NATIONAL LAW INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY,

BHOPAL
X SEMESTER

REFUGEE LAW

TOPIC: SYRIAN REFUGEE CRISIS

SUBMITTED TO: SIR AMIT KUMAR

SUBMITTED BY: MAHI SHARMA (2018BALLB62)

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................2
CERTIFICATE................................................................................................................................3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................................................4
SYNOPSIS......................................................................................................................................5
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................5
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM....................................................................................................5
HYPOTHESIS.............................................................................................................................5
OBJECTIVES..............................................................................................................................6
RESEARCH QUESTIONS..........................................................................................................6
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................6
REVIEW OF LITERATURE......................................................................................................6
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................7
INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR REFUGEES................................................................8
INDIA'S STAND ON SYRIAN REFUGEE CRISIS......................................................................9
REFUGEE LAW IN INDIA..........................................................................................................10
COMPARISON WITH INTERNATIONAL STANCE................................................................11
ISSUES AND TRENDS................................................................................................................11
ACESS TO ASYLUM...................................................................................................................13
LEGAL CRITICISM OF THE RESPONSIBILITY OF STATES...............................................14
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................15
BIBLIOGRAPHY..........................................................................................................................16
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the research SYRIAN REFUGEE CRISIS”, has been prepared and
submitted by MAHI SHARMA, who is currently pursuing her B.A. L.L.B. (Hons.) at National
Law Institute University, Bhopal in fulfillment of Refugee Law course. It is also certified that
this is her original research report and this paper has not been submitted to any other University,
nor published in any journal.

Date: ………………..

Signature of the Student : ……………………….

Signature of the Research Spectator : ……………………….

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

On completion of this Project, it is my privilege to acknowledge my profound gratitude and

indebtedness towards my teachers for their valuable suggestions and constructive criticism. Their
precious guidance and unrelenting support kept me on the right track throughout the project. I
gratefully acknowledge my deepest sense of gratitude to:

Prof. (Dr.) V. Vijaykumar, Director, National Law Institute University, Bhopal for providing me
with the infrastructure and the means to make this project;

My REFUGEE LAW professor, who provided me this wonderful opportunity and guided me
throughout the project work;

I’m also thankful to the library and computer staff of the University for helping me find and
select books from the University library.

Finally, I’m thankful to my family members and friends for the affection and encouragement
with which doing this project became a pleasure.

MAHI SHARMA

(2018 BALLB 62)

 SYNOPSIS

ABSTRACT
The Syrian refugee crisis began in 2011, when peaceful protests against the government of President
Bashar al-Assad turned into a violent civil war. The conflict has led to the displacement of millions of
people, both internally within Syria and externally to neighboring countries and beyond. The legal issues
and trends surrounding this crisis are complex and multi-faceted, involving international refugee law,
human rights law, and the responsibility of states to protect refugees.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The Syrian refugee crisis is a complex and multifaceted problem that has been ongoing since the
outbreak of the Syrian civil war in 2011. It has resulted in millions of Syrians fleeing their homes
and seeking refuge in neighboring countries and beyond. The crisis has had significant social,
economic, and political implications for both the host countries and the refugees themselves. The
main challenges include inadequate funding for humanitarian aid, lack of access to basic
services, and a lack of political will to find a lasting solution to the conflict. Additionally, the
refugee crisis has created tensions and divisions among the host communities, leading to social
unrest and discrimination against refugees. The situation is further complicated by the fact that
many refugees face prolonged displacement and are unable to return home due to ongoing
conflict, insecurity, and the destruction of their homes and communities. Therefore, the Syrian
refugee crisis requires a comprehensive and coordinated response from the international
community to address the immediate needs of refugees, support host communities, and find a
lasting solution to the conflict in Syria.

HYPOTHESIS
The lack of political will and international cooperation to address the root causes of the Syrian
conflict, combined with inadequate funding and resources for humanitarian aid, has contributed
to the prolonged displacement of Syrian refugees and exacerbated their vulnerability and
marginalization in host countries
OBJECTIVES
 To learn about the Syrian refugee crisis.
 To analyse the shortcomings in providing relief
 To understand India’s stance on the refugee crisis.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS
 What is the international framework for refugees?
 Where does India stand on Syrian refugee crisis?
 What is the responsibility of the states with regard to refugee law?

