PJ Unit 1 Handouts

BA(JMC) 102 , Print Journalism
PRINT JOURNALISM
BA(JMC) 102
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, by Dr. Vanshika Bhatia, Assistant Prof., BVICAM U3.1
Unit 1:
Introduction to Journalism & News
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, by Ms. Ayushi Chopra U1 1
Print Journalism Defined

• Print Journalism is the journalism as practiced in newspapers and
magazines. Print Journalism is the practice of investigation and
reporting of events in newspaper or imprinted form to a broad
audience. The aim of Print Journalism is to inform the intended
audience.
• Print media is one of the oldest and basic forms of mass
communication. It includes newspapers, weeklies, magazines,
monthlies and other forms of printed journals. Even after the
advent of electronic media, the print media has not lost its charm
or relevance. Print media has the advantage of making a longer
impact on the minds of the reader, with more in-depth reporting
and analysis.
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, by Ms. Ayushi Chopra, Assistant Prof., BVICAM U3.5
Print Media Forms
The publishing industry, a synonym with print media, could be

classified in general terms into broad distinct categories :
 Newspapers
 Magazines
 Journals
 Books
Other forms of Print Media

 Like newspapers; magazines, weeklies and journals are
also the other form of Print media. They are published at
“regular intervals, some are weekly, fortnightly, bi-weekly
and tri-monthly. They also constitute of information
which aware, inform and educate.
 A weekly is published once a week and a monthly once a
month. A fortnightly is published once in two weeks. A bi-weekly is
published twice every week. A tri-monthly is one which is published every
three months. These are also known as quarterlies. Then there are certain
publications that come out only once a year which are called annuals.
 Professionals of this stream are – staff correspondents, special
correspondents, news editors, chief-editors, political commentators,
cartoonists, columnists, feature writers, content writers for magazine etc.
Evolution of Printing
 The invention of the printing press is widely thought to be one of the most
important things that happened in the second millennium. It started the modern era.
 It is a machine that presses an inked surface onto a
print medium (like paper or cloth), causing the ink to
move.
 Johannes Gutenberg is often called the inventor of the
printing press.
 In the 15th century, he made a big change in the way
technology worked, which made it possible for a lot of
books to be made and for knowledge to spread quickly
across Europe.
 However, the history of printing goes back a long way
before Gutenberg.
EVOLUTION & GROWTH

Newspaper industry in any country is related to
the beginning of printing press and it was Johann
Guttenberg who invented printing press in 1456.
Thus in India too, the beginning of

newspaper is related to the beginning
of the press. The Portuguese introduced
the printing press in Goa, in 1557.
Evolution & Growth

The British East India Company initiated
the printing press in India. The first press
was rolled out in Bombay in 1674, and it
was used for the first time that same
year.
The first printing press was

formed in 1674, even though
there was no newspaper for 100
years.
William Bolts
• The first attempt to start a newspaper in Calcutta was
made by William Bolts in 1776.
• Bolts had resigned from the service of East India Company
after a court stricture for private trade under the Company’s
authority.
• He thought of exploiting the untouched field of newspapers
publishing for ventilating his grievances against the
company.
• His efforts to publish a newspaper was not approved by the
Company and he was asked to go back to Europe.
Growth Of English Newspapers In India

 James Augustus Hickey made history by starting the "Bengal Gazette," or
"the Calcutta General Advertiser, “ the first newspaper published from India
on January 29, 1780.
 The journal described itself as, “ A weekly political and commercial paper
open to all parties but influence by none”.
 It was a two-sheet newspaper with a size
of 12” X 8” having three columns on
each side.
 It published extract from English
Newspapers at home, letters from local
and mofussil readers, items of gossip
and scandal of interest to the European
Community.
Hicky’s Gazette
 The issue had more advertisement then reading matter.
 The news were mostly related to private lives of the individuals.
 In his paper, he had a column to himself through which he used
to talk to his readers directly.
 Soon the paper earned enmity of Warren Hastings, the Governor General and
Chief Justice Elijah Impey and generally the administration.
 Hicky’s fortune began to decline when a rival paper ‘Indian Gazette’ appeared
in the same year, published by Messink & Reed.
 In June 1781, Hastings patience came to an end. The chief Justice of India sent
an army of 400 people to arrest Hicky at his house and to seize printing types.
 Even from the prison Hicky continued to edit his papers which was allowed
because there was no prelaws at that time to bar him.
 In march 1782, Warren Hastings instituted four fresh actions and order was
procured to seize Hicky’s printing press.
James Silk Buckingham

