Biography ST Gregorios

]cp-a-e-bpsS ]cn-afw
]. NmØp-cp-Øn¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kns‚

Poh-N-cn{Xw
(ka-Im-eo\ Ncn-{X-tc-JI
- f- psS ]›m-Øe
- Ø
- n¬)
^m. tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥
{]km-[-\w
]pen-t°m-ń¬ tUm. Koh¿Kokv am¿ bqen-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm

Fw. sP. Un. ]ªojnwKv lukv, Ip∂wIpfw
t^m¨: 9495603174
Malayalam
Parumalayude Parimalam
(Biography of St. Geevarghese Mar Gregorios)
By Fr. Dr. Joseph Cheeran
Copy Right : Reserved with the Author
First Published : Oct. 3, 2015
Copies : 1000
Published by : Dr. Geevarghese Mar Yulios
M. J. D. Publishing House, Kunnamkulam
Cover Design,
Typesetting & Printing : Sophia Print House, Kottayam
Rs. 100/-
Xr»q¿ Pn√bn¬ ]g™n sk‚ v tacokv Hm¿Ø-
tUmIvkv CShIbn¬ Noc≥ Koh¿Kokv I»oimbpsS
]u{X\mbn 1945 Nnßw 1˛\v P\n®p. amXm]nXm°ƒ
amØ∏≥ ˛ Ip™mØncn. Ahn`‡ tIcf k¿hIem-
imebpsS H∂mw dmt¶mSp IqSn aebmfw `mjbn¬
hnZzm≥ _ncpZw t\Sn. Imen°´v k¿∆Iemimebn¬
\n∂v amÃ¿ _ncpZw. almflmKm‘n k¿hIemime-
bn¬ \n∂v "B[p\nI aebmf IhnXbn¬ ss__nfns‚
kzm[o\w' F∂ hnjbsØ∏‰n Xbmdm°nb KthjW-
{]_‘Øn\v ]n.F®v.Un. _ncpZw e`n®p. Xr»q¿ kn.Fw.Fkv. ssl-
kvIqfnepw Bephm bqWnb≥ {InkvXy≥ tImfPnepw A[ym]I≥. 2000
PqWn¬ dn´b¿ sNbvXp.
sshZnIKpcp bqlmt\m≥ am¿ tkthdntbmkv sa{Xmt∏meoØm.
At±lØn¬ \n∂v sshZnIÿm\ßƒ kzoIcn®p. 1972 apX¬ sIm®n
`{Zmk\Ønepw 1985 apX¬ Ip∂wIpfw `{Zmk\Ønepw hnhn[ CShIIfn¬
tkh\w sNbvXp. 2004 Pqembv 1 apX¬ Xriq¿ `{Zmk\Øn¬ Bembv°¬
Ipfºv, Im°n\n°mSv F∂o CShIIfn¬ tkh\w sNbvXp.
bqlmt\m≥ am¿ tkthdntbmkv ût≠j≥, am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv
]T\tI{µw, Ip∂wIpfw {InkvXy≥ ÃUn sk‚¿, FdWmIpfw N¿®v lnÃdn
Atkmtkyj≥ F∂nhbpsS ÿm]I sNb¿am≥. kotbm≥ ktµiw,
CShI]{XnI F∂o k`m{]kn≤oIcWßfpsS ÿm]I No^v FUn‰¿,
AºXntesd {KŸßfpw Ccp∂q‰nAºXntesd KthjWteJ\ßfpw
{]kn≤oIcn®p. almflmKm‘n k¿hIemimebn¬ dnk¿®v ssKUv Bbpw
Hm¿ØtUmIvkv ÃUn ss__nfns‚ aebmfw ]cntim[I≥ Bbpw ae-¶c
Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv N¿®v lnÃdn Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ {]kn-U-≠mbpw {]h¿Øn-
°p∂p.
bpssW‰Uv t_m¿Uv Hm^v {InkvXy≥ lb¿ FPpt°js‚ [\-
klmbtØmsS tIcfØnseßpap≈ B¿ss°hv k pIfn¬ Kthj-
W]cyS\w \SØn. am¿ {KotKmdntbmkv A_vZp¬ Peo¬ (1665), am¿ Cuhm-
\ntbmkv (1685) F∂nhcpsS kpkvXmØnt°m\pIƒ, am¿ _t entbmkv
b¬sZm ImtXm-en°mbpsS (1685) ]≈n{Ia∏pkvXIßƒ, `mcXØnse
{]mNo\ sk‚ v tXmakv ss__nƒ, tXmakv A¿°Znbmt°m≥ (H∂mw
am¿tØmΩm) hØn°m\nte°b® IØv, am¿ AlØ≈m (1653) tKmhbn¬
\n∂v siΩmi∑m¿ hiw sImSpØb® IØv, Im´paßm´v Iqdntemkns‚
Ip¿∫m\XIvk, lqZmb Imt\m≥ 18 A°w Imt\m≥ Bbn hyXymks∏-
SpØphm≥ d^vh¿°v sNbvX Imt\m≥, B¿Øm‰v sNt∏Sv (]Sntbme)
F∂nßs\ ]uckvXy ˛ ]m›mXy kpdnbm\nbnepw I¿tkm\nbnepw hs´gp-
Ønepw FgpXnb H´[nIw k`mNcn{XtcJIƒ Is≠SpØv {]kn≤oIcn®p.
`mcy: sI. hn. GenbmΩ (dn´. slUvankv{Skv). aI≥: tUm. {]kmZv
Noc≥, kv\pj: Zo]m {]kmZv. ]u{Xnam¿: F¬km {]kmZv, sS m {]km-Zv,
enkm {]km-Zv. aIƒ: tagvkn tPm¿÷v, PmamXmhv: tUm. ]n. sF. tPm¿÷v,
Zuln{X¿: lnam tPm¿÷v, dmWm ]n. tPm¿÷v.
hnemkw: Noc≥ lukv, Ingt° Aßm-Sn, ]g-™n, Xriq¿ Pn√. 680542
t^m¨: 9495603174.
4 ]cp-a-e-bpsS ]cn-afw
Ah-Xm-cnI
tUm. Koh-¿Kokv bqen-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm
]. ]ueqkv At∏m-kvtXm-e≥ F{_m-b-tcmSv {]t_m-[n-∏n-°p-∂-
Xp-t]mse Pohm-h-km\w hscbpw Hm¿Øv A\p-I-cn-t°-≠-Xmb Hcp
CXn- l mk Pohn- X - a m- W t√m ]. ]cp- a e Xncp- t a- \ n- b p- t S- X v . ae-
¶ck`sb Bflm-hnepw A¿∞-Ønepw 20˛mw \q‰m-≠n-te°v D]-\-
bn-°p-hm≥ ssZh-Øm¬ DZ-c-Øn¬sh®v sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´v ].
Bflm-hn-\m¬ hf¿Ø-s∏´ hµy-]n-Xm-hmb ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS
Pohn-Xhpw kw`m-h-\-Ifpw ka-Im-eo\ tcJ-I-fpsS ]T-\-Øn-eqsS
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ {KŸ-amWv "]cp-a-e-bpsS ]cn-afw.'
kn≤nbpw km[-\bpw sIm≠v A\p-{K-ln-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ ae-¶-c-
k` I≠ Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m-cn¬ {it≤-b-\mb, _. tUm. tPmk^v Noc-
\-®≥ Xs‚ Pohn-X-Øns‚ k]vX-Xn-h¿j-Øn¬ cNn-®n-cn-°p∂
{KŸw Ign™ \mev ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ \ofp∂ k`m-N-cn-{X-˛-B-cm-[\m-
˛-Im-t\m≥ ]T-\-ß-fn-eqsS a\\w sNøs∏´ a\- n-s‚bpw FgpXn
sXfn™ Ic-ß-fp-sSbpw kΩy°vcq]w {]m]n-®n-cn-°p∂ as‰mcp
krjvSn-bm-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v \ap°v Dd-∏p-≠v.
Poh-N-cn{X {KŸ-ßƒ ]e-t∏mgpw _rlØpw kvXpXn-h-N-\-ßƒ
sIm≠pw AXn-i-tbm‡n sIm≠pw AXn-`m-hp-IXzwsIm≠pw \nd-
™Xpw H∏w `mh-\m-iq\yhpw Bh¿Ø-\-hn-c-khpw Aßs\ hnhn-
[-ß-fmb Imhy-tZm-j-ß-fpsS an{i-W-hp-ambn hmb-\-°m-cs\ aSp-∏n-
°p∂ A\p-`-h-ßƒ D≠m-Im-dp-≠-t√m. F∂m¬ Cu hI tZmj-
ßƒ Atijw kw`-hn-®n-ń-√mØ Hcp IrXn-bmWv "]cp-a-e-bpsS ]cn-
afw.'
]. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Pohn-Xh
- n-ip-≤n, Xt]m-\n-jvT, B≤ymfl
⁄m\w F∂n-h-I-sf-°p-dn®v Bcp-sSbpw km£yw \ap°v IqSp-X¬
Bh-iy-an-√t√m; am{X-hp-a√ AØ-c-samcp km£y-Øn\v _e-lo-\-
\mb Rm≥ Hcn-°epw tbmKy-\p-a-√. F∂m¬ At±-l-Øns‚ _lp-
apJ-{]-Xn` C{X ASpØv Adn-bp-hm≥ D]-I-cn-°p∂ as‰mcp IrXn
{i≤-bn¬s]ń-ń-√.
sIm®n sa{Xm-k-\-Øns‚ {]Ya sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bm-bn-cp∂
Itcm-´p-ho-ń¬ sia-hq≥ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ G‰hpw henb kw`m-
h\ Hcp-]t£ At±lw Fgp-Xnb k`m-N-cn{X \mfm-Kaw Bbn-cn-
°p-sa∂v tXm∂p-∂p. "I≠-\mSp {KŸ-hcn' F∂ t]cn¬ {]kn-≤o-
]cp-a-e-bpsS ]cn-afw 5
I-cn-°-s∏´ B {KŸw ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤-Øns‚

Hcp k`mNcn{X t\¿°mgvNbmWv. AXnse {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-ß-
fn¬ ]. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\nbpw At±-l-Øns‚ Kpcp-hmb ]pen-t°m-
ń¬ Xncp-ta-\nbpw (henb Xncp-ta-\n) A{X-am{Xw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°-s∏-ń-
´p-≠v. "]cp-a-e-bpsS ]cn-a-f'-Øn¬ Hcp-]t£ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ D≤-
cn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈Xpw CtX- Im-c-W-Øm¬ Cu IrXn-bm-Wv (B {KŸ-
Øns‚bpw {]km-[-I-\m-Ip-hm≥ Ign-™Xn¬ A\¬∏-amb kt¥m-
j-ap-≠v).
]. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hy‡n-Xz-sØbpw At±lw A`n-ap-J-o-
I-cn® Hcp-]mSv {]Xn-k-‘n-IfpsSbpw Hcp t\¿°mgvN Cu IrXn-
bn¬ DS-\ofw D≈-Xm-Wv _lp. Noc-\-®≥ Imcy-am{X{]k-‡n-tbmsS
hni-I-e\w sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
]. ]nXmhv A∂sØ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv Bbn-cp∂ ]t{Xmkv XrXo-
b\v Ab-®n-´p≈ IØn¬ \n∂p- Xs∂ At\I Imcy-ßƒ hy‡-am-
°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
]uckvXy ImtXm-en-t°-‰mbn hf¿∂p-h-cp-hm≥ k¿∆-km-[y-Xbpw
D≠m-bn-cp∂ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\-tØbpw ÿm\n-tbbpw
C√m-Xm°n ae-¶-csb ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ t\cn-´p≈ Iogn-ep≈ Ggv
sa{Xm-k-\-ß-ƒ B°n AYhm Ggv k`-I-fm-°n am‰n IrXy-ambn
doio m ]ncn®v knwlm-k-\-Øn-se-Øn-°pI F∂ X{¥sØ F{X
hnZ-Kv≤-am-bmWv ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n FXn¿Øp tXm¬∏n®v Ggv sa{Xm-
k-\-ß-sfbpw ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS {][m\ tae-≤y-£-X-
bn¬ \ne-\n¿Øn-bXv F∂ Imcyw Cu IrXn-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ shfn-
hm-Ip-∂p.
B[p-\nI tIm¿∏-td-‰p-Iƒt]mepw AXn-i-bn-°p∂hn[-am-bn-cp∂p
Cu doio m ]ncnhv X{¥w. AXns‚ Xs∂ as‰mcp apJ-am-bn-cp-∂p
hn. aqtdm≥ hn]-W-\hpw. ]W-Øn-\p-th-≠n XXz-ßsf am{X-a√
ssZh-sØ-t∏mepw km[n-°p-sa-¶n¬ hn¬°p-hm≥ aSn-bn-√mØ ÿm-
\n-I-sf-bm-bn-cp∂p \Ωƒ "_mh-mam¿' F∂v hnfn®v BZ-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv
F∂pw Hm¿°-Ww. Xs‚ sbcp-itew bm{Xm]-≤-Xn-bn¬ ]t{Xmkv
XrXo-bs‚ I_-dnSw ImW-W-sa∂ B{Klwt]mepw ]cn-ip-≤\v
D≠m-bn√ F∂ H‰ ImcWwsIm≠p-Xs∂ At±lw F¥v Nn¥n-®n-
cp-∂p-sh∂v hy‡w. k`m-N-cn-{X-Ønse H´-\-h[n I≈-\m-W-b-ßsf
am‰p-c®p a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ Cu IrXn-bpsS kq£va-]-T\w \sΩ
klm-bn-°pw.
IYm-]p-cp-js‚ Pohn-X-Im-e-b-f-hn¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬ hym]-cn-®n-´p≈
"At¥ym-Jy≥ ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS' Hcp \o≠- \n-c- X-s∂-bp-≠v. sia-

hq≥ am¿ AØm\m-tkymkv, bqbm°ow am¿ Iqdn-temkv, At±-l-
Øns‚ ktlm-Z-c≥ a°p-Znim K{_n-tb¬, km£m¬ ]t{Xmkv
XrXo-b≥, A_vZp≈m am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kv, …o_m siΩm-i≥ F∂n-
ßs\ \ofp∂ C°q-´-cpsS bYm¿∞-apJw F¥m-sW∂v Hcp-]t£
]. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\nsb-t∏mse ASp-Ø-dn-™-h¿ a‰mcpw ImWp-I-
bn√ F∂v {KŸw km£n-°p-∂p. H∏w A]-I-S-I-c-amb au\w kzm¿-
∞-em-`-ßƒ°pth≠n Ah-ew-_n® Nne ae-¶-c-bpsS ]n¬°m-e-t\-
Xm-°-fpsSbpw Nn{Xw IrXn-bn¬ hy‡-am-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.
Fgp-Xp-hm≥ H´-\-h-[n-bp-s≠-¶nepw kq£va-kz-`m-h-ap≈ Hcp {KŸ-
Øn\v ÿqe- a mb Hcp BapJw Atcm- N - I - a mbncn°pw F∂- X p-
sIm≠pw {KŸw hmb-\-°m¿ IqSp-X¬ kq£va-ambn ]Tn-°p-sa∂v
{]Xo-£n-°p∂Xp-sIm≠pw {KŸ-]-cn-Nbw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂p.
ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Ncn-{X-Øn\v "]cp-a-e-bpsS ]cn-afw' Hcp apX¬°q-
´m-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂-Xn\v kwi-b-an-√. ]. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bnse _lp-
ap-J-{]-Xn-`sb C\nbpw At\-I¿°v ASp-Ø-dn-bp-hm≥ Cu Poh-N-
cn{Xw klm-bn-°s´ F∂v Biw-kn-°p-Ibpw {]m¿∞n-°p-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p.
_lp. tUm. tPmk^v Noc-\-®-t\mSv Fw.sP.Un. ]ªojnwKv
lukn-\p≈ IS-∏mSv hfsc hep-XmWv. At±-l-Øns‚ k]vXXn -
h¿j-Øn¬ F√m Biw-k-Ifpw t\cp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Aio-Xnbpw \h-
Xn-bp-sams° BtLm-jn®v CuSp‰ IqSp-X¬ {KŸ-ßƒ ae-¶-c-
k`bv°v e`y-am-Ip-hm≥ k¿∆-i-‡≥ XpW-bv°s´ F∂v {]m¿∞n-
°p-∂p. {KŸ-c-N-\-bn¬ A®s\ hnhn[ \ne-I-fn¬ klm-bn-®n-´p≈
F√m-h-tcmSpw s]mXp-shbpw Fw.sP.Un. bpsS an°-hmdpw {KŸ-
ßƒ AWn-bn-s®m-cp-°nb tIm´bw tkm^nbm _pIvkn-t\mSpw {io.
tPmbvkv tXm´-bv°m-Sn-t\mSpw {]tXy-In-®p≈ \µn {]Im-in-∏n-°p-∂p.
ae-¶-c-bn-te°v Fgp-s∂-≈nb Ing-°ns‚ alm-]-cn-ip-≤-\mb
]uckvXy ImtXm-en-°mbpw ]. am¿tØmΩm «olm-bp-sS ]n≥Kman-
bpam-bn-cp∂ ]. b¬tZm am¿ _t -en-tbmkv ]nXm-hns‚ 330˛mw Hm¿Ω-
s∏-cp-∂mƒ Znhkw At±-l-Øn-s‚bpw, ]. ]cp-ae ]nXm-hns‚bpw
At±-l-Øns‚ Kpcp IqsS-bm-bn-cp∂ ]. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ henb Xncp-
ta-\n-bp-sSbpw a≤y-ÿ-X-bn¬ B{i-bn-®p-sIm≠v Cu IrXn A\p-
hm-N-I-temI-Øn\v ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.
]g™n sk‚ v tacokv IØo-{U¬
03˛10˛2015
BapJw
NmØp-cpØn sa{Xm-®≥ ˛ B ]Zw Ipń-°mew apXte kp]-cn-
NnXw ˛ ]nXm-a-l≥ Noc≥ Koh¿§okv IØ-\m-c-®≥ ]cp-a-e-bn¬
At±-l-Øns‚ injy≥ Bbn-cp-∂p. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-
tkymkv c≠m-a≥ Xncp-ta\n ]g-™n-bn¬ kµ¿i\w \S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ
sshZn-I-ÿm-\-tØ°v tbmKy≥ Bbn I≠ B _mes\ ]cp-a-e-
bn¬ am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kns\ Gev]n-°p-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂p. hoSns‚ {][m\
Ihm-S-Øn¬ ]cp-ae sa{Xm-®s‚ Hcp henb t^mt´m D∏m-∏≥ (]nXm-
a-l≥) s{^bnw sNbvXp- h-®n-cp-∂p. D∏m-∏\v ]´w \¬In-bXv NmØp-
cpØn Xncp-ta\n Bbn-cp∂p F∂mWv Ipń-°m-eØv Icp-Xn-b-Xv.
F∂m¬ Fs‚ ]nXmhv kn. hn. amØ-∏≥ Fgp-Xnb "hnizm-k-k-Xy-
ßƒ' F∂ A{]Im-inX {KŸ-Øns‚ apJhp-c-bn¬ \n∂mWv D∏m-
∏\v ]´w \¬In-bXv ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bm-sW∂v Adn-™-Xv.
]n∂oSv ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]´w-sImS ]pkvXIw tIm´bw
]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bpsS B¿ss°-hvkn¬ \n∂v Is≠-SpØv ]cn-tim-
[n-®-t∏mƒ Ipa-c-IØv h®v siΩmip]´hpw \nc-W-Øp- h®v I»o-
im-]-´hpw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta\n \¬In-b-Xmbn ÿnco-I-cn-®p. ]´w
\¬Inb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS t^mt´m hoń-en-√m-bn-cp-∂p. Kpcp-hmb NmØp-
cp-Øn¬ sa{Xm-®-t\mSv injy\v A{X-ta¬ `‡nbpw BZ-chpw Bbn-
cp-∂p. A°mew apXte hoń¬ tI´p-Xp-S-ßnb c≠p t]cp-Iƒ BWv;
NmØp-cpØn sa{Xm-®≥, ]pen-t°m-ń¬ sa{Xm-®≥ (taev]-´-°msc
sa{Xm-®≥ F∂v ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂Xv Hcp alm-]m-]-ambn A°m-eØv
Bcpw Icp- X n- b n- c p- ∂ n√. cmP- ` - c - W hpw ^yqU¬ k{º- Z m- b hpw
\mń¬\n∂v \njv{I-an-®tXmsSbmWv ta¬]-´-°m¿ "Xncp-ta-\n-am¿'
Bb-Xv.).
]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hniz-hn-{ip-X-amb Ncn{Xw {]tLm-jn-®p-
sIm≠v F√m h≥I-c-I-fnepw am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv tZhm-e-b-ßƒ
h¿≤n-®p-h-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ a≤y-ÿ-X-bn¬ \S-°p∂ A¤p-X-
ß-fpsS km£y-ßƒ FÆn-bm-sem-Sp-ßm-Ø-hn[w A\-h-[n-bm-Wv.
Cu {KŸ-Im-cs‚ IpSpw-_-Ønepw A{]-Im-c-ap≈ ambmØ A\p-`-
h-ßƒ D≠v. Ipń-°mew apXte B hnip-≤s‚ Poh-N-cn-{X-ßƒ
hmbn-®n-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ k¶o¿Æhpw \n¿-
Æm-b-I-hp-amb Ncn-{X-kw-`-h-ßfpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ hnip-≤s\
Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥ th≠{X {iaw \S-Øn-bnń-√t√m F∂v Hm¿°m-
dp≠v. ]pXnb Hcp Poh-N-cn{Xw Fgp-Xp-hm≥ Bhiyw Db¿∂-t∏mƒ
AXn¬ k`m-N-cn-{X -]-›m-Ø-e-Øn\v {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-hm≥ \n›-

bn-®Xv X∑q-e-am-Wv.
ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS s]m≥{]-` -ho-inb kph¿Æ-bpKw At±-l-Øns‚
AIme tZl-hn-tbm-K-Øn-\ptijw Ccp-≠-Xm-bn-Øo¿∂pthm? ae-
¶-c-k` A\p-h¿Øn-®p-t]m∂ \b-ß-fnse kpXm-cyX AtXmsS
AkvX-an-®pthm? B \q‰m-≠n¬ {]` sNmcn-™p-\n∂ kqcys‚ Ic-
ßƒ Cu ]cn-ip-≤s‚ hntbmKw sIm≠v Xf¿∂pt]mtbm F∂n-
ßs\ Ipsd tNmZy-ßƒ Cu eLp- Po-h-N-cn{Xw D∂-bn-°p-hm≥ {ian-
®n-´p-≠v.
Cu {KŸ-Im-cs‚ k]vXXn h¿j-am-WnXv. Cu h¿jw \mep
]pkvX-I-ßƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn®p Ign-™p. Cu ]pkvXIw Dƒs∏sS
H∂p c≠p ]pkvX-I-ßƒ IqsS {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-hm≥ {iaw \S-°p∂p.
tcmK-ßƒ Ah-ti-jn-∏n® Ah-i-X-Iƒ°n-S-bnepw C{X-bp-sams°
sNøm≥ A\p- h - Z n® "Ir]'sb \an- ° p- ∂ p. CXns‚ cN- \ bv ° v
t{]m’m-l\w \¬Inb F√m-h¿°pw {]tXy-In®v Fw.sP.Un. {]km-
[-I-kw-L-Øns‚ A≤y-£≥ IqsSbmb ]pen-t°m-ń¬ tUm. Koh¿-
Kokv am¿ bqen-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°pw a‰v kplr-Øp-
°ƒ°pw Hcm-bncw \µn A¿∏n-®p-sIm≠v Cu {KŸw klr-Zb
lkvX-ß-fn¬ Gev]n-°p-∂p.
BKÃv 17 (Nnßw 1) 2015
(71˛mw P∑-Zn-\w)
D≈-S°w
Ah-Xm-cnI 5
BapJw 7
1. Hcp ]qsam´v cq]w-sIm-≈p∂p 10
2. ]qsam´v hnS-cp∂p 23
3. ]pXnb sa{Xm-∑mcpw ]pXnb {]iv\-ßfpw 45
4. aev]m\pw sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw 57
5. ]cp-a-e-bpsS ]cn-afw 68
6. \nXy-Iq-Sm-c-Øn¬ hn{iaw tXSp∂p 101
A\p-_-‘-ßƒ
1. hnip-≤s‚ c≠v Fgp-Øp-Iƒ 110
2. hnip-≤≥ \¬Inb ]´w-sIm-S-I-fpsS enÃv (A]q¿Æw)125
A≤ymbw 1
Hcp ]qsam´v cq]wsIm≈p∂p
18˛mw \q‰m≠v ae-¶-c-k-`sb kw_-‘n-®nStØmfw A`n-am-\-I-c-
amb Hcp \q‰m≠v Bbn-cp-∂n-√. \mev \o≠ ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Imew ae-¶-
c-k-`-bn¬ GI-O-{Xm-[n-]-Xn-bmbn `cWw \S-Ønb alm-\mb am¿
Zoh-∂m-tkymkv AYhm Bdmw am¿tØmΩm F∂ ]I-tem-a‰w
sa{Xm≥, Xs∂ kµ¿in® hntZi anj-Wdn tUm. t¢mUn-bkv
_p°m-\-t\mSv {]Ya kµ¿i-\-Øn¬ \S-Ønb Ah-tem-I\w Cu
A]-N-b-Øns‚ Bghpw ]c∏pw \ap°v hni-Z-am-°n-Ø-cp-∂p-≠v. 1806
\hw-_¿ 23, 24 Xob-Xn-I-fn¬ I≠-\mSv ]≈n-bn¬ sh®v ae-¶c
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb kµ¿in® Bw•n-°≥ anj-W-dn-tbmSv, ]I-tem-
a‰w t{iWn-bnse {]K-¤-a-Xn-bmb sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Bfl-hn-a¿i-
\- ] - c - a mbn \S- Ø nb hkv X p- ÿ n- X n- I - Y \w C{]- I m- c - a m- b n- c p∂p:
"£tbm-∑p-Jamb Hcp k`-sb-bmWv \nßƒ kµ¿in-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.'
18˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ae-¶-c-k-`sb GI-im-k-\-ambn `cn® \mepw A©pw
Bdpw am¿tØmΩm sa{Xm-∑m¿, ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-Øn¬\n∂v
am{Xw sa{Xm-∑m¿ D≠m-IWw F∂ IpSpw-_ -Xm¬]-cy-Øn-\-∏pdw
k`m-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Imcy-amb Fs¥-¶nepw kw`-mh-\-
Iƒ sNbvX-Xmbn Ncn{Xw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-ń-√. Cu A]-N-b-Im-e-
L-´-Øns‚ ]mT-ßƒ Dƒs°m≠v tXPkpw HmPkpw Z¿i-\-hp-ap≈
aq∂v sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿ 19˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ae-¶c - k
- `
- b
- psS kph¿Æ-
bpKw kwhn-[m\w sNbvXp.
1806˛¬ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS kzXzhpw kzmX-{¥yhpw B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-
tbm-e-bn-eqsS hnfw-_cw sNøp-Ibpw 1809˛¬ hntZi_-‘-ß-fpsS
]cm-a¿iw t]mepw IqSmsX ae-¶-c-k`bpsS `c-W-]-chpw Bcm-[-
\m-]-c-hp-amb \n¿h-l-W-Øn\v I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbm-e-bn-eqsS kzX-{¥-
amb `c-W-L-S\ k¿h-k-Ω-X-ambn {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw Sn∏p kp¬-
Øms‚ ]S-tbm-´-Øn¬ A·n-°n-c-bmb ]meq¿-˛-Nm-´p-Ip-f-ß-c-bnse
(B¿Øm‰v ]≈n) Xe-∏≈n ]p\¿\n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw Imbw-Ipfw ]oen-
t∏mkv dºms‚ kl-I-c-W-tØmsS kpdn-bm\n ss__nƒ BZy-
ambn ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXv tIc-f -\-thm-∞m-\-
Øns‚ Bi-b-]-c-amb hnπh_oP-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw 1814˛¬
tIm´bw ]g- b - s k- a n- \ mcn ÿm]n®v AhnsS sshZn- I - hn- Z ym-
`ymktØmsSm∏w kwÿm-\sØ H∂m-asØ Cw•ojv hnZym-`ym-k-
tI-{µw Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v dºm≥ ˛ ]n∂oSv

tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Bbncp∂p
B {Xnaq¿Øn-I-fn¬ {]Y-a≥.
XpS¿∂p≈ GXm\pw ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øns‚ ]q¿Æ
hnh¿Ø\w ae-bm-f-Øn¬ e`y-amb Ime-am-Wv. 1811˛¬ Bcw-`n®
Cu ss__nƒ Ab\w tIc-f -\-thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-dbv°v
Icp-tØ-In. Cw•ojv `mjm-`yk\w tIc-f-Øn\v ]pXnb Znim-t_m[w
\¬In. ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-bn¬ Bcw-`n® anj-Wdn tkh\w Xma-kw-
hn\m t{]m´-Ã‚ v Bi-b-ß-fpsS {]Nm-c-W-Øns‚ thZn Bb-tXmsS
Bcw-`n® kwL¿j-ßƒ 1836˛¬ tN∏m´v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚
t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ tN¿∂ amth-en-°c kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ sh®v \n¿Æm-
b-I-amb hgn-Øn-cn-hn-se-Øn. XpS¿∂v 1840˛se sIm®n≥ IΩn‰n
(sIm®n≥ Ahm¿Uv) Xocp-am-\-{]-Imcw kpdn-bm\n k`bpw anj-W-
dn-amcpw kzØv hn`Pn®v ]ncn-™p. ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ Ah-ti-jn® t{]m´-
Ã‚ v A\p-`m-hn-Iƒ {ItaW kwL-Sn-X-cm-bn. sshZnI skan-\m-cn-
bnse ]me-°p∂Øv A{_lmw aev]m≥ Ah¿°v t\XrXzw \¬In.
At±-l-Øns‚ ktlm-Z-c-]p-{X≥ amXyqkv siΩm-i≥ kndn-b≥ k`-
bnse ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn¬ \n∂v AØm-\m-tkymkv F∂ ÿm\-t∏-
cn¬ sa{Xm≥]´w G‰-Xmbn Ah-Im-i-s∏-´p-sIm≠v 1843˛¬ sIm®n-
bnse-Øn. AtXmsS \ho-I-c-W-Øn\v Dt∑jw h¿≤n-®p. ae-¶-c-k`-
bpsS ]cm-Xnsb XpS¿∂v Imcy-ßƒ At\z-jn®v hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm\pw
Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ \S-]Sn FSp-°p-hm-\p-ambn bqbm°nw am¿ Iqdn-temkv
F∂ ]m{Xn-b¿°m {]Xn-\n[n 1845˛¬ sIm®n-bn-se-Øn. ae-¶c
sa{Xm≥ÿm\w cmPn-sh® tN∏m´v sa{Xm-®s‚ Hgn-hn-te°v bqbm°nw
am¿ Iqdn-tem-kns‚ At]£ \nc-kn®v sIm√-Øp -tN¿∂ kanXn
]me-°p-∂Øv amXyqkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kns\ ]n¥p-W-®-X-\p-
k-cn®v At±-l-Øn-\-\p-Iq-e-ambn 1852˛¬ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ alm-cm-
Pmhpw ANn-tcW sIm®n- a-lm-cm-Pmhpw hnfw-_cw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p.
bqbm°nw am¿ Iqdn-temkpw At±-lsØ _e-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ ]n∂oSv
]m{Xn-b¿°okv Ab® kvtX∏m-t\mkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkpw Xncp-
hn-Xmw-Iq¿-˛-sIm®n kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v k¿°m¿ DØ-c-hn≥-
{]Imcw \njv°m-k\w sNø-s∏-´p. am¿ Iqdn-temkv BZyw Ip∂w-
Ipfw ˛ ]g™n CS-h-I-I-fpsS a[y-Øn¬ t]m¿°-fØpw ]n∂oSv
Nme-t»-cnbnepw Hmtcm ]≈n ]Wn-bn®v AhnsS Xma-k-am-°n.
kvtX∏m-t\mkv sa{X-m®\pw IqsS- h∂ sia-hq≥ dºm-®\pw ]meq¿
Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc ]≈n-bn¬ Xma-kn®v sshZn-I -hn-Zym¿∞n-Isf ]Tn-∏n®p
t]m∂p. t{]m´-Ã‚ v apt∂-‰sØ XS-bp-hm≥ k`-bpsS Xocp-am-\-