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The methodology used in making this project is doctrinal. Methodology research includes
systematic method, collection of the facts. The project will tentatively landmark cases analysis
relevant to this topic and Legal principles or legal provisions necessary for the study. Data will
be collected from the secondary sources like newspaper, legal articles, internet, and relevant
books on this subject.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

 INTERNATIONAL LAW BY MALCOLM N. SHAW (2008)

The standard textbook for teachers and students in this increasingly popular area of academic
study is Malcolm Shaw's authoritative and readable International Law. The signature writing
style maintains accuracy and academic rigour while offering a compelling perspective that
encourages students to learn more about the subject. The analysis incorporated into the textbook
is an opportunity for students to practise critical thinking. The book included a comprehensive
chapter on refugee law that gives readers a fundamental understanding of the law of asylum in an
international context.
 INTRODUCTION

INTERNATIONAL REFUGEE LAW

A person who is outside of their country of origin or usual residence and is unable or unwilling
to return due to a well-founded fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality,
political opinion, or membership in a particular social group is referred to as a refugee under
international law.1 The Refugee Convention, which consists of the 1967 Protocol and the 1951
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, establishes the legal foundation for the rights and
protection of refugees.2

The sheer quantity of displaced individuals in the Syrian refugee crisis is one of the major
problems. Over 6.6 million Syrians are registered as refugees in neighbouring countries, with an
additional 6.7 million internally displaced within Syria, according to the UN Refugee Agency
(UNHCR).3 The capacity of the host countries to meet the basic requirements of refugees,
including as housing, food, and medical care, has been severely hampered by the crisis's scope.
The effectiveness of the international refugee protection framework has been questioned as a
result, and there is a need for more efficient procedures to divide responsibility for refugee
protection among governments.4

The way certain nations have handled the situation is another problem. For Syrian refugees,
many nations have put up barriers to entrance, citing worries about security, financial hardship,
and cultural differences.5 Refugees are now stranded without access to basic amenities or legal
protection in hazardous and congested conditions. Such measures might be against the non-
refoulement principle, which forbids states from sending refugees back to areas where they will
face persecution.6

HUMAN RIGHTS LAW

In addition to being crucial to the protection of refugees, human rights law. A number of rights
are protected by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other human rights treaties,
1
UNHCR. (2022). Syria Regional Refugee Response: Inter-agency Information Sharing Portal.
https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria/location/113
2
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (1951). Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees.
https://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10
3
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (1967). Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees.
https://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10
4
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2019). Global Compact on Refugees.
https://www.unhcr.org/globalcompact/
5
United Nations. (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights. https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-
human-rights/
6
United Nations Human Rights Council. (1966). International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/ccpr.aspx
including the right to life, liberty, and security of person; the right to seek and receive asylum
from persecution; the right to be free from discrimination; and the right to access essential
services like education and health care.7

The infringement of these rights by both state and non-state actors is one of the main problems
with the Syrian refugee crisis. The Syrian government has been charged with a wide range of
human rights violations, including extrajudicial executions, torture, and the indiscriminate
bombing of residential areas. Additionally, non-state actors like ISIS have killed many civilians
in mass executions, sexually assaulted them, and forcibly relocated them.8 These abuses have
contributed to the displacement of millions of Syrians and have created a protection gap for
refugees who are unable to return to their homes.9

RESPONSIBILITY OF STATES

According to international law, it is the duty of all states to protect refugees and give them access
to legal protection, basic necessities, and asylum procedures. The 1951 Refugee Convention
established this principle, and later regional and global agreements, such as the 1969 OAU
Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa and the 1984
Cartagena Declaration on Refugees, have strengthened it.10

The unwillingness of many states to carry out their duty to safeguard refugees is one of the
tendencies in the Syrian refugee crisis. Others have stricter visa requirements or have refused to
admit certain nationalities, while some nations have closed their borders to refugees. 11 Refugees
are now concentrated in a small number of host nations, which may not have the infrastructure or
resources to meet their demands. Such acts might also go against the burden-sharing principle,
which demands that all states share responsibilities for refugee protection.12

INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR REFUGEES

Since 2011, the Syrian refugee crisis has persisted, creating one of the largest and longest-lasting
refugee situations in recent memory. Numerous legal issues regarding international refugee law,