• Another pioneer Born in England in 1786, James Silk Buckingham
was recognised as a man of principles by all in Calcutta.
• Jawahar Lal Nehru described him as among the earliest champions of
the freedom of press in India.
• He came to India in 1818 as the editor of the ‘Calcutta Chronicle’
which was started by some Calcutta merchants.
• ‘Calcutta Journal’ was started by him in October 1818, it was
biweekly paper consisting of eight pages.
• Buckingham’s criticism was instructive, his paper was interested in
discussing the acts & policies of government, the postal service, the
police, the military establishments and government’s attitude to
various matters of public interest.
James Silk Buckingham

• Buckingham criticised the policy of sati and denounced the government’s
failure to end this system.
• He laid more focus on news of local condition than fashion. The life of people
rather than the social round and criticism rather than invective.
• It was his contribution and the advent of Buckingham that the press really
began to discuss public questions.
• He was a stout champion of the freedom of press and he held views which
could be called revolutionary
• His first encounter with the authorities came when he criticised the suppression
of Col. Rubison of 20th regiment of the East India Company.
• He came too close to the topics that touched the very roots of administration.
His repeated disclosures of official malpractices and his success in redressal of
grievances proved a danger to East India Company and its reputation.
• In England , Buckingham started the ‘Orient Herald’ in which he continued to
expose the administration in India.
Raja Rammohun Roy

 Raja Ram Mohan Roy whom Nehru considered as the founder of
Indian press was a linguist, scholar-statesman, social reformer and liberal
thinker. He was the champion of freedom of the press.
 He was one to recognise the power of print media as a vehicle to propagate

his liberal ideas.
 He launched a campaign against Sati and encouraged the efforts of Lord

William Bentinck to abolish it by law.
 He used his powerful pen to eradicate social evils

like caste system, idol worship, animal sacrifice
from the Hindu Society.
Raja Rammohun Roy

• Roy published the Brahminical Magazine in English (1821), Sambad
Kaumudi in Bengali (1821), Mirat-Ul-Akhbar in Persian (1822).
• Roy relinquished the publication of the newspaper in order to register his

protest against the introduction of Press Ordinance of 1823 and injustice
done to Buckingham, the editor of Calcutta Journal.
• WHO WAS RAJA RAM MOHAN ROY?

He was essentially a social and religious reformer. He had a passion for
truth from his childhood.
He was firm and determined in the pursuit of his ideals
Gandhi Ji as Journalist
 Gandhiji became the leader of the Indian freedom movement when he took control.
This changed the course of Young India and Harijan became powerful vehicle of
his view on all subject Indian history.
 His paper did not have any advertisements. Gandhiji did not want his paper to lose
money, but he had much experience in South Africa, where he was editor of the
Indian Opinion in 1904 and published it in English, Tamil and Gujarati, sometimes
running the press himself, too. Gandhiji did not want his paper to lose money. In
that case, his experience in South Africa was helpful for him.
 Young India and Harijan became powerful vehicle of his view on all subject.
 The two journals Young India and Navjivan were used by him to ventilate his view
to educate the public on satyagraha. In 1933 Gandhiji started Harijan Harijan
Bandhu and Harijan Sevak in English, Gujarati and Hindi, respectively these
newspaper was the vehicle of his Crusade said against untouchability and poverty
in rural area.
• They enjoyed wide circulation full stop his approach to journalism was devoid of
ambitions. It was not a vocation to earn his livelihood. It was the main to serve the
public.
Writing in the young India of 2nd July 1925, he wrote, “ have taken up
journalism, not for its sake but nearly as an aid what I have conceived
movie my mission in life by mission is to teach by example and present
under serve restraint the use of the matchless weapon of Satyagraha which
is directly connected of non-violence. To be true to the faith, I may not
write in anger or malice; I may not write merely to excited passion.”
 Gandhi Ji was associated with six journals, for 2 of which he was the
editor. His first paper, Indian opinion, was started in South Africa in order
to ventilate the grievance of Indians and mobilise public opinion in their
favour.
 Gandhiji started writing and giving interviews to the newspaper.
 He focused on open letters and letters to the editor but soon realised that
occasionally writing and the hospitality of the newspaper were inadequate
for the political campaign he had launched.
 He needed a mouth peace to reach out to the people, so in June 1903, he
launched Indian opinion.
• It has served the purpose of the weekly newsletter, which disseminated the
news of the week among the Indian community. It became an essential
instrument of education through the column of the newspaper. Gandhiji tried to
educate the reader about sanitation, self-discipline and good citizenship
• Gandhiji launched Satyagrah against the Rowlett act and the massacre in
Jallianwala Bagh. He had learnt in South Africa how important the press and
public opinion could be in politics and had taught himself how to use the
written word most effectively.
Journalism Defined
According to Leslie Stephens, Journalism consists of writing on matters
on which people are ignorant.
According to Denis Mc Quail Journalism is a paid writing for public
media with reference to actual and ongoing events of public relevance.
Journalism is both an art and a profession which records events and
opinions and seeks to interpret and mould them for the benefit of the
educated public.
Journalism is anything that contributes in some way in gathering,
selection, processing of news and current affairs for the press, radio,
television, film, cable, internet, etc.
It is a discipline of collecting, analyzing, verifying and presenting news
regarding current events, trends, issues and people.Those who practice
journalism are known as Journalists.
Principles and Functions of