{]Imcw Ip∂w-Ipfw kztZin ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v IØ-\m¿ (]n∂oSv
]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv c≠m-a≥) a¿±o-\n¬ sN∂v
At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn¬\n∂v taev]´w G‰v 1865˛¬ sIm®n-
bn¬ FØn F¶nepw cmP-Iob hnfw-_-c-Øns‚ ]n≥_-e-Øn¬
`cWw \S-Øp∂ am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kn-s\-Xn-cmbn ê-{]-Z-amb
Hcp \o°hpw hnP-b-I-c-ambn \S-Øm-\m-bn-√. HSp-hn¬ 1873˛¬ tN¿∂
]cp-ae kp∂-l-tZmkv \n›-b-{]-Imcw At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-
kns\ ae-¶-c-bn-te°v £Wn-®p. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ A`y¿∞-\sb
am\n®v cmPmhv ap≥ hn-fw-_cw d±m-°n. ANn-tcW \nb-a-bp-≤-ß-
fn¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn\v hnPbw e`n-°p-Ibpw \ho-I-c-W-°-msc
k`m-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ]≈nIfn¬ \n∂pw Hgn-hm-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym\n Atkm-tky-j≥, amt\-PnwKv
IΩn‰n, kt≠-kvIqƒ, bph-P-\-{]-ÿm-\w, hnZym¿∞n {]ÿm-\w,
sshZnIkwLw, alm-P-\-k-`, hntZ-i -an-j≥ XpSßn At\Iw
Bflob-˛-`-c-W -kw-L-S-\-Ifpw CS-hI]{Xn-I, kpdn-bm\n kphn-ti-
j-I≥, tIc-f- ]-XmI XpS-ßnb ]{X-ßfpw, Ip¿∫m-\-{Iaw XpS-
ßnb (kp-dn-bm-\nbpw ae-bm-f-hpw) A®-Sn® ]pkvX-I-ßfpw k`-bn¬
]pXp-Xmbn \n¿Ωn-®Xv k`-bpsS tXtPm-a-b-amb kph¿Æ-Im-e-L´w
Bcw-`n-°m≥ Imc-W-am-bn. {Xnaq¿Øn-I-fn¬ c≠m-a-\mb Cu ]cn-
ip≤ ]nXm-hns‚ ImeØv k`-bn¬ hnip-≤nbpsS ]cn-a-fw-sIm≠v
kqcy-tim` {]k-cn-∏n® alm-flm-hmWv ]cn-ip≤ ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n
AYhm NmØp-cp-Øn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-
eo-Øm. {Xnaq¿Øn-I-fn¬ H∂m-a≥ k`-bnse ⁄m\-Im-fi-sØbpw
c≠m-a≥ I¿Ω-Im-fi-sØbpw {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp-tºmƒ aq∂m-a≥
`‡n-Im-fisØ kwh-ln-°p-∂p. ae-¶-c-bnse Cu ]pWy-]n-Xm-hns‚
Poh-N-cn{Xw \ap°v hni-Z-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
Ncn-{X-]p-cp-j≥ Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn√-bn¬ apf-¥p-cp-Øn-bn¬ {imºn-
°¬ ˛ ]≈-Ø´ IpSpw-_-im-J-bmb NmØp-cp-Øn¬ Xd-hm-ń¬ aØm-
bn-bp-sSbpw I≠-\mSv I√-d-bv°¬ ]≈n-∏p-dØv IpSpw-_-Ønse adn-
b-Øn-s‚bpw a°-fn¬ A©m-a-\mbn P\n-®p. sNdn-bm≥ Ipcy≥,
Ip™p-h¿°n F∂o tPyjvT-∑m-cp-sSbpw adn-bw, Gen F∂o c≠v
tPyjvT-Øn-am-cp-sSbpw Cf-b-k-tlm-Z-c-\mbn B _me≥ hf¿∂p.
Koh¿§okv F∂v t]cn-s´-¶nepw Abvt∏mc F∂mWv hnfn-®ncp-∂Xv
(]n-Xrhy-\m-bn-cp∂ Ahn-hm-lnX sshZn-I≥ Koh¿Kokv I»o-im-bpsS
t]¿ \ne-\n¿Øp-hm-\mImw Koh¿Kokv F∂v t]cn-´-Xv. GXm-bmepw
t]cn-eqsS Koh-dp-Kokv IØ-\m-cpsS kzm[o\w sIm®-bvt∏m-c-bpsS

D]-t_m-[-a-\- ns\ KWy-ambn kzm[o-\n-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn ]n¬°me
Ncn{Xw sXfn-bn-®p). 1848 Pq¨ 15˛\v `qPm-X-\mb Cu inip-hns‚
k`m-]-›m-Øew tXtPm-abw Bbn-cp-∂p. ]nXm-hns‚ CS-h-I-bmb
apf-¥p-cp-Ønbpw amXm-hns‚ CS-h-I-bmb I≠-\mSpw k`m-N-cn-{X-
Øn¬ ]g°wsIm≠pw P\-kw-Jym_m-lpeyw sIm≠pw {it≤-b-
amb CS-h-I-Iƒ F∂ \ne-bn¬ B≤ym-fln-I-X-tbmSv hmk-\-bp≈
Hcp _mes\ {]tNm-Zn-∏n-°p-hm\pw `‡n-Po-hn-XØ - n¬ hf¿Øp-hm\pw
Icp-Øp-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. F.Un. 1225˛¬ ÿm]n-®-Xmbn hniz-kn-°p∂
apf-¥p-cp-Øn-∏≈n 1685˛¬ ae-¶-cbn¬ h∂v I_-d-S-ßnb b¬tZm
am¿ _t -en-tbmkv ImtXm-en-°m-tbm-sSm∏w h∂ am¿ Cuhm-\n-
tbm-kv, 1751-˛¬ im{I≈m _mhm-tbm-sSm∏w h∂ am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv
F∂o ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS I_-dn-S-ß-sf-sIm≠v Xo¿∞m-S-\-tI-{µ-ambn
]cn-e-kn-®n-cp-∂p. Gsd-°mew B tZhm-ebw Cu hntZi sa{Xm-∑m-
cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ sshZnIhnZym-`ym-kt- I-{µ-ambpw {]kn-≤n-bm¿÷n-
®n-cp-∂p. Im´p-a-ßm´v IpSpw-_-Øn¬ sa{Xm-∑m-cmbn Adn-b-s∏´ Iqdn-
temkv H∂m-a-s‚bpw c≠m-a-s‚bpw CS-h-I-bmb Cu ]≈n-bpsS
Ipcn-ip-]-≈n-bmb shń-°¬ Nm∏-en-emWv Iqdn-temkv c≠m-a≥ I_-
d-S-°-s∏-´-Xv. sIm®n-bp-sSbpw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns‚bpw AXn¿Øn-bn¬
ÿnXnsNøp∂ I≠\mSv ]≈nbpw Ncn-{X-{]-kn-≤-am-Wv. ae-¶-c-k-`-
bpsS hS-°≥{]tZ-i-ß-fpsS Bÿm\ tZhm-e-b-am-bn-cp∂p I≠-
\mSv tZhm-eb - w. a¿Ø-ad
- n-bm-ans‚ \ma-Øn¬ ÿm]n-Xa - mb Cu ]≈n-
bn¬ \memw am¿tØm-Ωm-bp-sSbpw im{I≈ _mhm-bp-sSbpw I_-
dn-S-ßƒ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. 1809˛¬ F´mw am¿tØm-Ωm-bpsS A≤y-
£-X-bn¬ tN¿∂ I≠-\mSv kp∂-l-tZmkv ktΩ-fn® Cu tZhm-
ebw ae-¶c k`-bnse as‰mcp Xo¿∞m-S-\-tI-{µ-am-bn-cp-∂p. ae-
¶ck`-bpsS F√m `mK-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Xo¿∞m-S-I¿ kµ-¿in-®p-sIm-
≠n-cn-°p∂ Cu ]≈n Ifn¬ sIm®-bvt∏mc \nXy-k-µ¿i-I-\m-bn-cp-
∂-Xn-\m¬ _meyw apXte k`m-Im-cy-ßƒ Adn-bp-hm\pw tIƒ°p-
hm\pw Ah-sb-∏‰n Nn¥n-°p-hm\pw [mcmfw Ah-k-c-ßƒ e`n-®p.
c≠v CS-h-I-Ifpw B _me\v kz¥w CS-h-I-Iƒ Xs∂ -B-bn-cp∂p.
I≠-\mSv CS-h-I-bpsS a≤y-ÿ-bmb a¿Ø-a-dnbw AΩbpw apf-¥p-
cpØn ]≈n-bpsS Imh¬]n-Xm-hmb am¿tXm-Ωm-«o-lmbpw B _me-
\n¬ henb kzm[o\w sNep-Øn.
_me\v c≠v hbkv XnI-bp-∂-Xn\p apºv amXmhv adnbw A¥-
cn®p. AXn-\ptijw Koh-dp-Ko-kns\ kwc-£n-®Xv ktlm-Zcn adnbw
Bbn-cp-∂p. Koh-dp-Ko-kns‚ {]mb-Øn¬ adnb-Øn\pw Hcp Ip™p-

≠m-bn-cp-∂p. t`Z-Nn¥ IqSmsX c≠p-t]-scbpw hf¿Øn. NmØp-cpØn
IpSpw-_-Øn-\-SpØv HmW-°mhn¬ Aøm F∂p t]cmb IpSn-∏-≈n-
°qSw Bims‚ ta¬t\m-´-Øn¬ Kohdp-Kokv ae-bm-f-`m-jbpw KWn-
Xhpw A`y-kn-®p. XpS¿∂v amΩq-ń¬ aWn-B-im\pw At±-l-Øns‚
Kpcp-hm-bn-Øo¿∂p.
Ahn-hm-lnX ]´-°m-c\pw kpdn-bm\n aev]m-\p-amb ]≈-Ø´ Koh-
dp-Kokv IØ-\m¿ Bbn-cp∂p A°m-eØv apf-¥p-cpØn ]≈n-bnse
hnIm-cn. Hgn-hp-k-a-b-ß-fn¬ B {]Xn-`m-im-en-bmb _me≥ ]nXrhy
t\msSm∏w apf- ¥ p- c p- Ø n- ∏ - ≈ n- t a- S - b n¬ Ign- ® p- I q- ´ n. Koh¿§okv
aev]m≥ injysc kpdn-bm\n `mjbpw kwKo-Xhpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ
sIm®-bvt∏mc B ¢m p-Iƒ Akm-[m-c-W-amb D’m-l-tØmsS
ho£n-°p-∂Xv aev]m≥ {i≤n-®p. {ItaW aev]m≥ Hcp Imcyw
{Kln®p. Xs‚ ktlm-Z-c-]p-{X≥ kpdn-bm-\n-`mjm ]T-\-Øn¬ Xm¬]-
cy-ap-≈-h-\m-Wv. ANn-tcW Ah\pw aev]ms‚ injy-cn-sem-cm-fm-bn.
kpdn-bm\n ssI∏-S-bpsS at\m-lm-cn-Xbpw kpdn-bm\n kwKoX-Øns‚
BI¿jWo-b-Xbpw _mey-Im-e-Øp-t]mepw AXoh at\m-l-c-am-bn-
cp-∂ sIm®-bvt∏m-c-bnse ssZh-hnfn Ime-{I-taW B aev]m≥ Xncn-
®-dn™p; t{]m’m-ln-∏n®p; Xs‚ ]n≥Km-an-sb B _me-\n¬ Z¿-
in®p. a‰p _me-∑m-sc-t∏mse hnt\m-Z-Øntem Ae-k-`m-j-W-Øntem
Dd-°-Øntem {]nbw sh°msX ]T-\-Ønepw hmb-\-bnepw [ym\-
Ønepw B\µw Is≠-Ønb B _me≥ DZcw apXte ssZh-Øm¬
sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-h-\m-sW∂v B aev]m≥ Imcy-ßƒ Xncn-®-dn-™p.
sshZnI]mc-º-cy-ap≈ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ ]pXnb IÆn-bm-hm-\p≈ ssZh-
hnfn sIm®-bvt∏m-c-bv°p-s≠∂v {ItaW AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p.
ae-¶-ck`-bpsS A∂sØ A¥-co£w Gsd Iep-jn-X-am-bn-cp∂p.
ae-¶csa{Xm-\mbn ]me-°p-∂Øv amXyqkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkn\v
cmP-Iob hnfw-_c - Ø
- ns‚ B\p-Iqeyw e`n-®tXmsS At±lw HutZym-
-KnI ae-¶csa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Bbn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. At¥ymJym
]m{Xn-b¿°okv Ab® bqbm°nw am¿ Iqdn-tem-kns\ A\p-Iq-en-®n-
cp-∂-h¿ t]mepw A°mcyw ]c-ky-am-°p-hm≥ ss[cy-s∏-ń-√. sXmgn-
bq¿ sa{Xm-∑m¿°v km[p-hmb ssIsh∏v C√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Ah-cn¬-
\n∂v sa{Xm≥]´-ta‰ ae-¶csa{Xm-∑m¿ ÿm\-km-[p-X-bn-√m-Ø-h-
cm-sW∂pw At¥ym-Jy≥ ssIsh∏v kzoI-cn-®-h¿°v am{Xta km[p-
hmb ]utcm-lnXyw D≈q F∂pw {]N-cn-∏n-°-s∏´ Ime-am-bn-cp∂p
AXv. ]me-°p-∂Øv sa{Xm≥ At¥ym-Jy≥ ssIsh∏v {]m]n-®p F∂v
hniz-kn-∏n®v AwKo-Imcw t\Sn-b-Xp-sIm≠v am{X-a-√, Ip¿∫m-\-{Iaw

ae-bm-f-Øn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXv hnπ-h-I-c-amb am‰w Bcm-[-
\-bn¬ hcp-Øn-bXpw At±-l-tØm-Sp≈ aXn∏v h¿≤n-°p-hm≥ Imc-
W-am-bn. ]me-°p-∂Øv sa{Xm-®s\ FXn¿Ø bqbm°nw am¿ Iqdn-
tem-kn\v cmP-Iob hnfw-_-c-Øns‚ B\p-Iqeyw e`n®n-s√∂v am{X-
a-√, At±lw Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿-˛-sIm®n kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v _ln-
jvIr-X-\mbn ae-_m-dn¬ Ip∂w-Ipfw˛]-g™n CS-h-I-Iƒ°-SpØv
BZyw t]m¿°-fØpw ]n∂oSv Nmen-t»-cn-bnepw ]≈n ]Wn-bn®v
AhnsS Xma-kn-°p-hm≥ k¿°m¿ DØ-chp{]Imcw \n¿_-‘n-X-\m-
bXpw CS-h-I-Iƒ {i≤n-®p. a‰v CS-h-I-I-sf-t∏mse apf-¥p-cp-Øn-˛-
I≠-\mSv CS-h-I-Ifpw \ho-I-cW sa{Xms\ AwKo-I-cn-®p. At±lw
{]kn-≤o-I-cn® \a-kvIm-c-{Iaw ae-bm-f-Ønse BZy -hn-h¿Ø-\-am-
bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]ptcm-K-a-\-hm-Zn-Iƒ AXv c≠p ssIbpw \oń kzoI-
cn-®p. AXn¬ \ho-I-c-W-Øn-\-\p-tbm-Py-ambn Nne `mK-ßƒ \o°n-
°-f-bp-Ibpw NneXv Iqń-t®¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXp F∂v hy‡-am-°p∂
bYm¿∞ \a-kvIm-c-{I-a-Øns‚ ae-bm-f- hn-h¿Ø\w Ip∂w-Ipfw
]pen-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v IØ-\m¿ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬
HutZym-KnI AwKo-Im-c-ap≈ sa{X-mt∏m-eoØm sshZnIskan-\m-cn-
bpsS ]n≥_-e-tØmsS {]N-cn-∏n® \ho-Ir-X -\-a-kvIm-c-{I-asØ
\njv{]-`-am-°p-hm≥ BZy-Im-eØv ]pen-t°m-ń¬ IØ-\m-cpsS \a-
kvIm-c-{I-a-ßƒ°v Ign-™n-cp-∂n-√. Xs∂-bp-a√ sXmgn-bq-cn¬ Be-
Øq°m-c≥ ]\-°¬ butk∏v am¿ Iqdn-temkv sa{Xms\ ]me-°p-
∂Øv sa{Xm-®≥ hmgn-®-Xn-s\-{]Xn \ho-I-c-W-sa-{Xm\pw bqbm°nw
am¿ Iqdntemkv sa{Xm-\p-ambn \S∂ hyh-lmcw Pn√m-t°m-S-Xn-bnepw
(tIm-gn-t°m-Sv) sslt°m-S-Xn-bnepw (a-{Zm-kv) ]me-°p-∂Øv sa{Xm-
®\v A\p-Iq-e-ambn hn[n-®Xpw \jvS-]-cn-lm-c-ambn t]m¿°-fw-, Nm-e-
t»-cn-, a´m-t©cn ]≈n-Iƒ sXmgn-bq¿ k`bv°v hn´p-sIm-Sp-t°-≠n
h-∂Xpw F√m CS-h-I-I-fnepw `b-∏m-Sp-≠m-°n.
Cu Imem-h-ÿ-bn-emWv sIm®-bvt∏m-c-bpsS ]´w-sImS ]me-°p-
∂Øv sa{Xm-®-\n¬ \n∂v aXn F∂v Koh-dp-Kokv aev]m≥ \n›-bn-
®Xv; AXv Gh¿°pw kzoIm-cy-am-bn. 1857 sk]vXw-_¿ 26-˛\p Icn-
ßm-®nd ]≈n-bn¬ h®v sIm®-bvt∏m-cbv°v ]me-°p-∂Øv sa{Xm-®≥
tImdqtbm]´w \¬In; A∂v …o_m-s∏-cp-∂mƒ Bbn-cp-∂p.
9 hb- p≈ Hcp _me\v tImdq-tbm-]´w \¬In F∂ hnhcw
C°m-eØv Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-ambn tXm∂mw. F∂m¬ A°m-eØv
AXn¬ Akzm-`m-hn-I-ambn H∂pw-Xs∂ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ""Zo¿L-Imew
ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS sshZn-I-{S-Ã-nbpw tIm´bw sNdn-b-]≈n hnIm-cnbpw

\ho-I-c-W-Øns‚ BZy-X-e-ap-d-bnse t\Xmhpw \ho-I-c-W-sa-{Xms‚
sk{I-´-dnbpw Bbn-cp∂ ]p∂{X XmgØp IpSpw-_mw-K-amb Nm≠-
∏n-≈bv°v 1845 \hw-_¿ 18˛\v s]¥n-t°mkvXn s]cp-∂mƒ Znhkw
]g™n ]≈n-bn¬ sh®v amXyqkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv tImdq-
tbm-]´w \¬In-b-Xmbn ]p∂{X IpSpw-_-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-
bn-cn-°p-∂p. A∂v At±-l-Øn\v HºXv hbkv {]mb-am-Wv (k-`m-
Ncn{X hn⁄m-\-tImiw, ]pdw 315).
]n]-Tnjp Bb Koh-dp-Kokv siΩm-i≥ ANn-tcW tIm´bw
sshZnIskan-\m-cnbn¬ {]th-in-∏n-°-s∏-´p. hS-°≥]d-hq¿ CS-h-I-
bn¬ Iqc≥ ]utemkv aev]m\pw (]n-∂oSv IS-hn¬ am¿ AØm-\m-
tkym-kv) sNdp-Ic ]oen-t∏mkv aev]m-\p-am-bn-cp∂p A°m-eØv Ahn-
SpsØ apJy- aev]m-∑m¿. Ahn-SsØ thZ-im-kv{Xm-`y-k\w siΩm-
i\v {]nb-¶c-am-bn. Iqc≥ a¬]ms‚ kpdn-bm\n ¢m p-Iƒ siΩm-
is\ Gsd BI¿jn-®p. A°m-eØv ae-¶-c-sa-{Xm-\mb ]me-°p-
∂Øv henb sa{Xm-®s‚ Bÿm\w ]gbskan-\mcn Bbn-cp-∂p.
At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-X-sØ-∏‰n Nne {]Xn-Iq-em-`n-{]m-b-ßƒ kl-
]m-Tn-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂Xv siΩm-i≥ Imcy-ambn FSp-Øn-√. F∂m¬
At±lw \S-Ønb Nne sIm≈-cp-Xm-bva-Iƒ siΩm-i≥ t\cn´v
ImWm≥ CS-bm-b-tXmsS sa{Xm-s\-∏‰n Hcp ]pXnb hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v
ka-b-ambn F∂v siΩm-i\v tXm∂n. B kw`-h-sØ-∏‰n IS-hn¬
am¿ AØ-m\m-tkym-kns‚ Poh-N-cn-{X-Im-c≥ h¿Æn-°p∂Xn{]-Im-
camWv:
""Hcp Znhkw k‘ym-k-a-bw. aev]m\pw injy-∑m-cmb siΩm-i-
∑mcpw knΩ-\m-cn-∏-≈n-bn¬ ]Xn-hp-{]-Im-c-ap≈ {]m¿∞\ \S-Øn-
s°m-≠n-cn-°p-tºmƒ amXyqkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv kmh-[m-\-
Øn¬ \S∂v {]m¿∞n-°p∂hcpsS ]n∂n¬ h∂v ssI sIm-ń-s°m≠v
Dd-®-i-_vZ-Øn¬ h≈-∏m´v ]mSp-Ibpw {]m¿∞n-°p-∂-hsc Ak-`y-
hm-°p-Iƒ ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. aZy-]m\w sIm≠v _p≤n- a-d-™n-
cp∂ Bfn-t\mSv At∏mƒ h√Xpw ]d-™m¬ sh´m≥ hcp∂ I∂n-
t\mSv thZw HmXp-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bm-Ip-at√m F∂v `b∂v \ΩpsS
aev]m≥ (I-S-hn¬ Iqc≥ ]utemkv aev]m≥) At∂ Znhkw au\-
am-bn-cp-∂p- I-f-™p. ASpØ\mƒ cmhnse B sshZn-I-t{i-jvT-t\mSv
Xs‚ Ahn-th-I-{]-hrØnsb°p-dn®v aev]m≥ k¶-StØmSpIqsS
kwkm-cn-®-t∏mƒ am\-km-¥-c-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\p ]Icw "\o Fs∂ k∑m-
¿§w ]Tn- ∏ n- ° m≥ hcpt∂m' F∂v ]d- ™ p- s Im≠v aev ] ms\
sXmgn°m≥ Bcw-`n®p'' (a-e-¶c CS-hI]{XnI 1907 Xpemw. Cu

kw`hw IS-hn¬ sa{Xm-®s‚ Xncp-hm-bn¬\n∂v tI´-Xm-sW∂v CS-h-
I-]-{Xn-I-bpsS ]{Xm-[n-]¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p).
cmP-Iob hnfw-_-c-Øns‚ ]n≥_-ew-sIm-≠p-am{Xw ae-¶csa{Xm-
t∏m-eoØm Bbn `cWw \S-Øp∂ \ho-I-c-W-sa-{Xms‚ Cu \S-
]Sn skan-\m-cn-bnse ]e sshZn-I-hn-Zym¿∞n-I-sfbpw sRń-®p-I-
f™p. Hmô-knse tPmen-Øn-c-°p-aqew At±lw \a-kvIm-c-Øn\v
]≈n-bn¬ hcm-Ø-Xmhpw F∂v Icp-Xn-bn-cp∂ siΩm-i-∑m¿°v Cu
kw`-h-tØmsS Hcp Imcyw hy‡-am-bn. Xßƒ ]cn-]m-h-\-ambn Icp-
Xp∂ Imt\m\m {]m¿∞-\-I-tfmSv ]c-ky-am-bn-t∏mepw ]p—w {]I-Sn-
∏n-°p-amdv Cu ae-¶csa{Xm≥ k`m-hn-cp-≤-\mb Al-¶m-cnbpw ]cky-
a-Zy-]m-\n-bp-am-Wv. skan-\m-cn-bpsS ASp-Øp≈ Nne `h-\ß
- f
- n¬ At±-
l-Øn\v A\m-im-ky-_-‘-ß-fp-s≠∂ tIƒhn Ahn-iz-kn-t°-≠-
Xn√ F∂v Ah¿°v tXm∂n (]m-e-°p-∂Øv amXyqkv am¿ AØm-
\m-tkym-kn-s\-∏-‰n A∂sØ ka-Im-eo-\\pw BZy-Ime A\p-bm-
bn-bp-amb A°c IpSpw-_mwKw Fgp-Xnb _rlXv Poh-N-cn-{X-Øn¬
A{]-Imcw ]e kw`-h-ßfpw hni-Z-ambn Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. Ipcn-b≥
ssd´-dpsS Poh-N-cn{Xw Xbm-dm-°m-\mbn B Poh-N-cn-{Xhpw Fs∂
G¬∏n-®n-cp-∂p.).
GXm-bmepw Cu kw`-h-tØmsS ]e siΩm-i-∑mcpw skan-\m-
cnbnse hnZym-`ym-k-tØmSv hnS ]d-™p. A°q-´-Øn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv
siΩm-i\pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. siΩm-i-\n¬ \n∂v hnh-c-ßƒ hni-Z-
ambn Adn-™- ]nXr-hy≥ Koh¿§okv aev]m≥ sIm®p-si-Ωm-is\
]Tn-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ Npa-Xe Gs‰-Sp-Øp. \a-kvIm-c-ßfpw Bcm-[-\m-
{I-a-ßfpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm-\-√msX k`-bpsS thZ-im-kv{X-sØ-∏-‰ntbm
k`m-N-cn-{X-sØ-∏-‰ntbm Imt\m-\m-I-sf-∏-‰ntbm Bg-amb A`y-k\w
\¬Ip-hm≥ Koh¿§okv aev]m≥ {]m]vX-\m-bn-cp-∂n-√. km[m-cW
sshZn-I-hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ A{Xbpw hnj-b-ßƒ sIm≠v Xr]vX-cm-Ip-
am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Koh-dp-Kokv siΩm-is‚ At\z-j-W-_p≤n IqSp-
X¬ Bg-ßƒ tXSp∂p F∂v {Kln® aev]m≥ {]nb ktlm-Z-c-]p{X\v
IqSp-X¬ anI® sshZnI hnZym-`ymkw \¬Ip-hm≥ Bh-iy-amb ]≤-
Xn-Iƒ hn`m-h\w sNbvXp.
Zu¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ BbnsS Koh-dp-Kokv aev]m\v hkq-cn-tcmKw
_m[n-®p. ITn-\-amb B tcmK-Øn¬ At±-lsØ ip{iq-jn-°p-hm≥
AXoh kml-kn-I-X-tbmsS siΩm-i≥ Xbm-dm-bn. amc-Ihpw `bm-
\-I-hp-amb B tcmKsØ AXn-Po-hn-°phm≥ aev]m\v Ign-™n-√.
1863˛¬ At±lw Ime-K-Xnsb {]m]n-®p. apf-¥p-cp-Øn-∏-≈n-bpsS

sXs°- h-cm-¥-bn¬ At±lw I_-d-S-°-s∏-´p. Gsd Xma-kn-bmsX
sIm®p-si-Ωm-i-s\bpw hkqcn-tcmKw _m[n-®p. X\n°v F°m-ehpw
amXr-ÿm-\o-b-bm-bn-cp∂ aqØ- s]-ßƒ siΩm-is\ ip{iq-jn-®p.
ac-W-hp-ambn a√n-´p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ tcmK-Øns‚ aq¿≤-\ym-h-ÿ-bn¬
GtXm Hc-h-ÿ-bn¬ I\ym-kv{Xo-bΩ sIm®p-si-Ωm-i\v {]Xy-£-
s∏-´p-sh∂pw tcmK-kuJyw ssZhw \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂v km¥z-
\n-∏n-®-Xmbpw ]q¿Æ-k-ab ssZhm-e-b-ip-{iqj e£y-am-°-W-sa∂v
\n¿t±-in-®-Xmbpw ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. amXm-hns‚ CSh-I-bmb I≠-\mSv
]≈n-tbmSv At±lw BPo-h-\m¥w ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂ BZ-chv Hm¿°p-
tºm-ƒ Cu tXm∂-ep-Iƒ Ahm-kvX-h-sa∂v X≈n-°-f-bm-\m-hn-√.
GXm-bmepw siΩm-i≥ Gh-tcbpw A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v tcmK-
hn-ap-‡-\m-bn.
IpSpw-_-Øn¬ siΩm-is‚ ktlm-Z-c-ßƒ F√mhcpw IpSpw-_-
ÿ-cmbn Ign-™n-cp-∂p. aqØ- tPy-jvT≥ sNdn-bm≥ Ipcy I≠-\mSv
Itcm-´p-ho-ń¬ \n∂v hnhmlw Ign®p; a°ƒ H∂pw D≠m-bn-√.
tPyjvT≥ Ip™p-h¿°n apf-¥p-cpØn ]pXp-a-\-bn¬\n∂v hnhmlw
Ign®p; sIm®p-a-Øm-bn, sIm®p-am-Øp, sNdn-bm≥ Ipcy, Abvt∏mc
F∂n-ßs\ \mev Bä-°ƒ P\n-®p. aqØ-s]-ßƒ adn-bsØ
Abv°c\mń¬ ]mem¬ hoń-te°v hnhmlw sNbvX-b-®p. ASpØ
s]ßƒ Gensb ]mºm-°p-Sbv°v kao]w s\Spw-]m-ºm-°p-S-bn-te°v
hnhmlw sNbvX-b-®p. siΩm-is‚ ]T\w ]q¿Øn-bmImsX h∂-
Xn¬ Ahcpw hnjm-Zn-®p. c≠m-asØ s]ßƒ Gen-bpsS s\Spw-
]mºm-°p-S-bn-ep≈ hoń¬ Xma-kn®v tIm\m´v aev]ms‚ Iogn¬
]T\w XpS-cs´ F∂v hoń¬ Xocp-am-\-am-bn. AXn≥{]-Imcw siΩm-
i≥ ]mºm-°pS tIm\m´v Koh-dp-Kokv aev]ms‚ injy-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p;
s]ß-fpsS hoń¬ Xma-k-hpw. tIm\m´v ]Tn-Ø-hoSv Hcp skan-\mcn
Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ahn-SpsØ ]pkvX-I-ßƒ siΩm-is\ A¤p-X-
s∏-Sp-Øn. Imt\m≥, k`m-N-cn-{Xw, k\ym-kn-am-cpsS Ncn-{Xw, thZ-
]pkvX-I -hym-Jym-\-ßƒ XpSßn kpdn-bm\n `mj-bn¬ A]q¿∆-ß-
fmb ]e {KŸ-ßfpw siΩm-i≥ AhnsS I≠p. ]me-°p-∂Øv
amXyqkv AØm-\m-tkym-kns‚ \ho-I-c-W-{`-a-Øn¬ a\w-a-SpØv
tIm\m´v ]Tn-Ø-ho-ń¬ A`bw tXSnb hS-°≥ CS-h-I-I-fnse siΩm-
i-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p NmØp-cp-Øn¬ siΩm-is‚ kl-]m-Tn-Iƒ. ]m{X-
hn-kvXr-Xn-b-\p-k-cn®v ⁄m\-Pew tiJ-cn-°m-hp∂ Xo¿∞-tI-{µ-am-
bn-cp∂p tIm\m´v ]Tn-Ø-ho-Sv. NmØp-cpØn siΩm-i≥ Akm-[m-c-
W-amw-hn[w ]m{X-hn-kvXr-Xn-bp≈ ⁄m\m-t\zjn Bbn-cp-∂p. A[ym-