7
United Nations Human Rights Council. (1966). International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.
https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/cescr.aspx
8
Human Rights Watch. (2021). Syria: Unlawful Attacks Harm Civilians in Idlib.
https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/05/20/syria-unlawful-attacks-harm-civilians-idlib
9
Gibney, M., & Hansen, R. (Eds.). (2005). Immigration and Asylum: From 1900 to the Present. ABC-CLIO.
10
Betts, A., & Collier, P. (2017). Refuge: Transforming a Broken Refugee System. Penguin UK.
11
Loescher, G., Milner, J., Newman, E., & Troeller, G. (Eds.). (2008). Protracted Refugee Situations: Political,
Human Rights and Security Implications. UNHCR.
12
Durieux, J. F., & McAdam, J. (Eds.). (2016). The Refugee Crisis and the European Union: A Need for Change in
Policies and Attitudes. Edward Elgar Publishing.
human rights law, and other international legal frameworks have been brought up by the
situation.

The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol is one of the main
legal frameworks defining how refugees are treated. These documents specify who qualifies as a
refugee, enumerate refugee rights, and establish states' duty to safeguard and aid refugees.

According to the 1951 Convention, a refugee is "any person who is outside the country of his
nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of
that country on account of a well-founded fear of being persecuted on account of race, religion,
nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion.”13

Many of the Syrians who have fled their nation as a result of the ongoing conflict and
persecution by the Syrian government and other armed factions fall under this category. As a
result, nations that are parties to the Convention are required to refrain from returning refugees
forcibly to their place of origin if doing so would expose them to persecution or damage (the
principle of non-refoulement).14

Additionally, the 1951 Convention requires states to provide refugees with a number of rights,
including the right to work, access to education, and freedom of movement.15

There are many other international human rights agreements that are pertinent to the Syrian
refugee issue in addition to the 1951 Convention. These include, among others, the Convention
against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights.

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has additionally provided
nations with a number of rules and recommendations regarding how to handle refugees,
particularly those from Syria. These recommendations emphasise the significance of ensuring
that refugees have access to protection and aid as well as protecting them against prejudice,
arbitrary detention, and forced return.

Finally, the Syrian refugee crisis poses a wide range of legal concerns pertaining to both
international and state human rights legislation. Along with other international human rights
treaties and UNHCR guidelines, the 1951 Convention and its 1967 Protocol offer a framework
for states to protect and assist refugees, including those from Syria. States are required to uphold
and protect the rights of refugees in accordance with their commitments under these instruments.

13
Article 1A(2)
14
(Article 33)
15
Article 17-21
 INDIA'S STAND ON SYRIAN REFUGEE CRISIS

The 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol
are not treaties that India has ratified. However, India is a signatory to the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, both of which
contain clauses outlining the rights and protections of refugees.16

India announced in September 2015 that it would not take any Syrian refugees owing to security
reasons. India believes that the Syrian refugee crisis is a humanitarian concern that the
international community should address.17 India has contributed to the relief efforts for Syrian
refugees through its support to international organizations such as the United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).18

India has also voiced concern over the situation of Syrian refugees and the requirement for a
political resolution to the Syrian war. India took part in the 2018 Brussels Conference on
Supporting the Future of Syria and the Region, which sought to gather money for aid to Syrian
refugees and promote regional stability.19

Overall, despite not being a party to the 1951 Refugee Convention, India has shown concern and
support for the humanitarian crisis in Syria and has contributed to global efforts to address the
problem.

REFUGEE LAW IN INDIA

The Foreigners Act of 1946, which gives the federal government the authority to control
foreigners' entry, stay, and exit from India, is the main piece of legislation controlling the
protection of refugees in India. Anyone who enters India without legitimate travel documents or

16
India not to accept refugees from Syria due to security concerns." The Hindu, 29 September 2015,
https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-not-to-accept-refugees-from-syria-due-to-security-concerns/
article7691683.ece
17
India's legal obligations to refugees." The Hindu, 6 December 2019,
https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/indias-legal-obligations-to-refugees/article30287503.ece
18
India participates in Brussels Conference on Supporting the Future of Syria and the Region." Ministry of External
Affairs, Government of India, 25 April 2018,
https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/29734/India_participates_in_Brussels_Conference_on_Supporting_t
he_Future_of_Syria_and_the_Region
19
“India's stand on Syrian refugees.” Daily News and Analysis, 4 September 2015,
https://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-india-s-stand-on-syrian-refugees-2123172
stays longer than permitted by their visa may be considered an illegal immigrant under this Act
and subject to detention and deportation.

The Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939 in India also requires the registration of all foreign
nationals staying in the country for a period of time longer than six months. Any foreigner who
breaches any of the terms of their stay in India may be expelled under the provisions of the Act.20

Additionally, in 2012, the Indian government released a circular titled "Standard Operating
Procedures for Dealing with UNHCR Cardholders in India," which outlines the steps that law
enforcement agencies must take when dealing with refugees and asylum seekers.21

Many millions of refugees, including Tibetans, Tamils from Sri Lanka, and Afghans, have found
shelter in India over the years. However, the government's attitude towards refugees has gotten
worse in recent years.22

In 2018, the Indian government issued a notification stating that it would not allow any more
Rohingya refugees to enter India.23 The government has also been cracking down on illegal
immigrants from Bangladesh, with the National Register of Citizens (NRC) being implemented
in the state of Assam.24

COMPARISON WITH INTERNATIONAL STANCE

The world community acknowledges that refugees are people who were compelled to leave their
country of origin because they had a legitimate fear of being persecuted because of their race,
religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political beliefs.25

Refugee rights and nations' responsibilities to protect them are outlined in the 1951 Convention
and its 1967 Protocol. According to the Convention, refugees should not be sent back to a nation
where their lives or freedom would be in danger.26

20
Standard Operating Procedures for dealing with UNHCR Cardholders in India. Available at:
http://www.unhcr.org/in/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2015/11/SOP-for-UNHCR-Card-Holders-in-India.pdf
21
Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939. https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1929601/
22
India: Non-Refoulement Obligations and Refugee Rights." Migration Policy Institute, 10 July 2018,
https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/india-non-refoulement-obligations-and-refugee-rights
23
India says it will not allow Rohingya Muslims to enter. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-41550302
24
Assam's National Register of Citizens: What you need to know. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-
44974822
25
Foreigners Act, 1946. https://indiankanoon.org/doc/839862/
26
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951. https://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10
Despite being a signatory to the Convention, India lacks a specific law that addresses the
protection of refugees. Instead, the Foreigners Act and the Registration of Foreigners Act govern
how refugees and asylum seekers are treated.27

Furthermore, India does not have a formal refugee policy and has been criticized for its ad-hoc
approach to dealing with refugees and asylum seekers.

ISSUES AND TRENDS

The Syrian refugee crisis has brought up a number of legal issues, including concerns about how
to obtain protection and asylum, how to treat refugees, and what states should do to help them.
Here are some of the key legal issues raised and how they have been handled:

