‫بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم‬

LECTURE 3

A SINGLE CAUSE
PARAGRAPH
DEFINITION
BRAINSTORMING
DEVELOPING DE

- A developmental /
body paragraph
WHAT IS A
that investigates

-
one cause.
It should be SINGLE
abundant in signal
words of CAUSE
PARAGRAP
cause ,such as: is
ascribed to , urge,
catalyst, in pursuit
of, since, triggered,
verify, drive,
stimulate,
H
contributor ,factor
2

 Why is literature important

1- Brainstorming
A-Listing causes

1-Promotes language skills ( writing, reading ,communication

2- Widens scope of vocabulary
3-Informs about history and past live
4-A pivotal tool of refor
5- Re ects humanity and enhances empathy and understanding
6- A means of escapis
7-A tool of self understanding
8-Fuels imagination
9-A powerful stress reliever & entertainment
10-Bene ts mental activities ( concentration & focus
11-Enriches experience
12-Enhances critical thinking
3
fl
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 B-Minimize causes
1-Pivotal tool of refor
2-Enhances cultural exchange
3-Promotes Language skills
4-Powerful relieve

C-Principle of Order

1-Importance ( from most to least or vice versa

2-Familiarity ( preferably from most to least

4
r

 D-Cause based Cluster

Cause 1 Cause 2

Subtopic 1 Subtopic 2 Subtopic 1 Subtopic 2

Support Support Support Support Support Support Support Support

5
 D-Cause based Cluster

Cause 1: A Pivotal Tool of

Reform

Subtopic 1 Subtopic
Victorian literature African American literature
addressed societal injustic attacked racis

Child labor
Feminist Toni
Oliver Twis Frederick Uncle Tom’s
works Morrison’
David Douglass Cabin
A Doll’s House Beloved
Copper eld
6

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 E-Outlining a Single Cause Paragraph

II.Topic Sentence: Cause 1 and a Signal word of cause

A. Major Sentence 1: Subtopic 1 and a Signal word of cause

1.Supporting S 1: ( signal word: To exemplify,... ) quotation / fact / statistics

2.Supporting S 2: contrast /comparison /de nition / examples ( lm / interview

B. Major Sentence 2 :Subtopic 2 and a Signal word of cause

1. Supporting S 1:( signal word: As a manifestation of this, ...) descriptive details

2.Supporting S 2 : paraphrase / proposition using conditional if ( 2nd case)

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II.The importance of literature is attributed to its pivotal role in implementing social reform.
A. Victorian literature prodigiously contributed to the amelioration of the appalling
conditions of the poor class in the 19th century.
1.A prime example of this is Dickens’ novels which contributed to a series
of legal reforms including the abolition of inhumane imprisonment for
debts, a better mangement of criminal prisons , and the restriction of
capital punishment.
2.For further demonstration ,Oliver Twist and David Copperfield enhanced
the enactment of a law banning child labor at the age of 7.
3.Similarly, Victorian works , such as Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre, Henrik
Ibsen’s A Doll’s House and Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion, gave a boost to the first
wave of the feminist movement advocating the right of women to
education, work , possession , suffrage and child custody.
4.Jane’s words” I am no bird and no net ensnares me “ and I am your equal
have become popular feminist quotes. 8

B. Moreover , African American literature functioned as a catalyst in the blacks’ Civil Rights
Movement.
1.As a manifestation of this ,Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852), by Harriet Beecher Stowe,
instigated the anti slave movement in USA.
2.It had a profound impact on the abolition movement and promoted the Civil
war.When Stowe,a petite woman,met President Lincoln,he told her,”So you are
the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war”( Dotinga).
3.Additionally, Alice Walker’s The Colour Purple , Toni Morrison’s Beloved and The
Bluest Eyes,the biographies of Frederick Douglas and Malcom X bespeak the
atrocities of racial discrimination in USA.
4.Sidney Kingsly’s Dead End (1935) dramatizes the horrific life conditions in NY’s
slums.This urged the US President to appoint a slum study commission.

https://www.csmonitor.com/Books/chapter-and-verse/2011/0630/The-little-woman-
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 ASSIGNMENT
READ ON THE REASONS
INVESTIGATING:

*RIOTS AND URBAN UNREST IN

USA
*RUSSIAN INVASION OF UKRAINE

*CHILDREN’S VIOLENT
TENDENCIES

- Useful links:
- https://youtu.be/8RYdItBIuOU
- https://www.foxnews.com/category/us/us-protests
- https://www.businessinsider.com/why-russia-is-attacking-ukraine-putin-
justi cation-for-invasion-2022-2
- https://study.com/academy/lesson/violent-behavior-in-children-causes-
prevention.html
- https://www.hellomotherhood.com/what-causes-behavioral-problems-in-
children-4965530.html

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