Journalism
• TRUTH:
Journalism does not seek truth in an absolute or metaphysical sense;
but, it may and must do so practically.
• LOYALTY TO CITIZENS:
Journalists must put people and the greater public interest above any
thing else.
others if they are to provide information without fear or favour.
• VERIFICATION:
Journalists rely on a professional discipline for verifying information.
It urged for a standardised technique of assessing information—a
straightforward approach to evidence—precisely to ensure that
personal and cultural prejudices would not jeopardise their work's
correctness.
• MAINTAIN INDEPENDENCE :
Its practitioners must preserve their independence from people
they are tasked with protecting.
Rather than neutrality, journalists must prioritise spirit and mental
independence.
• SERVE AS AN INDEPENDENT MONITOR OF
POWER:
Journalism have an extraordinary potential to act as a watchdog

on people whose power and position have the greatest impact on
citizens.
• PROVIDE A FORUM FOR PUBLIC CRITICISM:

The news media are the primary conduits for public discourse.
This debate is most beneficial to society when informed by facts
rather than bias and speculation.
Accuracy and truthfulness require journalists to pay attention to
areas of common ground where problem-solving happens in their
role as architects of public debate.
• STRIVE TO MAKE SIGNIFICANT INTERESTING AND
RELEVANT:
Journalism is purposeful storytelling.
It must make the important more fascinating and relevant..
The efficacy of a piece of journalism is determined by how well it
engages and educates its audience.
• COMPREHENSIVE AND PROPORTIONAL:

Keeping news balanced and not omitting critical information are
also pillars of veracity.
It should also cover news from all towns, not just those with
enticing populations.
• ALLOWED TO EXERCISE THEIR PERSONAL

CONSCIENCE:
Each journalist must possess a moral compass and a personal
sense of ethics and accountability.
They must be ready to express disagreements with colleagues,
whether in the newsroom or the executive suite if fairness and
truth demand it.
NOTE:
• One of the most critical duties of newspapers is to act as
a watchdog, which is carried out by reporters.
• To serve as the people's eyes and ears, the reporter
must be devoted to society; he must utilise the pen's
power for the common good and resist the desire to
destroy.
Roles and Responsibilities of a Journalist

• To be a successful journalist, a journalist must possess
specific critical characteristics.
• Credibility requires personal integrity, a dedication to
truth, and thinking ability.
• A journalist’s principal responsibility is to serve as an
interpreter of the world in which he or she lives.
• The journalist observes events, relays information about
them, and serves as an interpreter for these events and
occurrences.
A Journalist Performs the Following Roles:

