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Multispectral colorimetric portable system for detecting metal ions in liquid

media

Conference Paper · August 2019

DOI: 10.1109/INSCIT.2019.8868861

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 Multispectral colorimetric portable system for
detecting metal ions in liquid media
Mauro Sergio Braga Osmar Francisco Gomes Ruth Flavia Vera Villamil Jaimes
Instituto Federal de Ciência e Tecnologia Centro de Capacitação e Pesquisa em Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas
de São Paulo – IFSP Meio Ambiente (CEPEMA-USP) Universidade Federal do ABC
Cubatão, Brasil Cubatão, Brasil Santo André, Brasil
mauro@ifsp.edu.br ofgomes@usp.br rfvillam@iq.usp.br

Edmilson Roberto Braga Walter Borysow Walter Jaimes Salcedo

Instituto Federal de Ciência e Tecnologia Instituto Federal de Ciência e Tecnologia Escola Politécnica da Universidade de
de São Paulo – IFSP de São Paulo – IFSP São Paulo – USP
Cubatão, Brasil Cubatão, Brasil São Paulo, Brasil
edmilson.braga@ifsp.edu.br wborysow@ifsp.edu.br wsalcedo@lme.usp.br

Abstract— Nowadays the metal ions detection and
classification in-site and in real time in river and like
environment are very important task for environmental control.
In this sense, the present work proposed a portable multispectral
spectrometer based in the multispectral photodetector
eliminating in this way the complex and expensive conventional
monochromator system. The acquisition, control and processing
of signals are performed based on FPGA technology, which was
developed based on virtual instrumentation software (NI
LabView ®), manufactured by National Instruments, NI model
myRIO-1900. This portable spectrometer showed to have the
same performance than to bench spectrophotometer when these
are applied to metal ions detection and classification by using the
PAN molecules as active indicator. The metal ions detection and
classification with bench spectrometer and portable
spectrometer showed to be efficient when it was used three-
dimensional chromaticity diagrams. These results pointed out
that the proposed portable spectrometer will be used successfully
for in-situ and real time metal ions monitoring in river and like
environment.
Keywords — Multispectral sensor, FPGA technology, portable
spectrometer
I. INTRODUCTION
As the cancer-causing agents, heavy metals have been a
major threat to human health because of their toxicity,
bioaccumulative characteristic and persistent presence in
environment [1].
The heavy metals, which are usually found in the form of
II. PORTABLE EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR DETECTION OF METALLIC
cationic, when released together with industrial effluents into
rivers, seas, or estuaries near urban centers, can be absorbed by
vegetation, animals or any kind of underwater life, causing
serious intoxication problems throughout the food chain.
Traditionally the heavy metal ions detection in aqueous
media demand especial procedures beginning for systematic and
careful collection procedure follow of complex samples
preparation before to analyses in the bench analyzer like
spectrometer, spectrofluorometric or plasma spectrometer
making so time expensive and high cost process. Normally, these
The authors thank CNPq, CAPES, FAPESP, INCT, CEPEMA-USP and
IFSP campus Cubatão for resources and technical support offered.
analyzers equipment need skilled labor for operation and
maintenance, do not allow on-line connectivity for remote
monitoring, and require well-controlled experimental
conditions. The literature reports the following more common
equipment for the analysis of heavy metal ions in the laboratory
[2,3]: inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
(ICP-AES) (ICP-OES), inductively coupled plasma mass
spectrometry (ICP-MS), cold vapor atomic absorption
spectrometry (CV-AAS), graphite furnace atomic absorption
spectrometry (GF -AAS) etc.
In recent years great interest has been observed in the
development of optical sensors associated with micro-
colorimetric and micro-spectrometric systems that use discrete
multispectral photodetector elements formed by different optical
filters tuned in the entire spectrum of visible light [4], marking
the possibility of implementing portable equipment in on-site
monitoring of gases, chemical compounds and heavy metal ions,
offering advantages by being compact, enabling connectivity in
remote monitoring systems, being immune to noise produced by
electromagnetic effects, as well as being significantly cheaper
and safer.
In this context, the present article presents the development
of a colorimetric system of portable chemical detection for liquid
media analysis using metal ion selective multispectral
optoelectronic sensors (Cu (II), Zn (II), Ni (II), Cd (II), Pb (II),
and Fe (III)). We used the molecule of 1- (2-pyridylazo) -2-
naphthol (PAN) chromogen reagent as indicator at different
concentrations.
IONS BY COLORIMETRIC METHODS AND USE OF MULTISPECTRAL
OPTICAL SENSOR
Here it is described the colorimetric formalism and the
experimental procedure follow to detect and classify different
metal ions.
A. Colorimetric method for the identification and
quantification of metal ions