]-I-cn¬ \n∂v t\cn´pw {KŸ-ß-fn¬\n∂v hmb-\- aq-ehpw siΩm-
i≥ Gsd hn⁄m\w kºm- Z n- ® p. ]me- ° p- ∂ Øv sa{Xm- ® s‚
kpkvXm-Øn-t°m≥ Xm≥ ]cn-tim-[n-®n-´p-s≠∂pw AXn¬ kwi-b-
I-c-amb ]e hrØm-¥-ßfpw Ds≠∂pw At±-l-Øns‚ ÿm\-Zm\w
Xs∂ km[pthm F∂p kwi- b n®Xmbpw hr≤- \ mb tIm\m´v
A{_lmw aev]m≥ ]d-™Xv a‰v siΩm-i-∑m-tc-°mƒ NmØp-cpØn
siΩm-is\ Nn¥n-∏n-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ ÿm\-Zm-\-Øn\v km£n-I-
fn-√, kpkvXm-Øn-t°m≥ kwi-bm-kv]-Z-hpw. Cu hkvXp-X-Iƒ
At±lw km[p-hmbn ]´-ta‰ sa{Xm-\mtWm F∂ tNmZyw siΩm-i-
\n¬ A¶p-cn-∏n®p. Ir{Xn-a-amb kpkvXm-Øn-t°m≥ lmP-cm°n kpdn-
bm\n`mj Adn-bmØ alm-cm-Pm-hns\ I_-fn-∏n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p
F∂v B bph-Nn-¥-I≥ Imcy-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øn. ]e bph -sshZnI
hnZym¿∞n-Ifpw \ho-I-c-W-sa-{Xm-\n¬\n∂v ]´wG¬°m≥ hnk-Ω-
Xn-®n-cp-∂-Xns‚ clkyw siΩm-i\v ]nSn-In-ń. ]´-ta‰ ]ecpw ae-¶-
c-bn¬ h∂ bqbm°nw am¿ Iqdn-tem-kn¬\n∂v ]p\cmbn ]´w G‰-
Xns‚ cl-kyhpw siΩm-i\v a\- n-em-bn (A-{]-Im-c-ap≈ ]p\¿
]´w-sIm-S-bpsS A\-h[n DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ Xob-Xn, ÿew, t]¿
F∂nh klnXw I≠-\mSv {KŸ-h-cn-bn¬ ImWp-∂p-≠v.). \ho-I-c-
W-sa-{Xms\ ê-{]-Z-ambn t\cn-Sp-∂-Xn¬ hntZ-io-b-\mb bqbm°ow
Iqdn-temkv ]cm-P-b-s∏-´-Xmbpw kztZ-in-b≥ Bb Hcmƒ sa{Xm-\mbn
h∂m¬ hnP-bn-t®-°p-sa-∂p-ap-≈ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Xocp-am-\hpw
At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ D]-tZ-ihpw A\p-k-cn®v ae-¶c
k`m-{]-Xn-\n[ntbmK-Øns‚ kΩ-X-tØmsS Ip∂w-Ipfw kztZin
]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v (tPm-k-^v) IØ-\m¿ a¿±o-\n¬ t]mbXpw Zoh-
∂m-tkymkv F∂ t]cn¬ At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn¬ \n∂v
sa{Xm≥]´w kzoI-cn®v sIm®n-bn-se-Øn-bXpw siΩm-i≥ {]Xo-£-
tbmsS {i≤n-®p. c≠m-a-sXmcp sa{Xm≥ hS-°≥ CS-h-I-I-fn¬ {]h¿-
Øn-°p-∂Xv kXy-Øn¬ CjvS-s∏-SmØ bqbm°ow Iqdn-temkv sa{Xm-
t∏m-eoØm ]pXnb sa{Xms‚ apºn¬ {]Xn-_-‘-ßƒ krjvSn-®p-
sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.
]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv 1858 apX¬ ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬
]cs° Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp∂ Bfm-bn-cp-∂p. \ho-I-c-W-sa-{Xm-t∏m-eoØm
IuΩ-mbn¬ "Ir]-\n-d™ adn-bta' F∂ `mKhpw AXp-I-gn-™p≈
"am¿ _membnbpsS At]-£'bpw \o°w-sNbvXv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ {]kn-
≤o-I-cn® Ip¿∫m-\-{I-a-Øn\v _Z¬ Bbn "Ir]- \n-d™ adn-bta'
F∂ `mKhpw am¿ _mem-bn-bpsS At]-£bpw tN¿Øv ]q¿hnI

kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cpsS \a-kvIm-c{- Iaw BZyw tImgn-t°m-´p-\n∂pw ]n∂oSv
Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øp-\n∂pw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-t∏mƒ AXns‚ {]Xn-Iƒ ae-
¶-c-k-`-bpsS hnhn[ CS-h-I-I-fn¬ hnX-cWw sNøp-hm≥ ]pen-t°m-
ń¬ C´q∏v IØ-\m¿ an° hS-°≥ CS-h-I-Ifpw \nc-¥cw kµ¿in-
®n-cp-∂p. \ho-I-c-W-sa-{Xms‚ HutZym-KnI AwKo-Im-csØ{]Xn At±-
l-Øn¬\n∂v siΩm-ip-]´w G‰n-cp∂p F¶nepw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v
IØ-\m-cpsS H‰-bmƒ t]mcm-´sØ Koh-dp-Kokv siΩm-i≥ {i≤n-
°m-Xn-cp-∂n-√. sshZn-I-sk-an-\m-cn-bn¬ \ho-I-c-W-sa-{Xm-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈
ZpjvtIƒhn-Ifpw t\cn-´p≈ A\p-`-h-ßfpw siΩm-i-\n¬ sa{Xm-t\mSv
shdp∏pw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v IØ-\m-tcmSv aXn∏pw h¿≤n-°p-hm≥
Imc-W-am-bn. Xm≥ ]e ]Xn-∏p-I-fmbn {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ]q¿hoI-
\-a-kvIm-c-Øns‚ ae-bm-f -hn-h¿Ø\w ]mºm-°p-S-bn¬ FØn-°p-
Ibpw siΩm-i≥ AtX-‰p-hm-ßp-Ibpw siΩm-i≥ aptJ\ Ah hnX-
cWw \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøpI F∂ ]Xnhv ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v IØ-
\m¿ kzoI-cn-®p. ]mºm-°pS tIm\m´v aev]ms‚ If-cn-bn¬ ]Tn-°p∂
H´p-an° siΩm-i-∑mcpw \ho-I-c-W-Øn\v FXn-cm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah-
cpsS klm-bhpw C°m-cy-Øn¬ e`y-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ipdp-∏w-]-Sn, A¶-
am-en, AI-∏-d-ºv, tIme-t©-cn, ]nd-hw, hS-I-c, I≠-\m-Sv, apf-¥p-
cpØn XpS-ßnb henb CS-h-I-I-fn¬ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v IØ-
\m¿ F∂-t]mse NmØp-cp-Øn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv siΩm-i\pw {]i-kvX-
\m-hm≥ Cu ]pkvX-I-hym-]mcw Imc-W-am-bn. ko\n-b¿ sshZn-I-\mb
]pen-t°m-ń¬ IØ-\m-sc, hkq-cn-aqew A¥-cn-®p-t]mb Xs‚ ]nXr-
hys‚ ÿm\Øv Kpcp-hm-bn´v siΩm-i≥ BZ-cn-®p-t]m-∂p. Pohn-
Xm¥yw hsc Cu kulr-Zhpw BZ-chpw XpS¿∂p-t]m-∂p.
bqbm°ow am¿ Iqdn-temkv sXmgn-bq¿ tIknse ]cm-P-b-Øn-
\ptijw \ho-I-c-W-sa-{Xm-t\mSv s]mcp-Ø-s∏-´p- t]m-Ip-hm-\mWv {ian-
®- X v . Cu \ne- ] mSpam‰w hS- ° ≥ CS- h - I - I - f n¬ At±- l - Ø n\v
btYjvSw k©-cn-°p-hm≥ Ah-kcw \¬In. \ho-I-c-W-sa-{Xm≥
C°m-cy-Øn¬ Aev]-sam∂v IÆ-S-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
1861˛¬ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v IØ-\m¿ Ip∂w-Ip-fØv Hcp A®-Sn-
ime Bcw-`n-®p. Pohn-X-Øn¬ F°m-ehpw \ho-\- kw-cw-`-ßƒ°v
t\XrXzw \¬Inb C´q∏v IØ-\m-cpsS {] n¬ kpdn-bm-\n, Cw•ojv,
ae-bmfw F∂o `mj-I-fn¬ ]pkvXIw A®-Sn-°m≥ kuI-cy-ap-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p. Xe-t»-cn-bn¬\n∂v _mk¬ an-j≥Im-cpsS Hcp ]g-b- {] v
hmßn tISp-t]m°n Ip∂w-Ip-fØv ÿm]n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv
tIń-´p-≈-Xv. \ho-I-c-W-°m¿ Ah¿°v {]m_-ey-ap≈ CS-h-I-I-fn¬

{]K-¤-cmb sshZn-I-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Ip¿∫m-\-XIvkm \ho-I-
cW kn≤m-¥-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v \ho-I-cn®v Xbm-dm-°n-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p.
Nne¿ Nne ]Z-{]-tbm-K-ßƒ am‰n, thsd Nne¿ Nne hmIy-ßƒ FSp-
Øp-am-‰n, thsd Nne¿ Nne {Inb-Iƒ ]cn-jv°-cn®p ˛ Cßs\ XIvkm-
bpsS GIo-`mhw ê-Øn¬ \jvS-s∏-´p. Chsb sNdp-°p-hm-\mbn
XIvkm cNn-°p-hm≥ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v IØ-\m¿ \n›-bn-®p. kpdn-
bm\n A£-c-ßƒ°v I√®v sImØn-bp-≠m°n At±lw kpdn-bm\n
A®-Sn-°m-\p≈ {Iao-I-cWw ]q¿Øn-bm-°n. amΩq-Zo-km, hnhmlw
F∂o {Ia-ßƒ tN¿Øv hn. Ip¿∫m-\- XIvkm At±lw Ip∂w-Ip-f-
Øp-\n∂v {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. ]m›mXy kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ "Ip∂w-Ipfw
]pen-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v IØ-\mgvkv' {]kn¬ \n∂v A®-Sn® Cu
]pkvX-I-Øns‚ Hcp tIm∏n Cu {KŸ-Im-cs‚ ssIh-i-ap-≠v (Hcp
tIm∏n tIm´bw sshZnIskan-\m-cn-bpsS B¿ss°-hvkn¬ I≠n-
´p≠v). kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ Hcp ]pkvXIw A®-Sn-°pI ˛ \ΩpsS \mń¬
CZw-{]-Y-a-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu ]pkvXIw ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS \m\m-`mKØpw
hnX-cWw sNøp∂ Npa-Xe NmØp-cp-Øn¬ siΩm-i≥ Gs‰-Sp-Øp.
Hcp Bfl_‘w hf-cp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. \ho-I-cW sa{Xm-∑m¿ XIvkm-
bpsS ssIsb-gp-Øp-]-I¿∏n¬ hcp-Øp∂ am‰-ßƒ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈
Ir{Xn-a-Xz-ßƒ kq£vam-t\z-j-I¿°v Xncn-®-dn-bp-hm≥ Cu A®-Sn-
XIvkm {]tbm-P-\-s∏-´p.
Xm≥ siΩm- i p]´w sImSpØ siΩm- i ≥ skan- \ mcn hn´p-
t]mbXpw X\n°pw Xs‚ \ho-I-c-W-{]-ÿm-\-ßƒ°pw FXn-cmb
{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]¶m-fn-bm-Ip-∂Xpw \ho-I-c-W-sa-{Xm≥ \n lm-
b-X-tbmsS ho£n-®p. bqbm°nw am¿ Iqdn-temkv Xt∂mSv cmPn-bm-
sb-¶nepw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ IØ-\msc Iogvs∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ At±-l-Øn\v
km[n-®n-√. bqbm°nw am¿ Iqdn-temkns‚ ktlm-Z-c≥ a°p-Znim
hgn AXn\v {ian-°m-™n-´-√. BZ¿i-\n-jvT\pw B¿÷h-lr-Z-b-\p-
amb ]pen-t°m-ń¬ IØ-\m¿ hgn-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. A]-
I-S-I-c-am-sW∂v Xm≥ \nc-¥cw Bh¿Øn-®n-´pw a¿±o≥ bm{Xbv°v
ss[cy-s∏´ C´q∏v IØ-\m¿ taev]-´-ÿm\w G¬°p-∂Xv am¿ Iqdn-
temkv CjvS-s∏-Sm-Xn-cp-∂Xv Xs‚ `mhn-sbbpw \ho-I-cWsa{Xms‚
`mhn-sbbpw IcpXn Bbn-cp-∂p.
sshZn- I - h n- Z ym- ` ymkw ]q¿Øn- b m- ° nb siΩm- i ≥ GXm\pw
h¿jw Xocp-am-\ß - ƒ FSp-°m- \m-hmsX ]T-\Ø - nepw {]m¿∞-\b
- nepw
[ym\-Ønepw sNe-h-gn-®p. Ahn-hm-lnX Pohn-X-amWv Xs‚ hgn F∂v
Xocp-am-\n-°p-hm≥ H´pw {]bm-k-s∏-tS-≠n -h-∂n-√. F∂m¬ Bcn¬-

\n∂v ]´w G¬°Ww F∂Xv Kuc-h-ta-dnb Nn¥m-hn-jbw Xs∂-
bm-bn-cp-∂p. bqbm°nw am¿ Iqdn-temkn¬\n∂v ]´w kzoI-cn-®m¬
\ho-I-cW sa{Xms‚ A\n-jvS-Øn\v Imc-W-am-Ip-sa∂pw AXv \nb-
a-]-c-amb {]Xn-_-‘-ßƒ°v Imc-W-am-Ip-sa∂pw siΩm-i≥ Imcy-
ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øn. bqbm°nw am¿ Iqdn-temkn¬\n∂v ]´w kzoI-
cn-°p-hm≥ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ C´q∏v IØ-\m¿ D]-tZ-in-®-tXmsS A°m-
cy-Øn¬ kwi-b-ßƒ°-dp-Xn-bm-bn. \ho-I-cW sa{Xm-\n¬\n∂v ]´-
ta¬°p-∂Xv Bfl-h-©-\-bm-sW∂v siΩm-i≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. Cu
]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Hcp IS-º- IqsS IS-°p-hm-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. siΩm-
is‚ ho´p-Im¿ At±-lsØ Krl-ÿ-ssh-Zn-I-\mbn ImWp-hm-\mWv
B{K-ln-®-Xv. hnhm-lm-tem-N-\-Iƒ XIr-Xn-bmbn \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.
CS-hI `cn-°p∂ sshZn-I¿ hnhm-ln-X-cm-I-W-sa∂ ImgvN-∏mSmWv
bqbm°nw am¿ Iqdn-temkpw ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Cu [¿Ω-k-¶-S-
Øn¬\n∂v siΩm-i≥ c£-s∏-´-Xn-s\-∏‰n IYm-]p-cp-js‚ \mń¬
{]N-cn-®n-´p≈ Hcp IY sXm´-SpØ Im™n-c-a-‰-Øp-Im-c-\mb IWn-
bm-º-d-ºn-e-®≥ C{]-Imcw hnh-cn-°p-∂p≠v:
""Fs‚ ]nXm-hn¬\n∂pw tIń-´p-ff Hcp kw`hw ]d-bmw. NmØp-
cpØn _‘-Øn¬s∏´ I≠-\mSv sIm®p-∏m-∏≥ siΩm-is‚ s]mń-
°-c-®n¬tI´v hnfn®p-h-cpØn "tam≥ F¥n-\mWv Ic-bp-∂Xv' F∂v
tNmZn-®p. "F\n°v hnhmlw th≠' F∂v adp-]Sn ˛ bmZr-—nI-ambn
D∏m-∏≥ Ip™ns‚ Iøn-te°v t\m°n. "Cu ssI ]mWo-{K-l-W-
Øn-\p-≈-X-√, \msa√mw Xma-kn-bmsX aptØ≠ ssI-bm-WnXv' F∂v
]d-™p-sh∂pw AtXmsS Ieym-Wm-tem-N-\-Iƒ \ndp-Øn-sb-∂p-amWv
tIń-´p-≈-Xv'' (]-cn-ip≤ sIm®p-Xn-cp-ta-\n, ]pdw 33, 34).
1864 Xpemamk- Ø n¬ (H- I v t Sm- _ ¿˛\hw- _ ¿) siΩm- i ≥
bqbm°nw am¿ Iqdn-temkn¬\n∂v ]q¿Æ-si-Ωm-ip-]´w G‰p. At±-
l-Øn¬ \n∂v Xs∂ 1864 hr›nIØn¬ (\-hw-_¿-˛-Un-kw-_¿) I»o-
im-]-´hpw tImsd-∏n-kvtIm∏m ÿm\hpw AI-∏-dºv ]≈n-bn¬ h®v
kzoI-cn-®p. bqbm°nw am¿ Iqdn-temkv I»o-im-]-´hpw tImsd-∏n-
kvtIm∏m ÿm\hpw H∂n®p\¬Ip∂ ]Xnhv as‰m-cn-SØpw I≠n-
´p≠v (C- S - h - g n- ° ¬ ]oen- t ∏mkv tImsd- ∏ n- k v t Im- ∏ mbv ° v c≠v
ÿm\hpw H∂n®v \¬In-b-Xmbn At±-l-Øns‚ ]´w-sImS ]pkvX-
I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v). XpS¿∂v NmØp-cp-Øn¬ tImsd-∏n-
kvtIm∏m 1864 apX¬ apf-¥p-cpØn CS-h-I-bn¬ sshZn-I-tk-h\w
A\p-jvTn-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn.
A≤ymbw 2
]qsam´v hnS-cp∂p
NmØp-cpØn Koh-dp-Kokv tImsd-∏n-kvtIm-∏m-bpsS ÿm\m-tcm-l-
Whpw CS-h-I-{]-th-i-\hpw apf-¥p-cpØn CS-h-I-bpsS Ncn-{X-Øn¬
Hcp hgn-Øn-cn-hm-bn. A{XbpwImew \ho-I-c-W-sa-{Xm≥ ]me-°p-
∂Øv amXyqkv AØm-\m-tkym-kns‚ ]q¿Æ-\n-b-{¥-W-Øn-em-bn-
cp∂ CS-h-I-bn¬ A`n-\h tImsd-∏n-kvtIm∏m \S-Ønb ¢m p-Ifpw
{]t_m-[-\-ßfpw BWv Cu hgn-Øn-cn-hn\v Imc-W-am-b-Xv. \ho-I-c-
W-sa-{Xms‚ sa{Xm≥ÿm\w kwi-bm-Xo-X-a-s√∂pw ssZh-am-Xm-
hns‚ a≤y-ÿ-Xbv°pw acn-®-h¿°pth≠n \S-Øp∂ {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ
Dƒs∏´ ip{iq-j-Ifpw hntcm-[n-°p∂ At±lw ]q¿hoI kpdn-bm-\n-
k-`-bpsS Igp-Øn¬ IØn shbv°p-I-bm-sW∂pw kuay-amb `mj-
bn¬ A`n-\h tImdn P\-ßsf ]Tn-∏n-®p. At±lw {]kn-≤o-I-cn®
\a- k v I m- c - { I- a hpw a‰pw Dt]- £ n- ° phm≥ At±lw CS- h - I sb
Blzm\w sNbvXp. apf-¥p-cpØn CS-hI ]q¿Æ-ambpw tImdn-bpsS
Blzm-\-ßƒ A\p-k-cn-®p. Cu \o°w I≠-\mSv CS-h-I-bnepw Ne-
\-ßƒ D≠m-°n. CS-h-I-P-\-ß-ƒ°v NmØp-cpØn tImdn-bpsS \ne-
]mSv kzoIm-cy-ambn tXm∂n. F∂m¬ I≠-\mSv CS-h-I-bpsS Itcm-
´p-ho-ń¬ sia-hq≥ tImsd-∏n-kvtIm∏m \ho-I-c-W-sa-{Xms‚ A\p-
Iq-enbpw BbnsS cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏´ tIm´bw skan-\mcn \S-Øn-∏p-
Im-cmb Btem-N-\-°q-´-Ønse {]ap-Jmw-Khpw Bbn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ B
CS-h-I-bpsS HutZym-KnI \ne-]mSv \ho-I-c-W-sa-{Xm\v A\p-Iq-e-ambn
XpS¿∂p. CS-h-I-I-fn¬ sshZn-I-cpsS thX-\hpw A¥ pw h¿≤n-
∏n-°m≥ DX-Ip∂ ]e ]cn-jv°m-c-ßfpw ]me-°p-∂Øv sa{Xm-®≥
X{¥-]q¿∆w Bhn-jv°-cn®p t]m∂-Xn-\m¬ sshZn-I-cpsS ]n¥pW
At±-l-Øn\v e`n-®Xv kzm`m-hn-Iw Xs∂.
bqbm°nw am¿ Iqdn-temkv Cu A\p-Iq-e-amb Imem-h-ÿ-bn¬
apf-¥p-cp-Øn-∏-≈nsb an°-hmdpw kz¥w Bÿm-\-am-°n. ]pen-t°m-
ń¬ sa{Xm-®-t\mSv D≈n¬ \ockw ]pe¿Ønb At±lw CS-bv°nsS
Xm≥ Ah-[n-bn¬ {]th-in-°p∂p F∂pw kztZ-i-tØ°v aS-ßn-t∏m-
hp∂p F∂pw òj-Wn-bpsS kzc-Øn¬ Iev]\ Ab-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p.
P\-ß-fm-Is´ At±-l-tØmSv "t]mI-cptX' F∂v AØcw Ah-k-c-
ß-fn¬ At]-£n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. B Ah-kc - ß
- sf CS-hI
- I
- f
- n¬ ]nSn-
ap-dp-°p-hm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-ambn am¿ Iqdn-temkv D]-tbm-Kn-®p. Aß-
s\-bn-cnt° 1871 Ipw`w 11˛\v At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ]c-tem-I-

{]m-]vX-\m-bn. DSs\ At±lw Ipw`w 28˛\v apf-¥p-cpØn ]≈n-bn¬-
\n∂v ]≈n-Iƒ°v Iev]\ Ab®p. ""... \mw Ahn-tS°v sN√-W-sa∂pw
s]mXp-hn¬ At¥ymJym knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ kaq-l-°m¿ \ap°v
FgpXn Adn-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu ao\-amkw 15˛\v \ΩpsS ASp-°¬
apf-¥p-cp-Øn-∏-≈n-bn¬ AXXv ]≈nbn¬\n∂pw Ht∂m ct≠m ]´-
°mcpw Ht∂m ct≠m {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw h∂ptN¿∂p-sIm-≈-Ww.
\nßƒ F√m-hcpw apd-{]-Imcw am\-tØmsS Ht∂m ct≠m ]´-°mcpw
hgn-®n-ehpw knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ apºmsI \nß-fp-sS-t]¿°v Ipºn´v
ImgvN-sh-°p-∂-Xn\v \tΩm-Sp-IqsS Ab-®m¬ \nßƒ°v am\hpw
Ahÿbpw ssZhØns‚bpw kaql°mcpsS apºmsIbpw \√ Hm¿-
Ωbv°pw Ft∂°pw D≈ `mKyØn\pw kwKXn D≠mIpw.....'' GXm-
bmepw B hnZy th≠{X ên-®n-√. _mhm 15˛\v apf-¥p-cpØn ]≈n-
bn¬ IqSp-∂-Xn\v Iev]\ Ab-®msd tIm´q¿, ]me-°p-g, Xpcp-Øn-
∏≈n Cßs\ aq∂v ]≈n-°m¿ am{Xw IqSn. tijwt]¿ Bcpw IqSm-
bvI-bm¬ H∂pw \n›-bn-°msX Ahcpw ]ncn-™p (I-≠-\mSv {KŸ-
h-cn, ]pdw 164, 165). am¿ Iqdn-tem-kn-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ aXn∏p Ipd-bp-hm≥
CØcw \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Imc-W-am-bn. F∂m¬ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ sa{Xm-®-
t\mSv {]Xn-Zn\w BZcw h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sa{Xm≥ÿm-\-ta‰v sIm®n-
bn- s e- Ø n- b - t ijw H´pwsshImsX a{Zm- k nse t^m¿´v sk‚ v
tPm¿÷v Btem-N-\m-k-`-bn¬ Kh¿Æ-¿ {^m≥knkv t^m¿Uv s\kv-
]n-b¿ kmbv∏n\v 1869 s^{_p-hcn 3˛\v, ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse {]iv\-]-cn-
lm-c-Øn\pth≠n 19 Jfin-I-Iƒ D≈Xpw bp‡ym-[n-jvTn-Xhpw ka-
{Khpw Bb Hcp l¿Pn t\cn´v t_m[n-∏n-®p (l¿PnbpsS ]q¿Æ-
cq]w I≠-\mSv {KŸ-h-cn ]pdw 133˛139 hsc ImWp-I).
Kh-s◊‚ v Cu l¿Pn X≈n. \ncm-i-tbmsS sIm®n-bn¬ aS-ßn-
sb-Ønb At±-lw A\-¥-c-I-c-Wo-b-sØ-∏‰n Btem-N-\-Iƒ \SØn.
apJym-tem-N\
- °
- m-c≥ NmØp-cp-Øn¬ tImsd-∏n-kvtIm∏m Xs∂ Bbn-
cp-∂p. a¿±o≥ bm{X-bn¬ Xm≥ kµ¿in® Zb-dm-I-sf-∏‰n am¿ Zoh-
∂m-tkymkv \¬Inb hnh-cWw tImdnsb {]tNm-Zn-∏n-®p. Zb-dm-Ifpw
Zb-dm-b-°mcpw h¿≤n-°msX ae-¶-cbv°v ]ptcm-KXn km[y-a-s√∂
Nn¥ Ah¿ ]¶p-sh-®p. Ah-cpsS IqSn-bm-tem-N-\-{]-Imcw shń-°¬
Ipcn-ip-]≈n Hcp Zbdm Bbn hnI-kn-∏n-°phm≥ hn´p-X-c-W-sa∂
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS A`y¿∞\ CS-hI AwKo-I-cn-®p. 9˛mw am¿-
tØmΩm I√n´v ÿm]n® B Ipcn-ip-sI-ńSw s]mXp-hns‚ D]-tbm-
K- Ø n- \ mbn CS- h - I - ° m¿ ]pen- t °m- ´ n¬ sa{X- m t∏meoØmbv ° v

ssIhiw sImSp-Øp. tIm´bw ]g-b-sk-an-\mcn \ho-I-c-W-sa-{Xms‚
ssIh-i-Øn¬ BI-bm¬ Ahn-SsØ sshZn-I-hn-Zym-`ymkw ]q¿hoI
kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bpsS hnizm-km-Nm-c-a-cym-Z-Isf Xncp-Øp∂ Xc-Øn-em-
b-Xn-\m¬ siΩm-i-∑msc ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp skan-\m-cn-bmbpw shń-
°¬ Ipcn-ip-]≈n {]h¿Øn-°-W-sa∂pw AhnsS hS-°≥ sshZn-I-
hn-Zym¿∞n-I-fpsS ]cn-io-e-\-tI{µw Bbncn°W-sa∂pw sa{Xm-t∏m-
eoØm B{K-ln-®p. Zb-dm-bpsS A[n-]\pw skan-\m-cn-bpsS aev]m\pw
Bbn-cn-∏m≥ NmØp-cp-Øn¬ tImdn k∂-≤X Adn-bn-®-Xn¬ ]pen-
t°m-ń¬ sa{Xm≥ k¥pjvS\mbn. 1872 ao\-amkw 26˛\v Rmb-dmgvN
apf-¥p-cpØn ]≈n-bn¬sh®v NmØp-cp-Øn-bn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv tImdn°v
]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta\n dºm≥ÿm\w \¬In. CXp kw_-‘n®v
kao-]-Øp≈ ]≈n-Iƒ°v At±lw C{]-Imcw I¬]\ Ab®p:
""\ΩpsS NmØpcpØn tImdn KohdpKokv IØ\m¿°v \msf dºXzw
sImSp°p∂Xn\v \n›bn®n´p≈Xn\m¬ \nßfpw Hcpßs∏´v h∂v
Im◊m≥ B{Kln°p∂p.' (I-≠-\mSv {KŸ-h-cn, ]pdw 183).
bqbm°ow am¿ Iqdn-tem-kn¬\n∂v I»o-im-˛-tIm-dn-ÿm-\-ßƒ
kzoI-cn® Ncn-{X-]p-cp-j≥ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bp-ambn ÿm]n®
Kpcp-in-jy-_‘w kpZr-V-am-hp-∂-Xns‚ Nn{Xw ChnsS ImWmw. Xma-
kw-hn\m A`n-\h dºm≥ shń-°¬ Ipcn-ip-]-≈-n-bn-te°v Xmakw
am‰n. ]Xn-‰m-≠p-Iƒ°v apºv Im´p-a-ßmSv c≠mw Iqdn-temkv AhnsS
Xma-kn®v I_-d-S-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. dºm≥ AhnsS Xmakw Bcw-`n-®-
tXmsS B {]tZ-i-Øn\v \thm-t∑jw ssIh-∂p. Zn\w-tXmdpw bmaw-
tXmdpw apS-ßmØ {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ B ]cn-k-csØ tXtPm-a-b-am-°n.
D]-hm-khpw au\hpw {]m¿∞-\bpw Hcp -h-i-Øv, sshZn-I-hn-Zym¿∞n-
I-fpsS A[y-b\w as‰m-cp-h-i-Øv. Im´p-{]-tZ-i-am-bn-cp∂ Ahn-Sw
GXm\pw \mfp-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ Hcp Xo¿∞m-S-\-tI-{µ-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. Cu
tI{µ-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ {]ikvXn Zn\w-tXmdpw h¿≤n-®p. sshZnI hnZym-
¿∞n-Iƒ k`-bpsS \m\m-`m-K-Øp-\n∂pw AhnsS FØn. AXn-{ZpXw
hnI-kn®psImt≠-bn-cp∂ {]ÿm-\-ßsf Dƒs°m-≈-p-hm≥ B ]gb
Ipcn-ip-sI-ńSw A]-cym-]vX-sa∂v h∂-t∏mƒ NmØp-cpØn dºm-®≥
hnkvXr-X-amb Hcp ZbdmsIńSw ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\v ]nSn-b-cn-]n-cn-hn\v
Blzm\w \¬In-s°m≠v kpZo¿L-amb Hcp A`y¿∞\ ]≈n-I-fn-
te°v Ab-®p. A`y¿∞-\-bpsS ]q¿Æ-cq]w Xmsg tN¿°p-∂p.
""9˛maXv. shń-bv°¬ \n∂pw dºm-®≥ [¿Ω-ti-J-c-s∏-SpØn
apX¬ tiJ-cn®v Hcp Zbdm ]Wn-bn-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n At±lw
hSt° Zn°n-ep≈ F√m ]≈n-Iƒ°pw FgpXn Ab-®p. BbXp

