Txc-Chapter 4 Setembre 2022

Capítol 4.
Xarxes d’accés
4.1 Fibra òptica FTTH
4.2 Mòbils
1
Tecnologies de Xarxes de Computadors (TXC)
Access networks and physical media

Q: How to connect end
systems to edge router?
 residential access nets
 institutional access
networks (school,
company)
 mobile access networks
keep in mind:
 bandwidth (bits per
second) of access
network?
 shared or dedicated? 1-2
Access network: digital subscriber

line (DSL)
central office telephone
network
DSL splitter
modem DSLAM
ISP
voice, data transmitted
at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer
 use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM

• data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
• voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
 < 2.5 Mbps upstream transmission rate (typically < 1 Mbps)
 < 24 Mbps downstream transmission rate (typically < 10 Mbps)
1-3
Access network: cable network

cable headend
cable splitter
modem
C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Channels
frequency division multiplexing: different channels transmitted
in different frequency bands
1-4
Access network: cable network

cable headend
cable splitter cable modem

modem CMTS termination system
data, TV transmitted at different

frequencies over shared cable ISP
distribution network
 HFC: hybrid fiber coax

• asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream transmission rate, 2 Mbps upstream
transmission rate
 network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router
• homes share access network to cable headend
• unlike DSL, which has dedicated access to central office
1-5
Access network: home network

wireless
devices
to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box
cable or DSL modem
wireless access router, firewall, NAT

point (54 Mbps)
wired Ethernet (1 Gbps)
1-6
Enterprise access networks

(Ethernet)
institutional link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router
Ethernet institutional mail,

switch web servers
 typically used in companies, universities, etc.

 10 Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps transmission rates
 today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet
switch
1-7
Introduction
Wireless access networks

 shared wireless access network connects end system to
router
wireless LANs: wide-area wireless access
 within building (100 ft.)  provided by telco (cellular)
 802.11b/g/n (WiFi): 11, 54, 450 operator, 10’s km
Mbps transmission rate  between 1 and 10 Mbps
 3G, 4G: LTE
to Internet
to Internet
1-8
Introduction
4.2 Fibra òptica FTTH
Source: ITU-T G.984.3
9
Topologies: Point-to-Point vs. PON
(a) Point-to-point network

N fibers
2N transceivers
N subscribers
CO L km
(b) Curb-switched network

1 fiber Curb switch
2N+2 transceivers
N subscribers
CO L km
(c) Passive optical network Passive

optical
1 fiber splitter
N transceivers
L km N subscribers
CO
PON evolution
11
Single-Fiber PON
 Use 2 wavelength, but save fiber (repair and maintenance)
 Use TDM in the upstream to avoid collisions

GPON Technology
GPON: Gigabit Passive Optic Network
ONT
Optical fiber
OLT
• Optical Fiber
Splitter • Point to multipoint
•Several levels of splitting
Optical fiber
• 2.5 Gps DS and 1.25 Gbps US
•Up to 20 Km
•TDM DS and TDMA US
Protocol stack
Multiplexed architecture
Media access control

SR-DBA operation
Frame structure
Downstream frame
Downstream synchronization
Upstream frame
IND field
GEM upstream payload

GEM delineation
Ethernet over GEM

IP
ETHERNET
GEMGEM
TDM/TDMA
TDM/TDMA
4.3 Mòbils
26
Xarxes mòbils Espanya (2022)
27
Principles of Cellular Networks

 Developed to increase the capacity available for
mobile radio telephone service
 Prior to cellular radio:
 Mobile service was only provided by a high powered
transmitter/receiver
 Typically supported about 25 channels
 Had an effective radius of about 80km
Components of cellular network architecture
MSC
 connects cells to wired tel. net.
 manages call setup (more later!)
 handles mobility (more later!)
cell
 covers geographical
region
Mobile
 base station (BS)
Switching
analogous to 802.11 AP Center
Public telephone
 mobile users attach to
network
network through BS
 air-interface: physical
Mobile
and link layer protocol Switching
between mobile and BS Center
wired network
Cellular Network Organization

 Key for mobile technologies
 Based on the use of multiple low power
transmitters
 Area divided into cells
 Ina tiling pattern to provide full coverage
 Each one with its own antenna
 Each is allocated its own range of frequencies
 Served by a base station
– Consisting of transmitter, receiver, and control unit
 Adjacent cells are assigned different frequencies to
avoid interference or crosstalk
– Cells sufficiently distant from each other can use the same
frequency band
Cellular Geometries
Frequency Reuse
Object is to share • Allows multiple