• Make people aware of the contemporary world.
• Inform and educate the audience. Promote art and
culture.
• Entertain the mass.
• Help people in decision making.
• Make people sensitive to burning issues.
• Instil good moral values.
• Make people aware of their rights.
• Help people in the comparative study of past and
present and predict the future.
Responsibilities of Reporters:
• Responsibility towards the News Organization:
A reporter has to conform to the character, style, and policy of
the newspaper, magazine, or news agency he/she is working for.
Conservative papers shy away from the investigation of
scandals, and when working for such
a paper, you have to stick to its policy even if that cramps your
style.
But in a news organisation with a more dynamic approach to
News, we must develop the skills of an investigator.
• Responsibility towards the Sources:
Your credibility with your sources is a matter of vital importance
to your career. If they so desire, you must keep their identity a
secret.
The responsibility of protecting the sources need not be
considered absolute.
Responsibilities of Reporters:
• Responsibility towards the Reader and Society:
As a news reporter, it is your responsibility to present the reader
with accurate, fair, and objective information.
Social responsibility entails obligations towards public opinion
and society as a whole.
Professional and Ethical Standards for

Journalists
• A journalist should regard their calling as a trust and be
eager to serve and guard their public interest.
• In discharging their duties, journalists should attach due
value to fundamental human and social rights and shall
hold good faith and fair play in news reports and
comments as essential professional obligations.
• Journalists should observe particular restraint in reports
and comments dealing with
• tensions, likely to lead to civil disorder.
• Journalists should endeavour to ensure that information
dissemination is factually accurate.

Journalists
• Responsibility shall be assumed for all information and
comments published. If responsibility is disclaimed, this
will be explicitly stated.
• Confidences shall always be respected. Professional
secrecy must be preserved.
• Any report found to be inaccurate, and any comment on
inaccurate reports shall be voluntarily rectified.
• Journalists shall not exploit their status for non-
journalistic purposes.
• Journalists shall not allow personal interest to influence
professional conduct.

Journalists
• Journalists shall not accept or demand bribes to give or
delay publicity to News or comments.
• Every journalist should always defend freedom in the
honest collection and publication of News and facts
• Every journalist should always defend the rights of their
comments, criticism, and principles.
• Journalists shall be conscious of their obligation to their
fellows in the profession and
• Shall not seek to deprive fellow journalists of their
livelihood by unfair means.
Qualities of Reporters
• Nose for News:
A reporter’s primary job is to discover the new.
However, quite often, most of the material before a news reporter
may just be publicity matter or advertisements in disguise.
Therefore, a reporter must check his material and swift the News
from publicity.
• Interpersonal Skills:
It is generally observed that introverts make poor reporters.
Reporters move about meeting people, making and winning
confidence.
In this era of investigative reporting, readers are keenly
interested to know what is going
on behind the scenes.
• Developing Contacts:
A friendly and affable nature helps develop sources that could
provide precious information, clues, or other material for the
reporter in search of a story.
• Being Objective and Fair:
The reporter must be a sharp observer of events, presenting the
facts balanced and objective.
The carrying on of personal controversies in the press in which
no public interest is involved shall be regarded as derogatory to
the dignity of the profession.
It is unprofessional to give currency to rumours or loose talk
affecting the private life of individuals.
The press shall refrain from publishing matters likely to
encourage vice and crime.
• Coping with Pressures

 There are three ways of coping with pressure:
Fighting it,
Giving in,
 and Anticipating the pressure and taking preventive measures.
Journalism as a Fourth Estate:

• The Fourth Estate (or fourth power) is a political force
or institution whose influence is not consistently or
officially recognised.
• The fourth estate most commonly refers to the news
media, especially print journalism or the press.
• The fourth estate is the public press, referred to as a
collective and encompassing
• photographers, journalists, television broadcasters, and
radio announcers, among others.

• Many people generally agree that the fourth estate has
immense political and social power, thanks to the fact
that the press can be used to shape societies while
imparting News of note and commentary of interest.
• Because the fourth estate is recognised as such a
significant body, many nations have laws that protect
the press's rights, ensuring that citizens have access to
reporting on matters of interest and of note.
• The origins of the term "the fourth estate" are best
explained within the context of the
• medieval "estates of the realm."

