A COMPUTER SYSTEM: A REVIEW

Management Information
System
(MIS 3045)
 COMPUTER HARDWARE is the collection of physical parts of a computer system

Input Devices Processing Unit Output Devices

A computer is an electronic device that can

receive a set of instructions, or program, and
then carry out this program by performing
calculations on numerical data or by manipulating
other forms of information. It has four basic Storage Devices Peripheral Devices
operations: input, process, output, store
 MICROCOMPUTERS
Uses microprocessor technology to input, manipulate, store,
and output data. Two Classifications: Personal computers,
Portable Computers

Desktop computers Handheld Computers Netbook Computers Media Centers Tablet PC Notebook/Laptop
Small enough to fit on top of The smallest, also known Similar to laptops, but Blur the line between A type of notebook Portable and
a desk yet too big to carry as palm computers smaller, lighter, and less desktop computers computer that lightweight
around expensive and dedicated accept handwriting computers
entertainment
devices
 Computers vary widely in size, speed, and ability. They may

OTHER TYPES OF COMPUTERS be grouped into four categories: (1) microcomputers, (2)
mainframes, (3) dedicated computers, and (4) embedded
computers

Dedicated Computers
Special-purpose
machine that include
video game units and
word processors

Mainframes Minicomputers Supercomputers Embedded Computers

(a)Fastest computers and uses (a) Mid-sized computer (b) its (a) Referred to as the “fastest Control units that are
the largest storage systems size and power lies between mainframes” (b) most built into the devices
(b)Can solve more complex work stations and mainframe powerful, and most expensive they control. Virtually
problems and handle more computers (c) it is a computers (c) used for major all embedded
information than can any other multiprocessing system that is projects such as aircraft computers are single
category of computer. capable of supporting 4 to design, study of weather microprocessors
(c)Expensive about 200 users systems, and film and
simultaneously animation
 COMPUTER OPERATIONS
PROCESSING: A computer performs operations
on the data to transform it in some way.

OUTPUT: A computer produces

output that shows the result of
the processing operations
which can be displayed through
a monitor (SOFT COPY) or
INPUT: A computer accepts data that is
printed (HARD COPY).
provided by means of an input device
STORAGE: A computer stores
the results of processing
operations that can be
retrieved for future use,
 INPUT DEVICES
Keyboards
& Terminals
Keyboard and Terminals are
used to enter characters and
functions into the computer
system by pressing buttons, or
keys.
Input devices are devices that send data to a computer, allowing
the user to interact with and control the computer.
Point Microphone Scanners Card Reader
& Draw Devices & Cameras
Point and draw devices are used Microphones are used to input Scanners reads images and A card reader reads data from
to enter spatial data, sound that is then stored in a converts it into digital file a card-shaped storage medium
common gestures are point and digital form Cameras are used to take
click and drag and drop pictures digitally
 The system unit is the core of a computer responsible for
SYSTEM UNIT processing and storing data and controls all computer
functions. The system unit works with the computer peripheral
devices.

Processor Motherboard or Power Supply Unit Data Case, Case Fans & other
or CPU Main Circuit Board & Connectors Cables Cooling System
Popularly known as the “brain The largest board of a Supplies power to the Data cable that provides A computer case is the
of the computer.” Contains computer system that uses motherboard, the drives, and communication between enclosure that contains the
the Central Processing unit and tiny electrical paths to connect also, normally, contains a fan devices (e.g. hard disk drive to system unit components which
its cache memory, both each component of the that helps assist in the task of motherboard) also includes case fans used
working together to process computer cooling the computer for active cooling
the data
 OUTPUT DEVICES
An output device translates bits and bytes into a form a computer
user can understand.

Monitors Multimedia Projectors Printers Speakers & Interactive Voice

& Wearable Displays
Devices that display Multimedia projectors are used
information in pictorial form to project the screen image
(e.g. CRT. LCD, LED, OLED, (display) onto a large screen
PLASMA) for group viewing.
A wearable display is an
output device that is worn on a
wireless headset.
Printers produce hard-copy
output. They create images on
paper, plastic, cloth and other
print media using technologies
like ink transfer, heat transfer,
chemical reactions, and
physical force.
Headsets/Headphones Response Systems
Speakers produce sound output Voice response systems
from the computer. They are selecta output from digitized
used to aid the computer for audio recording of words,
applications such as gaming, phrases, music, alarms, or
multimedia presentation and anything that is recorded.
others.
 STORAGE DEVICES
Storage devices are devices capable of storing data for current
and later use

RAM CHIP Flash Disks Hard Disk Drive Solid State EEPROM Optical Discs
Storage Drives
The primary memory A data storage device A spindle of magnetic A type of nonvolatile EEPROM (electrically An electronic data
(temporary storage) that includes flash disks, called platters, storage media that erasable storage (permanent)
that holds data and memory with an that record and store stores persistent data programmable read- medium that can be
instructions while the integrated USB information. on solid-state flash only memory) is user- written to and read
computer is in use. interface memory modifiable read-only from using a low-
memory (ROM) that powered laser beam.
can be erased and (e.g. CD, DVD, Blue-
reprogrammed Ray)
(written to) repeatedly
Temporary Storage Semi-Permanent Storage Permanent Storage
UNIT OF DATA STORAGE
Computer data is expressed as bytes, kilobytes, megabytes as it is in
the metric system, but 1 kilobyte is 1024 bytes not 1000 bytes.