]≈n-I-fn¬ hmbn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. B Fgp-Øns‚ ]I¿∏v:
bmlv
_ivtam ZXveo-tkm-bqtkm ImZoivtØm Bt_m h_vtdm Ddq-
tlm-Im-Zotim lmZv Btemtlm imdotdm. Zvte tkmK-Zo-\m≥ D
autZy-\m≥ havi_-lo-\m≥. h_vXIvi^vtØm Zv sbm¬Zmkv
Btemtlm adnbmw _vkp¬tØm ImZoivtØm GtamZv Ipe-lq≥
ImZoti sakv Kmhvko\m≥ ev Hmew H¬Ωo≥ BΩo≥.
At¥ym-Jym-bpsS «olm-bv°-SpØ knwlm-k-\-Øn-¶¬ C∂v
\ap°v hmWn-cn-°p∂ ip≤-ap-≈-h\pw kvXpXn-°-s∏-´-h\pw Bb
aq∂m-asØ ]t{Xmkv F∂ tamdm≥ am¿ C·m-Øn-tbmkv ]m{Xn-
b¿°okv _mhm-bpsS Iev]-\-bm¬ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ C∂v \sΩ `cn®v
hcp∂ _lp-am-\s - ∏-´h
- cpw ]pWy-s∏-´h
- c
- p-amb am¿ Iqdn-temkv sa{Xm-
t∏m-eo-Ømbpw am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw Bb \ap-
°p≈ -]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS A\p-hm-Z-Øm¬ shń-bv°¬ ]≈n-bn¬
Ccn°pw i‡n £b-s∏-´-h\pw ]m]n-bp-amb Zb-dmb Koh-dp-Kokv ˛
I≠-\mSv ]≈n FS-h-I-bn¬ Dƒs∏´ kXy-{In-kvXym-\n-I-fmb sNdn-
b-hcpw hen-b-hcpw Bb F√m-h-cn¬ \n∂pw `mKyw \nd-s∏-ń-cn-°p-
∂ I\ymkv{Xo a¿Ø-a-dnbmw \ap-°p≈ AΩ-bpsS Xncp-\m-a-Øm¬
bmNn®v Fc-°p-∂-Xv.
ssZh- Ø ns‚ Ir]bpw kam- [ m- \ hpw \ap- ° p≈ AΩ- b psS
hmgvhpw hmbn-°p-∂-h-cpsS taepw tIƒ°p-∂-h-cpsS taepw {]tXyIw
CXn¬ ]d-bp∂ \nt£-]sØ ImØphcp-∂-h-cpsS taepw F∂p-sa-
t∂bv°pw Bh-kn®p s]mdpØv Nn¥-s∏-Sp-am-dm-Is´. AXv `mKy-ap≈
AΩ-bp-tSbpw am¿tØmΩm «olm-bp-sSbpw ]g-a-bnepw ]pXp-a-bnepw
D≈ F√m ip≤-am-Is∏-´-h-cp-sSbpw {]m¿∞-\-I-fm¬ ˛ BΩo≥.
ain-lm-bn¬ Fs‚ ktlm-Z-c-∑mcpw kvXpXn sNm∆m-I-s∏´ hnizm-
k-Øn¬ Fs‚ hm’-ey-ap-≈-h-cpta "Fs∂ At\z-jn-°m-Ø-h¿°v
Rm≥ ImW-s∏´p F∂pw Fs∂-°p-dn®v tNmZn-°m-Ø-h¿°v Rm≥
ImW-s∏´p' F∂pw Gimb Zo¿LZ¿inbpw, "\ns‚ h¿§-Øn¬
A√msX \√ sskØn¬ \ns∂ h®v tN¿Øp' F∂v ip≤-ap≈
]utemkpw ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂Xpt]mse Af-hn-√mØ Xs‚ Ir]
\nanØw \ap-°mbn Hcp-°-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂ B Xs‚ A\-
¥n-c-Xzhpw Xs‚ hnizmkw aqew Ft∂°pap≈ Poh pIfpw \ap°v
]d™v t_m[n®p. ip≤ap≈ Xs‚ amΩqZokmbm¬ ZØp
]p{X∑mcmbn \sΩ sXcs™Sp°pIbpw _lpam\ap≈ Xs‚

IjvSm\p`hw sIm≠pw Xs‚ Dbn¿sØgpt∂¬]v sIm≠pw ]m]w
\nanØw _‘n°s∏ńcn°p∂ ZpcnXØns‚ Ipgnbn¬ \n∂v \sΩ
ho≠psIm≠v Xs‚ IqsS \sΩ Itc‰n kz¿§Øn∂SpØhcm°n-
Øo¿°bpw amemJamtc°mƒ A[nIXzap≈ \mahpw \ap°v \¬In
F∂ kwJy C√mØ Xs‚ \¬hcsØ \mw ad∂pIf™v AXns‚
O¿±neptΩ¬ Xncnbp∂ \mbsbt∏msebpw sNfnbpsS Ie°en¬
Xncnbp∂ Ipfn® ]∂n t]msebpw kXyhnizmkØn¬ shSn∏m-
°s∏ńcn°p∂hcmb \mw AXns‚ êamIp∂ sNm√phnfnbn¬
\n∂v hn´v ap≥ AXn¬ \mw Bbncp∂ AhnizmkamIp∂ sNfn-
bnte°v Xncn™v AXn¬ InS∂v Dcp≠v _lpam\ap≈ Xs‚
Xncpc‡Øm¬ Ipfn®v shSn∏m°s∏ńcn°p∂ B \ap°p≈
ip≤oIcWsØ \mw Aip≤n B°pIbpw sNøp∂Xp am{Xa√
ap¥ncn Rms\∂pw Nn√nIƒ \nßƒ F∂pw F∂n¬ hkn°p∂-
h\n¬ Rm\pw hkn°p∂p F∂pw HcpØ≥ F∂n¬ hkn°p∂n√
F¶n¬ DWßnb Nn√nsbt∏mse ]pdØv Fdn™p Ifbs∏´v Fcn-
hm\mbn Xobn¬ CSp∂p F∂pw \ΩpsS I¿Ømhv Acpfns®bv-
Xncn°p∂{]Imcw ap¥ncnbn¬ Nn√nIƒ ]m¿°p∂Xpt]mse
{InkvXphn¬ {InkvXym\nIfmb \mw ]m¿Øphcp∂p. {InkvXp-
hn∂SpØ Iev]\Iƒ \mw BNcn®v êßƒ {]h¿Øn°msX
Ccp∂m¬ Imbv ° mØ hfcs∏´ Nn√nIƒ shń A·nbn¬
Fcnbv°p∂ {]Imcw Ft∂°pap≈ A·n\cIØn¬ \sΩ X≈n-
bn´v Fcnbv°p∂Xn\v H´pw ktµlan√mØXn\m¬ B FcnXobv°p
\mw Ccbmbn XocmsX Ccn∏m\mbn tX‰Øns‚ \√ Bflmhns\
\ap°v \¬In ]m]tamN\w \ndbs∏ńcn°p∂ \√-Xmb Xs‚
DuSphgnbnte°v \sΩ Xncn-∏m≥ th≠n F√m t\c-Ønepw \ΩpsS
ssZhsØ Rm≥ sIm≠m-Sp-∂p.
ho≠pw hm’-ey-ap-≈-htc, Zmho-Zns‚ Aº-Øn-aq-∂m-asØ akvaq-
dm-bn¬ t\cp-tI-Sp-Im-c≥ ssZhw Cs√∂v Ahs‚ lrZ-bØ
- n¬ Ah≥
]d-bp∂p F∂pw Ah-cpsS NXn-hm¬ Ah¿ £bn-°-s∏´v tæ—-X-
s∏´p F∂pw Xncn-®-dn™v ssZhsØ At\z-jn-°p-∂-h≥ Dt≠m
F∂v Im◊m-\m-bn´v ssZhw BIm-iØp \n∂v `qan-bn-te°v Ip\n-
™p-t\m°n F∂pw At∏mƒ Ah¿ F√m-hcpw H∂p-t]mse hgn-
hn´v amdn \ncm-i-s∏´p F∂pw \∑ sNøp-∂-h≥ C√m AXn∑Æw
Hcp-Ø≥ t]mep-an√ F∂pw ho≠pw \√-h≥ HSpßn hnizmkw `qan-
bn¬ \n∂v amb-s∏´p F∂pw \n_nbm ]d-™n-cn-°p∂ B \n-_n-
bqkm Ct∏mƒ Cu Ime-Øn¬ \Ωn¬ HØn-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn ImW-

s∏-Sp-∂p. AXv Fs¥-∂m¬ \Ωn¬ Hcp hnizm-khpw C√. Hcp \√-
{]-hr-Ønbpw C√. A{]-Imcw BbXv Hcp-h-\nepw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂n√.
Hcp-h≥ sIm≈m-sa∂v \mw Duln-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Bflm-hn-∂-SpØ
IÏƒ sIm≠v kq£n-®m¬ kIe Xn∑-Ifpw Ah-\n¬ \nd-b-s∏-
´-Xmbn ImW-s∏-Sp∂p. F∂m¬ {]am-W-ßfpw Iev]-\-Ifpw \mw
]Tn-°bpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw Ah kXy-sa∂v
]q¿Æ-ambn hniz-kn®v apdpsI ]nSn-®-√msX {]h¿Øn-∏m\pw {]hr-
Øn-bn¬ ]q¿Æ-am-bn-cn-∏m\pw AXn-\m¬ êw {]m]n-∏m\pw Ign-bp-
∂-X-√. AXv Fs¥-∂m¬ \ΩpsS t]¿ hnizm-kn-Iƒ F∂v Xs∂
Bbn-cn-°p-tºmƒ \ΩpsS {]hr-Øn-Ifpw hnizm-k-Øm¬ Bbn-cn-
°-Ww. {]hrØn IqSmØ hnizmkw acn-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Ip∂p F∂v
am¿ bmt°m_v «olm ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂XpsIm≠v \ΩpsS hnizmkw
{]hr-Øn-bn¬ Bbn-s√-¶n¬ hnizm-k-an-√m-Ø-Xmbn IW-°n-S-s∏´v
Ahn-izm-kn-Ifmb Imhy-tcmSp IqsS Ft∂-°p-ap≈ Zpcn-X-Øn\pw
A·n-\-c-I-Øn\pw X≈n-bn-Sp-∂-Xn\v H´pwXs∂ ktµ-l-an-√m-ØXpw
BIp-∂p. At∏mtgm ta¬ {]Imcw hnizm-k-Øn-\-SpØ {]hrØn-
Iƒ \Ω-fn¬ C√m-Ø-Xn\m¬ Ahn-izm-kn-I-sf-t∏mse \mw Bbn-
Øo-cp-Ibpw AXn-t\m-S-Sp-Ø- {]hr-ØnIfmb £p{Zhpw i{Xp-Xbpw
Xn∑ Hs°-bp-sSbpw amXm-hmb \nKfhpw hminbpw tIm]hpw ss]iq-
\yhpw A\ym-b-hpw F√m Xn∑-I-fp-sSbpw aqe-amb {Zhym-{K-lhpw
Ifhpw I≈-km-£nbpw Ipc-fbpw Adp-sIm-ebpw thiym-tZm-jhpw
hy`n-Nm-chpw tkmtZmay {]hr-Ønbpw ssZh-Zq-j-Whpw ˛ Cß-s\-
bp≈ henb Xn∑-Ifpw Aip-≤-s∏´ {]hr-Øn-Ifpw \Ωn¬ \nd-b-
s∏-ń-cn-°bpw A{]-Imcw Xs∂ sNm√p-hn-fnbpw Iog-a¿®-bpw C√m-
Ø-hcpw X∂n-jvS-°mcpw \∑sb XyPn®v Xn∑-bm-°mbn HmSn FØp-
∂-hcpw ip≤-am-\ ]≈nbpsS Iev]-\-Isf ewLn®v Ad∏psI´v \S-
°p-∂-hcpw a‰v ]e Aip-≤n-Ifpw sNbvXv \S-°p-∂-h¿ \Ωn¬ _lp-
hm-bn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. Hcp ]m{Xw AXns\ a\-™-h-t\mSv \o
Fs∂ a\-™n-ń√m F∂p ]d-bptam? F∂v Gimb ]d-™n-cn-°p-
∂Xpt]mse a°ƒ Ah- c psS amXm- ] n- X m- ° - ∑ m- t cmSv adpØpw
{InkvXym-\n-Iƒ ]´-°m-tcmSp adpØpw ]´-°m¿ ta¬]-´-°m-tcmSv
adpØpw Ad∏psI´v \n∂v hcp-∂Xpw, A{X-bp-a√ Zm\n-tb¬ \n_n-
bm-bn¬ ]d-bp∂ \in-∏n-\psS tæ—-X-s∏´ AS-bmfw ip≤-ap≈
ÿeØv \n¬°p-∂Xp ImWp-tºmƒ hmbn-°p-∂-h≥ Xncn-®-dn-b-
s∏´psIm-≈s´ F∂v Gh≥tKen-tbm-\n¬ \ΩpsS I¿Ømhv Acp-
fn-s®-bvXn-cn-°p-∂Xp t]msebpw Ip¿_m-\-I-fn¬ \n∂pw ip{iq-j-I-
fn¬ \n∂pw temIw am™pt]mIp∂p F∂pw Ah-km-\-Im-e-Øn¬

]nSn-®p-]-dnbpw {Zhym-{K-lhpw t{ijvT-Xz-am-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw A{]-Imcw
P\hpw XΩn¬ XΩn¬ adpØp \n¬°p-Ibpw sNøp-sa∂pw am¿
bmt°m_v Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xpt]msebpw F√m ip≤-ÿ-e-ß-fnepw
Aip-≤-Øns‚ Hmtcmtcm Xc-amb AS-bm-f-ßƒ ImW-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
ip≤X Hs°bpw Ad∏v sI´v Aip-≤-am°n Xo¿°p-Ibpw ]≈n-I-
fn¬ \a-kvIm-chpw [q]hpw Ip¿_m-\bpw apS-ßnbpw Nne ÿe-ß-
fn¬ Ati-jhpw C√m-sXbpw Nne ÿe-ßf - n¬ D≈ I¿Ωw AI¿Ω-
am-Ibpw At\Iw ]≈n-I-fnepw Ielw h¿≤n®pw F√m ]≈n-I-
fnepw tbmKw IqSp∂ kabw ssZhn-I-Iq´w AXm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ
A⁄m-\n-I-fmb Imhy¿ t]mepw {]h¿Øn-°mØ kIe Xn∑-Ifpw
NXnhpw ss]iq\yhpw X¿°hpw aZ-a-’-chpw Xm¥m-ßƒ°v Hmtcm-
cp-Ø-tcm-Sp≈ hminbpw Akq-b-bp-amb ]nim-Nn-\-SpØ kIe Xn∑-
Ifpw \nd-b-s∏´ Iq´-ambn Na-bv°p-∂p.
Cß-s\-bp≈ At\I Xn∑-Ifpw Aip-≤-ß-fp-amb ITn-\-]m-]-
ßƒ \Ωn¬ \nd-b-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS ]m]-ß-fpsS ]pI Xo®q-f-
bpsS ]pI t]mse F√m t\chpw ssZh-Øns‚ Xncp-ap-ºmsI kZm
Itcdn FØp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Bb-Xn-\m¬ ssZhw \Ωn¬ \n∂v Xs‚
Xncp-ap-JsØ Xncn-∏n®v sImSp-{Iq-c-Øm¬ Acn-i-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.
F∂mepw Af-hn-√mØ Xs‚ Ir] \nanØw tX‰-Øn\v Ah-kcw
\ap°v X∂n´pw ]ns∂bpw \ΩpsS AIr-Xy-ßf - n¬ \n∂v hn´pamdmsX
AXn¬Øs∂ \mw t]mcmSn \S-°p-∂Xv Xm≥ ImWp-tºmƒ ]t£
tkmtZmapw tKmΩq-dmbpw F∂ {]Imchpw \n\hm ]´Ww F∂
t]msebpw \sΩbpw Xm≥ apSn-®p-I-f-bptam F∂pw As√-¶n¬ ac-
W-Øns‚ B \mgnI thK-Øn¬ \ΩpsS ta¬ hcp-Øptam F∂pw
h®v \mw `b-s∏-tS-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. F∂mepw ]t£, \ΩpsS ta¬
Xm≥ £an-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xmb Cu Xs‚ £a Af-hn-√mØ Xs‚ Ir]
sIm≠pw \ap°v th≠n kZm-bvt∏mgpw Xs‚ Xncp-ap-ºmsI {]m¿∞\
AW®psIm≠n-cn-°p∂ Ir] \nd-b-s∏´ amXm-hmb Xºp-cms\ s]‰
AΩ-bp-sSbpw am¿tØmΩm «olm-bp-sSbpw a‰v F√m ip≤-am-I-s∏-
´-h-cp-sSbpw \a-kvIm-c-ß-fpsS i‡n sIm≠pw Ah-cpsS taep≈
Xs‚ B¿{Z IcpW sIm≠pw A√msX Cu I]-S`-‡n-°m-cmb
\sΩ-°p-dn®v Xm≥ £an-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Ip∂p F∂v Hcp {]Im-chpw
hnNm-cn-°m-hp-∂X
- m-Ip-∂n-√. Fs¥-∂m¬ DØ-a∑m-sc-°p-dn®v Ah Znh-
k-ßƒ Xm≥ Npcp-°p∂p F∂v aØmbn 24˛mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ ]-d-
™n-cn-°p-∂XpsIm≠pw Xs‚ Zmk-\mb A{_-lm-ans\°pdn®pw
Ck-lm-°n-s\-°p-dn®pw bmt°m-_n-s\-°p-dn®pw bn{km-tb-en\v c£

\¬I-s∏´{]Imcw ]g-a-bnepw A{]-Imcw ]pXp-a-bnepw ]e ÿe-
ß-fnepw hnh-cn®p ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂XpsIm≠pw At{X. CXv Xs∂-
bp-a√ aqim -\n-_nbm ssZh-Øns‚ Iev]-\-bm¬ C{k-tb¬ ]p{X-
∑m¿°v th≠n Iev]-\-I-fpsS ]e-I-Iƒ ssIs°m-≈p-hm-\mbn
ko\mbv ae-bn¬ Itcdn \mev]Xv Znh-kß
- ƒ D]-hk - n®v ssZh-Øns‚
Xncp-ap-ºmsI At±lw ]m¿Øphcp-tºmƒ C{k-tb¬ ]p{X-∑m¿
aqisb ImWm-bvI-bm¬ kXy-Øn¬ \n∂v hgn hn´v amdn s]m∂p
sIm≠v Hcp Imfsb hm¿Øp-≠m°n AXv ssZh-sa∂p ]d™v
hµn®v AXn\v _en-bn´v Ah-sc-√m-hcpw adp-]m-Sm-I-s∏-´XpsIm≠v
ssZhw Acn-i-s∏´v Ct∏mƒ Xs∂ Ah-cn¬ H∂p t]mepw tijn-
°msX Ati-jhpw Rm≥ apSn®p If-bp-sa∂v F{Xbpw sImSp-{Iq-c-
ambn Xm≥ Acp-fn-s®-bvX-t∏mƒ aqi hfsc k¶Ss∏´v Ic™v
Ah¿°p th≠n Ah≥ {]m¿∞n®Xn\m¬ ssZhw Ahsc apSn®pIf-
bmsX ho≠psIm≠p F∂v HmssdØmbn¬ ]d™ncn°p∂Xp
t]mse ]m]nIfpw kZm t\chpw ssZhsØ Acnis∏SpØn hcp∂h-
cpamb \ap°v th≠n ssZhØns‚ XncpapºmsI \n∂psIm≠v aqi-
sbt∏mse {]m¿∞\ AW®v Xs‚ AcniØn¬ \n∂v \sΩ ho≠p-
sIm≈phm\mbn´v ssZhØns‚ amXmhpw F√m hnip≤∑mcpsS
cm⁄nbpambncn°p∂ `mKy°mcØn AΩbpsS XncpapºmsI
kZmt\chpw \akv I mchpw {]m¿∞\bpw ssIs°mƒIs∏´
ImgvNbpw AW∏m≥ \msa√mh¿°pw {]tXyIw ISs∏´XmIp∂p.
B Hcp \∑ {]hrØnbn¬ A√msX C\n \ap°v as‰mcp hgnbpw
Hcp klmbhpw e`n°p∂ns√∂v If¶w IqSmsX Rm≥ hnizkn®p
sIm≠mSp∂p. CXpsIm≠v hm’eyap≈htc ChbpsS Dd∏n\mbn
Xmsg ]dbp∂ km£nIsf \nßƒ kq£n®v tI´v If¶a‰ lrZb-
Øm¬ \nßƒ hnizkn®v sImƒhn≥. AXmbXv Xºpcms\s]‰
AΩbpsS hmßn∏ns\°pdn®v «ol∑mcm¬ FgpXs∏´ s]¶okm-
bpsS 6˛mw sk{Zmbn¬ `mKy°mcØn AΩbpsS hmßn∏ns‚ Znhkw
ASpØt∏mƒ ap∂ta ip≤ap≈ «ol∑m¿ F√mhcpw AXmXv ÿe-
ßfn¬ \n∂v taLtØcpIfm¬ AΩbpsS ASp°¬ h∂pIqSs∏´p.
F∂m¬ Ahcn¬ acn®S°s∏´h¿ AhcpsS I_dpIfn¬ \n∂v
Dbn¿Øv ]pds∏´v hs∂Øn. A{]Imcw Xs∂ BZmw, t\ml,
A{_lmw, ZmhoZv apXemb kIe ]nXm°∑mcpw l∆mbpw `mKy-
°mcØnbpsS amXmhmb l∂bpw Geniv_mbpw apXemb kIe
]cnip≤ kv{XoIfpw taLßfm¬ h∂p IqSs∏´p. Ahkm\w
F{Xbpw henb kvXpXntbmSpw IqsS amemJamcpsS kl{kß-
tfmSp IqsSbpw `mKy°mcØnbpsS X\nb≥ ]p{X\mb \ΩpsS

I¿Ømhotim ainlmbpw ]nXmhns‚ heØp `mKØp \n∂pw
Fgp∂≈n AΩbpsS ASp°¬ \n∂psIm≠v AΩsb hnfn®v
Bizkn∏n®v amWnIyamb Gdnb XncphN\ßfpw I¬]n®Xns‚
tijw \ns‚ Xrss°Iƒ Fs‚ IÏƒta¬ hbv° F∂p AΩ
]d™t∏mƒ Xs‚ Xrss° \oń AΩbpsS IÏƒta¬ h®p.
At∏mƒ amXmhv Xs‚ Xrss°Isf ]nSn®v apØn Xs‚ XncphN-
\Øm¬ BImihpw `qanbpw Hcp {]bmkhpw IqSmsX krjvSn®p
F∂ Cu Xrss°Isf Rm≥ IpºnSp∂p F∂pw a‰pw `mKy°mcØn
]d™p. At∏mƒ «ol∑m¿ amXmhn\v AWbs∏´v amXmth \n∂n¬
\n∂v Dj®p F∂ \ns‚ X\nb≥ ]p{X\nepw Xm≥ \n∂n¬ hkn®p
F∂ \n∂nepw sIm≠mSn hnizkn°p∂h¿ ITn\ sRcp°ßfn¬
\n∂v Ah¿ c£s∏Sphm\mbn´v AXn¬ \n∂v \o ]pds∏Sp∂Xmb
Cu temIØn\mbn \ns‚ hmgvhpIsf \o Iev]n° F∂v Ah¿
At]£n®p. At∏mƒ `mKy°mcØn Xs‚ X\nb≥ ]p{Xt\mSv
At]£n®v {]m¿∞n®sXs¥∂m¬ Poh p≈ ssZhØns‚ ]p{X≥
avinlm! \ns∂ s]‰hfpsS \masØ Hm¿Øv \ns∂ hnfn°p∂hcmb
am\pj a°fpsS \akvImcßƒ \o ssIs°m≠v Ahcn¬ \n∂v
kIe in£Ifpw AcniØns‚ hSnIfpw \o \o°n sRcp°-
Øns‚ Imeßfpw \o ambn®p IftbWta. F\n°v Hm¿ΩIfpw
ImgvNIfpw Ah¿ AW-bv°p-tºmƒ Ah-cpsS ImgvN-Ifpw At]£-
Ifpw {]m¿∞\Ifpw AhcpsS IÆp\ocpIfpw \o ssIs°mt≈-
Wta. B cmPyØn¬ \n∂v ]™ßfpw hk¥Ifpw cmPtNmZy-
ßfpw kIe sRcp°ßfpw tcmKßfpw ]nimNn¬ \n∂p≈ D]{Zh-
ßfpw a‰pw \o ambn®pIftbWta. C{]Imcw hneßnSßfntem
kap{ZØntem ZqccmPyØntem AXn≥hÆw {]kh kabØntem
BIp∂h¿ Fs‚ \maw hnfn®m¬ DS≥ Ahsc kIeØnepw ho≠p-
sIm≠v Ah¿°v c£ \¬tIWta. F\n°v ImgvN sImSp°p∂h-
cpsS hbepIfpw ap¥ncntØm∏pIfpw AhcpsS êßfpw Ah¿-
°p≈ kIe IrjnIfpw \o hmgvtØWta. Fs‚ \maØn¬ Ip¿-
_m\ AWbv°p∂ ]´°mcpsS At]£Ifpw ImgvNIfpw \o ssI-
s°mt≈Wta. F∂ohÆw At\I {]m¿∞\Iƒ `mKy°mcØn
\ap°p th≠n AW®p. At∏mƒ \ΩpsS I¿Ømhotim ainlm
Xs‚ amXmhnt\mSv, \ns‚ \maØn¬ kt¶Xs∏´v \n\°v Hm¿Ω-
Ifpw ImgvNIfpw \akvImcßfpw {]m¿∞\Ifpw AWbv°p∂h-
¿°v F∂psat∂bv°pw A\p{Klßfpw at\mKpWhpw \¬In
Ahtcbpw AhcpsS IpSpw_ßsfbpw Ah¿°p≈ kIetØbpw
Rm≥ hmgvØn AhcpsS ZnjvSXnbpw s]m∂v t]mcmbvIbpw Hs°bpw

Rm≥ XnI®p sIm≈psa∂pw a‰pw At\I XncphN\ßƒ Acp-
fns®bvXv AΩsb Bizkn∏n°bpw sNbvXp.
CXpsIm≠v {]nbap≈htc, `mKyw \ndbs∏ńcn°p∂ Cu \ap-
°p≈ AΩbpsS {]m¿∞\ \ap°v F{Xbpw henb tIm´bpw
kt¶XanShpw BIp∂Xn\m¬ B \maØn¬ \mw Hm¿∏m\pw {]m¿-
∞n∏m\pw ImgvN sImSp∏m\pw F{Xbpw ISs∏´hcmIp∂p. CXn-
\m¬ Cu Xncp\maØn¬Øs∂ Hcp Zbdm ]WnbWsa∂pw ktlm-
Zc∑m¿ Hcpan®p hkn°p∂Xv F{Xbpw \√Xpw KpWap≈Xpw
AhnsS I¿Ømhv hmgvhpw at\mKpWhpw \¬Inbn´ps≠∂pw ZmhoZv
\n_nbmbpw, Hcph≥ X\n®v hkn°p∂Xnt\°mƒ Ccphcmbn
hkn°p∂Xv s]cpØv \√sX∂v t«tΩm\pw, Fs‚ \maØn¬
Ccph¿ Xm≥ aqh¿ Xm≥ IqSs∏ńcn°p∂hnsS Rm\pw Ds≠∂v
\ΩpsS I¿Ømhv Acpfns®bvXncn°p∂Xpt]mse sIm≈mIp∂
ktlmZc∑mtcmSp IqsS B Zbdmbn¬ hkn°Wsa∂pw a‰pw hnNm-
cn®v \ΩpsS ]nXmhnt\mSv Adnbn®t∏mƒ BbXn\v Ct∏mƒ ChnsS
Rm≥ ]m¿Øphcp∂ B ]gb apdn Xs∂ s]mfn®v ]pØ\mbn
]WnXv Zbdm B°n Na®m¬ aXn F∂pw AXn\m¬ apf¥pcpØn
]≈n tbmKambn tNmZn°Wsa∂pw Iev]n® DS≥Xs∂ Rßƒ
AhnsS sN∂v BtemNn®t∏mƒ Ah¿ F√mh¿°pw hfsc Xr]vXn-
tbmSp IqsS ta¬]Sn apdnbpw AXnt\mSSpØ ÿehpw \ap°v
DZIambn FgpXnØcnIbpw Ct∏mƒ ta¬∏d™ ]WnIƒ°pw
a‰pw \nßƒØs∂ A√msX s]mXphn¬ as‰mcp kºØpw
\ap°n√mØXn\m¬ `mKy°mcØnbpsS Xncp\maØn¬ s]mXphn¬
Hcp [¿ΩtiJcw ]ncn°p∂Xn\mbn ]ehn[hpw BtemNn®Xn¬
]nSnbcnsb∂ B ssIIfpsS ImgvN A√msX as‰mcp ]ncnhn\pw
CXnte°nt∏mƒ \mw ]pds∏tS≠m F∂pw BbXv F{Xbpw Zcn{Z-
∑mcmbncn°p∂h¿°pw sImSp∏m≥ Ignbp∂ Hcp hgn-]mSv BI
sIm≠pw AXn¬ h®v B¿°pw Hcp sZÆhpw Hcp \jvShpw C√mØ-
Xn\m¬ ]q¿Æ a\t mSpIqsS sImSp°s∏Sp∂XmI sIm≠v BbXv
ip≤ap≈ Hcp apX¬ BbnØocp∂Xn\mepw a‰pw B ]ncnhv Xs∂
\mw FSp°Wsa∂v \ΩpsS ]nXmhv Iev]n°pIbpw ]n∂tØXn¬
`mKy°mcØnbpsS XncpapºmsI CXns\°pdn®v iońIfmse Rm≥
tNmZn®v At]£n®t∏mƒ ]nSnAcn F∂ hgn]mSv Xs∂ thWsa∂v
ImWn®pXcnIbpw sNbvXncn°p∂Xn\m¬ B Iev]\∏Sn Xs∂
\nßtfmSv Rm\pw Cc°p∂p.
F∂m¬ B Iev]\tbbpw B \matØbpw ssIs°m≈p∂n-