1. Access to asylum: Access to asylum has been one of the main legal concerns brought up
throughout the Syrian refugee crisis. Many refugees have applied for asylum in close-by
nations like Lebanon, Jordan, and Turkey, but they have had a difficult time getting
official refugee status and getting protection and assistance. The international community
has responded by urging states to increase aid to those hosting significant numbers of
refugees and to make sure that the asylum process is open to all applicants fairly.
2. Treatment of refugees: The handling of refugees by host countries has been a major legal
issue during the Syrian refugee crisis. There have been reports of forced labour and
human trafficking, as well as discrimination, exploitation, and abuse of refugees in
numerous nations. International organisations like the UNHCR have responded by urging
states to increase refugee protection and guarantee the respect of human rights.
3. Responsibilities of states: The obligations of nations towards refugees have also come
under scrutiny as a result of the Syrian refugee crisis. While the 1951 Convention and its
1967 Protocol outline the responsibilities of states towards refugees, some states have
been accused of failing to uphold their obligations, such as by forcibly returning refugees
to their country of origin or denying them entry. International organisations and
campaigners have responded by urging states to uphold their legal commitments and give
more assistance to refugees.
While the international community has taken measures to address the Syrian refugee crisis, the
situation remains complex and challenging. Some of the issues that require further attention and
action include:
 • Funding for humanitarian aid: To meet the urgent needs of refugees, including
food, housing, and medical attention, appropriate funding must be made available.
However, there is still a lack of funding for humanitarian assistance, and many aid
27
Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1967. https://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10
 organisations struggle to provide for the fundamental requirements of refugees.
Additionally, funding is frequently not maintained, which leaves both the host
communities and the refugees uncertain and unstable.
 • Access to essential services: It can be very difficult for Syrian refugees to get
basic services including healthcare, education, and work. Many host nations lack
the infrastructure and resources necessary to offer these services to all refugees,
and as a result, some may experience discrimination and social exclusion in their
new communities.
 • Legal and policy frameworks: Although improvements have been made, there
are still gaps and difficulties in the legal and policy frameworks that relate to
refugees. For instance, some host nations have stringent asylum policies that
could hinder refugees from receiving protection and put them at risk of being
refouled—being sent to a place where their life or freedom may be in danger.
 • Political will and cooperation: The international community must act jointly and
strategically to address the Syrian refugee crisis, which calls for political will and
cooperation between nations. Some nations, however, have not adhered to their
legal obligations and have not supported refugees and host nations adequately.
This lack of cooperation and solidarity undermines efforts to address the crisis
effectively.28
 Prolonged displacement: Many Syrian refugees have been on the move for many
years and are living in constant uncertainty. The harder it is for refugees to restore
their lives and communities the longer they are forced to flee. Finding a long-term
solution to the situation becomes increasingly challenging the longer the conflict
lasts.
Overall, the international community must make a thorough and ongoing effort to solve the
Syrian refugee crisis, notably by providing enough funds for humanitarian help, enhancing
access to essential services, and reaffirming its commitment to respecting the rights of refugees
under international law. It also requires a long-term strategy to address the root causes of the
conflict and to support refugees in finding durable solutions, such as resettlement, integration, or
return to their home country in safety and dignity.

A number of statutory and legislative initiatives have been implemented to address these
problems. For instance, the international community has helped nations hosting large numbers of
migrants financially and materially and has sought to make the application process for asylum
more open and equitable. There have also been initiatives to raise awareness of refugee rights
and to hold states accountable when they violate international law responsibilities.

In conclusion, the Syrian refugee crisis has brought up a variety of legal problems pertaining to
the right to seek asylum, how refugees are treated, and what obligations nations have to refugees.
28
United Nations General Assembly. (1951). Convention relating to the Status of Refugees.
https://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10 [Accessed 25 Apr. 2023].
 While there have been significant challenges in addressing these issues, international
organizations and advocates have worked to promote greater protection and support for refugees,
and to hold states accountable for failing to fulfill their obligations under international law.

ACESS TO ASYLUM

Many refugees left their country during the Syrian refugee crisis in search of asylum in other
nations. The legal framework governing Syrian refugees' access to asylum differed from nation
to nation.

Some nations, like Germany, had comparatively lenient policies towards Syrian refugees and
permitted them to request asylum. Other nations, like Hungary and Poland, had stricter
regulations and made it challenging for refugees to obtain asylum.29

In general, refugees have the right to apply for asylum under international law in any nation
where they feel safe from persecucion or injury. Who is considered a refugee, what rights they
have, and what obligations governments have to protect them are all outlined in the 1951 United
Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol.30

These international agreements are not, however, ratified by all nations, and even those that are
may not always uphold their commitments. Additionally, some nations might have a strict
interpretation of what constitutes a refugee, making it challenging for Syrians to be accepted as
refugees and receive asylum.

Overall, the legal situation surrounding Syrian refugees' ability to seek asylum throughout the
crisis was complicated and varied depending on the nation. Many groups and people campaigned
for the rights of refugees, making sure they could apply for asylum and protection..

LEGAL CRITICISM OF THE RESPONSIBILITY OF STATES

1. Non-compliance with international law: Many states have come under fire for not upholding
their legal responsibilities under international law to protect and aid refugees. This includes
responsibilities under the 1967 Protocol and the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the
Status of Refugees.31

