Electromagnetic Theory

Vectors
Scalar Quantity

A scalar quantity is a physical quantity that is fully described by its magnitude or size alone. It does
not have any associated direction. Scalars are quantities that can be represented by a single real
number, typically expressed in terms of a unit of measurement. Examples of scalar quantities include
mass, temperature, speed, time, energy, and distance.

Vector Quantity

A vector quantity is a physical quantity that has both magnitude and direction. It requires both a
numerical value and a specified direction to fully describe it. Vectors are typically represented
graphically as arrows, where the length of the arrow represents the magnitude and the direction of the
arrow indicates the direction of the vector. Examples of vector quantities include displacement,
velocity, acceleration, force, and momentum.

Sum of two vectors

One of the things we can do with vectors is to add them together. We shall start by adding two vectors
together. Once we have done that, we can add any number of vectors together by adding the first two,
then adding the result to the third, and so on. In order to add two vectors, we think of them as
displacements. We carry out the first displacement, and then the second. So the second displacement
must start where the first one finishes.

The sum of the vectors, a + b (or the resultant, as it is sometimes called) is what we get when we join
up the triangle. This is called the triangle law for adding vectors.

Dot Product

Algebraically, the dot product is defined as the sum of the products of the corresponding entries of the
two sequences of numbers. Geometrically, it is the product of the two vectors’ Euclidean magnitudes
and the cosine of the angle between them. We can express the scalar product as:

a.b=|a||b| cosθ

where |a| and |b| represent the magnitude of the vectors a and b while cos θ denotes the cosine of the
angle between both the vectors
Cross Product

Cross product is a binary operation on two vectors in three-dimensional space. It results in a vector
that is perpendicular to both vectors. The Vector product of two vectors, a and b, is denoted
by a × b. Its resultant vector is perpendicular to a and b.

a × b = |a| |b| sinθ 𝒏

 Where a and b are two vectors and |a|, |b| are their magnitudes

 θ is the angle between two vectors

𝒏 is the unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing the given two vectors, in the direction given
by the right-hand rule.

𝚤⃗ 𝚥⃗ 𝑘⃗
When 𝐴⃗ = 𝑥𝚤⃗ + 𝑦𝚥⃗ + 𝑧𝑘⃗ and 𝐵⃗ = 𝑢𝚤⃗ + 𝑣𝚥⃗ + 𝑤𝑘⃗ , 𝑨⃗ × 𝑩⃗ is given as 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 .
𝑢 𝑣 𝑤