√mØ A\ytcmSmIs´ AhnizmknItfmtSm BIs´ Rm≥ bmNn°p-
∂n√. ]q¿Æ a\t mSpw ]q¿Æ Xr]vXntbmSpw `mKyw \ndbs∏ńcn-
°p∂ amXmhn\v Cu ImgvNsb \nt£]ambn ImØp sh∏m≥ a\ p-
≈hcmb AΩbpsS B a°tfmSt{X Rm≥ Cc°p∂Xv.
F∂m¬ CXns\°pdn®v Bsc¶nepw \nµn°pItbm \nckn°tbm
A{]Imcw as‰mcp hncp≤tam hn]-co-Xtam sNbvhm≥ Xp\nbp∂p
F¶n¬ Ah¿°v AXns‚ Iqen `mKy°mcØn AΩ Xs∂ sImSp-
ØpsIm≈s´.
{]nbap≈htc, F∂m¬ Cu hgn]mSv \nßƒ th¿Xncnt°≠Xv
Fßs\sb∂v ]Tn∏n≥. BbXv \nßfpsS F√m hoSpIfnepw D≈-
Xn¬ {]mbw sN∂ncn°p∂ kv{XoIsf Cu \nt£]sØ `mKy°m-
cØn AΩbv°v Hcp°phm\mbn \nßƒ `cta¬]n°Ww. Ah¿
Hcp t\csa¶nepw c≠p t\csa¶nepw aq∂p t\csa¶nepw hbv∏m-
\mbn Acn FSp∏m≥ t]mIp∂ kabsams°bpw Acn FSpØv ]m{X-
Øn¬ C´m¬ ap∂ta AXn¬ \n∂v `mKy°mcØn AΩsb Hm¿Øv
hmcntbm tImcntbm ]nSnt®m \p≈ntbm In≈ntbm AhchcpsS
tijn t]mse FSpØXv \√Xmb Hcp ]m{XØn¬ C´v F√m ka-
bhpw Ab¿∏v IqSmsX CSphm\mbn B ÿeØp Xs∂ `{Zambn
kq£n®p sImƒIbpw RmbdmgvNtXmdpw \nßƒ ]≈nbn¬ hcp-
tºmƒ ip≤am\ ÿeØv H∂pw sIm≠phcmsX hrYm \nßsf
ImWs∏ScpsX∂v HmssdØmbn¬ I¬]n®ncn°p∂Xns\ XnI∏m-
\mbn´pw `mKy°mcØn AΩbv°v Cu ImgvNsb \nßƒ Npa∂pw-
sIm≠v h∂v AΩbpsS XncpapºmsI h®ncn°p∂ B {io`fim-
cs∏ńbn¬ \nßƒ CSpIbpw thWw.
F∂m¬ {]nbap≈htc, ]q¿ÆhnizmktØmSp IqsS Cu ImgvN-
sb \nßƒ Hcp°ptºmƒ CXv \nßfpsS BflØn\v ˛ B temI-
Øn¬ Dd∏pghpw NnXepw £bn∏n°mØXpw I≈∑m¿ apdn®v tamjv-
Sn°mØXpamb Hcp XÆn\o¿IqSn F∂pw \nßfpsS Bflw `mKy-
°mcØn hkn®ncn°p∂ ÿeamb ]dpZokmbv°v AXv tbmKyam-
Ip∂p F¶n¬ B kabw \nßƒ°pth≠n Xs‚ X\nb≥ ]p{X-
t\mSv At]£n∏m\mbn´v `mKy°mcØnbpsS XncpapºmsI AW-
∏m≥ CsXmcp XncpImgvN F∂pw IW°n´p sImƒhn≥. F∂m¬
CXv Akmcamb Hcp ImgvN BIp∂psh¶nepw hnizmktØmSpIqSn
\nßƒ AW°s∏Sp∂p F¶n¬ hn[h kv{XobpsS sNºpImip
t]mse _lpkmcambn ssIs°m≈s∏Sp∂XmIp∂p F∂v \nßƒ

hnizkn®psImƒhn≥.
F∂m¬ ta¬]d™Xp t]mse Hcp {io`fimcs∏Íw D≠m°n
Cu \nt£]sØ tiJcn∏m\mbn´v AΩbpsS \Sbn¬ hbv°bpw
BbXns‚ ]q´v sIm≈mIp∂h\pw ssZhsØ `bap≈h\pw Bb
Hcp ]´°mcs\bpw Hcp {InkvXym\ntbbpw NpaXes∏SpØn Ahsc
Gev]n°pIbpw amkw apºv hcp∂ RmbdmgvN BbXv Xpds∂SpØv
apXem°n Ah¿ apJm¥ncw DS≥ ChnsS FØn®v XcnIbpw thWw.
ta¬∏d™ NpaXe°m¿ `mKy°mcØnbpsS Xncp\maØn¬
Ft∂mSp IqsS Ahcpw bXv\w sNbvIbpw F√m kabhpw Ch
P\ßsf Hm¿Ωs∏SpØpIbpw CXv AhcpsS CSbn¬ {]tXyIw
{Kln∏n°pIbpw sNøp∂Xp IqSmsX Cu Hm¿Ωsb AWbv°p∂-
h¿°v ]m]nbmb F∂m¬ Ignbp∂ Hcp ]Ichpw sNbvhm≥ th≠n
AhcpsS t]cp-Iƒ Hs°bpw Hcp- ]p-kvX-I-am°n Na®v Ah-cpsS
Hm¿Ω ]qPÿeØv Itc‰phm\mbn´v F√m hoSpIfnepw D≈Xn¬
{]mbw sN∂ Hmtcmtcm ]pcpjs‚bpw kv{XobpsSbpw t]cpIƒ
FgpXn sImSpØb°pIbpw thWw. BΩo≥.
ssZhØns‚ Ir]bpw hmgvhpw \msa√mhtcmSp IqsSbpw kZm
h¿≤n®ncn°pamdmIs´. AXv `mKy°mcØn AΩbpsSbpw am¿-
tØmΩm «olmbpsSbpw F√m ip≤amIs∏´hcpsSbpw {]m¿∞\-
Ifm¬Øs∂. BΩo≥.
F∂v ainlmImew 1873˛°v sIm√w 1049˛ mam≠v [\p amkw
28˛\v shń°¬ ]≈nbn¬ \n∂pw'' (I≠-\mSv {KŸ-hcn, ]pdw
202 ˛211).
sh-ń-°¬ Xma-k-am°n k\ymk N¿®-Ifpw sshZnI ]cn-io-e-\-
hp-ambn Ign®p-Iqńb Ncn-{X-]p-cp-js\°pdn®v Fw. kn. Ipdn-bm-t°mkv
dºm≥ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≈Xv C{]-Im-c-amWv:
""\ΩpsS hgn-bmbn IqsS-°qsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ Cu tZlw ]cn-
ip-≤-\mb Hcp ssZh-]p-cp-j≥ BIp∂p F∂v Geoim {]hm-N-I-
s\-°p-dn®v iqt\-ay kv{Xo km£n®{]Imcw Koh-dp-Kokv dºm-®s\
hnizmkn-Iƒ BZ-cn®p XpS-ßn. Zb-dm-b-°-mcpsS imco-cnI t]mj-
W-Øn¬ Aflm-b¿ aSn-bm-bn-cn-°-cp-Xv F∂ Imt\m≥ hn[n-{]-Im-
ctam F∂v tXm∂p-amdv Ah¿ At±-l-Øn\v ]e-hn-[-Øn¬ klmb
ssI \o-ń-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. \m\m-`m-K-ß-fn¬\n∂pw At\Iw hnizm-
kn-Iƒ hmgvhn\mbpw tcmKn-Iƒ At±-l-Øns‚ {]m¿∞-\- aq-e-ap≈

kuJy-Øn-\mbpw t\¿®-Im-gvN-I-tfm-Sp-IqsS At±-lsØ kao-]n®p
sIm≠n-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ injyXzw Hcp ]Z-hn-bmbn Icp-Xn, Kam-
en-tb-ens‚ ]mZ-Øn-¶¬ iu¬ F∂{]Imcw, ]e¿ shń-°¬ Zb-
dm-bn¬ sN∂v At±-l-Øn¬ \n∂v sshZnIhnZym-`ymkw kzoI-cn®p
sIm≠p-an-cp-∂p. shń-°¬ Zbdm Db¿∂p XpS-ßn. AXns‚ kph¿Æ
Imehpw AXp-Xs∂ Bbn-cp-∂p'' (s]m≥Pq-_nen kph-\o¿, 1952,
]pdw 13).
Zb-dm-bpsS hnI-k-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v dºm-®≥ FgpXn Ab®-
Xmbn ta¬ D≤-cn® kpZo¿L-amb A`y¿∞\ "".... hS-°p≈ F√m
]≈n-I-fn¬ \n∂pw shń-°¬ ]Tn®p-h-cp∂ siΩm-i-∑m¿ Xs∂
sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-Ibpw F√m ]≈n-I-fnepw apd-{]-Imcw hmbn-°p-Ibpw
AXp-{]-Imcw F√m Zn°p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw ]nSn-bcn ]ncn-°p-Ibpw shń-
°¬ FØn-°p-Ibpw'' sNbvXp (I-≠-\mSv {KŸ-hcn, ]pdw 211).
bqbm°ow am¿ Iqdn-tem-kns‚ sk{I-´-dnbmbn At±-l-tØm-sSm∏w
]≈n-I-fn¬ k©-cn® IYm-]p-cp-j\v ]≈n-Ifpw sshZn-Icpw P\-ß-
fp-ambn t\cn´v kºm-Zn® ]cn-Nbw C°m-cy-Øn¬ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-´p.
bqbm°ow am¿ Iqdn-tem-kns‚ {Zhym-{K-l-sØbpw kz¥w IpSpw-_-
°m¿°p-th≠n [\w B¿÷n-°-m\p≈ hy{K-X-sbbpw \ho-I-c-W-
tØmSv t]mcm-Sp-hm≥ Ab-bv°-s∏´ At±lw \ho-I-c-W-tØmSv A\p-
c-RvP-\-s∏´v [\m¿÷-\-Øn\v ]c-a-{]m-[m\yw \¬Ip-∂Xpw t\cn´v
ImWp-hm≥ CS-bm-b-Xp-aq-e-amWv At±-l-Øn\v Iqdn-temkv _mhm-
tbmSv \ockw tXm∂m-\n-S-bm-b-Xv. \ockw {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-s√-¶nepw Gsd
sshImsX ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn-te°v At±-lsØ
BI¿jn-®Xpw Cu ]›m-Ø-e-am-Wv. ]n¬°-meØv ioa-°m-cmb
]nXm-°-∑msc _‘-s∏-tS-≠n- h-∂-t∏m-sg√mw Cu Ibv]p≈ A\p-
`-h-]m-T-ßƒ At±lw Hm¿°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. AtX-k-abw ae-¶-c-k-`-
bpsS hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fnse ]ptcm-K-Xn-°mbn ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-
ta\n \S-Øp∂ {]b-Xv\-ßƒ At±lw {i≤n-°p-Ibpw a\ m ]n¥p-
W-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. sIm®n-bn¬ Ip∂w-Ipfw kztZin ]\bv°¬
sF∏q-cp-hns‚ ]m≠n-I-im-e-bn¬ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm sk‚ v tXmakv
{]kv F∂-t]-cn¬ Hcp A®p-IqSw ÿm]n-®Xpw ae-bm-f-Ønepw kpdn-
bm-\n-bnepw Cw•o-jnepw A®Sn Bcw-`n-®Xpw "]c-P\- ß- ƒ°v hnZybpw
\mK-cn-I-Xbpw A`n-hr-≤n-bmbn hcp-hm≥' "tIc-f-]-XmI' F∂ \ma-
t[b-ambn Hcp h¿Ø-am-\-]-{XnI amk-Øn¬ c≠p -X-h-W-bmbn 1048
Nnß -amkw 1˛mw XobXn apX¬ (1872) {]kn≤w sNbvXp XpS-ßn-
bXpw IYm-]p-cp-js\ Dt∑jw sIm≈n® Hcp kwK-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

shń-°¬ Zb-dm-bnse siΩm-i-∑m-cp-ambn Cu hI Imcy-ßƒ dºm-
®≥ N¿® sNbvXn-cp-∂p. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta\n \S-Øp∂ bXv\-
ß-fn-te°v Ah-cpsS {i≤ BI¿jn-®n-cp-∂p. 1872˛¬ sa{Xm-t∏m-
eoØm sX°≥ CS-h-I-I-fn¬ \S-Ønb kµ¿i-\hpw dºm-®s\
Gsd BI¿jn-®p. ""sXt° Zn°p-I-fn¬ Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw kpdn-bm-
\n-am¿§w A`y-kn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp ]pXnb knΩ-\mcn ]Wn-bn-°W - s
- a∂pw
a‰pw At±lw Blzm\w sNbvX-Xn\v {]Xn-I-c-W-ambn Xncp-h-√-tbmSv
tN¿∂v am∂m¿ Acn-Ip-]p-dØp tImcXp amØ≥ F∂ Bƒ°v Cu
Imcy-Øn¬ `‡n-ssh-cmKyw tXm∂n-bn´v Xs‚ hI ]cp-ae F∂
ÿeØv Hcp ]pc-bnSw knΩ-\mcn hbv°p∂ hI-bv°m-bn´v sa{Xm-
t∏m-eo-Ømbv°v Zm\w-sN-bvXn-cn-°p-∂Xp IqSmsX knΩ-\m-cn-∏Wn
DSs\ Bcw-`n-∏m≥ th≠n Xs‚ -hI Hcp s\¬∏pc s]mfn®psIm-Sp-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXp'' (I-≠-\mSv {KŸ-h-cn, ]pdw 186). sX°≥ CS-h-I-
I-fn¬ {]mtbW \ho-I-c-W-Øn\v thtcm´w IqSp-X¬ D≈-Xp-sIm≠v
AXn-s\- {]Xn-tcm-[n-°p-hm≥ Cu DZyaw Gsd klm-bn-°p-sa∂v ]pen-
t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta\n Icp-Xn. ae-¶-c-bpsS hS-°≥ {]tZ-iØp ]mºm-
°p-S-bn¬ sshZn-Im-`y-k-\-Øn\v kuIcyw D≈-Xn-\m¬ shń-°¬
Zb-dm-bnse ]T\w apS-ßn-bmepw Xc-t°-Sn-√ F∂ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-
ta-\n-bpsS A`n-{]mbw NmØp-cpØn dºm\pw kzoIm-cy-am-bn. henb
kwcw-`-ß-fn-te°v FSpØpNmSm≥ Kpcphpw injy\pw IqsS Xocp-am-
\n-®p. GIm-[n-]-Xy -{]-h-W-X-bn¬ Imcy-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°p∂ ]me-
°p-∂Øv sa{X-m®s\ t\cn-Sp-hm≥ P\m-[n-]Xyssien-bn¬ i‡n
kw`-cn-°p-∂Xv DØ-a-sa∂v Ah¿ Xocp-am-\n-®p. \ho-I-c-W-sa-{Xm≥
aqew k`-bn-ep-≠mb sISp-Xn-Iƒ°v ]cn-lmcw ImWm\pw k`-bpsS
t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Bcw-`n-°m-\p≈ \thm-∞m-\ -{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v
]n¥pW t\Sp-hm\pw Ah-sb-∏‰n s]mXp A`n-{]mbw cq]o-I-cn-°p-
hm-\p-ambn Hcp P\-Iob ]m¿e-sa‚ v Xm≥ Bcw-`n® ]cp-ae skan-
\m-cn-bn¬ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta\n hnfn-®p-Iq-ń. 1873 Nnßw 27˛\v
tN¿∂ ]cp-ae Atkm-tky-j\n¬ A°-mew-h-scbpw hnL-Sn-®p-\n∂
bqbm°ow Iqdn-tem-kns\ A≤y-£-]-Z-hn-bn¬ BZ-cn-®p. ae-¶c kpdn-
bm\n {InkvXym\n Atkm-tky-j≥, amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n F∂n-h-bpsS
cq]o-I-c-Ww, ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ £Wn-°¬, hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-
ßƒ XpS-ß¬, ]≈n-Ifn¬ cPn-Ã-dpIƒ Bcw-`n-°¬ XpSßn k`sb
`c-W-]-c-ambpw kmaq-ly-ambpw \ho-I-cn-°p∂ 27 \n›-b-ßƒ A∂v
B tbmK-Øn¬ AwKo-I-cn-®p. i‡-amb H‰ H‰ CS-h-I-Isf AXn-
i-‡-amb Hcp kaq-l-ambn GIo-I-cn-°m-\p≈ al¬ kwcw-`-Øns‚
tIfn-sIm-´mbn 1873˛se ]cp-ae kp∂-l-tZm-kns\ Koh-dp-Kokv dºm-

®≥ {]Xym-im-]q¿hw ho£n-®p. CXn-t\m-SIw shń-°¬ Zb-dm-bn¬-
\n∂v ]cp-a-e-bn-te°v Xmakw am‰nb dºm-®≥ ]cp-a-e-bn¬ t\csØ
D≠m-bn-cp∂ Agn-∏p-c-bn¬ Xma-kn®v X]-›-cy-Ifpw siΩm-i-∑msc
]Tn-∏n-°epw \n¿hln®p t]m∂p. b£n-°mSv F∂v hnfn-°-s∏-ń-cp∂
]cp-a-e-Zzo]v AtXmsS hnip-≤n-bpsS ]dp-Zo-k-bmbn amdn.
]cp-a-e-bn¬ tN¿∂ Atkm-tky-j≥ sXc-s™-SpØ amt\-PnwKv
IΩn-‰n ssIs°m≠ Xocp-am-\-ßƒ th≠{X Kuc-h-tØmsS C\nbpw
hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-ń-ń-√. ]me-°p-∂Øv amXyqkv AØm-\m-tkymkv ]´w-
sIm-SpØ IØ-\m¿am¿°pw siΩm-i-∑m¿°pw bYm¿∞ ]utcm-
lnXyw e`n-®n-ń-√m-ØXn-\m¬ ]p\-cmbn ]´w sImSp-°-W-sa-∂mWv
Ah-bn¬ Hcp {][m\ Xocp-am-\w. CXn≥{]-Imcw "1873 I∂n 2˛mw
XobXn sNºn¬ ]≈-nbn¬ Aº-e-Øp-¶¬ ]t{Xmkv IØ-\m¿°pw
I≠-\mSv ]≈n-bn¬ sXmgp-∏m-S≥ ]utemkv IØ-\m¿°pw ]´w
Agn®v c≠m-aXv XnI®v IØ-\m¿ ]´w sImSp-Øp.' ]cp-a-e-tbmKw
Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc hnP-bn-®p. k`-bpsS Znim-t_m[w \n¿Æ-bn-°p-hm\pw
e£y-ßƒ \n¿h-Nn-°p-hm\pw {]h¿Ø-\-ssien F√m-h¿°pw kzoI-
cn-°-Ø-°-hÆw Bhnjv°-cn-°p-hm-\pw Ign-™p. Iqdn-temkv sa{Xm-
®-\p-am-bp≈ `n∂X ]cn-l-cn-°p-hm≥ Ign-™Xpw Hcp henb hnPbw
Xs∂. tbmK\n›-b{]Imcw ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhmsb £Wn-®p-
sIm≠v ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta\n IØ-b-®p (Fw. ]n. h¿°n, am¿
Zoh-∂m-tkymkv). _mhm IØp -aq-ehpw Iºn -aq-ehpw ]e-t∏m-gmbn
Bh-iy-s∏-´-Xn≥{]Imcw 500 ]h≥ bm{Xm-®n-e-hmbn hfsc t¢in®v
]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta\n Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. CXn-\n-S-bn¬ am¿ Iqdn-
tem-kn\v AkpJw h¿≤n-®-Xn-\m¬ dºm-®-s‚bpw a‰pw t{]c-W-
{]Imcw At±-lsØ apf-¥p-cpØn ]≈-n-bn-te°v sIm≠p-h-∂p.
tcmKw {]Xn-Zn\w h¿≤n-°-sIm≠v NmØp-cpØn dºm-®≥ ASp-Øp≈
]≈n-Iƒ°v C{]-Imcw Fgp-Xn: ""\msf _mhmbv°v sskØp-]q-i¬
Ign-°-Ø-°-hÆw \n›-bn-®n-cn-°-sIm≠v hnhcw \nß-sfbpw Adn-
bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. F∂v 1049 (1873) I¿°n-SIw 31˛mw Xob-Xn.''
Nnßw 1˛\v Kohdp-Kokv dºm-®\pw Itcm-´p-ho-ń¬ sia-hq≥
tImdnbpw apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ ]ueqkv IØ-\mcpw tN¿∂v aq∂n-t∑¬ Ip¿-
∫m\ sNm√n. ]n∂oSv am¿ Iqdn-tem-kns\ Ipº-km-cn-∏n®v hn. Ip¿-
∫m\ sImSp-Øp. AXp-I-gn™v I¥o-em-bpsS {Ia-{]-Imcw am¿ Iqdn-
tem-kns\ sskØv ]qin. 1874 Nnßw 20˛mw XobXn am¿ Iqdn-temkv
\ncym-X-\m-bn. \n¿t±-in-°-s∏´ ÿeØv At±-lsØ I_-d-S-°n.
]. ]t{Xmkv ]m{Xn-b¿°okv e≠≥ hgn a{Z-mkn-se-Øn. At±-

lsØ kzoI-cn-∏m≥ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS t\Xr-
Xz-Øn¬ Hcp kwLw t]mbn-cp-∂p. \mńse {Iao-I-c-W-ßƒ°pw
]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm-bpsS Zzn`mjn Bbn-cn-∏m\pw Xs‚ a\- m£n
kq£n-∏p-Im-c\pw sk{I-´-dn-bp-amb NmØp-cp-Øn¬ dºms\ sa{Xm-
t∏m-eoØm \ntbm-Kn®p. ]n∂oSv At±lw ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm-
tbm-sSmØp Ip∂w-Ipfw apX¬ bm{X Bcw-`n-®p. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-
s\bpw At±-l-Øns‚ IqsS -h∂ A_vZp≈m am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kn-
s\bpw a‰pw Adn-bp-hm≥ CXv anI® Ah-k-c-am-bn. am¿ Iqdn-tem-
kns\t∏mse ]m{Xn-b¿°okpw IqsS-bp-≈-hcpw {Zhym-{K-ln-I-sf∂v
kq£va-{K-l-W-ti-jn-bp≈ dºm-®≥ a\- n-em-°n. F¶nepw Ah-
cpsS tkh\w A]-cn-Xym-Py-amb Hcp L´-Øn¬ hne-s∏-´-sX∂v
At±lw hne-bn-cp-Øn. hr≤≥ IqsS-bmb ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-s\-∏-‰n
Gh¿°pw aXn∏v h¿≤n-°pw-hn[w Zzn`m-jn-bmb dºm-®≥ tkmt±-iy-
ambn {]h¿Øn-®p. BZ-c-thmSp IqSn _mhmsb ]≈n-°m¿ am{X-a√,
DtZym-K-ÿ-∑mcpw cmP-Ip-Spw-_mw-K-ßfpw ho£n-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn.
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-sØ-Ønb ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v AXy-`q-X-]q¿∆-amb
kzoI-c-W-amWv cmP-k-Z- n¬ \n∂v e`n-®-Xv. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ GXv
B{K-lhpw \nd-th-‰m≥ k∂-≤-\mb alm-cm-Pmhv, ]me-°p-∂Øv am¿
AØm-\m-tkymkn\v \¬I-s∏-ń-cp∂ cmP-Iob hnfw-_cw kt¥m-
j-]q¿∆w d±m-°n. C°m-cy-Øn¬ BgvN-I-tfmfw XmgØv ]p∂{X
Nm≠-∏n≈ IØ-\m¿ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv Xma-kn®v DtZym-K-ÿ-∑msc
I≠v \S-Ønb \nth-Z-\-ßfpw ip]m¿i-Ifpw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-
ta\n, Koh-dp-Kokv dºm≥ F∂n-h-cpsS ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Ø-tem-sSm-∂n®v
BK-X-\mb ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm-bpsS apJ-Z¿i-\-tØmsS Zp¿-_-
e-s∏´p t]mbn. Dt±-in® Imcy-ßƒ apgp-h≥ t\Sn tPXm-°-fm-bn-
´mWv ]m{Xn-b¿°m-kwLw aS-ßn-b-Xv.
]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm 1873˛se ]cp-ae \n›-b-{]-Imcw am¿ Zoh-
∂m-tkym-kns‚ AXnYn Bbn-´mWv FØn-b-sX-¶nepw am¿ AØm-
\mtkymkns\ {]km-Zn-∏n®v At±-l-Øn¬\n∂v em`-ap-≠m-°p-hm≥
hgn-bpt≠m F∂v \nc-¥cw Nn¥n-®n-cp-∂p. bm{Xm-®n-e-hn-te-°mbn
3000 cq]m Xcm≥ Xbm-dp-s≠∂ AØm-\m-tky-mkns‚ hmKvZm\w
am¿ Iqdn-tem-kns‚ ktlm-Z-c≥ a°p-Znim Iºn -A-Sn®v Adn-bn-®Xv
Hcp h≥ {]tem-`-\-ambn At±-l-Øns‚ a\- n¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]me-
°p-∂Øv AØm-\m-tkymkv ]. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v Fs¥-¶nepw ]mcn-
tXm-jnIw \¬In-b-Xmbn hmbn-®n-ń-√. F∂m¬ Bdv sa{Xm-∑msc
hmgn-®Xpw Ah¿°v ]pen-t°m-ń¬ sa{Xm-s\-t∏mse kzX{¥ `{Zm-

k-\-®p-a-Xe A\p-h-Zn-®Xpw ae-¶c Atkm-tky-j\pw amt\-PnwKv
IΩn-‰nbpw ]ncn®p-hn-´Xpw AXns‚ A≤y-£-ÿm-\-Øp-\n∂v ]pen-
t°m-ń¬ sa{Xm-®s\ \o°w sNbvXXpw Hs° Iqń-hm-bn-°p-tºmƒ
Hcp hyh-lm-c-Øn¬ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ sa{Xm-®s‚ hmZ-K-Xn-Isf \n»-
_vZ-am-°p-hm≥ ]me-°p-∂Øv sa{Xm-®≥ h®v \ońb {]tem-`-\-ßƒ
kzoI-cn®v ]m{Xn-b¿°okv sNbvX \S-]-Sn-Iƒ At√ Ch F∂v Bcpw
kwi-bn®p t]mIpw. GXm-bmepw \ΩpsS IYm-\m-b-I\v Cu Imcy-
Øn¬ Nne Dd® Adn-hp-Ifpw t_m[y-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]n¬°m-
eØv Du¿t«w bm{X \S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ At±lw X\n°v ]´w-\¬Inb
]t{Xmkv _mhm-bpsS I_-dnSw kµ¿in-°p-Itbm A∂sØ ]m{Xn-
b¿°m Bÿm\w kµ¿in-°p-Itbm sNbvXn√ F∂Xv CXp-ambn
Iqń-hm-bn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Gsd-Øma-kn-bmsX AØm-\m-tkym-kn\v ap≥ a-lm-cm-Pmhv \¬-
Inbn-cp∂ hnfw-_cw d±m-°n-s°m≠v \nth-Z-I-kw-L-tØmSv hmKvZm\w
sNbvX-{]-Imcw alm-cm-Pmhv ]pXnb hnfw-_cw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. C°m-
cy-Øn¬ \ho-I-cW]£-Øn\pth≠n XmgØv Nm≠-∏n≈ IØ-
\m-cpsS D’m-l-Øn¬ ka¿∏n-°-s∏´ F√m At]-£-Ifpw Ah-K-
Wn-°-s∏-´p. At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn¬\n∂v ÿm\-ta‰p F∂v
Ah-Im-i-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ ]me-°p-∂Øv AØm-\m-tkymkv ae-¶-
c-bn-se-Ønb At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ ]e Ah-k-c-ßƒ
D≠m-bn´pw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ `b-s∏-´Xv ]≈n-I-sfbpw sshZn-
I-scbpw kwi-bn-∏n-®p. \ncWw ]≈n-bn-en-cp∂ AØ-m\mtkymkns\
ImWp-hm≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm sN∂-t∏mƒ Hcp òcp-hn-s\-
t∏mse apdn-I-fpsS AIw-hm-Xn-e-S®v ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ ImWm-Xn-
cp∂Xpw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn¬\n∂v kwc-£Ww Bh-iy-s∏-´p-sIm≠v
A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v l¿Pn Ab-®Xpw At±-l-Øn-\-\p-Iq-e-amb s]mXp-
P-\-hn-Im-csØ {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn _m[n®p (I-≠-\mSv {KŸ-hcn, ]pdw
277˛279). AØm-\m-tkym-kn¬\n∂v ]´-ta-‰-h¿ ho≠pw km[phmb
ssIsh∏v kzoI-cn-°-W-sa∂v ]m{Xn-b¿°okv Adn-bn-®-Xn-s\-Øp-
S¿∂v A\-h[nt]¿ ]p\-cmbn ]´wG‰ hnhcw I≠-\mSv {KŸ-h-cn-
bn¬ ImWp-∂p-≠v. AØm-\m-tkym-kns‚ A[nImcw ]n≥h-en-°p∂
cmP-Iob hnfw-_cw {]kn-≤o-Ir-X-am-b-tXmsS ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚
ZuXyw Ah-km-\n®p F∂v Icp-Xn-b-h¿°v sX‰p- ]-‰n. ae-¶-c-k-`sb
Xs‚ tImf-\n-bm-°m-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-I-fn-te-°mWv At±lw ]n∂oSv
\oßn-b-Xv. At¥ym-Jy≥ bmt°m-_mb k`-bpsS \S-]-Sn-{Iaw Bcm-
[-\-bn¬ ÿm]n-°m≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ap≥ssI FSpØp. {]Xn-Zn-\-