978-1-7281-2109-3/19/$31.00 © 2019 IEEE

 Colorimetric method of identification and quantification of
heavy metal ions is an analytical strategy that uses selective
properties of chromogenic reagents from the analysis of light
intensity absorption spectra, located in the visible region of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
The colorimetric technique is based in the electronic
transitions from a lower energy level to a higher energy level of
dyes molecules after light excitation. This process originates the
absorption (transmission) band spectra that are like fingerprint
of molecules in colorimetric procedure. The level of absorption
intensity is identified by absorbance values at given energy and
this value depends on the energy of excited light and
concentration of chemical species in the solution for non-solid
samples. The absorbance follow the Beer-Lambert's law, where
says that light absorption (absorbance) is proportional to the light
path and the molar concentration of the chemical species in
solution, following as in (1) [5].
A = İ·l·C (1)
Here: A is the absorbance measurement, İ is the molar
absorbance spectrum that is directly related to transition of
electrons between energy level in the molecule, l is the optical
path distance and C is the molar concentration of the chemical
species, as illustrated in the Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the Law of Beer-Lambert through the
absorption of light in liquid media.
The optical absorption of chemicals species could be
obtained experimentally by measuring the intensity of incident
light and transmitted light. In this way it defined the
transmittance (T) as in (2):
‫ܫ‬௧
ܶൌ
‫ܫ‬௜
Where: Ii is the intensity of incident light at a given
wavelength (Ȝ), It is the transmitted light intensity and T is the
transmittance.
The logarithm of this "rate" corresponds to the energy
absorbed at a particular wavelength and can be calculated by (3)
[5].
‫ܫ‬
‫ ܣ‬ൌ Ž‘‰ଵ଴ ሺ ௜ൗ‫ ܫ‬ሻ ൌ െ Ž‘‰ଵ଴ ሺܶሻ
௧ ܺൌන
Where: A is the absorbance and T is the transmittance.
The UV-VIS absorption spectrometer is an instrument used
as reference in colorimetric analyzes, and it is possible to
perform measurements of absorbance, transmittance and
reflectance. The operation is based on the extent of absorption of
light when a beam of a light source is separated into individual
wavelengths by a prism or diffraction grating. This
monochromatic light is divided into two beams of equal intensity
by a beam-splitter. On one side, the light is sent through a
reference cuvette (white) and, on the other hand, through the
sample under analysis. In this case, the UV-VIS spectrometer is
called a double beam (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. Schematic representation of the dual-beam UV-VIS spectrometer.
Both light rays are directed to detectors that compare their
intensities as the ratio (rate) of light intensity through the sample
and the reference medium.
Over a short period of time, the UV-VIS absorption
spectrometer automatically submits the sample to the incidence
of light at wavelengths from the ultraviolet (UV) region (200
nm) to the visible region (800 nm).
The absorption spectra, obtained from the conventional
spectrophotomers, are used as the base to calculate colorimetric
parameters. The color-detecting devices (RGB, true color and
multispectral sensors) have also been employed in colorimetric
analysis by measurements of light intensity of the absorbance or
transmittance conditions in the medium. They use photodetector
elements with filters tuned in different regions of the spectrum
of visible light in order to reproduce accurately, behavior very
close to that found in human vision.
The colorimetric formalist is usually based on the established
rules of the CIE1931 standard, which was created by the
Commission Internationale de l´Eclairage, through
experimental protocols, to define, from the combination of the
three XYZ stimuli, the natural perception of the human eye by
the interpretation of colors in the spectrum of visible light. Fig.
(2) 3 shows the empirical results for a 2-degree field-of-view
observer.
The color spectra, according to the CIE1931XYZ standard,
define all colors in three imaginary primaries, with which the
functions of color combinations x (λ), y (λ) and z (λ) can be
represented in the chromaticity diagram CIExy that are
calculated with equations (4) to (8) which defines a color space
of the visible spectrum in a two dimensions space. The Fig.4
depicts the two dimensional map of chromaticity diagram [6].
(3)
଻଻଴ (4)
‫ܮ‬௪ ሺOሻ‫ݔ‬ҧ ሺOሻ݀O
ଷ଼଴
଻଻଴ (5)
ܻൌන ‫ܮ‬௪ ሺOሻ‫ݕ‬തሺOሻ݀O
ଷ଼଴
 ଻଻଴ method uses a photodetector optoelectronic chip, composed of
(6)
ܼൌන ‫ܮ‬௪ ሺOሻ‫ݖ‬ҧሺOሻ݀O 18 sets of photodiodes (3 x 6) encapsulated in a same enclosure,
ଷ଼଴ MMCS6CS type, manufactured by the MAZeT Company. Fig.5
shows the schematic diagram of portable embedded system used
Here: x (λ), y (λ) and z (λ) are functions of primary color in this work and which was described in details in our previous
combinations necessary to describe a spectral color and Lw is the work [7]. Important to mention that the luminous intensity of the
incident light spectrum. LED, used as excitation source, can fluctuate due to temperature
changes and pulse voltage applied, in order to overcame these
ܺ (7) problems the current control circuit was developed (Fig. 6) using
‫ݔ‬ൌ
ܺ൅ܻ൅ܼ operational amplifiers (TL074) and buffers circuits (BUF634)
interface such that the LED intensity will have a linear
ܻ dependence with a given applied voltage (VREF).
(8)
‫ݕ‬ൌ
ܺ൅ܻ൅ܼ