29
UNHCR. (2019). Global Refugee Forum: Summary of Pledges and Contributions. [Online]. Available at:
https://www.unhcr.org/global-refugee-forum-summary-of-pledges-and-contributions.html [Accessed 25 Apr. 2023].
30
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). (2011). Convention and Protocol Relating to the
Status of Refugees. https://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10.
31
Amnesty International. (2015). Global Refugee Crisis: A Catastrophe of Epic Proportions.
https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/pol10/2189/2015/en/
2. Lack of burden-sharing: 1. A lot of states have come under fire for not sharing the cost of
housing and providing for refugees. Due to this, there are too many people living in cramped
conditions in refugee camps, and they cannot access essential services like healthcare and
education.
3. Restrictive measures: Some states have come under fire for deploying repressive measures to
prevent migrants from entering their territory, including border closures and restrictions on the
right to apply for asylum. Refugees are at danger of injury as a result of these policies, which
have been determined to breach international law.32
4. Inadequate funding: Many states have come under fire for not providing enough money to
support refugees and assist host nations in coping with the flood of refugees. Due to the
significant funding gap that has resulted, it is challenging for refugees to access basic services
and for host countries to offer sufficient assistance.33

Overall, there has been significant legal criticism of the responsibility of states during the Syrian
refugee crisis, particularly with regard to compliance with international law, burden-sharing, use
of restrictive policies, and funding. Many organizations and individuals continue to advocate for
the rights of refugees and for greater support and protection from states.

CONCLUSION.

 • The Syrian refugee crisis has had a tremendous impact on the area, taxing local
infrastructure and putting heavy strain on social services and national economies. In order to
protect and help refugees, the UNHCR has been working with host governments and partners
to offer services including food, shelter, healthcare, and education.
 • The situation for Syrian refugees is still dangerous despite these efforts. Many people
still have a difficult time getting safety and help, and they frequently experience prejudice,
exploitation, and abuse. The UNHCR has urged the international community to give large
refugee-hosting nations more assistance and to make sure that refugees can access their rights
and the protection they require.
 In general, the Syrian refugee crisis serves as a reminder of the significance of tackling
the underlying causes of violence and displacement as well as the requirement for more
collaboration and solidarity among nations and the international community in addressing the
needs of refugees and host communities.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS

32
Hathaway, J.C. (2017). The Rights of Refugees under International Law. Cambridge University Press.
33
UNHCR. (2021). Global Report 2020. [Online]. Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/60b638e37 [Accessed 25
Apr. 2023]
 Gibney, M., & Hansen, R. (Eds.). (2005). Immigration and Asylum: From 1900 to the
Present. ABC-CLIO.
 Betts, A., & Collier, P. (2017). Refuge: Transforming a Broken Refugee System. Penguin
UK.
 Loescher, G., Milner, J., Newman, E., & Troeller, G. (Eds.). (2008). Protracted Refugee
Situations: Political, Human Rights and Security Implications. UNHCR.
 Durieux, J. F., & McAdam, J. (Eds.). (2016). The Refugee Crisis and the European Union: A
Need for Change in Policies and Attitudes. Edward Elgar Publishing.
 Betts, A. and Collier, P. (2017). Refuge: Rethinking Refugee Policy in a Changing World.
Oxford University Press.
 Hathaway, J.C. (2017). The Rights of Refugees under International Law. Cambridge
University Press.

STATUES
 Foreigners Act, 1946.
 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951.
 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (1967). Protocol Relating to the Status
of Refugees
 United Nations Human Rights Council. (1966).
 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
 Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939

WEBSITES AND ARTICLES

 UNHCR. (2022). Syria Regional Refugee Response: Inter-agency Information Sharing
Portal. https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria/location/113
 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (1951). Convention Relating to the
Status of Refugees. https://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10
 . https://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10
 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2019). Global Compact on Refugees.
https://www.unhcr.org/globalcompact/
 United Nations. (1948). Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/
 https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/ccpr.aspx
 United Nations Human Rights Council. (1966). International Covenant on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights.
https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/cescr.aspx
 Amnesty International. (2021). Syria: Government Forces Committing War Crimes in
Idlib. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/07/syria-government-forces-
committing-war-crimes-in-idlib/
 Human Rights Watch. (2021). Syria: Unlawful Attacks Harm Civilians in Idlib.
https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/05/20/syria-unlawful-attacks-harm-civilians-idlib
 India not to accept refugees from Syria due to security concerns." The Hindu, 29
September 2015, https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-not-to-accept-refugees-
from-syria-due-to-security-concerns/article7691683.ece
 India's legal obligations to refugees." The Hindu, 6 December 2019,
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article30287503.ece
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