\a-kvIm-cw, hn. Ip¿∫m-\m¿∏Ww XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-fpsS hni-Zmw-
i-ß-fn¬t∏mepw At¥ym-Jy≥ BNm-c-ßfpw \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßfpw ae-
¶-c-k-`-bn¬ At±lw \´p-]n-Sn-∏n-®p. 1876 G{]n¬ amk-Ønse lmim-
ip-{iq-j-Iƒ°v \ncWw ]≈n-bn¬ {][m\ Im¿Ωn-IXzw hln®
]m{Xn-b¿°okv lmim-\-S-]-Sn-I-fn¬ At¥ym-Jy≥ co-Xn-Iƒ ]cn-N-
b-s∏-Sp-Øn. ip{iq-j-I-fn¬ NmØp-cpØn dºm-®\pw ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp∂p.
]cp-a-e-bn¬ 1873˛¬ IqSnb Atkm-tky-j-s‚bpw a‰pw Imcy-ßƒ
Adn-™-tXmsS, Xs‚ A≤y-£-X-bn¬ A{]-Im-c-samcp tbmKw IqSp-
hm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS `c-W-Øn¬ CS-s]-Sp∂ X{¥-am-
bn-cp∂p AXv. IqSp-X¬ CS-h-I-Iƒ ]s¶-Sp-tØ°pw F∂ {]Xo-£-
bn¬ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ sa{Xm-®\pw a‰pw AXns\ A\p-Iq-en-®p. Xncp-
sh-gp-Øp hnfw-_cw ]n≥h-en-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ]me-°p-∂Øv sa{X-m®≥
]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhmsb kµ¿in-°p-hm≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXtXmsS N©-e-a-\ v Bbn \n∂n-cp∂ ]e sshZn-Icpw Ah-
cpsS CS-h-I-Ifpw \ho-I-c-W-sa{Xms\ ssIhn´v ]pen-t°m-ń¬
sa{Xms‚ A\p-bm-bn-I-fm-bn. I≠-\mSv Itcm-´p-ho-ń¬ sia-hq≥
tImsd-∏n-kvtIm-∏m, hS-°≥]d-hq¿ CS-h-I-bn¬ IS-hn¬ Iqc≥
]ueqkv a¬]m≥ F∂o {]K-¤-∑m¿ Ah-cn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.
Pq¨ 27 apX¬ 30 hsc apf-¥p-cpØn ]≈n-bn¬ tN¿∂ kp∂-l-
tZmkv aq∂p sIm√w apºv ]cp-aetbmK-Øn¬ kzoI-cn® \n›-b-
ßsf IqSp-X¬ Bg-Ønepw hym]vXn-bnepw \n›-bn®v Dd-∏n-®p. ]pen-
t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\nbpw A°c Ipcn-b≥ ssd´dpw tN¿∂v Xbm-dm-
°nb {]ta-b-ßƒ Hmtcm∂pw dºm-®≥ kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ hnh¿Ø\w
sNbvXp ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ hmbn®p tIƒ∏n®v AwKo-Imcw t\Sn-b-
ti-j-amWv ]m m-°n-b-Xv. ê-Øn¬ ]cp-a-e-tbm-K-tØ-°mƒ IqSp-
X¬ ]¶m-fn-Øhpw k`m-X-e-hs‚ km∂n-≤y-hp-ap≈ tbmK-Øn¬
Atkm-tky-j\pw amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰nbpw cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ]pen-
t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns\ kan-Xn-I-fpsS A≤y-£-\mbn \nb-
an-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ kq{X-[m-c≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬
Kpcp-hmb ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\n-tbm-sSm∏w NmØp-cpØn dºm-®\pw
AWn-b-d-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-®p.
]m{Xn-b¿°okv I¿Ω-\n-c-X-\m-bn-cp-∂p. 1876 Nnßw 15˛\v ssZh-
am-Xm-hns‚ hmßn∏v s]cp-∂m-fn¬ apf-¥p-cp-Øn-∏-≈n-bn¬sh®v
At±lw hn. aqtdm≥ ip≤o-I-cWw \S-Øn. am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kv,
am¿ A_vZp≈m {KotKm-dn-tbmkv F∂n-h¿ apJy kl-Im¿Ωn-I¿

Bbn-cp-∂p. ae-¶-c-bn¬ \S∂ BZysØ aqtdm≥ IqZm-i-bn¬ IYm-
]p-cp-j≥ Pm{K-X-tbmsS ]s¶-Sp-Øp. Bcm-[-\m-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ P∑-\m-
hm-k-\-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ dºm-®≥ ip{iq-j-I-fpsS kq£vamw-i-ßƒ
{i≤n°p- I bpw kwi- b - ß ƒ N¿®- sNbv X p ]cn- l - c n- ° pIbpw
sNbvXp. hn. aqtdm≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v am{Xta IqZmi sNøp-hm≥
A\p-hm-Z-ap≈p F∂ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ \ne-]mSv At±lw Xs∂
ae-¶-c-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v ]m m-°nb lqZm-b-Im-t\m≥ \nb-a-ßƒ°v
hncp-≤-am-sW∂v dºm-®≥ Hm¿sØ-¶nepw aqtdm≥ IqZm-isb {]Xn-
êw hmßm\p≈ D]m-b-am°n ]≈n-Iƒ°v s]mXp-I¬∏\ Ab®
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ ]nW-°m-s\m∂pw dºm-®≥ Xøm-dm-bn-√. GXp
D∂-X-ÿm-\o-bcpw "amtΩms‚' Zmk-∑m¿ BWt√m F∂v dºm-®≥
k¶-StØmsS Hm¿°pI am{Xw sNbvXp. ]≈n-I-fn¬ hn. aqtdm≥
hnX-cWw sNøm≥ A_vZp≈m am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kns\ Ab-®-t∏mƒ
Xs‚ injy≥ Iq-sS-bmb h´-t»-cn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv aev]m-s\-bmWv
Iq´-Øn¬ Zzn`m-jn-bmbn Ab-®-Xv. injys‚ kpdn-bm-\n-`mjm ⁄m\-
sØ-∏-‰n Kpcp-hn\v aXn-∏m-bn-cp-∂p.
hS-°≥]d-hq¿ ]≈n-bn¬ h®v 1876 hr›nIw 21˛\v (Un-kw. 3)
tIm\m´v Koh-dp-Kokv bqen-tbm-kv, IS-hn¬ ]ueqkv AØ-m\m-
tkymkv F∂n-hsc ta¬]-´-°m-cmbn ]m{Xn-b¿°okv hmgn-®p. ]´w-
sIm-S-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ ]nXm-°-∑m¿ \n¿t±-in-®n-´p≈ i¬aqkm t`Z-
KXn sNbvXp Xt∂mSv hy‡n-]c - a
- mbn \S-Øp∂ DS-ºS- n-bmbn AXns\
hyXym-k-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv kpdn-bm\n `mjm-`n⁄≥ IqsS-bmb dºm-
®≥ {i≤n-®p. k`m-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn AXv knhn¬
DtZym-K-ÿ-s\-s°m≠v cPn-Ã¿ sNøn-®Xv dºm-®s\ A¤p-X-s∏-
SpØn. F¶nepw k\ym-k-N-cy-bpsS `mK-ambn A\p-k-cWw hy‡n-
Xz-Øns‚ `mK-am°nb dºm-®≥ \n»-_vZ-ambn F√mw t\m°n-°m-
Wp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. apf-¥p-cp-Øn-bn¬ ZrV-s∏-Sp-Ønb ae-¶c kpdn-
bm\n {InkvXym\n Atkm-tky-j-t\mtSm amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n-tbmtSm
H´pw BtemNn-°m-sXbpw AXns‚ A≤y-£-\mb ae-¶c sa{Xm-
t\mSv IqSnbmtem-Nn-°m-sXbpw ]d-hq¿ ]≈n-bn¬ h®v c≠p sa{Xm-
∑msc hmgn-®Xv k`-bn¬ hym]-I-amb {]Xn-tj[w hnfn-®p-h-cp-Øn.
]\-bv°¬ sF∏q-cp, A°c Ipcn-b≥ ssd´¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ {]Xn-
tj[w tcJm-aqew Adn-bn-°p-I-t]mepw sNbvXp-sh-¶nepw ]m{Xn-b¿-
°okv Ipep-ßn-bn-√. HcmgvN Ign™v hS-°≥]d-hq¿ ]≈n-bn¬ h®v
Xs∂ hr›nIw 28˛\v Aºm´v Iqdn-tem-kn-s\bpw NmØp-cpØn am¿
{KotKm-dn-tbm-kn-s\bpw ]m{Xn-b¿°okv sa{Xm-∑m-cmbn hmgn-®p. Cu

hmgvNI - f
- n¬ ae-¶c sa{Xmt\m ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ IqsS h - ∂ {KotKm-
dn-tbmtkm ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂n-√. aqtdm≥ IqZm-ibnepw sa{Xm≥ hmgvN-
bnepw X\n-°p≈ Bflob ]c-am-[n-Imcw Bcp-ambpw ]¶n-Sp-hm≥
Xbm-d-s√∂v ]m{Xn-b¿°okv Cu \S-]-Sn-I-fn-eqsS hy‡-am-°p-I-bm-
bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ Kpcphpw ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bp-amb am¿ Zoh-
∂m-tkym-kns‚ Akm-∂n-[y-Øn¬ ÿm\-ta¬°p-∂Xv k¶-S-I-c-am-
bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw k`m-≤y-£s‚ B⁄Iƒ°v At±lw a\- n-√m-
a-\-t msS hnt[-b-\m-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. k`sb Ggv `{Zm-k-\-ß-fmbn
]m{Xn-b¿°okv GI-]-£o-b-ambn hn`-Pn-®p. tIm\m´v am¿ bqen-tbm-
kn\v Xpº-a¨ sa{Xm-k-\hpw IS-hn¬ am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kn\v
tIm´bw sa{Xm-k-\hpw Aºm´v am¿ Iqdn-temkn\v A¶-amen sa{Xm-
k-\hpw NmØp-cpØn am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kn\v \ncWw sa{Xm-k-\hpw
\¬Ip∂ {]Jym- ] - \ - ß fpw ]m{Xn- b ¿°okv GI- ] - £ o- b - a mbn
\SØn. CtXmsS ê- Ø n¬ ae- ¶ c sa{Xm- t ∏m- e oØm F∂
ÿm]\w ê-Øn¬ C√m-sX-bm-bn. \ho-I-cW sa{Xm-∑m¿s°Xnsc
\nba-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-hm≥ Akm-[y-amb Hcp Nnd-I-cn-b-em-
bn-cp∂p Cu \S-]-Sn. ae-¶-c-bpsS euIn-Im-[n-Imcw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-
\m-sW∂v {]Jym-]n-°p∂ cPn-tÃ¿Uv DS-ºSn \¬In-bm¬ am¿ Zoh-
∂m-tkymkn\v sIm√w sa{X-mk\w \¬Im-sa∂v ]m{Xn-b¿°okv
hy‡-am°n F¶nepw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta\n AXn\v hg-ßm-sXbpw
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ ]nW-°m-sXbpw X{¥-]q¿∆w s]cp-am-dn. tIm]m-
Ipe-\mb ]m{Xn-b¿°okv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns\ Atkm-tky-js‚
A≤y-£-ÿm\Øp\n∂v \o°w sNøp-Ibpw amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n ]ncn-
®p-hn-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
1877˛¬ AI-∏-dºv ]≈-nbn¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm \S-Ønb
lmim ip{iq-j-I-fn¬ sIm®p-sa-{Xm-®≥ ]s¶-Sp-Øp. lmim BgvN-
bn¬ At¥ym-Jy≥ k`-bnse A\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ kq£va-ambn \nco-
£n-®p. t\csØ A¶am-en-bn¬ b¬tZm ip{iq-jbnepw I≠-\mSv
]≈n-bn¬ Z\lm ip{iq-jbnepw IS-a‰w ]≈n-bn¬ ]mXn-t\m-ºns‚
ip{iq-j-bnepw IYm-]pcp-j≥ ]s¶-SpØv ip{iq-j-I-fpsS \S-]-Sn-{I-
a-ßƒ {i≤m-]q¿∆w ho£n-®p.
BtLm-j-ambn ae-¶ck`m -k-µ¿i\w Bcw-`n® ]m{Xn-b¿°okv
{]Xn-Zn\w P\-]n-¥pW \jvS-s∏´v H‰-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. I≠-\mSv
{KŸ-hcn Imcy-ßƒ C{]-Imcw \nco-£n-®n-cn-°p∂p:
"".... -]n∂oSv hnip≤ ]nXmhv sX°pw hS-°p-ap≈ aP-eokpIm¿55

Xncp-ap-ºmsI taSw 21-˛mw XobXn sIm®n-bn¬ h∂p- Iq-S-Ø°hÆw
Iev]\ Ab-®m-sd B Xob-Xn°v H∂pc≠p t]¿ HgnsI Bcpw
hcm- ™ Xn- \ mepw Xncp- h - \ - ¥ - ] p- c Øp sN∂v alm- c m- P m- h p- a mbn
ImWW-sa∂v hnNm-cn®v Adn-bn-®m-sd aq∂mw-Iq¿ Xºp-cm≥ Xos∏-´-
Xn-\m¬ DSs\ Hcp IqSn-°m-gvNbv°v CS Cs√∂p Adnhp In´p-I-
bmepw a‰pw At¥ym-Jybv°v Xncn®pt]mIm-sa-∂p-d®p'' (]p-dw 386).
]me-°p-∂Øv am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kns\Xncmb \ne-]m-Sp-I-sf-
∏‰n Fs¥-¶nepw hyXym-k-ß-ƒ hcp-Øp-hmt\m ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿
Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns\Xncmbn ]cm-Xn-Iƒ t_m[n-∏n-°p-hmt\m at‰m
BtWm ]m{Xn-b¿°okv alm-cm-Pm-hp-ambn IqSn-°mgvN B{K-ln-®-
sX∂v hy‡-a-√. IqSn-°mgvN B{K-ln-®-Xmbpw A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-Sm-Xn-
cp-∂-Xmbpw I≠-\mSv {KŸ-h-cn-bn-e-√msX as‰ßpw Hcp ]cm-a¿ihpw
I≠n-ń-√. GXm-bmepw B aS-°-bm{X A{]-Xo-£nXambn-cp-∂p.
kΩm-\-ß-fm-bn e`n® s]m≥, sh≈n D]-I-c-W-ßƒ Dcp°n hn‰v
]W-am-°m≥ t]mepw ]m{Xn-b¿°okv kabw If-™n-√. Xs‚ aS-
°- b m- { X- b n¬ Cu kΩm- \ - ß ƒ HºXv henb s]ń- I fnem°n
At±lw IqsS sIm≠p-t]m-bn. IqsS sIm≠p-h∂ A_vZp≈m {KotKm-
dn-tbm-kn-t\m-Sp-t]mepw bm{X-]-d-bmt\m At±-lsØ IqsS- Iq-´mt\m
]m{Xn-b¿°okv kabw If-™n-√. B aS-°-bm-{X-bn¬ Gsd Zpcq-
l-X-Iƒ \nd-™p- \n¬°p-∂p.
]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm, aS-°-bm-{Xbv°v sXm´p apºv, CS-h -amkw
5˛mw XobXn Ip∂w-Ipfw Nnd-fbw ]≈n-bn¬ h®v apdna‰-Øn¬ am¿
Cuhm-\n-tbm-kn\pw Itcm-´p-hoń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn\pw sa{Xm≥-
ÿm\w \¬In. Ahsc bYm-{Iaw I≠-\m-Sv-,-sIm®n sa{Xm-k-\-ß-
fn-te°v \ntbm-Kn-®p. ae-¶ck`-bn¬ Ncn-{X-Øn-em-Zy-ambn Ggv sa{Xm-
∑m¿ D≠m-bn. G‰hpw {]mbw Ipd-™-bmƒ F∂ \ne-bn¬ NmØp-
cp-Øn¬ Xncp-ta\n "sIm®psa{Xm-®≥' F∂v hnfn-°-s∏-´p. CShw 7˛\v
i\n-bmgvN ]m{Xn-b¿°okv Nmen-t»cn ]Sn-™msd ]≈n-bn-se-Øn.
]ns‰∂mƒ NmØp-cpØn am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv, _mhm-bpsS \n¿t±-i-
{]-Imcw A¿∏n® Ip¿∫m-\-bpsS a[y-Øn¬ Ip∂w-Ipfw CS-h-I-
bnse aq∂p t]¿°v siΩm-ip-]´w \¬In. 9˛mw XobXn Xn¶-fmgvN
]nXmhv sa{Xm-∑mcpw c≠p-\mev ]´-°mcpw \qdn¬ A[nIw P\-ß-fp-
ambn ]´m-ºnbn-se-Øn. Xncn-®p-t]m-°ns‚ Ahÿ t\m°n-bm¬
At±lw BXn-tY-bsc F{X-am{Xw shdp-∏n-®mWv aS-ßn-t∏m-bXv F∂v
a\- n-em-°mw.
A¥na I¬]-\-I-fmbn ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ]pXnb sa{Xm-∑msc N´w-

sI-ńb Imcy-ßƒ Ch-bmWv:
1. \nß-fpsS `{Zm-k\mXn¿Øn- hn´v a‰v `{Zm-k-\-Øn¬ {]th-in-
°p-Itbm a‰p sa{Xm-∑msc {]th-in-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°pItbm sNø-
cp-Xv.
2. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkpw A_vZp≈m am¿ {KotKm-
dn-tbmkpw Fs‚ I¬]\ A\p-kcn-°p-∂n-√. \nßƒ Ah-tcmSv Hcp-
hn-[-Ønepw A\p-Iq-e-ambn kº¿°-Øn-te¿s∏-S-cp-Xv.
3. A_vZp≈m {KotKm-dn-tbm-kns\ thKw Xncn-®-b-bv°-Ww.
4. dnioim IrXy-ambn ]ncn®v knwlm-k-\-Øn-te°v Ab-bv°Ww.
5. \mw cq]o-I-cn® amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n \mw Xs∂ ]ncn®phn´-Xn-
\m¬ AXv hnfn-®p-Iq-´p-Itbm AXns\ ]p\¿Po-hn-∏n-°p-Itbm {]h¿-
Øn-∏n-°p-Itbm sNø-cp-Xv.
Xn¶-fmgvN D®bv°v apºv 11 1/2 aWn-°p-h∂ Xoh-≠n-bn¬ ]\-
°¬ sF∏qcp hmßn-s°m-SpØ bm{Xm-Sn-°-‰p-ambn ]m{Xn-b¿°okv
]´mºn tÃj-\n¬ \n∂v bm{X Xncn-®p. At±lw Adn-bmsX AtX
h≠n-bn¬ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ sa{X-m®\pw Ibdn bm{X-bm-bn.
]. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n
29-˛mw hb- n¬
A≤ymbw 3
]pXnb sa{Xm-∑mcpw
]pXnb {]iv\-ßfpw
NmØp- c p- Ø n¬ am¿ {KotKm- d n- t bmkv sa{Xm- t ∏m- e o- Ø mbv ° v
\ncWw sa{Xm-k-\-Øns‚ Npa-Xe I¬]n-®p-sIm≠v ]t{Xmkv ]m{Xn-
b¿°okv kpkv X m- Ø n- t °m¨ \¬In. Xmsg- ] - d - b p∂ {]Imcw
AXn¬ Ccp-]-Øn-aq∂v ]≈n-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
1. \nc-WØv ]≈n. 2. Cøm-∏p-cØv ]≈n. 3. shßm-]-≈n. 4. Xncp-
h√m hen-b-]≈n. 5. Xncp-h√m sXcp-hn¬]-≈n. 6. a√-∏≈n ]≈n. 7.
Im¿Øn-I-∏≈n]≈n. 8. ]cp-ae skan-\mcn ]≈n. 9. Xe-h-Sn-Ipgn
]≈n. 10. Imc-°¬ ]≈n. 11. sNdp-tIm¬ ]≈-n. 12. Xe-hSn ]≈n. 13.
FSXzm ]≈n. 14. Xncp-h√m IShn¬ ]≈n. 15. I√q-∏md ]≈n. 16.
Xpcp-Øn-°mSv ]≈n. 17. sN∂n-Øe ]≈n. 18. aÆ-tØmSv ]≈n. 19.
ta{]m¬ ]≈n. 20. shÆn-°pfw ]≈n. 21. hob-]p-cw ]≈n. 22. thß¬
]≈n. 23. Ihn-bq¿ ]≈n. 24. Icp-hm‰m ]≈n.
(]≈nI-fpsS FÆ-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Nne sNdnb hyXym-k-
ßƒ ]e ]pkvX-I-ß-fnepw ImWp-∂p-≠v.)
knwlm-k\ {]XnjvT Ign-bp∂tXmsS Hcp cmPm-hns‚ DXv°WvT-
Iƒ ]eXpw ian-°p-sa-¶nepw e`n® ÿm\w Hcp cmPm-hns\ DØ-c-
hm-Zn-Ø-ß-fpsS ]e `mc-ßfpw G¬]n-°p-∂p-sh∂pw Imfn-Zmk alm-
Ihn imIp-¥fw ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂Xv F{Xtbm icn-
bmWv! Bdp -t]¿°pw sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-∑m-cpsS ÿm\w e`n-®-Xn¬
kt¥m-jhpw Xr]vXnbpw D≠mbn F¶nepw AtXm-sSm∏w Ah¿ ]cn-
K-Wn-t°-≠p∂ {]Xn-k-‘n-I-fpsS Bgw Ahsc hnj-Æ-cm-°n.
1. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv {Zhym-{Klw aqew ta¬]-´-°m-cpsS apgp-h≥
hnizm-kyX \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p.
2. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ sa{Xm-®\v ae-¶c sa{Xm≥ ÿm\w \ntj-[n-®n-
cn-°p-∂p. DS-ºSn sImSp-°m-Ø-Xns‚ t]cn¬ `{Zm-k\ `cWw -t]mepw
\ntj-[n-®n-cn-°p∂p. At±-l-tØmSv kl-I-cn-°-cpXv F∂v ]m{Xn-
b¿°okv Bh¿Øn®v Iev]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
3. Xßsf doiokm ]ncn-hp-Im-cm°n am‰n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
4. tIm´bw ]g-b-sk-an-\mcn XpSßn k`-bpsS s]mXp DS-a-bn-ep≈

ÿe-ßƒ hos≠-Sp-°phm≥ F¥mWv am¿§w?
5. ae-¶c Atkm-tky-j\pw amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰nbpw ]m{Xn-b¿°okv
]ncn®phnń-cn-°p∂p. taem¬ hnfn-®p-IqćpsX∂v I¬]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
]´m-ºn-bn¬ \n∂v ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhmsb bm{X Ab-®-tijw
sa{Xm-∑m¿ Bdp -t]cpw \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns‚ Itc-‰w Ign-™Xn¬-
∏ns∂ «ol-∑m¿ ZpxJ-tØmsS ae-bn¬\n∂v ]pd-s∏´v Du¿t«-an¬
h∂v Xma-kn®{]Imcw sa{Xm-®-∑m¿ F√m-hcpw s]mXp-ÿ-e-am-Ip∂
shń-°¬ Zb-dm-bn¬ h∂v anYp\w 29˛\v ]t{Xm-kv-˛-]u-temkv «ol-
∑m-cpsS s]cp-∂mƒ hsc D]-h-kn®v {]m¿∞n-°-W-sa∂v \n›-bn®v
At∏mƒXs∂ ]´m-ºn-bn¬ \n∂v ]pd-s∏´v GI-tZiw \mep- \m-gnI
cm{Xn sN∂-tijw Ip∂w-Ip-f-ßc ]≈n-bn-seØn `£Ww Ign®v
DSs\ Ahn-sS-\n∂pw ]pd-s∏´v 11˛ mw XobXn sNm∆mgvN Dj- n\v
Nmh-°mSv FØn. ]nt‰-Zn-hkw Ahn-sS-\n∂v ]pd-s∏´v 11˛mw XobXn
_p[-\mgvN sIm®n-t°m-´-bn¬ FØn sF∏q-cp-hns‚ _w•m-hn¬ 17˛mw
XobXn sNm∆m-gvN- hsc AhnsS Xma-kn-®p (sa-{Xm-∑m-cn¬ Hcm-fpsS
km£yw. I≠-\mSv {KŸ-h-cn, -]p-dw 392).
""CS-h -amkw 18-˛mw XobXn ]pe-cp-∂-Xn\v ap∂w ]pXnb sa{Xm-
∑m¿ F√m-hcpw shń-°¬ Zb-dm-bn¬ h∂v D]-hm-k-Ønepw {]m¿∞-
\-bnepw apń-°s
- ∏-´h
- c
- mbn ssZh-[ym-\Ø
- n¬ Du∂n \ncq-]n®pwsIm≠v
Ah¿ {]m¿∞n-®n-cn-°p-tºmƒ'' ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm-bpsS I¬]-
\-Iƒ h∂p. {][m\ hnj-b-ßƒ.
1. A_vZp≈m {KotKm-dn-tbm-kns\ DSs\ Xncn-®-b-bv°-Ww.
2. Ipdp-∏w-]-Sn, Ip∂-°p-cpSn ]≈n-°m¿ bm{X-®n-ehv X∂n-√. AXv
hmßn Ab-®p-X-c-Ww.
3. B≠n¬ 750 cq]m Hmtcm `{Zm-k-\hpw doiokm Bbn knwlm-
k-\-Øn¬ G¬]n-°-Ww.
GXm\pw Znh-k-ßƒ°p-tijw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-
kns‚ IØp h∂p. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ t_mws_-bn¬ \n∂v bm{X-
bm-°n. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-ambn A\p-c-RvP-\-s∏-´p. "shń-°¬ Zb-dm-
bn¬ Rm≥ h∂nt´ \nßƒ ]ncn-™p- t]m-Imhq' F∂o hnh-c-ßƒ
At±lw IØn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p.
shń-°¬ Zb-dm-bn¬ \S∂ D]-hm-kw, [ym\-{]m¿∞-\, N¿®-Iƒ
F∂n-hbv°v {][m\ ]¶m-fnØw hln-®Xv sIm®p-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bmb am¿
{KotKm-dn-tbmkv Bbn-cp-∂p. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhmsb ]nW-°m-Xn-

cn-°p-hm\pw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØmbpsS t\XrXzw kzoI-
cn-°p-hm\pw sa{Xm-®-∑m¿ B D]-hm-k-Im-eØv \n›-bn-®p. am¿ Zoh-
∂m-tkymkv shń-°¬ Zb-dm-bn¬ FØn-b-t∏mƒ Ah¿ At±-l-
tØmSv A\p-`m-h-]q¿∆w s]cp-am-dn. ASpØ IqSn-°mgvN ]cp-a-e-bn¬
sh®p BIm-sa∂pw IqSp-X¬ Imcy-ßƒ \n›bn-°m-sa∂pw Ghcpw
IqSn [mc-W-bn-se-Øn. shń-°¬ Zb-dmbpw ]cp-ae Zb-dmbpw sIm®p-
Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS Bÿm-\-ßƒ Bbn-cp∂p F∂v Hm¿°p-a-t√m.
1877 I¿°n-SIw 4˛mw XobXn ]me-°p-∂Øv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv
A¥-cn-®p. ka-Im-eo\ Ncn-{X-Im-c\pw At±-l-Øns‚ Bflkp-
lrØpw A\p-bm-bnbpw Bbn-cp∂ sia-hq≥ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv
At±-l-Øns‚ A¥y-sØ-°p-dn®v FgpXnb hnh-c-ßƒ C{]-Im-c-
amWv:
"".... ]me°p∂Øv _ebm¿ sIm®nbn¬ \n∂v Xncph\¥]p-
cØn\v [\p amkØn¬ t]mbn. AhnsS\n∂pw sIm√Øv h∂v Xma-
kn®ncn°ptºmƒ AImcWambn Hcp Znhkw cm{Xnbn¬ Imens‚
AIØv Fen ISn®p F∂v tXm∂pIbpw BbXn\p th≠s∏Sp∂-
sXms°bpw sNbvXmsd kpJw hcmsX Imens‚ ]mZIsØ ]gp∏v
XpSßpIbpw ]n∂oSv taS amkw 15˛mw XobXntbmSp IqSn amcmaÆv
AbmfpsS hoń¬ sIm≠ph∂p Gdnb NnIn’Iƒ sNbvXmsdbpw
bmsXmcp kpJhpw ImWmsX I≠Xnepw Zo\w IqSpXembn hcn-
Ibm¬ A\¥nch≥ tXmΩm _ebmdpw A™q¿ \n∂v ssIhmgvN-
°mc≥ _ebmdpw amcmaÆv FØpIbpw Zo\w kpJan√ F∂p
I≠Xn\m¬ kpdnbm\n°mcpsS {Ia{]Imcw D∏vdqivamsb∂v km[m-
cWbmbn ]d™phcp∂ sskØp ]qi¬ apXembXp Ign°pIbpw
sNbvXXns‚ tijw sIm√w 1052˛mam≠v I¿°nSI amkw 4˛mw
XobXn Xn¶fmgvN Cu am¿§hntcm[nbpw A\pkcWt°SpImc-
\pamb AØm\mtkymkv F∂v ]d™ph∂ aØntbmkv _ebm¿
Cu temIw hn´v acWw {]m]n°pIbpw sNbvXp. sNm∆mgvN \mƒ
kpdnbm\n°mcpsS {Ia{]Imcw amcmaÆv ]≈n aXnev°IØv Xs∂
ta¬∏d™ t{Zmlnsb AS°w sNbvXp. C∂v kpdnbm\n°mcpsS
am¿§hntcm[hpw A\pkcWt°Spw Bflob `‡n°pdhpw
A√msX bmsXmcp Ip‰hpw ]dbm\n√. euInI Imcyßfnepw Fgp-
ØpIpØp theIfnepw a‰pw C{X anSp°pw kma¿∞yhpw D≈ Bƒ
CXpt]mse HcpØ\pw Ipds™mcp ImeØn\nSbn¬ Hcp PmXn-
bnepw Cu aebmfØn¬ D≠mb{]Imcw Hcp tIƒhnbpw C√.
Cu Bƒ apJm¥ncw kpdnbm\n°m¿°v euInI Imcyßfn¬