Where: x and y are the chromaticity coordinates.

2,0
_
z (λ)

1,6
a.u. (arbitrary units)

1,2 _ _
y (λ) x (λ)

0,8

0,4

0,0
350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
Fig. 5. The schematic diagram of portable colorimetric system built with the
λ (nm) multispectral optoelectronic sensor as reported in our early work [7].
Fig. 3. Functions of color combinations CIE1931XYZ.

Fig. 6. The schematic diagram of Voltage/Current converter circuit.

The solution with different metal ions was prepared with

reagents of 99.9 % purity. Standard solutions for the different
Fig. 4. Schematic representation of the dual-beam UV-VIS spectrometer metals were prepared in water DI following the procedure
chromaticity diagrams.
described elsewhere [7] and showed in the Table 1.
In the CIExyZ protocol it defined the three dimensional
chromaticity including the luminance parameter which indicates TABLE I. THE PH VALUES OF PREPARED IONIC SOLUTIONS FOR
COLORIMETRIC ASSAYS.
the spectral luminous efficacy, being associated to light / dark
perception, as in (9).
Ionic solution of 250ppm pH
‫ݕ‬ (9)
ܼ ൌ ܺǤ Cu(II) 4.0
‫ݔ‬
Zn(II) 4.5
Where: Z is the luminance, X is the tristimulus parameter X Ni(II) 4.5
and x and y are chromaticity coordinates.
Cd(II) 4.5
B. Colorimetric experimental arrangement with multispectral
Pd(II) 4.5
sensor MMCS6CS
As reported in our early work [7], the portable embedded Fe(III) 3.0
system for detection of different metallic ions by colorimetric
 The chromogen reagent of 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol a) The UV-VIS Cary Varian b) MMCS6CS sensor
(PAN) was diluted with methanol in order to get a concentration spectrometer
of 100 μM. Before each data acquisition, a volume of 2.5 ml of 1,0 0 ppm
PAN free
1,0 ppm Pb
2+

2+

the PAN solution prepared was added into a quartz cuvette and
1,0 ppm
1,0 2,0 ppm Pb
2+
2,0 ppm 3,0 ppm Pb
2+
0,8 4,0 ppm Pb
3,0 ppm

then, small additions of appropriate volumes of metal ions 0,6

4,0 ppm

5,0 ppm
0,8 5,0 ppm Pb2+
6,0 ppm Pb2+
7,0 ppm Pb2+

Cu(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), Fe(III) were performed in

6,0 ppm
2+
7,0 ppm
8,0 ppm 0,6 8,0 ppm Pb
9,0 ppm 2+
9,0 ppm Pb

T
10,0 ppm

T
order to get concentrations of 1 to 10 ppm respectively [7].
2+
10,0 ppm Pb
0,4
0,4