nearby cell simultaneous
frequencies conversations
without interfering • 10 to 50 frequencies per
with each other cell
• Allow communications
Power of base within cell on given
transceiver frequency
controlled • Limit escaping power to
adjacent cells
Frequency Reuse Patterns
Frequency Reuse Example
Cellular System Channels
• Control Channels
• Set up and maintain calls
• Establish relationship
between mobile unit and
Two types of nearest base station
channels are • Traffic Channels
available between • Carry voice and data
mobile unit and base
station (BS)
Wireless Network Generations
Technol ogy 1G 2G 2. 5G 3G 4G
Design began 1970 1980 1985 1990 2000
Implementation 1984 1991 1999 2002 2012
Services Analog Digital Higher Higher Completely
voice voice capacity capacity, IP based
packetized broadband
data
Data rate 1.9. kbps 14.4 kbps 384 kbps 2 Mbps 200 Mbps
Multiplexing FDMA TDMA, CDMA TDMA, CDMA CDMA OFDMA,
SC-FDMA
Core network PSTN PSTN PSTN, Packet IP backbone
packet network
network
Cellular networks: the first hop

Two techniques for sharing
mobile-to-BS radio spectrum
 combined FDMA/TDMA:
divide spectrum in frequency
channels, divide each channel
into time slots time slots
 CDMA: code division multiple

access
frequency
bands
7-37
Second Generation (2G)

 Developed to provide higher quality signals,
higher data rates for support of digital services,
and greater capacity
 Key differences between
1G and 2G include:
 Digitaltraffic channels
 Encryption
 Error detection and correction
 Channel access
– Time division multiple access (TDMA)
– Code division multiple access (CDMA)
2G (voice) network architecture

Base station system (BSS)
MSC
BTS BSC G Public
telephone
network
Gateway
MSC
Legend
Base transceiver station (BTS)
Base station controller (BSC)
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Mobile subscribers
7-39
2G GSM
40
2.5G GPRS
Data transport
Tunneling
41
2.5G GPRS system architecture
Radio resources administration Otras
SMS EIR
GGSN PLMN
Gp
Gd Gf B
G
P
BSC C SGSN GGSN
U Gateway
Gb Gn pricing
BTS Abis Routing
A Gs Gr Gc Gi Packeting
BTS
Um MSC PDN
Mobility managing VLR HLR
Encryptation D
Session management
Routing
SGSN : Serving GPRS Support Node
User data and signaling GGSN : Gateway GPRS Support Node
Signaling PDN : Packet Data Network
42
PCU : Packet Control Unit
2.5G Protocol stack
• User plane
Application
IP
IP / X.25 IP / X.25
Relay
TID
SNDCP SNDCP GTP GTP
TLLI
LLC LLC TCP/UDP TCP/UDP
Relay
RLC RLC BSSGP BSSGP IP IP
Network Network L2 L2
MAC MAC
Service Service
GSM PL GSM PL L1bis L1bis L1 L1
Um Gb Gn Gi
MS BSS SGSN GGSN
43
Third Generation (3G)

 Objective is to provide high-speed wireless
communications to support multimedia, data,
and video in addition to voice
3G (voice+data) network architecture

MSC
G Public
telephone
network
radio
network Gateway
controller MSC
G Public
Key insight: new cellular data SGSN Internet
network operates in parallel
(except at edge) with existing GGSN
cellular voice network
 voice network unchanged in core Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
 data network operates in parallel

Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
7-45
3G (voice+data) network architecture

MSC
G Public
telephone
network
radio
network Gateway
controller MSC
G Public
SGSN Internet
radio interface GGSN

(WCDMA, HSPA)
radio access network core network public
Universal Terrestrial Radio General Packet Radio Service Internet
Access Network (UTRAN) (GPRS) Core Network
Wireless and Mobile Networks 7-46

3.5G HSPA (High Speed Packet

Access)
 In order to improve the packet data performance, the UMTS
systems have been enhanced with HSPA.
 HSPA consists of two components, HSDPA and HSUPA:
 In the DL a new shared transport channel, the HS-DSCH
 It allows to assign all available resource to one or more
users in an efficient manner.
 HS-DSCH does no adjust to transmission power for each
user, but rather adapts the rate to match the current
channel conditions.
 In the UL dedicated channels have been enhanced: E-DCHs
 Even though the UL channels are dedicated, the UL resources can
be shared between users in an efficient manner.
47
HSPA: Protocol architecture
48
3G versus 4G LTE network architecture

MSC
G Public
telephone
network
radio Gateway
3G
network MSC
controller
G
Public
SGSN Internet
HSS GGSN
4G-LTE MME
G G
Public
Internet
S-GW P-GW
radio access network Evolved Packet Core
Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access Network (UTRAN) (EPC)
7-49
Fourth Generation (4G)