• In medieval society, three "estates" were formally
recognised: the Legislature, Executive and Judiciary.
• Each estate had a very distinct social role and a certain
level of power, and the idea of the estates of the realm
became so entrenched in European society that it still
lives on, to some extent, although society is far more
egalitarian today.
• In the middle of the 19th century, people began referring
to the press as a fourth estate, referencing the fact that
most parliaments and other houses of government had
an area set aside expressly for the use of the press and
pointing out that the press was a distinct group within
the larger framework of the realm.

• Several historians credit the term's coinage to Edmund
Burke, who is said to have referenced the fourth estate
when discussing the French Revolution, and Thomas
Carlyle, a 19th-century author, popularised the term.
• The press plays a vital role in most societies, reporting
on a wide variety of topics and creating influential
personalities who are relied upon for sources of
information and commentary.
• Writing about the first estate in 1841, Thomas Carlyle
pointed out that the press had an influential role in
parliamentary procedure, shaping the people's will and
influencing the outcome of votes among the
government.

• Carlyle also argued that the press was an essential part
of a democratic society, saying that writing gives people
"a tongue which others will listen to."
• Because of the importance of journalism in society, most
members of the fourth estate
• abide by specific professional and personal ethics.
• Many journalists attempt to cultivate an air of neutrality,
focusing on reporting the issues so that people can
judge the facts for themselves, while others focus on
offering commentary and analysis from the perspective
of a particular position.

• Journalists are careful to protect the integrity of the
press, protecting sources, verifying information before
publication, and using a variety of other techniques to
convey a trustworthy appearance to the public,
encouraging people to put their faith in the press.
Why Does The Press Monitor The

Powerful?
• Officials and the administration are fallible and need to
be checked;
• Freedom of the press examines officials' conduct,
exposes their wrongdoings, and diffuses liberal
sentiments.
• Freedom of the press is meant to be the terror of all
bad ministers, who will be shamed and punished for
their misdemeanours.
• Freedom of the press is a principal pillar of a free
government.
Citizen Journalism:
• Citizen journalism is defined as journalism produced by
anyone other than professional journalists.
• It is predicated on "active participation by residents in
gathering, reporting, analysing, and distributing news
and information."
• The Internet, social media, and mobile phones all
contributed to the growth of citizen journalism.
Social Media And Citizen Journalism

• Social media has given regular citizens the ability to act
as news reporters.
• Users can express their ideas and viewpoints.
• Using social media facilitates communication and
connects like-minded individuals.
• Social media has empowered the public by providing a
platform for them to express themselves and the ability
to create their own content. It provides a counter-
narrative to the news by presenting a different point of
view.
Types of Citizen Journalism:

• Sharing of Photographs, Videos & Audio:
It includes blogging, as well as publishing on Facebook and other
social networking platforms.
• Sharing of Opinion:
By commenting on anything you discover online, you may
transform yourself into a Citizen Journalist by expressing your
thoughts and those of others.
• Sharing of Expertise:
Creating a blog or reporting on a subject about which you have
expertise, despite the fact that you are not a journalist.
• Sharing of Discovery:
Sharing information with the world after discovering news.
Dangers of Citizen Journalism:

• Risk of Being Exposed to Danger:
Citizen journalists usually do not have the training to understand
the dangers of recording disasters or dangerous events and may
take unreasonable risks in their attempt to record the event.
History of Citizen Journalism:

• The first newspaper in North America was created in the
1690s, followed by many more shortly after.
• None of the reporters is professional.
• They are considered citizens who were passionate
about something and decided to write about it.
• This is similar to the citizens of today who take
photographs, write blogs and create videos to post.
• Examples of Citizen Journalism:
Kennedy Assassination, 1963,
WTC, 2011,
Columbia shuttle Disaster, 2003.
Advantages of Citizen Journalism:

It allows citizens to feel more involved in the community by
expressing their opinions, engaging with other social media
users and contributing their thoughts and knowledge about a
subject. First-hand contributions during crisis events (photo
sharing websites, blogs). It removes 'elite' gatekeepers.
It gives a space for marginalised, alternative and activist social
groups. Counterbalance to the mainstream media.
Independent from corporate sponsors and government.
Influential political function in highlighting social problems ignored
by the mainstream media Activism, organisation.
Low production costs focus on news that traditional media does
not find profitable. Social and political responsibility. Citizen
participation in the evaluation of public policies. Strengthen
democratic culture.
Disadvantages of Citizen Journalism:

