Oscillations all derivations

A body executing SHM can be compared with a body doing circular motion having radius A
as shown. Let this body covers an angle θ in time after starting from X (A,0) at t = 0.

In OBP
y
 sinθ
A

 y  A sinωt

This is the displacement equation of a body amplitude of whose

motion is A and angular frequency is ω

Velocity in SHM

dy
v  Aωcosωt
dt

 v  Aω 1  sin2 ωt
y2
 v  Aω 1  2
A
A 2  y2
 v  Aω
A
 v  ω A2  y2

v max  Aω

Acceleration in SHM

dv d
a   Aωcos ωt 
dt dt
 a   Aω2 sinωt
 a  ω 2 y ....... i 

Restoring force

F  ma
 F  mω2 y

Time period in SHM

 F  ky and also F  mω2 y

 k  mω2
 k
So, ω 
m
2π k
or 
T m
m
 T  2π
k

Also, from i

a
ω
y
2π a
 
T y
y acceleration
 T  2π  2π
a displacement

Kinetic energy in SHM

1
KE  mv 2
2
1
 
2
 KE  m ω A 2  y 2
2
1 1
 KE  mω2 A 2  mω2 y 2
2 2
Potential energy in SHM

1 2
PE  ky
2
1
 PE  mω2 y 2
2
Total energy in SHM

TE  PE  KE
1 1 1
 TE  mω2 y 2  mω2 A 2  mω2 y 2
2 2 2
1
 TE  mω2 A 2
2
Time period of simple pendulum

Consider a pendulum of length L connected to a bob of mass m as shown. Now from figure it
is clear that mgsinθ provides the necessary restoring force. Therefore
F  mgsinθ
for small angles sinθ  θ
 F  mgθ
x
θ

x
 F  mg

 mg 
or F    x
  

mg
k 

m
As T  2π
k
m
 T  2π
mg


or T  2π
g

Time period of spring

Horizontal spring

In this spring mass system shown in figure above, time period of oscillation is given by

m
T  2π
k

Vertical spring
When a block is connected to a vertical spring, it
extends by an amount  so that the restoring force
balances the weight of the block. Therefore,

mg  k
mg
So, k 

mg  k
mg
So, k 

Now, when this spring is pulled by a distance y, it starts doing SHM with time period T which
is given by

m
 T  2π
mg


T  2π
g

Combination of springs
Series combination

Consider two springs of spring constants k1 and k 2 connected in series as shown. Now,
when this system oscillates, extensions in springs be y1 and y 2 , then

F  k1y1  k 2 y 2

Total extension is
y  y1  y 2
F F
y 
k1 k1
1 1
 y  F   
 k1 k 2 
 kk 
 F   1 2 y
 k1  k 2 
Comparing it with F  kx, we get
kk
k 1 2
k1  k 2
which gives
1 1 1
 
k k1 k 2

m  k1  k 2 
 T  2π
k1k 2
Parallel combination

Consider two springs of spring constants k1 and k 2

connected in series as shown. Now, when this system
oscillates, extensions in springs be y and restoring forces be
F1 and F2, then

F1  k1y, F2  k 2 y
F  F1  F2  k1y  k1y
 F    k1  k 2  y

 k  k1  k 2

m
 T  2π
k1  k 2

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