0,2

The multispectral sensor MMCS6CS response in the 0,2

presence of metal ions of Pb(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), Cu(II), Fe(III) 0,0

250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
0,0
400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 625 650 675 700

and Ni(II) was based on spectral change measurement of the

λ (nm)
λ (nm)

optical transmittance spectra of a PAN solution, due to the action Fig. 7. The transmittance spectra of the chromogen reagent PAN solution
of different ions. In this case, the light intensity transmitted and containing the Pb(II) ions at different concentration corresponding to: a)
received by the array of photodiodes was converted by The UV-VIS Cary 50 – Varian spectrometer b) the Multiespectral
MMCS6CS sensor. The arrow indicated the increased direction of metal
transimpedance amplifiers (MTI04CS) in VDC voltage values ions concentration
and stored by the acquisition, control and processing module
(myRIO-1900). The transmittance was determined relative to the a) The UV-VIS Cary Varian b) MMCS6CS sensor
spectrometer
reference signal which corresponded to the response of each
photodiode of different arrays to the transmitted white light 0,0 ppm 0,0 ppm Cd(II)
1,0
1,0 ppm Cd(II)
2,0 ppm Cd(II)
1,0

through the solvent used in the preparation of the solutions

3,0 ppm Cd(II)
0,8 4,0 ppm Cd(II)
5,0 ppm Cd(II)

samples.
0,8 6,0 ppm Cd(II)
7,0 ppm Cd(II)
0,6 8,0 ppm Cd(II)
0,6 9,0 ppm Cd(II)
10,0 ppm Cd(II)

T
The LED based multispectral colorimetric portable system

T
10,0 ppm
0,4
0,4

was calibrated with standard solutions, and its measurement 0,2

0,2

results was compared with the UV-VIS spectrometer Cary 50,

Varian (commercial spectrophotometer).
0,0 0,0
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 625 650 675 700
λ (nm)
λ (nm)

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Fig. 8. The transmittance spectra of the chromogen reagent PAN solution
In order to compare the performance of the colorimetric containing the Cd(II) ions at different concentration corresponding to: a)
system proposed in this paper, we first obtained the spectra of The UV-VIS Cary 50 – Varian spectrometer b) the Multiespectral
the transmittance (T) changes of the PAN molecule (sensitive MMCS6CS sensor.
molecule) and solutions of this molecule in environments
a) The UV-VIS Cary Varian b) MMCS6CS sensor
containing the metal ions of Pb (II), Cd (II), Zn (II), Cu (II), Fe spectrometer
(III) and Ni (II) respectively. The spectra were obtained by the 0,0 ppm Zn(II)

UV-VIS spectrometer Cary 50, Varian and shown in Fig. 7a, Fig.
0,0 ppm
1,0 1,0 ppm Zn(II)
2,0 ppm Zn(II)
1,0
3,0 ppm Zn(II)

8a, Fig. 9a, Fig. 10a, Fig. 11a and Fig. 12a, respectively. 0,8
0,8
4,0 ppm Zn(II)
5,0 ppm Zn(II)
6,0 ppm Zn(II)
7,0 ppm Zn(II)
8,0 ppm Zn(II)

Then, using the MMCS6CS multispectral sensor and having

0,6
0,6 9,0 ppm Zn(II)
0 ppm 10,0 ppm Zn(II
T

the same previous conditions as the metal ions under analysis 0,4
0,4

with the PAN reagent, the signals were obtained by the digital 0,2
1,0 ppm

0,2

LOCK-IN amplification system, extracted by the 6 output

10,0 ppm 2,0 ppm

10,0 ppm 3,0 ppm

0 ppm 10,0 ppm
0,0 0,0

terminals of the MAZeT photodetector which correspond to the 250 300 350 400 450
λ (nm)
500 550 600 650 400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 625 650 675 700

λ (nm)

responses of the photodiodes with the optical filters of 425, 475,

525, 575, 625 and 675 nm, respectively. In Fig. 7b, Fig. 8b, Fig.
Fig. 9. The transmittance spectra of the chromogen reagent of 1-(2-
9b, Fig. 10b, Fig. 11b and Fig. 12b, the graphs of the pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) solution containing the Zn(II) ions at
transmittance spectra (10) obtained in the proposed system are different concentration corresponding to: a) The UV-VIS Cary 50 –
shown. Varian spectrometer b) the Multiespectral MMCS6CS sensor.
a) The UV-VIS Cary Varian b) MMCS6CS sensor
‫ܫ‬ௌ஺ெ௉௅ாሺO೙ ሻ (10) spectrometer
ܶൌ
‫ܫ‬௪௛௜௧௘௅ா஽ሺO೙ ሻ 1,0
0,0 ppm