]e KpWßfpw sNbvXp X∂n´p≠v. sIm®n kwÿm\sØ kpdnbm-
\n°mcpsS Dugnbw apXemb theIƒ \n¿Ø¬ sNbvXXpw a‰pw
Cu Bƒ apJm¥ncamIp∂p. Cw•ojv apXembn aq∂v \mev `mj-
Ifn¬ F{Xbpw hncpX\pw kma¿∞yap≈h\pw Bbncp∂p. sIm®n
˛ XncphnXmwIq¿ apXemb F√m ÿeßfnepw tIƒhns∏´h\pw
kΩXn°s∏´h\pw Bbncp∂p. kpdnbm\n°mcpsS Imt\m\pI-
ƒ°pw N´Øn\pw hnizmkØn\pw hntcm[ambn Xºpcms\s∏‰
amXmhnt\mSpw ]cnip≤∑mtcmSpw {]m¿∞n°≠ F∂pw acn®h¿°p
th≠nbp≈ {]m¿∞\ th≠ F∂pw ChIƒ sIm≠v bmsXmcp
D]Imchpw KpWhpw Cs√∂t{X Cu Bfns‚ hnizmkhpw
{]hrØnbpw. ChtbmSv tNcp∂Xmb ]e hnizmk hn]coXhpw D≠m-
bncp∂p F¶nepw hnizmkØn¬ apJyXbpw F√m P\Øn\pw Adn-
bs∏´Xpw CXv Xs∂ Bbncp∂p. AXv Fs¥∂m¬ ip≤nam∑m-
tcmSp≈ {]m¿∞\bpw acn®h¿°p th≠nbp≈ {]m¿∞\bpw \o°n
kpdnbm\n°m¿°v ]e \akvImc]pkvXIßfpw ASn∏n®v {]kn≤w
sNbvXp. CXv \nanØw kpdnbm\n°mcn¬ tIm´bw apX¬ sX°p≈-
Xn¬ ]ecpw hS°cn¬ Zp¿√àmbn´pw P\ßƒ CXns\ hnizkn®pw
kΩXn®pw \S∂v hcp∂p≠mbncp∂p. hnip≤ tamdm≥ ]m{Xnb¿-
°okv _mhm h∂ tijw P\ßƒ Gdnb P\w FS°meØn¬
ta¬∏d™ _ebm¿ apJm¥ncw D≠mb thZhn]coXw hns´mgn™v
kXykpdnbm\n°msct∏mse kΩXn®p \S∂phcp∂p. sXt° Zn°p-
Ifn¬ Nne¿ Ct∏mgpw AbmfpsS hnizmkØn\pw Abmƒ°pw
tN¿∂p \S°p∂p≠v. CXp IqSmsX X\n°v A[nImchpw {Iahpw
C√mØXmbn c≠p t]sc sa{Xm∑mcpsS ÿm\Øn¬ \nban®p.
Hcmsf Ip∂wIpfßc°p kao]w sXmgq¿ F∂pw A™q¿ F∂pw
]d™phcp∂ ]≈nbn¬ Xmakn®p `cn∏m\mbn´pw as‰mcpØ≥
CbmfpsS Nn‰∏s‚ aI≥ tXmΩm F∂ I»oimsb Cu Bfns‚
Imetijw Xs‚ thZhn]coXØn¬ P\ßsf `cn∏m\mbn´v AØm-
\mtkymkv F∂p≈ Xs‚ t]cpw hnfn®v At{X \nban®m°nbn-
cn°p∂Xv (I≠\mSv {KŸ-h-cn-, -]p-dw 404, 405. Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bnse
Abmƒ, t{Zmln, thZ-hn-]-coXw XpS-ßnb ]Z-{]-tbm-K-ßƒ {i≤n-
°p-I. ka-Ime kl-{]-h¿Ø-I≥ C{]-Imcw hnti-jn-∏n® thZ-hn-
]-co-Xnsb k`-bpsS ]Tn-Ø-ho-Sns‚ \mep-sI-ńs‚ c≠mw-\n-e-bn¬
kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-fmb ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am-cpsS \nc-bn¬ ]Sw-
sh®v BZ-cn-°m≥ ss[cy-s∏-´-h¿ I≠-\mSv {KŸ-h-cn, CS-h-I-]-{XnI,
Fw. ]n. h¿°n-bpsS ]pkvXIw F∂o ka-Im-e-tc-J-I-fnse Ncn-{X-
]-cm-a¿iw Ct∏m-sg-¶nepw hmbn®v sX‰p-Xn-cp-Øp-sa∂v Ncn-{X-hn-Zym¿-

∞n-Iƒ {]Xo-£n-°p-∂p.).
shń-°¬ Zb-dm-bn¬ {]mY-an-I-amb [mc-W-Iƒ D≠m°n ]ncn™
ta¬]-´-°m¿ 1877 I∂n- am-k-Øn¬ sIm®n-bn¬ ktΩ-fn-®p. B
Btem-N-\m-tbm-K-Øn¬ ]\bv°¬ sF∏qcphpw Ip∂pw-]p-dØv Ipcn-
b≥ ssd´dpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ tbmPn®v ssIs°m≠ Xocp-am\w
Itcm-´p-ho-ń¬ am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv C{]-Imcw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-
°p∂p:
""tIm´bw knΩ\mcn°pw hń∏Ww apXembXn\pw knhn¬ \{ºv
C´v hyhlmcw sNøp∂Xn\v IΩń°mcpsS t]¿°pw butk^v
Zoh∂mtkymkv sa{Xmt∏meoØmbpsS t]¿°pw tijw sa{Xm∑m¿
Bdp t]cpw IqSn Hcp kΩX]{Xw FgpXn sImSp°Ø°hÆhpw
2˛maXv Ct∏mƒ s]mXphn¬ kpdnbm\n ]TnØØn\v Hcp ÿew
C√mØXn\m¬ ssZhImcpWyØm¬ tIm´bØv skan\mcn ssIh-
is∏Sp∂Xp hsc ]pXp∏≈n ]≈nbn¬ Ccp∂v tIm´bw CShIbpsS
AØm\mtkymkv sa{Xmt∏meoØmbpw Xpsºm≥ CShIbpsS
bqentbmkv sa{Xmt∏meoØmbpw hS°p\n∂pw sX°p\n∂pw
siΩmi∑msc°qń hr›nI amkw apX¬ ]Tn∏n°Ø°hÆhpw
B Nnehp hI°v sXt° Zn°pIfn¬\n∂v ]nSnAcnbpw a‰pw ]ncn®v
\SØns°m≈Wsa∂pw ssZhImcpWyØm¬ knΩ\mcn ssIhiw
h∂m¬ s]mXpÿew BbXpw hntijm¬ sX°pw hS°pw Hmtcm
knΩ\mcn IqsS D≠m°ns°m≈msa∂pw tijw sa{Xm∑m¿
AhchcpsS CShIIfnte°v t]mIØ°hÆhpw C\n aIc
amkØn¬ XobXn \n›bn®v IqSn th≠pwImcyw BtemNn®p-
sIm≈msa∂v kpdnbm\n°m¿°mbn ]TnØw hIbv°v k¿°mcn¬
\n∂pw \n›bn®ncn°p∂ cq]mbv°v butk∏v Zoh∂mtkymkv sa{Xm-
t∏meoØm l¿Pn t_m[n∏n®v \SØns°m≈Wsa∂pw \n›bn®v
I∂n 29˛mw XobXn sh≈nbmgvN ]cnip≤ Npw_\Øm¬ kt¥m-
jtØmsS ]ncnIbpw sNbvXp.
12˛maXv e°w. kΩX]{XØns‚ ]I¿∏v.
ae¶c Xpsºm≥ CShIbpsS KohdpKokv bqentbmkv sa{Xmt∏m-
eoØmbpw tIm´bw CShIbpsS ]utemkv AØm\mtkymkv
sa{Xmt∏meoØmbpw I≠\mSv CShIbpsS ]ueqkv Cuhm\n-
tbmkv sa{Xmt∏meoØmbpw sIm®n CShIbpsS siahq≥ Zoh-
∂mtkymkv sa{Xmt∏meoØmbpw A¶amen CShIbpsS KohdpKokv
Iqdntemkv sa{Xmt∏meoØmbpw \ncWw CShIbpsS KohdpKokv

{KotKmdntbmkv sa{Xmt∏meoØmbpw IqSn kpdnbm\n Atkmkn-
tbj≥ IΩ‰nbnte°v FgpXp∂Xv.
\ΩpsS s]mXpÿeamIp∂ tIm´bØv knΩ\mcnbpw AXn¬
Dƒs∏´ hkvXp°fpw hń∏Ww apXembXpw ssIhiw hcptØ-
≠Xn\v th≠nhcp∂ kIe hyhlmcßfpw \nßƒ IΩ‰n°m¿
sNbvXv ssIhis∏SptØ≠Xn\pw \ΩpsS hnip≤ ]nXmhmb
tamdm≥ am¿ C·mØntbmkv ]m{Xnb¿°okv _mhmbpsS A\p-
hmZ{]Imcw AXpIƒ sIm≠v s]mXphn¬ ]TnØw, A®Sn apXem-
bXv \nßƒ \SØp∂Xn\pw Rßƒ kΩXn®v Xmsg∏dbp∂
km£nIfpsS apºmsI H∏nńcn°p∂p F∂v 1877˛\v sIm√w
1053˛mam≠v I∂n amkw 27˛mw XobXn.
bqentbmkv sa{Xmt∏meoØm (H∏v)
AØm\mtkymkv sa{Xmt∏meoØm (H∏v)
Cuhm\ntbmkv sa{Xmt∏meoØm (H∏v)
Zoh∂mtkymkv sa{Xmt∏meoØm (H∏v)
Iqdntemkv sa{Xmt∏meoØm (H∏v)
{KotKmdntbmkv sa{Xmt∏meoØm (H∏v)
km£n: shń-°¬ Zb-dm-bn¬ bmt°m_v dºm≥ (H∏v)
km£n: sNºn¬ ]≈nbn¬ AºeØn¶¬ ]t{Xmkv IØ\m¿
(H∏v).''
(I≠-\mSv {KŸ-h-cn, ]pdw 407-˛408)
C{]-Imcw Hcp kΩ-X-]{Xw Bdv ta¬]-´-°mcpw tN¿∂v Xbm-
dm°n H∏n´v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn\v \¬Inb hnhcw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-
kns\ Adn-bn-°p-hm≥ sa{Xm-∑m¿ aSn-®n-√. Hcp- Imcyw Ah¿°v
hy‡-am-bn-cp-∂p. i¬aq-km-bn¬ ]e {]Xn-⁄-Ifpw Xßƒ ]m{Xn-
b¿°o-kn\v tcJm-aqew ka¿∏n-®p-sh-¶nepw XßfpsS `c-W-]-c-amb
{]Xn-_-≤X ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-tbm-Sm-Wv, ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-t\m-
S-√. X∑qew \ho-I-cWhn`m-K-tØmSv ê-{]-Z-ambpw \ymb-ambpw
t]mcm-Sp∂ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Ic-ßsf i‡n-
s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv Ic-Wo-bw. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv B⁄m-]n-®-Xn≥{]-
Imcw amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n IqSm-Xn-cp-∂m¬ AXns‚ A≤y-£≥ F∂
\ne-bn¬ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ sa{Xm-®\v {]h¿Øn-°m≥ km[n-°msX
hcpw. skan-\m-cn-t°-kn¬ hmZn-bm-bn-cn-∏m≥ At±-l-Øn\v ae-¶c
sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm F∂ \ne-bn¬ IΩn-‰n-bpsS A≤y-£-ÿm\w
IqSntb Ign-bq. ]ns∂ Hcp sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ta¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-

kn-\p≈ A[n-Imcw F{Xtbm ]cn-an-X-am-sW∂v A_vZp≈m am¿
{KotKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Ah-sc√mw t\cn´v I≠-Xm-Wv. ]m{Xn-
b¿°o-kns‚ \n¿t±-ißƒ \ho-I-cW sa{Xms\ kpc-£n-X-\m-°p-
hm-\p≈ am¿§-ß-fm-sW∂v Ah¿ Xncn-®-dn-™p. bm{Xbv°v sXm´p-
apºv alm-cm-Pm-hns\ ImWp-hm≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv A\p-hmZw Bcm-
™Xv \ho-I-cWsa{Xm\v A\p-Iq-e-amb Fs¥-¶nepw DØ-c-hp-Iƒ
alm-cm-Pm-hn¬ \n∂v kºm-Zn-°m-\m-hptam F∂pt]mepw Ah¿ `b-
s∏´p.
]pen-t°m-ń¬ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-tbmSv ]m{Xn-b¿°okv \oXn-]q¿∆w
s]cp-am-dn-bn√ F∂v sa{Xm-∑m¿°v t_m[y-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu hnj-b-
ß-sf√mw shń-°¬ Zb-dm-bn¬ \S∂ \m¬]Xv Znh-ksØ D]-hm-
k-L-´-Ønepw AXn-\pti-jhpw Ah¿ t]¿Øpw t]¿Øpw [ym\-
]q¿∆-amb Nn¥bv°v hnj-b-am-°n. am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv {]mb-Øn¬
Ipd-™-h≥ Bbn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw tijwt]¿°v kΩ-X≥ Bbn-cp-
∂-Xn-\m¬ Cu Xo¿∏p-I-sf√mw At±-l-Øns‚ Nn¥-bn-emWv BZyw
DS-se-Sp-Ø-Xv. tijw sa{Xm-∑m¿ A\p-Iq-en-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
1878 aI-c -amkw 1˛\v Rmb-dmgvN shń-°¬ Zbdm ]pXp-°n-∏-Wn-
bp-hm≥ I√n-S-W-sa∂v \n›-bn-®p. ae-¶csa{Xm≥ Dƒs∏sS A©p
t]¿ shń-°¬ Zb-dm-bn¬ FØn. G‰hpw Cf-b-h≥ Bb am¿
{KotKm-dn-tbmkv BWv I√n-´-Xv. shń-°¬ Zb-dm-bn¬ tN¿∂ ta¬]´-
°m-cpsS Btem-N-\-tbmsS ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym\n Atkm-
tky-j≥ tNcp-hm≥ ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym\n Atkm-tky-
j≥ IΩn-‰n-bpsS {]kn-U≠v F∂ \ne-bn¬ butk∏v am¿ Zoh-∂m-
tkymkv I¬]\ Ab-®p. lrZb-kv]r-°mb B I¬]-\-bpsS {]Xn-
I-cW
- w Bim-hl - a
- m-bn-cp-∂p. AhnsS F√m-hc
- pw- IqSn\n›-bn® Imcy-
ßƒ Cßs\:
""sIm√w 1053˛\v 1878 Ip`w 6˛mw XobXn ]cp-ae knΩ-\m-cn-bn¬
IqSnb kp∂-l-tZm-knse \n›-b-ßƒ:
At¥ym-Jym-bpsS «olmbv°SpØ knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ A[n-Im-
cnbpw \ΩpsS hnip-≤ -]n-Xm-hp-amb aq∂m-asØ ]t{Xmkv F∂
tamdm≥ am¿ C·m-Øn-tbmkv ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm Xncp-a-\- p-
sIm≠v 1876 anYp\w 15-˛mw XobXn apf-¥p-cpØn∏≈n-bn¬ IqS-s∏´
kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ h®v ae-¶sc D≈ \ΩpsS bmt°m-_mb kpdn-
bm\n k`bv°v Hcp kaq-lhpw Bb-Xn\v kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym\n
Atkm-tky-j≥ F∂ t]cpw AXn¬ 24 saº¿amcpw Hcp {]kn-

U≠pw IqSn-b-Xmb IΩ-ńbpw Ah-cm¬ \S-Ø-s∏-tS-≠-Xmb At\I
Imcy-ß-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ s]mXp-ap-X¬ I®o´pw{]Imcw D≠m-°n hyh-
lmcw apX-em-bXv \S-tØ-≠-Xn-s\-∏‰n Xo¿®-bm-°n \n›-bn-°-s∏-´-
X-√msX CXp-hsc bmsXm∂pw \S-°m-sXbpw \S-Øn-°m-sXbpw
\ΩpsS k` ]cn-X-]n-t°≠ ÿnXnbn¬ Bbn-cn-°p-∂Xpw IΩ-ń-
°m-cn¬ Nne¿ ÿm\-Ømepw c≠mƒ ac-W-Ømepw tcmK-Ømepw
th¿s]´pw Ccn-°p-∂Xpw H∂n¬ Nnezm\w h’-c-ßƒ Bbn kaqlw
_mey-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ Ccn-°p-∂Xpw hnf-w_-c-Øns‚ Imew AXn-{I-
an®v ÿm\-X¿°w Ime-l-c-W-Øn¬ BIp-∂-Xn\v Imew kao-]n-®n-
cn-°p-∂Xpw BI-bm¬ AtX-°p-dn®p Nn¥n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ime-hn-
fw_w IqSmsX hyh-lmcw XpS-ßp-∂-Xn\pw th≠n B¿°pw hyk\w
tXm∂-Ø-°-hÆw F√m-h¿°pw Iev]\ Ab®p hcp-Øo´p-≈Xpw
BI-bm¬ th≠p∂ \n›-b-ßƒ D≠m-I-W-sa∂v {]kn-U≠v am¿
Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Ah¿Iƒ Iev]n-°p-Ibpw Ab®
Iev]\ hmbn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ...
]nXm-hns‚ Iev]-\bpw P\-ß-fpsS a\ pw \n›-bhpw GIo-I-
cn-°m-sXbpw Bcw-`n-®-Xmb IS-»o-´p-Iƒ apgp-h-\m-Im-sXbpw s]mXp-
ap-X¬ D≠m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {iaw C√m-sXbpw Xo¿∂-Xn-\m¬ kw`-
hn-®-Xn\v hnLv\-am-I-bm¬ AXp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ D’mlw AXn
Bh-iyhpw Aß-s\-bp≈ I®o-´p-sIm≠v apX-ep-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈
{ia-tØm-Sp-IqSn {]kn-U≠v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-
Ømsb IqSmsX D≈ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø∑m-scbpw ÿm\-Ømepw ac-
W-Ømepw th¿s]-´p-t]mb Bfp-Iƒ°p ]I-c-ambn th≠n-h-cp-∂-h-
tcm-Sp-IqSn \mev]Xv Bfp-I-sfbpw IΩ-ń-°m-cmbn \n›-bn-°p-Ibpw
B \mev]Xv Bfp-Iƒ IqSn 500 hoXw cq]m hsc Bfmw-{]Xn
FSpØv kaq-l-ap-X-em°n hyh-lmcw apX-em-bXv \S-Øp-Ibpw IS-
»o-´p-sImt≠m kaqlw -hI thsd ]ncn-hp-IƒsImt≠m B ISw
ho´p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ Ffp-∏-Øn¬ Imcy-\-S-∏n\v kwKXn hcp-∂-Xm-
sW∂v \n›-bn-®-Xns\ tbmKw Dd-∏n-®p.
apX¬ D≠m°n hyh-lmcw Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xn\v C\n H´pw Xmakw
]mSn-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Hcp Npcp-ßnb Ah-[n-bmb ao\w 15-˛mw XobXn
40 saº¿am¿ IqSn 150 cq]m hoXw 6000 cq]m Xev°mew tiJ-c-s∏-
SpØn sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø∑m-tcmtSm sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-tbm- -IqSn Xncp-
h-\-¥-]p-cØp sN∂v hyh-lm-c-Øn-\p≈ am¿§hpw Xchpw Nn¥n®v
Bcw-`n-t°-≠Xv AXym-h-iy-sa∂v ]d-™-Xns\ tbmKw Dd-∏n-®p.
tiJ-c-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ apX¬ hmßn cioXn sImSp-°p-∂-Xn\v saº¿-

am-cn¬\n∂v sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´Xmb Hcp X¬°me apX¬]n-Snbpw
IW°p apX-emb Fgp-Øp-Ip-Øp-Iƒ°v Hcp X¬°me kn{I-´-dnbpw
th≠-Xm-I-bm¬ apX¬]nSn-th-ebv°v ]pØq-∏≈n Koh-dp-§okpw
kn{I-´dn the°v Imcn-°¬ Ipcp-hnf Cu∏-s\bpw G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-
Ibpw IΩ-ń-°m-cpsS A\p-a-Xn-bn-t∑¬ {]-kn-U≠ns‚ ap{Z-tbm-Sp-
IqSn kn{I-´dn H∏n´p sImSp-°p-∂ {]amWw ]nSn®v apX¬]nSn -]Ww
sNe-hn-tS-≠Xpw Bbn \n›-bn-®m¬ sIm≈m-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-´Xv
tbmKw Dd-∏n-®p.
Cu \n›-b-ßƒ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-mamcpw saº¿amcpw At\ym\yw
kΩ-Xn®p F∂pw AXp{]Imcw \S-°bpw \S-Øn-°bpw sNøp-sa∂pw
D≈ kaq-l-Øns‚ kΩ-X-Øn\pw Dd-∏n-\pw-th≠n {]kn-U≠v Xs‚
H∏pw ap{Zbpw CSp-∂-X-√msX IΩ-ń-°mcpw H∏p-Iƒ C´v Dd-∏n-t°-
≠-sX∂v tbmKw \n›-bn-®-Xns\ ÿnc-s∏-SpØn H∏p-Iƒ Cń-cn-
°p∂p.
kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym\n Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ IΩ-‰n-bpsS {]kn-U≠v
ae-bm-f-Øn-\psS am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm (H-∏v)
Xpsºm≥ CS-h-I-bpsS am¿ bqen-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm (H-∏v)
tIm´bw CS-h-I-bpsS am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm
(H-∏v)
I≠-\mSv CS-h-I-bpsS am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm
(H∏v)
sIm®n CS-h-I-bpsS am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm (H∏v)
A¶-amen CS-h-I-bpsS Iqdn-temkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm (H-∏v)
\ncWw CS-h-I-bpsS am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm (H∏v)
amth-en-°e hS-t°-Øe Ae-Ivk-{¥-tbmkv IØ-\m¿ (H-∏v)
C{]-Imcw IΩ-ń-°m¿ F√m-hcpw At∏mƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-h¿ F√m-
hcpw t]¿ FgpXn H∏n´v ]ncn-™p.
CXns‚ tijw a[y-ÿ-e-amb tIm´-bØp knΩ-\mcn \ap°v
ssIhiw C√m-Ø-Xn-\mepw sX°pw hS°pw Hmtcm knΩ-\mcn th≠-
Xn-\mepw BbXv FhnsS th≠q F∂pw ]Tn-∏n-t°-≠Xv Bsc∂pw
a‰pw Btem-Nn-®-Xn¬ sX°v ]cp-ae knΩ-\m-cn-bn¬ tIm´bw apX-
ep≈ siΩm-i-∑m¿ apX-em-b-hsc hcpØn ]Tn-∏n-®p-sIm-≈-W-sa∂pw
BbXv \ncWw CS-h-I-bpsS {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ]Tn-
∏n-°-Ø-°-h-Æhpw knΩ-\mcn hI°pw a‰p-ap≈ Nne-hp-Iƒ°v
tIm´bw apX-ep≈ ]≈n-I-fnse P\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw ]nSn-b-cnbpw \qdp

sXßn¬ Xmsg-bp≈ ]d-ºp-I-fn¬\n∂v Hcp sXßpw 200 sXßn¬
A[n-I-ap≈ ]d-ºp-I-fn¬\n∂v c≠p sXßp-hoXw F√m ]d-ºp-I-
fn¬ \n∂pw 100 CS-ßgn hnØp hnX-bv°p-∂-h\v hnX-k-abw H∂p°v
1 CS-ßgn hnØv hoXhpw sImbvØv ka-bØp 100 CS-ßgn s]men°v
1 CS-ßgn s\√v hoXhpw AXn¬ XmW-h¿ bp‡w-t]m-sebpw a\-
vt]m-sebpw knΩ-\mcn hI°v ]ncn-°-Ø-°-h-Æhpw BbXv ]ncn-
°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {Iahpw N´w-sI´pw tIm´bw CS-h-I-bpsS AØm-\m-
tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Npa-X-e-°m-c≥ Bbn-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw
tbmKw \n›-bn®v ]ncnhp \S-Ø-W-sa-∂p-≈Xv s]¥n-s°m-kvXn-°Iw
AhnsS Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw C\n-bsØ IΩ-ń-IqSn \n›-bn-®p-sIm-≈m-
sa∂pw AXp-hsc shń-°¬ Xs∂ siΩm-i-∑m¿ apX-em-b-hsc Iqń
Xpsºm≥ CS-h-I-bpsS am¿ bqen-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm X¬°m-
e-tØ°v ]Tn-∏n-°-Ø-°-h-Æhpw \n›-bn®v tbmKw ]ncn-bp-Ibpw
sNbvXp.''
1873˛se ]cp-ae kp∂-l-tZm-kv, 1876˛se apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-
tZm-kv, 1876˛se apf-¥p-cp-Øn-bnse aqtdm≥ IqZmi, 1877˛se shń-
°¬ Zbdm kp∂-l-tZm-kv, 1878˛se ]cp-ae kp∂-l-tZmkv F∂n-
ßs\ A©p -h¿jw ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ \S∂ an° {][m\ kw`-h-
ßƒ°pw thZn-bm-bXv NmØp-cp-Øn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS kz¥w ÿe-
ßƒ BsW∂v hmb-\-°m¿ Xncn-®-dn-tb-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. CXn¬ shń-
°¬ Zb-dmbpw ]cp-ae skan-\m-cnbpw At±-l-Øns‚ Bÿm-\-ßƒ
Bbn-cp-∂p. apf-¥p-cp-Øn-bm-Is´ kz¥w CS-h-I-bpw. ae-¶c Atkm-
tky-j≥ ]cp-a-e-bnepw apf-¥p-cp-Øn-bn-ep-ambn cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏´v ZrVo-
I-cn-°-s∏-´Xpw ]n∂oSv ]m{Xn-b¿°okv AXv d±m-°n-b-tijw 1878˛¬
]cp-a-e-bn¬ sh®v ]p\x-kw-L-Sn-∏n-®Xpw bmZr—nI kw`-h-ß-f-√. Ah-
sb√mw ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ \ΩpsS
IYm-]p-cp-j≥ apJy-]-¶m-fnØw hln®v kwL-Sn-∏n® alm-k-tΩ-f-\-
ßƒ Bbn-cp-∂p. D]-hm-khpw {]m¿∞-\bpw [ym\hpw \SØn kaq-
l-Øns‚ shfn®w kv]¿in-°mØ Ccp≠ tImWn¬ Ccn-°p∂ Hcp
k\ym-k-`m-h\ \ΩpsS Ncn-{X-]p-cp-j\v A]-cn-N-nXam-bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚
Ime-L´w Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ tkh\kc-Wn-I-fn¬ am¿§-Zo-]-ambn
k©cn®v I¿Ø-hy-ßƒ \n¿hln-°pI F∂Xv Xs‚ A]-cn-Xym-
Py-amb I¿Ø-hy-sa∂v Cu k\ymkn k\ym-k-N-cn{Xw Xncp-Øn-°p-
dn-®p. k`m-k-ap-{Z-Øns‚ Xnc-bn-f-°-Øn¬ \n∂v amdn-\n∂v GIm-¥-
hm-kn-bpsS X]x-›-cy-If√ At±lw CjvS-s∏-´-sX∂v At±-l-Øns‚
PohnXw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. kzX{¥ sa{Xm-k-\-ß-fmbn Ggv

sa{Xm-k-\-ß-sfbpw Bdv sa{Xm-∑m-scbpw ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm
G¿s∏-SpØn Ahsb ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS IWvT-tIm-Sm-
en-I-fm-°p-hm≥ k÷o-I-cn-®-t∏m-ƒ Bdv sa{Xm-∑m-scbpw ae-¶c
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS IWvTm-`-c-W-ß-fm-Ip-hm≥ Bh-iy-amb {Iao-
I-cW
- ß - ƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bnt´ \ΩpsS IYm-]p-cp-j≥ Xr]vX\ - m-bp≈p.
Atkm-tky-j\pw amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰nbpw ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm
ÿm\hpw AtXmsS ]p\¿P-\n-®p. ]cp-ae am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-
ta-\n-bpsS Cu hnP-b-tØmsS ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ clky AP-≠-
Iƒ Xo¿Øpw ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p. `mhn-bn¬ sa{Xm-∑m¿ ae-¶-c-bn¬ Bh-
iy-ambn hcp-∂-]£w Chn-sS-Xs∂ sa{Xm≥hmgvN \S-Øp-hm≥ D≈
{Iao-I-cWw km[y-am-°p-hm-\mWv sa{Xm-∑msc hmgn®v Hcp kp∂-l-
tZmkv ChnsS krjvSn-®Xv F∂v sIm®p-Xn-cp-ta\n sa{Xm≥ hmgvNsb
[oc-ambn hymJym-\n-®p. ]me-∏-≈n-e-®≥ Fgp-Xnb k`m-Ncn-{X-Øn¬
Cu hymJym\w At±lw ]q¿Æ-ambn AwKo-I-cn®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-
´p-≠v. ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse GIX \in-∏n-°-s∏-´-Xn-\m¬ Hcn-°epw Hcp
hyh-lm-csØ t\cn-tS≠n hcn-Ib - n-s√∂v Dd-®n-cp∂ \ho-Ic
- W
- h- n`mKw
A¶-em-∏n-em-bn. {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m-\p≈ am¿§-ßƒ ImWmsX Ah¿
hnj-a-hr-Ø-Øn-em-bn. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ [n°-cn-°p-hm≥ ae-¶-c-
bnse sa{Xm-∑m¿ ss[cy-s∏-Sp-sa∂v \ho-I-cWhn`mKw {]Xo-£n-®n-
cp-∂n-√. ]me-°p-∂Øv amXyqkv AØm-\m-tkymkv A¥-cn-®-tXmsS
"]m{Xn-b¿°okv hmgn® sa{Xm≥' F∂ Ah-cpsS A{XbpwImew
Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn® Xpdp-∏vio´v A{]-Xy-£-am-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. At∏mgpw
\ho-I-c-W-°m¿ ]mtS \ncm-i-cm-bncp-∂n-√. ]gb ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-
eo-Øm-ÿ-m\w ]m{Xn-b¿°okv \mam-h-ti-j-am-°n-bXpw ]gb ae-
¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb sIm√w sa{Xm-k-\-Øns‚ Npa-X-e-bn-te°v
\nb-an-°p-I- hgn A[n-Imckt¶mNw hcp-Øn-bXpw hyh-lm-c-Øn\v
Hcp hmZnsb C√m-Xm°n F∂ kwXr]vXn Ahsc `cn-®n-cp-∂p. skan-
\m-cn-t°-kn¬ tXmakv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv \¬Inb ]{Xn-I-bn¬
Cu Imcyw ASn-h-c-bn´v {]kvXm-hn®v skan-\mcnt°kn¬ hmZn-bm-
hm≥ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkn\v A¿l-X-bn-s√∂v i‡-
ambn hmZn-®n-cp-∂p.
"A\yYm Nn¥nXw Imcyw ssZhw A\y-{X-Nn-¥-tbXv' F∂ ]g-
samgn t]mse NmØp-cp-Øn¬ am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-
Øm-bpsS km£n-samgn \ho-I-c-W-°m-cpsS ]≤-Xn-IfpsS No´p-sIm-
´mcw t]mse \new-]X
- n-®p. Xßƒ°v AXXv sa{Xm-k\
- ß
- f
- n¬ ]q¿Æ
Npa-Xe G¬]n®v kpkvXm-Øn-t°m≥ X∂-t∏mgpw AXn-t\-°m-