It is Untrustworthy.
Without the code of journalistic ethics. Without the contrast of
facts and sources.
We are not trained as professional journalists. Content can be
not reliable / trusted.
Conflicts of interests.
It focuses mainly on 'soft news' areas.
It challenges journalism as a profession.
NOTE: The Institution, public communicators and
journalists should first be open to giving back a part of
their power to the source of the power itself: The People.
Penny Press
• The Penny Press was most famous for its low price, a
penny per paper.
• It became popular with the American public because
while other papers were priced
• around six cents, they could sell their paper for just a
penny.
• The low price made newspapers and the news available
to more than just upper-class citizens for the first time.
• The labour and lower classes were able to purchase a
paper and read the news.
• As more people began buying papers throughout the

country, news and journalism became more critical
overall.
• Newspapers also began paying more attention to the
public it served.
• They quickly realised that the same information and
news that interested the six-cent public did not interest
the penny public.
• Newspapers used information from police stations,
criminal courts and divorce courts to fill their paper and
make them more appealing to their new public.
Penny Press
• The low price popularised the newspaper in America
and extended the
• influence of the newspaper media on the poorer
classes.
• The penny press made the news and journalism more
important and caused newspapers to begin to pay more
attention to the public they served.
History of Penny Press:

• The Penny Press is generally considered to have
started in 1833 when Benjamin Day founded The Sun,
a New York City newspaper.
• Day, working in the printing business, started a
newspaper to salvage his business after setbacks that
began during a local financial panic caused by the
cholera epidemic of 1832.
• His idea of selling a newspaper for a penny seemed
radical at a time when most newspapers sold for six
cents.
• He reasoned that many working-class people were

literate but were not newspaper customers simply
because no one had published a newspaper targeted at
them.
• By launching The Sun, Day was taking a gamble.
• However, it proved successful.
• Besides making the newspaper very affordable, Day
instituted another innovation, the newsboy.
• By hiring boys to hawk copies on street corners, The
Sun was both affordable and readily available.
Penny Press Strategies:

• Lowered cost to one penny per issue.
• Focus on local events, scandals and crime. Ran
serialized stories.
• Human interest stories.
• Celebrity news.
• Fashion notes and Jokes.
NOTE: The legacy of the Penny Press lives on in the use of
advertising as a source of income, and in the informational,
educational, and entertainment articles in today’s newspapers.
Dependance:
• The heavy dependence on ‘advertising’ as a major
source of revenue was a main reason that the Penny
Press was able to sell papers for a lower price than
anyone else.
• Other papers relied heavily on subscriptions and daily
sales.
• The price of paper and materials used to produce the
newspapers also decreased making the production of the
newspaper itself less expensive.
NEWSPAPER ‘THE SUN’:

• A pioneer during the Penny Press era was Benjamin H.
Day, founder of the New York
• Sun.
• The Sun was the first popular penny paper.
• The paper's motto, printed at the top of every front page
was: "The object of this paper is to lay before the public,
at a price within the means of every one, all the news of
the day, and at the same time offer an advantageous
medium for advertisements."
TODAY’S ERA:
• The changes made to the newspaper during the Penny
Press era set a precedent for the way newspapers
operate today.
• Newspapers rely heavily on advertising as a main
source of income and that is also a main reason they are
still being offered at relatively low prices today.
• Newspapers changed their coverage when they no
longer relied so dependently on subscriptions or daily
sales to make a profit.
YELLOW JOURNALISM
• DEFINE:
• The degradation type of journalism is known as yellow
journalism. It is a journalism without a soul.
• In it facts are distorted.
• There is very little truth in the stories.
• Unethical means are adopted to increase the circulation.
It makes the high drama of life, a cheap melodrama.
• Instead of giving its readers effective readership, it
offers sex and violence.
YELLOW JOURNALISM
• INVENTOR:
• Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph hearst were the
men responsible for the
• birth of yellow Journalism.
• JOSEPH PULITZER:
• Came to the U.S. from Hungary and Served for the
Union in the Civil War. Became a Reporter for German
Language papers.
• Purchased St. Louis Post-Dispatch with his brother in
1872.
YELLOW JOURNALISM
• He succeeded in building the circulation of the Sunday
World in New York to over 300 thousand in the early
1980’s.
• He combined good reporting with crusades, an emphasis
on disasters, melodramatics,
• sensational photographs and comic strip in colour all to
increase reader’s interest.
• He crusaded against corrupt officials and for civil service
reforms and taxes on luxuries, large incomes etc.
• He pioneered the use of coloured comics in newspapers,
which did much to increase the circulat6ion of his Sunday
editions.
WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST:

