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Cellular
Division
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 Cell Division
✓All cells are derived from pre-
existing cells
✓New cells are produced for
growth and to replace damaged or
old cells
✓Differs in prokaryotes (bacteria)
and eukaryotes (protists, fungi,
plants, & animals)

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 Keeping Cells Identical

The instructions for

making cell parts
are encoded in the
DNA, so each new
cell must get a
complete set of the
DNA molecules

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 DNA Replication
✓DNA must be
copied or Original DNA
replicated strand

before cell
division Two new,
✓Each new cell
identical DNA
strands
will then have an
identical copy of
the DNA

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Identical Daughter Cells

Two
identical
daughter
cells

Parent Cell

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Chromosomes

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 Prokaryotic Chromosome
✓The DNA of
prokaryotes
(bacteria) is one,
circular
chromosome
attached to the
inside of the cell
membrane

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 Eukaryotic Chromosomes
✓All eukaryotic cells store genetic
information in chromosomes
✓Most eukaryotes have between 10 and
50 chromosomes in their body cells
✓Human body cells have 46 chromosomes
or 23 identical pairs

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 Eukaryotic Chromosomes
✓Each chromosome is composed of a
single, tightly coiled DNA molecule
✓Chromosomes can’t be seen when
cells aren’t dividing and are called
chromatin

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 Compacting DNA into
Chromosomes
✓DNA is
tightly
coiled
around
proteins
called
histones

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Chromosomes in Dividing Cells
✓Duplicated
chromosomes are
called
chromatids &
are held
together by the
centromere

Called Sister Chromatids 12

 Karyotype
✓A picture of the
chromosomes from
a human cell
arranged in pairs by
size
✓First 22 pairs are
called autosomes
✓Last pair are the
sex chromosomes
✓XX female or XY
male
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 Boy or Girl?
The Y Chromosome Decides

Y - Chromosome

X - Chromosome
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Cell Reproduction

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 Types of Cell Reproduction
✓Asexual reproduction involves a
single cell dividing to make 2 new,
identical daughter cells
✓Mitosis & binary fission are
examples of asexual reproduction
✓Sexual reproduction involves two
cells (egg & sperm) joining to make a
new cell (zygote) that is NOT
identical to the original cells
✓Meiosis is an example
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Cell Division in
Prokaryotes

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 Cell Division in Prokaryotes
✓ Prokaryotes such as
bacteria divide into 2 Parent
cell
identical cells by the
process of binary
fission Chromosome
✓ Single chromosome doubles
makes a copy of
itself
✓ Cell wall forms Cell splits
between the
chromosomes dividing
the cell
2 identical daughter cells 18
 Prokaryotic Cell
Undergoing Binary Fission

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Animation of Binary Fission

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The Cell
Cycle
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Five Phases of the Cell Cycle
✓G1 - primary growth phase
✓S – synthesis; DNA replicated
✓G2 - secondary growth phase
collectively these 3 stages are
called interphase
✓M - mitosis
✓C - cytokinesis

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Cell Cycle

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Interphase - G1 Stage

✓1st growth stage after cell

division
✓Cells mature by making more
cytoplasm & organelles
✓Cell carries on its normal
metabolic activities

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 Interphase – S Stage
✓Synthesis stage
✓DNA is copied or replicated

Two
identical
copies
of DNA

Original
DNA
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 Interphase – G2 Stage
✓2nd Growth Stage
✓Occurs after DNA has been copied
✓All cell structures needed for
division are made (e.g. centrioles)
✓Both organelles & proteins are
synthesized

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What’s Happening in Interphase?

What the cell looks like

Animal Cell

What’s occurring

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 Cell Cycle
DNA
Synthesis/Replication
Cells prepare for
Cells Division
Mature

Daughter
Cells
Cell Divides into
Identical cells
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 Mitosis
❑ Involves the division of the nucleus and the
genetic material, DNA.
❑ During this stage, the cell’s nuclear membrane
disintegrates, chromatin condenses,
❑ forms two nuclei.

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 Mitosis
✓ Division of the nucleus
✓ Also called karyokinesis
✓ occurs in eukaryotes
(somatic cells)
✓ Has four stages
Common Cell Life Span
Cell Type Approximate Life
Span
Skin Cell 14 days
Red blood cell 120 days
Liver cell 300-500 days
White blood cells 1-3 days
Smooth muscle of 16 years
intestine

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 Four Mitotic Stages

✓Prophase
✓Metaphase
✓Anaphase
✓Telophase

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 Early Prophase
✓Chromatin in nucleus condenses to
form visible chromosomes
✓ Asters and centrosomes ✓Mitotic spindle forms from
continues to be present at fibers in cytoskeleton or
the opposite sides of the cell
above the nucleus centrioles (animal)