Provide ultra-broadband
Internet access for a variety of
mobile devices including
laptops, smartphones, and
Minimum tablet PCs
requirements:
• Be based on an all-IP packet
switched network
• Support peak data rates of Support Mobile Web
up to approximately 100 access and high-
Mbps for high-mobility mobile bandwidth applications
access and up to such as high-definition
approximately 1 Gbps for mobile TV, mobile video
low-mobility access such as conferencing, and gaming
local wireless access services
• Dynamically share and use
the network resources to
support more simultaneous
users per cell
• Support smooth handovers
across heterogeneous
networks
• Support high quality of
service for next-generation Designed to maximize
multimedia applications bandwidth and throughput
while also maximizing
spectral efficiency
4G: differences from 3G

 all IP core: IP packets tunneled (through core IP
network) from base station to gateway
 no separation between voice and data – all traffic
carried over IP core to gateway
Mobility Home Subscriber
Management Server(HSS) Serving Packet data
Entity (MME) (like HLR+VLR) Gateway network
UE eNodeB
(user element)(base station) HSS (S-GW) Gateway
MME (P-GW)
G G
Public
data Internet
S-GW P-GW
radio access network Evolved Packet Core
Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access Network (UTRAN) (EPC)
7-51
Functional split of major LTE components
handles idle/active UE transitions

pages UE
sets up eNodeB-PGW tunnel (aka bearer)
holds idle UE info

QoS enforcement
7-52
Radio+Tunneling: UE – eNodeB – PGW

IP packet from UE GTP message encapsulated in
encapsulated in GPRS UDP, then encapsulated in IP.
Tunneling Protocol (GTP) large IP packet addressed to
message at ENodeB SGW
G G
U S-GW
eNodeB P-GW
E
tunnel
link-layer radio net
Wireless and Mobile Networks 7-53
Quality of Service in LTE

 QoS from eNodeB to SGW: min and max guaranteed
bit rate
 QoS in radio access network: one of 9 QCI values
7-54
LTE - Advanced
 Based on use of orthogonal frequency
division multiple access (OFDMA)
Developed by the Third

Generation Partnership
Project (3GPP), a
Two candidates
consortium of North
have emerged Long Term
American, Asian, and
for 4G Evolution (LTE)
European
standardization:
telecommunications
standards
organizations
WiMax
(from the IEEE 802.16
committee)
Comparison of Performance Requirements
for LTE and LTE-Advanced
System Performance LTE LTE-Advanced

Downlink 100 Mbps @20 MHz 1 Gbps @100 MHz
Peak rate
Uplink 50 Mbps @20 MHz 500 Mbps @100 MHz
Idle to connected <100 ms < 50 ms
Control plane delay
Dormant to active <50 ms < 10 ms
User plane delay < 5ms Lower than LTE
Spectral efficiency Downlink 5 bps/Hz @2´2 30 bps/Hz @8´8
(peak) Uplink 2.5 bps/Hz @1´2 15 bps/Hz @4´4
M obility Up to 350 km/h Up to 350—500 km/h
4G OFDMA, SC-FDMA
Downlink: Orthogonal Frecuency Division Multiple Access
Uplink: Single-carrier Frecuency Division Multiple Access
● Peak to average power ratio small (important

factor for battery power equipment)
4G Protocols
Resum Arquitectura 4G LTE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nDjkV-NulM

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Capítol 4.

Access networks and physical media

Access network: digital subscriber

 use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM

Access network: cable network

Access network: cable network

cable splitter cable modem

data, TV transmitted at different

 HFC: hybrid fiber coax

Access network: home network

cable or DSL modem

wireless access router, firewall, NAT

Enterprise access networks

Ethernet institutional mail,

 typically used in companies, universities, etc.

Wireless access networks

Source: ITU-T G.984.3

Topologies: Point-to-Point vs. PON

(a) Point-to-point network

(b) Curb-switched network

(c) Passive optical network Passive

 Use TDM in the upstream to avoid collisions

GPON: Gigabit Passive Optic Network

Media access control

GEM upstream payload

Ethernet over GEM

Xarxes mòbils Espanya (2022)

Principles of Cellular Networks

Components of cellular network architecture

Cellular Network Organization

Object is to share • Allows multiple

Cellular System Channels

Wireless Network Generations

Cellular networks: the first hop

 CDMA: code division multiple

Second Generation (2G)

2G (voice) network architecture

Base transceiver station (BTS)

Base station controller (BSC)

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

RLC RLC BSSGP BSSGP IP IP

Third Generation (3G)

3G (voice+data) network architecture

 data network operates in parallel

3G (voice+data) network architecture

radio interface GGSN

Wireless and Mobile Networks 7-46

3.5G HSPA (High Speed Packet

HSPA: Protocol architecture

3G versus 4G LTE network architecture

Fourth Generation (4G)

4G: differences from 3G

Functional split of major LTE components

handles idle/active UE transitions

holds idle UE info

Radio+Tunneling: UE – eNodeB – PGW

Quality of Service in LTE

Developed by the Third

System Performance LTE LTE-Advanced

Uplink: Single-carrier Frecuency Division Multiple Access

● Peak to average power ratio small (important

Resum Arquitectura 4G LTE

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