1,0
0,0 ppm Cu(II)
1,0 ppm Cu(II)
5,0 ppm 2,0 ppm Cu(II)
6,0 ppm
7,0 ppm 3,0 ppm Cu(II)
0,8 8,0 ppm
9,0 ppm 4,0 ppm Cu(II)

Where: ISAMPLE is the current generated by the wavelength

10,0 ppm 0,8
5,0 ppm Cu(II)
6,0 ppm Cu(II)
7,0 ppm Cu(II)

photodiode (Ȝn) at a given condition of the metal ion, under

0,6
0 ppm 0,6 8,0 ppm Cu(II)
T

9,0 ppm Cu(II)

T

10,0 ppm Cu(II)

analysis with the PAN reagent, white IwhiteLED is the current
1,0 ppm
0,4 0,4

generated by the wavelength photodiode (Ȝn) under excitation 0,2

10,0 ppm 2,0 ppm

3,0 ppm
0,2

condition of the white LEDs, through the solvent (methanol)

10,0 ppm
4,0 ppm

0,0
0 ppm 0,0

used in the preparation of the solutions under analysis, (Ȝn) are 250 300 350 400 450

λ (nm)
500 550 600 650 400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 625 650 675 700

λ (nm)

the wavelength of filter of the photodiodes corresponding to 425,

Fig. 10. The transmittance spectra of the chromogen reagent of 1-(2-
475, 525, 575, 625 and 675 nm respectively. pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) solution containing the Cu(II) ions at
different concentration corresponding to: a) The UV-VIS Cary 50 –
Varian spectrometer b) the Multiespectral MMCS6CS sensor.
 a) The UV-VIS Cary Varian b) MMCS6CS sensor
spectrometer
0,0 ppm
0,9
1,0
1,0
0,0 ppm Fe(III)
1,0 ppm Fe(III)
Metal free
2,0 ppm Fe(III) 2+
Cu
0,8
0,8
3,0 ppm Fe(III)
4,0 ppm Fe(III) 0,8 2+
3,0 ppm
5,0 ppm Fe(III)
6,0 ppm Fe(III)
Ni
4,0 ppm
2+
0,6
10,0 ppm 0,6
7,0 ppm Fe(III)
8,0 ppm Fe(III) Zn
9,0 ppm Fe(III) 0,7 2+
T

Pb

T
10,0 ppm Fe(III)
0,4
0,4
3+
1,0 ppm
Fe
0,2
0,2 0,6 Cd
2+
2,0 ppm

0,0 0,0
250 300 350 400 450
λ (nm)
500 550 600 650
400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 0,5
λ (nm)

y
0,4
Fig. 11. The transmittance spectra of the chromogen reagent of 1-(2-
pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) solution containing the Fe(III) ions at 0,3
different concentration corresponding to: a) The UV-VIS Cary 50 –
Varian spectrometer b) the Multiespectral MMCS6CS sensor. 0,2

a) The UV-VIS Cary Varian b) MMCS6CS sensor

spectrometer 0,1

1,0
0,0 ppm 4,0 ppm
5,0 ppm
6,0 ppm
7,0 ppm
0,0 ppm Ni(II) 0,0
8,0 ppm 1,0 ppm Ni(II)
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8
9,0 ppm
10,0 ppm
1,0 2,0 ppm Ni(II)
0,8 3,0 ppm Ni(II)
4,0 ppm Ni(II)
5,0 ppm Ni(II)

0,6
0,8 6,0 ppm Ni(II)
7,0 ppm Ni(II) x
8,0 ppm Ni(II)
0,6 9,0 ppm Ni(II)
T

10,0 ppm Ni(I

(a)
T

0,4 1,0 ppm

0,4
10,0 ppm

0,2

0,9
2,0 ppm
0,2
3,0 ppm

0,0
250 300 350
0 ppm

400 450 500 550 600 650

0,0
Metal free
400 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 600 625 650 675 700 2+
λ (nm) Cu
λ(nm)
0,8 2+
Ni
2+
Zn
Fig. 12. The transmittance spectra of the chromogen reagent of 1-(2- 0,7 2+
Pb
pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) solution containing the Ni(II) ions at Fe
3+

different concentration corresponding to: a) The UV-VIS Cary 50 – 0,6 Cd

2+

Varian spectrometer b) the Multiespectral MMCS6CS sensor.

