceanside.ca.us/home/showpublisheddocument/3874/637952805

817430000

City of Poway. (2000, August) Emergency Services Element. Retrieved from

https://docs.poway.org/weblink/0/doc/49303/Electronic.aspx

City of San Marcos. (n.d.) Safety Element. Retrieved from

https://www.san-marcos.net/home/showpublisheddocument/8476/637732781280

670000

City of Solana Beach. (2004, July) Safety Element. Code Publishing. Retrieve from

https://www.codepublishing.com/CA/SolanaBeach/#!/SolanaBeachGP/SolanaBe

achGP04.html

City of Vista (2011, December) Public Safety, Facilities, and Services Element.

Retrieved from

https://records.cityofvista.com/WebLink/DocView.aspx?dbid=0&id=712586&cr=1

Costley, D. (2022, October 13). People with disabilities left out of climate planning. AP

NEWS.

https://apnews.com/article/science-health-new-orleans-united-nations-climate-an

d-environment-d631f245d0a5a408a1ba1be7dd55b167

Disability Inclusive Climate Action Research Program (n.d.). Our research. DICARP.

https://www.disabilityinclusiveclimate.org/researcheng

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Emergency preparedness: vulnerable populations, A.B. 477, California Assembly (2019)

https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB4

77

General plans: safety element: emergency evacuation routes, S.B. 99, California

Senate (2019)

https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200SB9

Flanagan, B. E., Gregory, E. W., Hallisey, E. J., Heitgerd, J. L., & Lewis, B. (2020). A

Social Vulnerability Index for Disaster Management. Journal of Homeland

Security and Emergency Management. Retrieved from

https://svi.cdc.gov/A%20Social%20Vulnerability%20Index%20for%20Disaster%2

0Management.pdf

FEMA. (n.d.). Guide to Expanding Mitigation - MAKING THE CONNECTION TO

PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES. FEMA. Retrieved from

https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/fema_r2-making-connection-p

eople-disabilities.pdf

National Council on Disability. (2016, June 23). The impact of Hurricanes Katrina and

Rita on people with disabilities: A look back and remaining challenges. NCD.gov.

Retrieved from

https://ncd.gov/publications/2006/aug072006#:~:text=Almost%20immediately%2

0after%20Hurricane%20Katrina,hit%20by%20the%20hurricane%3A%20Biloxi%2

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National Organization on Disability (2005). Emergency Preparedness Initiative: Guide

on the Special Needs of People with Disabilities for Emergency Managers,

Planners and Responders. www.nod.org.

http://www.disastersrus.org/MyDisasters/disability/epiguide2005.pdf

Morris, A. (2021, September 12). 'we didn't have a plan': Disabled people struggle to

evacuate from wildfires. The New York Times. Retrieved from

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/12/us/wildfires-disabled-people-evacuation.ht

ml#:~:text=The%20Camp%20fire%20wiped%20out,according%20to%20Butte%2

0County%20data.

Twigg, J., Kett, M., & Lovell, E. (2018, July). Disability inclusion and disaster risk

reduction . https://cdn.odi.org/. Retrieved from

https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/12324.pdf

Unified San Diego County Emergency Services Organization And County Of San Diego.

(2022, September). Operational Area Emergency Operations Plan - San Diego

County, California. Retrieved from

https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/content/dam/sdc/oes/emergency_management/

plans/op-area-plan/2022/EOP2022_Complete%20Plan.pdf

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