• He became the Editor of ‘San Francisco Examiner’ in
1887. In 1896 bought New York Morning Journal.
• He created nearly 30 major newspapers over the
America.
• He Created the largest newspaper and magazine
business in the world.
• Hearst was really interested in reporting detective
stories.
• He Hired best journalists at huge salaries.
• Used many drawings and photos in his newspaper. He
Reported sports events around the country.
Competition B/W Hearst And Pulitzer:

• When Hearst started the World, he hired Pulitzer’s entire
staff away from him for higher
• salaries.
• Pulitzer hired them back within a day.
• Hearst raised that price and had hired back all of Pulitzer’s
employees within 24 hours. They stayed with Hearst.
NOTE: FAMOUS CARTOON:
The Yellow Kid was drawn by Richard Outcault for Joseph Pulitzer’s
World.
It was a little boy dressed in a yellow nightshirt that would comment
on happenings in the city.
People would buy The World just to read the Yellow Kid.
NOTE: FAMOUS CARTOON:

 The Yellow Kid was drawn by Richard Outcault for Joseph Pulitzer’s World.
 It was a little boy dressed in a yellow nightshirt that would comment on happenings
in the city.
 People would buy The World just to read the Yellow Kid.
 Hearst hired the Yellow Kid’s cartoonist away from Pulitzer.
 Pulitzer hired another cartoonist to keep drawing the Yellow Kid for him, giving
New
 York two Yellow Kid cartoons at the same time!
• The term “yellow journalism” comes from the competition of the Yellow Kid cartoon at the
same time

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BA(JMC) 102 , Print Journalism

Introduction to Journalism & News

Print Journalism Defined

Print Media Forms

The publishing industry, a synonym with print media, could be

Other forms of Print Media

EVOLUTION & GROWTH

Thus in India too, the beginning of

Evolution & Growth

The first printing press was

Growth Of English Newspapers In India

James Silk Buckingham

James Silk Buckingham

Raja Rammohun Roy

 He was one to recognise the power of print media as a vehicle to propagate

 He launched a campaign against Sati and encouraged the efforts of Lord

 He used his powerful pen to eradicate social evils

Raja Rammohun Roy

• Roy relinquished the publication of the newspaper in order to register his

• WHO WAS RAJA RAM MOHAN ROY?

Principles and Functions of

Journalism have an extraordinary potential to act as a watchdog

• PROVIDE A FORUM FOR PUBLIC CRITICISM:

• COMPREHENSIVE AND PROPORTIONAL:

• ALLOWED TO EXERCISE THEIR PERSONAL

Roles and Responsibilities of a Journalist

A Journalist Performs the Following Roles:

Professional and Ethical Standards for

Professional and Ethical Standards for

Professional and Ethical Standards for

• Coping with Pressures

Journalism as a Fourth Estate:

Journalism as a Fourth Estate:

Journalism as a Fourth Estate:

Journalism as a Fourth Estate:

Journalism as a Fourth Estate:

Journalism as a Fourth Estate:

Why Does The Press Monitor The

Social Media And Citizen Journalism

Types of Citizen Journalism:

Dangers of Citizen Journalism:

History of Citizen Journalism:

Advantages of Citizen Journalism:

Disadvantages of Citizen Journalism:

• As more people began buying papers throughout the

History of Penny Press:

• He reasoned that many working-class people were

Penny Press Strategies:

NEWSPAPER ‘THE SUN’:

WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST:

Competition B/W Hearst And Pulitzer:

NOTE: FAMOUS CARTOON:

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