Nucleolus Cytoplasm

Nuclear Membrane
Chromosomes

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 Prophase
✓Nuclear membrane & nucleolus are
broken down
✓Chromosomes continue condensing &
are clearly visible
✓Spindle fiber finishes forming
between the poles of the cell.
✓The kinetochore is the protein
structure on chromatids where the
spindle fibers attach.
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 Prophase
✓The mitotic spindle form from the
microtubules in plants and centrioles
in animal cells
✓Asters are short fibers radiating
from centrioles

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 Spindle Fiber attached to
Chromosome

Spindle Fiber

Chromosome with kinetochore fibers

(protein complexes) 35
Mitotic Spindle Fibers in Metaphase

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 Late Prophase

Chromosomes

Nuclear Membrane & Nucleolus have disintegrated

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 Review of Prophase

What the cell

looks like

What’s happening 38
 Metaphase
✓Chromosomes, attached to the
kinetochore fibers, move to the center
of the cell
✓Chromosomes are now lined up at the
equator Equator of Cell

Pole of
the Cell

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 Metaphase

Asters at
the poles

Spindle Chromosomes
Fibers lined at the
Equator

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 Metaphase

Aster

Chromosomes at Equator
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 Review of Metaphase

What the cell looks

like

What’s
occurring
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 Anaphase
✓Occurs rapidly
✓Sister
chromatids are
pulled apart to
opposite poles
of the cell by
kinetochore
fibers

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 Anaphase

Sister
Chromatids
being
separated

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 Anaphase

What the
cell looks
like

What’s
occurring

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 Telophase
✓Sister chromatids at opposite
poles
✓Spindle disassembles
✓Nuclear envelope forms around
each set of sister chromatids
✓Nucleolus reappears
✓Chromosomes reappear as
chromatin

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Comparison of Anaphase & Telophase

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 Cytokinesis
✓Means division of the cytoplasm
✓Division of cell into two,
identical halves called daughter
cells
✓In plant cells, cell plate forms
at the equator to divide cell
✓In animal cells, cleavage furrow
forms to split cell

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 Cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow Cell plate in
in animal cell plant cell

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Mitotic Stages

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 Daughter Cells of Mitosis
✓Have the same number of
chromosomes as each other and as
the parent cell from which they
were formed
✓Identical to each other, but smaller
than parent cell
✓Must grow in size to become mature
cells (G1 of Interphase)

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Identical Daughter Cells

Chromosome number the same, but cells

smaller than parent cell
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Review
of
Mitosis

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Draw & Learn these Stages

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Draw & Learn these Stages

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 Name the Mitotic Stages:
Interphase

Name this?

Prophase
Telophase

Name this?

Metaphase
Anaphase

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 Eukaryotic Cell Division
✓ Used for growth and
repair
✓ Produce two new cells
identical to the original
cell Chromosomes during
Metaphase of mitosis
✓ Cells are diploid (2n)

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis

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 Mitosis Animation
Name each stage as you see it occur?

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Mitosis in Onion Root Tips
Do you see any stages of mitosis?

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Test Yourself
over Mitosis

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Mitosis Quiz

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Mitosis Quiz

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Name the Stages that is being shown below:

Early prophase
Early Anaphase Metaphase

Interphase Early
Telophase,
Begin
cytokinesis

Late Late telophase,

Prophase Advanced Mid-Prophase Late
cytokinesis Anaphase
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 Identify the Stages
?
Early, Middle, & Late Prophase

? ? ?
Metaphase Anaphase
Late Prophase

? ? ?
Late Anaphase Telophase Telophase &
Cytokinesis 64
 Locate the Four Mitotic
Stages in Plants

Anaphase
Telophase
Metaphase

Prophase

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 Uncontrolled Mitosis
✓ If mitosis is not
controlled, unlimited
cell division occurs
causing cancerous
tumors
✓ Oncogenes are special
proteins that
increase the chance
that a normal cell
develops into a tumor
cell
Cancer cells
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67
 Meiosis
Formation of Gametes
(Eggs & Sperm)

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 Facts About Meiosis
✓Preceded by interphase which
includes chromosome replication
✓Two meiotic divisions --- Meiosis
I and Meiosis II
✓Called Reduction- division
✓Original cell is diploid (2n)
✓Four daughter cells produced that
are monoploid (1n)
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 Facts About Meiosis
✓Daughter cells contain half the
number of chromosomes as the
original cell
✓Produces gametes (eggs & sperm)
✓Occurs in the testes in males
(Spermatogenesis)
✓Occurs in the ovaries in females
(Oogenesis)

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 More Meiosis Facts
✓ Startwith 46 double stranded
chromosomes (2n)
✓After 1 division - 23 double
stranded chromosomes (n)
✓After 2nd division - 23 single
stranded chromosomes (n)
✓ Occurs in our germ cells that
produce gametes

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Why Do we Need Meiosis?
✓It is the fundamental basis of
sexual reproduction
✓Two haploid (1n) gametes are
brought together through
fertilization to form a diploid
(2n) zygote