0,5
In section II. A, the methodology of a quantitative
y

representation of the different shades of color was described, 0,4

using the xyZ parameters of chromaticity. The literature reports
that, most of the time, the color spectrum is represented only in 0,3
the xy plane [8,9]. However, a three-dimensional representation
xyY presents greater richness of detail, mainly relating the 0,2
dependence of the concentration of the agents that promote the
change of color in a determined system. In this sense, we first 0,1
present the behavior of the color change of the PAN solution in
0,0
methanol under the action of the different ions analyzed in the
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8
xy two-dimensional chromaticity plane obtained from the
transmittance spectra of the spectrometer (Fig. 13a) and the x
transmittance spectra obtained with the MMCS6CS system (Fig. (b)
13b) respectively. In these Figs. It was compiled the two
dimensional chromaticity corresponding to the different metal Fig. 13. The xy chromaticity profile of diferent metals ions and at different
ions and at different concentrations. concentrations corresponding to: a) CIE1931XYZ - espectrômetro UV-
VIS (425-650nm); b) CIE1931XYZ - MMCS6CS (425-675nm).
The chromaticity profiles xy for the different analyzed ions
obtained from the spectra of the UV-VIS spectrometer (Fig. 13a) In Fig. 13a and Fig. 13b, it appears that the classifier of the
are similar to those obtained in the MMCS6CS system (Fig. action of the different ions analyzed in the PAN molecule
13b), except for the Fe (III) ions. This can be attributed to the presents a partial classification (separation of the chromaticity
discrete spectral condition of the MMCS6CS system, which coefficients between different ions). For example, the
leads to the loss of finer details in the spectral change. However, chromaticity pattern of the Pb (II) ion, at different
this does not prevent the application of the MMCS6CS system concentrations, differs well in relation to the standards of the
as a high performance colorimeter, as we will see in the other ions analyzed. However, the two-dimensional chromaticity
following items of the article. patterns of the other ions present overlapping one another, so
there is no complete separation of their patterns. In this sense,
the analysis of three-dimensional chromaticity patterns was
performed.

(a)
(b)
Fig. 14. Three-dimensional chromaticity patterns: a) CIExyZ - UV-VIS
spectrometer (425-650nm); b) CIExyZ-MMCS6CS (425-675nm).
Fig. 14a and Fig. 14b show the behavior of the three-
dimensional chromaticity patterns obtained from the spectra
with the spectrometer and those obtained with the MMCS6CS
system, respectively. As can be observed, in both cases, the
three-dimensional chromaticity patterns have similarities,
showing that our proposed system reproduces the same results
as those obtained with the high precision equipment
(spectrometer). Additionally, we also see that Fig. 14a and Fig.
14b show a clear separation between the corresponding patterns
of the different ions analyzed, that is, the MMCS6CS system is
a colorimeter that can identify the different ions analyzed,
classifying them fully when the PAN molecule is used as a
sensitive system. It is important to mention that the literature
reports the detection results of ions analyzed in the present
article, using the PAN molecule [10]. However, in all these
studies, specific detections of some ions with the PAN molecule
[11- 15] without mentioning methods or classification processes,
in such a way that it was possible to identify and classify
different ions simultaneously using the PAN molecule. In this
work, the proposed MMCS6CS system as a colorimeter also
allows the identification and classification of different types of
metallic ions harmful to the environment.
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IV. CONCLUSSIONS
The proposed portable multispectral spectrometer based in
the multispectral photodetector showed the equivalent
performance to than bench spectrophotometer when these are
applied to metal ions detection and classification by using the
PAN molecules as active indicator. The portable spectrometer
eliminated the complex and expensive monochromator system
in the conventional spectrometer by the using an integrated
multispectral photodetector. The metal ions detection and
classification with bench spectrometer and portable
spectrometer showed to be efficient when it was used three-
dimensional chromaticity diagrams. These results pointed out
that the proposed portable spectrometer will be used successfully
for in-site metal ions monitoring in river and like environment.
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