Data Storage Unit Abbreviation Storage

Bit b Binary Digit, Single 1 or 0
Nibble - 4 bits
Byte/Octet B 8 bits
Kilobyte KB 1024 bytes
Megabyte MB 1024 KB
Gigabyte GB 1024 MB
Terabyte TB 1024 GB
Petabyte PB 1024 TB
Exabyte EB 1024 PB
Zettabyte ZB 1024 EB
Yottabyte TB 1024 ZB
 PERIPHERAL DEVICES
Though peripheral often implies “additional but not essential”,
peripheral devices are critical elements of a fully functioning and
useful computer system. Peripheral devices include both input
and output devices..

Multifunction Peripheral Modem Expansion CD/DVD

Devices
Perform different functions of
other devices. (e.g. 3 in 1
printers-printer, scanner,
photocopier)
Converts computer-compatible
signals to signals than can be
transmitted over the telephone
lines, then back again to
computer signals at the other
end of the line.
Cards
A printed circuit board that
can be inserted into an
electrical connector to add
functionality to a computer
system via the expansion bus.
ROM Drives
A device into which an
interchangeable CD/DVD ROM
is inserted for processing.
 COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Software, also known as programs, consists of instructions structured and
ordered in manner that, when executed , causes a computer to perform a
particular task or function.It also includes information for the computer to
A computer software can be categorize process
into:
Open System (Open Source) – software
that can be modified for use with any
hardware. It is not the exclusive property
or design of a particular vendor. Its inner
workings are available to the public and Operating Systems Application Software
anyone can adapt it or develop applications
to work with it.
Proprietary – software products that are
designed for particular systems and
cannot be used with other hardware. Its
inner workings are protected information.
Programming Utilities
Languages
 OS reads and responds to user commands, and coordinates the
OPERATING SYSTEMS flow of information among the different input and output devices.
It also manages the different programs the user runs. OS can
categorized as proprietary or open-source.

Windows OS Apple’s MAC OS Linux Distros Unix MS-DOS

 is a program or group of programs designed for
APPLICATION SOFTWARE end users

Productivity Tools Database Graphics Suite Browsers Personal Info Manager

MS Word MS Access Adobe Photoshop Google Chrome MS Outlook
MS Excel Oracle Corel Draw Mozilla Firefox IBM Lotus Organizer
MS PowerPoint SQL Xara Safari Kontact
MS Publisher MySQL Serif PhotoPlus Microsoft Edge Spicebird
 is a formal computer language or constructed

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE language designed to communicate instructions to a

machine, particularly a computer and can be used to
create programs to control the behavior of a
machine or to express algorithms.

C/C++ Java .Net PHP ASP

 UTILITY SOFTWARE Utility software is system software designed to help
analyze, configure, optimize or maintain a computer

Anti-Virus Archivers Data Compression Back-up Software Encryption

Scan for computer Output a stream or a Output a shorter stream Used to perform a backup; use a specific algorithm to
viruses among files and single file when provided or a smaller file when they create supplementary produce an encrypted
folders (e.g. Kaspersky, with a directory or a set provided with a stream exact copies of files, stream or encrypted file
McAfee, AVG, Avast, of files (e.g. 7-Zip) or file (e.g. Winzip, databases or entire when provided with a key
Microsoft Defender) WinRAR) computer (e.g. EaseUS) and a plaintext (FileVault2)
GLOSSARY
Color Depth – refers to the number of bits use to display each pixel on a display.
Disk Density – refers to the number of bits that can be stored per unit of area on the disk-face surface.
Dot pitch – refers to the distance between the centers of the adjacent pixels. Any dot pitch equal to or less than -
0.28 mm (millimeters) provides a sharp image. The crispness of the image improves, as the dot pitch gets smaller.
Gray scales – refer to the number of shades of a color that can be shown on a monochrome monitor’s screen.
Pixel – (short for picture elements) basic unit of video screen image. They are individual tiny dot of light that is the
basic unit from which the images on a computer or television screen are made.
Refresh Rate – The monitor’s refresh rate also affects the quality of the display. The phosphor coating on a
monitor’s CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) must be repainted or refreshed 50 to over 100 times each time (Hz)
Resolution – defined as the number of pixels per unit of measurement (such as inch or centimeter) on a video
display. The word resolution is commonly used to denote the total number of pixels displayed horizontally or
vertically on the video display.