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Fertilization – “Putting it
all together”
2n = 6

1n =3

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Meiosis Forms Haploid Gametes
✓ Meiosis must reduce the chromosome number
by half
✓ Fertilization then restores the 2n number

from mom from dad child

too
much!

meiosis reduces
genetic content
The right
number!
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 Replication of Chromosomes
✓Replication is the
process of
duplicating a Occurs in
chromosome Interphase
✓Occurs prior to
division
✓Replicated copies
are called sister
chromatids
✓Held together at
centromere
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 A Replicated Chromosome

Gene X

Homologs Sister
(same genes, Chromatids
different alleles) (same genes,
same alleles)

Homologs separate in meiosis I and

therefore different alleles separate.
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 Meiosis: Two Part Cell
Division
Sister
chromatids
Homologs separate
separate

Meiosis Meiosis
I II

Diploid
Haploid
Haploid
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 Meiosis I: Reduction Division

Nucleus Spindle
fibers Nuclear
Early envelope
Prophase I Late Metaphase
(Chromosome Prophase I Anaphase Telophase I
number I I (diploid)
doubled)

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 Prophase I

Early prophase Late prophase

✓Homologs pair. ✓Chromosomes condense.
✓Crossing over ✓Spindle forms.
occurs. ✓Nuclear envelope
fragments.
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Tetrads Form in Prophase I

Homologous chromosomes
Join to form a
(each with sister TETRAD
chromatids)

Called Synapsis
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 Crossing-Over
✓ Homologous
chromosomes in
a tetrad cross
over each other
✓ Pieces of
chromosomes or
genes are
exchanged
✓ Produces
Genetic
recombination in
the offspring
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Homologous Chromosomes
During Crossing-Over

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 Crossing-Over

Crossing-over multiplies the already huge

number of different gamete types
produced by independent assortment 83
Metaphase I

Homologous pairs
of chromosomes
align along the
equator of the
cell

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Anaphase I

Homologs separate and

move to opposite poles.

Sister chromatids remain

attached at their
centromeres.

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Telophase I

Nuclear envelopes
reassemble.

Cleavage furrow forms.

Cytokinesis divides cell

into two.

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 Meiosis: Two Part Cell
Division
Sister
chromatids
Homologs separate
separate

Meiosis Meiosis
I II

Diploid
Diploid
Haploid
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 Meiosis II
Only one homolog of each
Gene X
chromosome is present in
the cell.
Sister chromatids carry
identical genetic
information.

Meiosis II produces gametes with

one copy of each chromosome and
thus one copy of each gene.
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 Meiosis II: Reducing
Chromosome Number

Prophase Metaphase
II Telophase
II
Anaphase II 4 Identical
II haploid cells

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Prophase II

Nuclear envelope
fragments.

Spindle forms.

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Metaphase II

Chromosomes align
along equator of cell.

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 Anaphase II
Equator

Pole

Sister chromatids
separate and
move to opposite
poles.

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Telophase II

Nuclear envelope
assembles.

Chromosomes
decondense.

Cleavage furrow
forms.

Cytokinesis divides
cell into two. 93
Results of Meiosis
Gametes (egg & sperm)
form

Four haploid cells with

one copy of each
chromosome

One allele of each gene

Different combinations
of alleles for different
genes along the
chromosome
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Gametogenesis
Oogenesis
or
Spermatogenesis

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 Spermatogenesis
✓Occurs in the
testes
✓Two divisions
produce 4
spermatids
✓Spermatids mature
into sperm
✓Men produce about
250,000,000
sperm per day
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Spermatogenesis in the
Testes
Spermatid

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Spermatogenesis

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 Oogenesis
✓Occurs in the ovaries
✓Two divisions produce 3 polar bodies
that die and 1 egg
✓Polar bodies die because of unequal
division of cytoplasm
✓Immature egg called oocyte
✓Starting at puberty, one oocyte
matures into an ovum (egg) every 28
days
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Oogenesis in the Ovaries

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 Oogenesis
First polar body
may divide a
(haploid)
a
X Polar
bodies
X a die
a X
X
Mitosis Meiosis I Meiosis II
A X (if fertilization
Oogonium occurs) A
(diploid) Primary
oocyte X

(diploid) A X Ovum (egg) Mature

Secondary A egg
oocyte X
(haploid) Second
polar body
(haploid)
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Comparing
Mitosis and
Meiosis

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 Comparison of Divisions
Mitosis Meiosis
Number of 2
1
divisions
Number of
2 4
daughter cells
Genetically
Yes No
identical?
Chromosome # Same as parent Half of parent

Where Somatic cells Germ cells

At sexual maturity (sperm

When Throughout life cells) before birth and at
fertilization (egg cells)

Growth and
Role Sexual reproduction
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