sfms° apºv ae-¶-c-bpsS apgp-h≥ Npa-Xe G¬]n®v ]pen-t°m-ń¬
am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn\v \¬Inb kpkvXm-Øn-t°m≥ d±m-°p∂
hnhcw Xß-fpsS A[n-Imc]{X-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-ń-√m-Ø-Xn-
\m¬ s]mXp-k-`-bpsS ta¬t\m-´hpw `c-Whpw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿
Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn-\mWv F∂v am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv kwi-b-c-ln-X-ambn
km£n-sam-gn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn. Xßƒ Bdv sa{Xm-∑mcpw CS-hI
Npa-X-e-Iƒ°v At±-lsØ A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ kΩ-X-]{Xw H∏n´v
\¬In-bn-´p-s≠∂pw At±lw A≤y-£-\mb ae-¶c amt\-PnwKv
IΩn‰n k`-bpsS s]mXp-`-c-W-Øn\v A[n-Im-c-ap≈ kan-Xn-bmbn k`-
bpsS apf- ¥ p- c pØn kp∂- l - t Zmkv A[n- I m- c - s ∏- S p- Ø n- s b∂pw
At±lw tImSXnsb t_m[n-∏n-®p. Cu km£n-samgn skan-\m-cn-t°-
kns‚ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Hcp hgn-Øn-cn-hm-bn.
Un{Iqkv FSpØ
]. ]cp-ae
Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS t^mt´m
A≤ymbw 4
aev]m\pw sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw
1873 apX¬ ]cp-a-e-bnse Agn-∏pc ]cn-anX kuI-cy-ßƒ D≈
Hcp skan-\m-cn-bmbn {]h¿Øn®p XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. shń-°en¬ ]T\w
Bcw-`n® injy-∑m¿ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p BZy-Ime hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ. 1879
hsc ]t{Xmkv ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-t\m-sSm-∏-ap≈ k©mcw, sa{Xm-∑msc
A\p-\-bn-∏n®v ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS {]mYayw Ah¿°v
kzoIm-cy-am-°¬, amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n-bpsS ]p\-cp-÷o-h\w XpS-ßnb
s]mXp-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ \n¿Æm-b-I-amb ]¶m-fnØw hln-t°≠n h∂-
Xp-sIm≠v siΩm-i-∑m-cpsS sshZn-I-]-T\w apS-ßn-sb∂v hmb-\-°m¿
hnNm-cn-°-cp-Xv. Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw Xs‚ Zn\-N-cysb {Iao-I-cn-°p-
hm≥ B al¿jnhcy\v Ign-™n-cp-∂p. \ho-I-c-W-hn-cp-≤-amb Hcp
kwkvImcw Xs∂ sX°≥ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Bhn¿`-hn-°p-hm≥ Hcp
ImcWw NmØp-cp-Øn¬ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ka¿∞-amb skan-
\m-cn-A[ym-]\w Bbn-cp-∂p. A°m-esØ At±-l-Øns‚ Zn\-N-cy-
sb-∏‰n Poh-N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≈Xv C{]-Im-c-am-Wv:
""`{Zm-k\ `c-Whpw sshZnI ]cn-io-e-\hpw Hcp-an-®p sIm≠p-
t]mIp-hm-\p-X-Ip∂ Hcp Zn\-Ncy kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw AXn-\-\p-k-cn®v
IrXy-ambn kabw ssIImcyw sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp F∂-Xn¬
sIm®p-Xn-cp-ta\nsb ]ecpw ]pI-gvØn. {]`m-X-Øn¬ \mep- a-Wn°v
Fgp-t∂-‰m¬ A©p- hsc \a-kvImcw \S-Øpw. A©p apX¬ Ggp-
hsc sshZn-I-hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ°v ]cn-io-e\w. Ggp- aWn apX¬ cl-
ky-{]m¿∞-\bpw ipNo-I-c-Whpw Hs° \SØn ]n∂oSv {]`mX
`£Ww. HºXv aWn°v {]m¿∞-\bpw ]Xn-s\m∂p hsc ¢m pw.
]Xn-s\m∂p apX¬ ]{¥-≠p-hsc `{Zm-k\ `c-W-Im-cy-ßƒ. ]{¥-
≠n\v {]m¿∞-\bpw `£-Whpw hn{i-a-hpw. H∂-c -ap-X¬ \mep- hsc
ho≠pw ¢mkv. CSbv°v aq∂n\v 9˛mw aWn -\-a-kvIm-c-w. \mep apX¬
A©c- hsc `cWIm- c y- ß ƒ. A©- c bv ° v tijw k‘ym- \ - a -
kvImcw, Ipfn, X\n®p ap‰Øv \S-Øw, ]n∂oSv 9 aWn hsc siΩm-
i-∑m¿°v Km\-]-cn-io-e-\w. HºXv aWn°v kqØmd Ign™v hmb\.
]Øp -a-Wn-tbmsS Dd-°w.
Cu {Iao-I-c-W-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ _p[\pw sh≈nbpw HºXmw aWn
\a-kvImcw Ignt™ sIm®p-Xn-cp-ta\n `£Ww Ign-®n-´p-≈p.
Hcp Znhkw Bdv aWn-°q-dn¬ Ipd-bmØ kabw siΩm-i-∑m¿°v

th≠n At±lw \o°n-sh-®p. aq∂p aWn-°q¿ `{Zm-k\ `c-W-Øn-
\mbn At±lw \o°n-h-®p. kz¥w k\ym-k-N-cy-I-fp-ambn kaq-l-
Øn¬ \n∂v hnZq-c-ÿ-amb Hcp tImWn¬ {]m¿∞-\-bnepw [ym\-
Øn-ep-ambn Ign-bp∂ Hcp Zb-dm-b-°m-cs‚ Nn{X-a√ Cu ]nXmhv
\ap°v \¬Ip-∂-Xv. `{Zm-k\ `c-W-Øn¬ {]th-in®tXmsS P\-ßsf
\ho-I-cW D]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n∂v c£n-°p-hm-\p-≈Xpw CS-h-I-Isf
kXy-hn-izm-k-Øn¬ \ne-\n¿Øp-hm-\p-≈Xpamb ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bhn-
jvI-cn-t°≠n h∂p. sX°≥ ]≈n-I-fn¬ ]eXpw At∏mgpw ]me-
°p-∂Øp sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS kzm[o-\-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. t{]m´-Ã≠v \ho-
I-c-W-Øns‚ `mK-ambn ]me-°p-∂Øp sa{Xm-∑m¿ ]cn-ip-≤-∑m-tcm-
Sp≈ a≤y-ÿX, ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ AXp-ey-ÿm\w Chsb \ntj-
[n-®-t∏mƒ Ch-bvs°-Xnsc [oc-amb hnizm-k-t]m-cm-´-ßƒ°v sX°≥
{]tZ-iØv t\XrXzw \¬In-bXv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Bbn-cp-∂p.
]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkn\v skan-\mcn hyh-lmcw {]am-
Wn®v \nb-a-⁄-∑msc ImWp-hm\pw [\-k-am-l-cWw \S-Øp-hm\pw
a‰p-ambn \ne-°mØ k©m-c-]-cn-]mSnIƒ \S-tØ≠n h∂p. X∑qew
At±-l-Øns‚ Npa-X-e-bn-em-bn-cp∂ sIm√w sa{Xm-k\ CS-h-I-bpsS
`cWw ê-Øn¬ NmØp-cp-Øn¬ am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv BWv \S-
Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. sX°≥ `{Zm-k\ßfnse siΩm-i-∑m-cpsS ]T-\-amWv
]cp-a-e-bn¬ Dt±-in-®n-cp-∂-sX-¶n¬t∏mepw ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse sX°pw
hS-°p-ap≈ siΩm-i-∑m¿ A°m-eØv ]cn-io-e\w t\Sn-bn-cp-∂Xv ]cp-
a-e-bn-em-Wv. CsX-gp-Xp∂ Bfns‚ ]nXm-a-l≥ sIm®n `{Zm-k-\-Øn¬
Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øn-\-Sp-Øp≈ ]g-™n-bn¬ \n∂v sshZn-I-ÿm-\-tØ°v
]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta\n sXc-s™-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-\mbn
]cp-ae- b
- n¬ am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kns\ G¬∏n-°p-Ib
- mWv sNbvXs- X∂v
t\cn-´-dn-bmw. sIm®n `{Zm-k\w sia-hq≥ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚
Npa-X-e-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw At±lw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-
tkym-kns\ ]c-ky-ambn FXn¿Ø-Xp-sIm≠v sIm®n `{Zm-k-\-Øn¬
Hcp ]≈n-bn¬t∏mepw {]th-i\w e`n-®n-√. kz¥w CS-h-I-bmb I≠-
\mSv ]≈n-bn¬ At±-l-Øn\v Pohn-Xm¥yw hsc Xma-kn-t°-≠n- h∂p
(I-≠-\mSv {KŸ-hcn BapJw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I). ê-Øn¬ sIm®n
`{Zm-k-\-Ønepw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv `cWw \S-
tØ≠n h∂p. sIm√sØt∏mse Ahn-sSbpw sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS
Npa-X-e-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv henb sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS \n¿t±-
i-{]-Imcw sIm®p-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bm-Wv.
]t{Xmkv XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ]´wsImSpØ Bdv sa{Xm-

∑m¿ Dƒs∏sS B Xe-ap-d-bnse Ggv ta¬]-´-°mcpw hS-°≥ CS-h-
I-°m¿ Bbn-cp-∂p. hS°pw sX°pw F∂ {]mtZ-in-I-Nn¥ F°m-
ehpw i‡n-bmbn \ne-\n-∂p-t]m∂ ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ Ggv sa{Xm-∑m-
scbpw Xnc-kvI-cn-°p-hm≥ CXv Hcp A\p-Iqe Imc-W-am-bn-cp-∂p.
AtX-k-abw \ho-I-cW sa{Xm-∑m¿ c≠p-t]cpw sX°≥ {]tZ-i-
°m¿ Bbn-cp∂p F∂Xv Ah-cpsS kzoIm-cy-Xbv°v A\p-Iqe kml-
N-cy-ambn (sk-an-\m-cn-t°-knse ]{Xn-I-bn¬ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-
∂m-tkymkv sIm®n-cm-PysØ {]P-bm-sW∂pw Xm≥ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿
cmPysØ {]P-bm-sW∂pw ]me-°p-∂Øv tXmakv AØm-\m-tkymkv
sa{Xm≥ Ah-Im-i-s∏-ń-cp-∂Xv Hm¿Ωn-°p-I). sX°≥ CS-h-I-Iƒ
\ho-I-cW sa{Xm-∑msc kzoI-cn°p∂Xn\v CXv sNdp-X-√mØ Imc-
W-am-bn-Øo¿∂p.
CXn-t\-°mƒ henb Hcp {]Xn-Iqe kml-Ncyw A°m-eØv
sX°≥ {]tZ-iØv cq]w-sIm-≠p. bqtbm-ab k`-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-
am-bn-cp∂p AXv. ]me-°m´v \n∂v kwKoXw ]Tn-°m≥ imkvXmw-tIm´-
bn¬ IpSn-tb-dnb sh¶n-tS-izc `mK-h-Xcpw IpSpw-_hpw 1861˛¬ amth-
en-°c Bdm-´vI-Shv Bw•n-°≥ tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ h®v ⁄m\-kv\m\w
kzoI-cn®p {InkvXpaXm-h-ew-_n-I-fm-bn. At±-l-Øns‚ c≠m-asØ
]p{X-\mb bpkvtXmkv tbmk^v, "hnZzm≥Ipń A®≥' F∂ t]cn¬
{]kn-≤-\m-bn (B t]cns‚ BZym-£-c-ß-fmWv "bqtbm' Ft∂m¿-
°pI). A{_lmw a¬]ms‚ \ho-I-cWw A]-cym-]vX-am-sW∂v
At±lw hymJym-\n-®p. 1875˛¬ At±lw bqtbm-ab DW¿∆vk`
ÿm]n-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ {]kw-K-Nm-Xp-cn-sIm≠v ]m]-t_m[w aqew
P\-ß-ƒ s\©-Ø-Sn®v Ic™pw \ne-hn-fn®pw ]m]-ßƒ ]c-ky-ambn
hnfn®p ]d-™p. tImg-t©-cn, ]p√m-Sv, amth-en-°-c, I∂o-‰n, Xncp-
h√, NmØ-∂q¿, sIm√w, tXh-e-°-c, Bd-∑p-f, Im¿Øn-I-∏-≈n,
ta{]m¬, sNß-∂q¿, Xpº-a¨ F∂o ÿe-ßfn¬ bqtbm-ab k`
i‡n-s∏-´p. 4000 kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ DSp-ap≠v HgnsI ÿmh-
c-Pw-K-a-ß-fmb k¿h-kzhpw hn‰v BZn-a-k-`-bn-se-∂-t]mse hnZzm≥-
Ipń A®\v Ah ka¿∏n-®p. kpdn-bm\n k`-bnse ]Xn-\-©v ]´°m¿
bqtbm-ab k`mw-K-ßƒ Bbn-Øo¿∂p. Fhn-sSbpw {]m¿∞-\-bpsS
_l-fw. ]cn-ip-≤hpw ]hn-{X-hpsa∂v Icp-Xp∂ an∂v (Xm-en) A©p-
\mgn kv{XoIƒ hnZzm≥Ipń A®s‚ ]mZ-Øn¬ ka¿∏n-®p.
tPymXn-im-kv{X-]-fin-X-\mb A®≥ {InkvXp-hns‚ ]p\-cm-K-a\w
thZ-]p-kvXI ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \ncØn Ime-\n¿Æbw \SØn
A©c h¿jw Ign™v Ccp´v hcp-sa∂pw 1881 HIvtSm-_¿ 2˛mw XobXn

Rmb-dmgvN cm{Xn c≠p aWn°v Xs‚ `‡sc tN¿Øp-sIm-≈m≥
kph¿Æ taL-]-S-e-ß-fneqsS {InkvXp hcp-sa∂v {]Jym-]n-®p. kz¿§-
cmPyw kao-]n-®n-cn-°-bm¬ am\-km-¥-c-s∏-Sp-ho≥ Fs∂mcp hnfw-
_cw Cw•o-jnepw ae-bm-f-Ønepw A®-Sn®v {]kn≤w sNbvXp. Xncp-
hn-Xmw-Iq¿, sIm®n cmPm-°-∑m¿°pw a{Zmkv Kh¿Æ¿, ssht{kmbn,
hnIvtSm-dnb alm-dm-Wn, hnhn[ k`m tae-≤y-£-∑m¿ F∂n-h¿°pw
hnfw-_-c-Øns‚ ]I¿∏v Ab-®p.
hnZzm≥Ipń A®≥ {]h-Nn® Znhkw h∂n´pw Ccp´pw {InkvXphpw
h∂n-√. bqtbm-ab k` XI¿∂p. P\w NnXdn HmSn. kzØv hn‰v k`-
bn¬ ka¿∏n-®-h¿ \n¿≤-\cpw A]-lm-ky-cp-am-bn. kn.Fw.Fkv.
k`bpw a‰pw Ah-cpsS apºn¬ hmXn-e-S-®p. bqtbm-ab k`-°m-cp-
ambn hnhm-l-_‘w t]mepw ]mSn-s√∂ hne°v I¬]-\-Iƒ F√m
k`-Ifpw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®p.
t{]m´-Ã≠v \ho-I-cWw kzm[o-\n-®n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ t\csØ hy‡-
am-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse sIm√w, Xpº-a¨ CS-h-I-Iƒ kpdn-bm-\n-k`-
bpsS sa{Xm-∑m¿°v Dujva-f-amb hc-th¬∏v \¬In-bn-cp-∂n-√. am¿
bqen-tbm-kns\ Xpº-a¨ sa{X-mk-\-Ønse ]e ]≈n-Ifpw kzoI-
cn-®n-cp-∂n-√. At±lw ]mºm-°p-S-bn¬ tIc-f-Zo]w {]kv ÿm]n®v
Ahn-sS-\n∂v kpdn-bm-\n-{I-a-ßƒ A®-Sn-°p-∂-Xn¬ {i≤-]-Xn-∏n-®p.
1879˛¬ Bcw-`n® Cu {]kv Hcp anI® Bcw-`-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv
Cu A®-Sn-ime "am¿ bqen-tbmkv {]kv' F∂ t]cn¬ {]kn-≤-ambn.
1884 am¿®v 21˛\v At±lw A¥-cn-®-tXmsS Xpº-a¨ `{Zm-k-\-Øns‚
Npa-Xe ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kn\v \¬In.
am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ kao-]-\-ßfpw {]t_m-[-\-ßfpw D]-tZ-i-
ßfpw Pohn-X-am-Xr-Ibpw a‰v sX°≥ CS-h-I-Iƒ°v F∂-t]mse
Xpº-aÏm¿°pw kzoIm-cy-am-bn. C-tXmsS \ho-I-c-W-°m¿ sa{Xm-
k-\-ß-fnse ]≈n-Ifn¬\n∂v ]Sn-bn-d-ßn. \nc-W-Øn\p ]pdsa
sIm√w, Xpºa¨ `{Zm-k-\-ßfpsS `c-W-®p-a-Xe IqsS Gs‰-Sp-
t°≠n h∂-tXmsS bm{X-Iƒ h¿≤n-®p. skan-\m-cnbnse A[ym-
]\w th≠-Xp-t]mse \S-Øp-hm≥ Xs‚ injy-\mb h´-t»-cn¬ Koh¿-
§okv siΩm-i\v 1880˛¬ I»oim]´w \¬In 1881˛¬ aev]m\mbn
\nb-an-®p. ]pXnb aev-]m≥ ]fin-X≥ Bbn-cp∂p F∂m¬ [rXn
]nSn®v Imcy-ßƒ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xn¬ D’p-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ]mI-Xbpw
ka-Nn-Ø-Xbpw th≠{X D≠m-bn-cp-∂pthm F∂v kwi-bw. Cu
kz`mh -k-hn-ti-jX kq£va-Zr-°mb Kpcp Adn-™n-cp∂p F∂v
thWw Icp-Xp-hm≥. Xs‚ a‰v injy-∑mcmb A¶amen Ip‰n-°m´v

]ueqkv I»o-imbv°pw Ipdn®n I√-m-t»cn ]p∂qkv I»o-imbv°pw
1898˛¬ dºm≥ ÿm\w \¬In-b-t∏mƒ h´-t»cn¬ aev]ms\ AXn¬-
\n∂v Hgn-hm-°n-b-Xn\v as‰-¥mhmw ImcWw? \ho-I-c-W-°m-tcm-Sp≈
bp≤-Øn¬ hoc-bp≤w sNbvX ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚
]e \b-ß-tfmSpw aev]m≥ A¬]w ]c-ky-am-bn-Øs∂ hntbm-Pn∏v
{]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. \ho-I-c-W-°m-tcm-Sp≈ ka-c-Ønepw skan-\mcn
hyh-lm-c-Ønepw h´-t»cn¬ aev]m≥ ImWn® \n w-K-Xbpw DZm-
ko-\-Xbpw Kpcp-hns\ thZ-\n-∏n-®p-thm? A¬hm-dokv am¿ bqen-tbm-
kn-s‚bpw dn\nhnemØn am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbm-kn-s‚bpw sa{Xm≥
hmgvN-I-fn¬ At±lw kzoI-cn® ]n≥\nc at\m-`mhw Kpcp-hn¬ tNmZy-
Nn-”-ßƒ Db¿Øntbm? Atkm-tky-j\pw amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰nbpw
hgn k`m-`-cWw Bh-iy-Øn-tesd AflmblkvXØne-a-cp-∂-Xn¬
At±lw s\‰n Npfn-®n-cp-∂Xv Kpcp-hns\ Ak-ly-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-
∂pthm?
Cu kwi-b-ßƒ A∂v k`m-t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ]e-cp-sSbpw {i≤-
bn¬s]ń-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]n≥Kman am¿
{KotKm-dn-tbmkv BIp-sa∂v Gh¿°pw Dd-∏m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ CuZri-
kw-K-Xn-Isf Ghcpw Ah-K-Wn-®p. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ km∂n[yw
IqSmsX c≠v sa{Xm-∑msc (A¬hm-dnkv am¿ bqen-tbm-kn-s\bpw
sd\n-hn-emØn am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbm-kn-s\bpw) hmgn-®-Xn¬ h´-t»-cn¬
aev]m\pw tIm\m´v aev]m\pw …o_m siΩm-i\pw \oc-k-ap-≠m-bn-
cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Xocp-am-\-Øn\v am¿
{KotKm-dn-tbmkv ]n¥p-W-®-Xn-\m¬ {]Xn-tj[w ]c-ky-ambn ]pd-Øp-
h-∂n-√. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ A[n-Imcw BIm-hp-∂{X Npcp-°m≥ ae-
¶-c-k` kzoI-cn® \S-]Sn Bbn-cp∂p AsX∂v {Kln-°p-hm≥ am{Xw
]cn-]m-I-Xtbm Zo¿L-ho£-Wtam aev]m-∑m¿°p≠mbn-cp∂n√.
{Xnhn[ kz`m-h-amWv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p-
≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
1. k\ym-k-]-c-amb Pohn-X-\n-jvT-Iƒ
Hcp Zb-dm-b-°m-cs‚ A®-S-°hpw k\ym-k-N-cy-Ifpw [ym\hpw
D]-hm-khpw au\hpw At±lw Pohn-X-{h-X-am-°n-bn-cp-∂p. B¿j-amb
ka-Nn-Ø-Xbpw B{K-l-\n-tcm-[-\hpw At±lw hnP-b-]q¿∆w kzmb-
Ø-am-°n. k`-bpsS Imt\m-\nI t\mºp-Iƒ°p ]pdsa Zb-dm-b-°m-
¿°p {]tXy-I-am-bp≈ bma-{]m¿∞-\-Ifpw k¶o¿Ø-\-ßfpw [ym\n-
°p-hm≥ At±lw kabw Is≠-Øn. Hcp k\ym-kn-bpsS efn-X-Pohn-

Xhpw \nb-{¥nX `£-W-k-{º-Zm-b-ßfpw At±-lsØ tXP-kzn-
bm°n. "anXw N kmcw N htNm ln hmKnXm' F∂ \n¿∆-N\w am¿
{KotKm-dn-tbm-kn\v Gsd CW-ßp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
2. k`-bpsS ]q¿hnI hnizm-k-ß-tfm-Sp≈ {]Xn-_-≤-X
Xs‚ Pohn-X-Im-eØv Db¿∂p i‡n-s∏-´, k`-bv°p-≈nse t{]m´-
Ã≠v \ho-I-cW {]h-W-X-I-tfmSv \nc-¥cw t]mcm´w \S-ØpI
F∂Xv At±-l-Øns‚ I¿Ω-ta-J-e-bm-bn-cp-∂p. BtcmSpw hy‡n-
KX-hn-tZzjw ]pe¿ØmsX thZ-]p-kvX-Im-[n-jvTn-X-amb hn. ]nXm-°-
∑m-cpsS thZ-hym-Jym-\-ßfpw IqZmim hymJym-\-ßfpw At±lw aSp-
Øp-t]m-ImsX ]Tn-∏n-®p. CS-h-I-bnse A®-S-°-cm-ln-Xy-ß-tfmSpw
\ho-I-c-Wm-`n-ap-Jy-ß-tfmSpw At±lw Hcn-°epw {]Xn-I-cn-°m-Xn-cp-
∂n-ń-√. hncp-t≤m-]-tZ-i-ßƒ CS-h-I-bn¬ apf-®p-s]m-ßm-Ø-hn[w CS-
h-Isb kXy-hn-izm-k-Øn¬ k÷o-I-cn-°p-hm≥ At±lw CS-h-I-
Iƒ°v Blzm\w \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. 1897 aIcw 23˛\v I√p-¶{X ]≈n-
bn¬ \n∂v Ab® Iev]-\-bn¬ Zpcp-]-tZ-i-ß-sf-∏‰n At±lw F{X-
am{Xw hymIp-eX ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂p F∂v \ap°p {Kln-°mw. Xncp-
ta-\n-bpsS {]t_m-[\w tIƒ°pI:
""]≈n-bn¬ ]´-°m¿ {]kw-Kn-°p-∂Xv IqSmsX sXc-s™-SpØv
ssIsh-bvt∏mSpw I¬]-\t- bm-Spw-IqsS Ab-bv°s - ∏-Sp∂ D]-tZ-in-Isf
sIm≠pw {]kwKw \S-Øn-®psImƒhn≥. A√msX D]-tZ-in-Iƒ F∂p
]d™p hcp∂ aX-hn-tcm-[n-I-sf-s°m≠pw I¬]n-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂
t\mºv, \a-kvIm-cw, Ipcn-ip-h-c, Ipºn-So¬, Ip¿∫m-\, Ipº-km-cw,
amΩqZo-km, tcmKn-Iƒ°p≈ sskØp-]q-i¬ apX-emb I¿Ω-ßfpw
Xºp-cm-s\-s]‰ AΩ-tbmSpw ]cn-ip-≤-∑m-tcmSpw D≈ a≤yÿ {]m¿-
∞-\-Ifpw \n m-c-sa∂v sh®v Ahsb BZ-cn-°msX \nµn-°p∂ I≈
D]-tZ-jvSm-°-sf-s°m≠pw ]≈n-bn¬ht®m \nß-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬
ht®m {]kw-Kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS Zpcp-]-tZ-i-ßsf tIƒ°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp-t]m-I-cp-Xv. Aß-s\-bp-≈-h¿ h©-I-∑m-cm-I-bm¬ Ah¿°v
\nß-fn¬ ÿew sImSp-°p-I-bpw Acp-Xv. F∂m¬ Bsc-¶nepw A\p-
k-cWw hn´v CXns\ FXn¿Øv {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xmbn ImW-s∏-´m¬
Ahsc \ΩpsS Iq´-Øn¬ A\y-\mbn hnNm-cn-®p-sIm-≈p-Ibpw
thWw.''
3. kmaq-lnI {]Xn-_-≤X
]cn-ip≤ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ]pen-t°m-ń¬ c≠m-a≥ ae¶c
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-tbm-Sp≈ kwk¿§w am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kns‚

ho£W N{I-hm-f-ßsf Xptemw hnim-e-X-c-am-°n. hy‡n-KX hnip-
≤n-bn¬ \mfp-Iƒ Ign-®p-Iqń shń-°¬ Zb-dmsb ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS
{i≤m-tI-{µ-am-°nb am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-
Ømsb X\n°v k\ym-k-Zo£ \¬Inb Kpcp F∂ \ne-bn¬ am{X-
a√ I≠n-cp-∂-Xv. ]nXr-]p-{X-_-‘-sØ-t∏mepw AXn-i-bn-°-Ø-°-
hn-[-Øn¬ hf¿∂ B _‘w am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ kmaq-ly-
ho£-WsØ Baq-em{Kw DS-®p-hm¿°p-hm≥ ]cym-]vX-am-bn. 1873˛se
]cp-ae ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv {]Jym-]n® I¿Ω-]-cn-
]m-Sn-Iƒ kz¥w I¿Ω-ta-J-e-bmbn am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Gs‰-Sp-Øp.
]m›mXy skIvtSdn-b≥ k`-Ifpw hnZzm≥Ipńbpw am¿ AØm-\m-
tkymkpw t\XrXzw \¬Inb t{]m´-Ã≠v \ho-I-c-Whpw ae-¶-c-
k`-bn¬ Db¿Ønb hnizm-k-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Isf am¿ Zoh-∂m-
tkymknt\mSv tN¿∂p-\n∂v Hcp alm-{]-hm-l-ambn hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-
°p-∂-Xn¬ am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Gsd hnP-bn-®p. CXns‚ `mK-ambn
]cp-a-e-tbm-Khpw apf-¥p-cpØn tbmKhpw \n›-bn®{]Imcw sshZn-
I-scbpw CS-h-I-I-sfbpw k÷o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xns‚ `mK-ambn ks≠-
kvIqƒ, sshZn-I-kwLw XpS-ßnb Bflob {]ÿm-\-ßƒ At±lw
ÿm]n-®p. am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ae-¶c Atkm-tky-j≥ {]h¿Ø-
\-ambn {]Jym-]n® hnZym-`ymk {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf B Xe-ap-d-bn¬
am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Gsd i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øn. am¿ Zoh-∂-mtkymkv
ÿm]n® Ccp-∂q-‰n-A-º-Xn-tesd hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ ]eXpw am¿
{KotKm-dn-tbmkv ap≥ssI FSpØv ÿm]n-®h Bbn-cp-∂p. ]cp-a-e-
bnse Koh¿Kokv aev]ms‚ hntbm-Pn-∏n-s\bpw am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv
]e- Im-cy-ß-fn-ep-sa-∂-t]mse Cu Imcy-Ønepw Ah-K-Wn-®p. sa{Xm-
∑msc ae-¶-c-bn¬ h®v hmgn®v A[n-Imc hntI-{µo-I-cWw \S-Øp-
hm\pw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ A[n-Im-c-ko-asb ]cn-an-X-am-°p-hm\pw
am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv \S-Ønb {ia-ßsf am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv k¿∆m-
fl\m ]n¥p-W-®p. tIm´bw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ h®v \S∂ A¬hm-
dokv bqen-tbm-kn-s‚bpw kntem-Wn¬ sh®v \S∂ dn\n-hn-emØn
am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbm-kn-s‚bpw sa{Xm≥hmgvN Hcp henb kw`-h-am-
°p-hm≥ am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv A£oWw bXv\n-®p. C°m-cy-Øn-ep≈
FXn¿∏p-Isf At±lw ]cn-K-Wn-®-tX-bn-√. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-am-bp≈
GXp Xe-Øn-ep-≈- _-‘hpw ae-¶-c-k-`bv°v IWvTtImSm-en-bm-hp-
sa∂v ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-t\m-sSm∏w \n∂v A\p-`h- n-®d
- n™ Xe-ap-db
- nse
H∂mw\nc-°m-c-\mb ]. am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns\ i‡n-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xv
B Adn-hp-I-fn¬ t\cn´v ]¶m-fn-bm-bn-cp∂ Xs‚bpw I¿Ø-hy-sa∂v
am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Icp-Xn. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v doiokm Abbv°p-

tºmgpw At±-lh - p-ambn Hcp \n›nX AIew ]men-°p-∂X- mWv ae¶c-
k-`bv°v Gsd KpW-Icw F∂v am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kn\v Xo¿®-bm-bn-
cp-∂p.
^m. tUm. tP°_v Ipcy≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ae-¶ck`bv°v \n¿Æm-
bI Ime-L-´-Øn¬ kp[o-c -t\-XrXzw \¬In, \ho-I-cW sImSp-
¶m-‰n¬ Ae-™p-t]m-ImsX kXy-hn-izm-k-Øn¬ \ne-\n¿Ønb
alm≥ F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp∂ k`m-]n-Xm-hm-bn-cp∂p ]pen-t°m-
ń¬ c≠m-asØ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kv. At±-l-Øn\v ]cp-
ae Xncp-ta-\n-bn¬ A\ev]-amb hnizm-k-hpw, B `‡n-Po-hn-X-Ønepw,
AIr-{Xna hy‡n-Xz-Ønepw AXn-c‰ BZ-chpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]cp-
ae -Xncp-ta-\n°v henb sa{Xm-®-s\-°p-dn®v henb _lp-am-\-am-bn-cp-
∂p. Hcp- ]-t£, ]t{Xmkv XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v t]mepw cpNn-
°mØ Hcp kvt\l-_-‘-ambnØo¿∂p Ah¿ XΩn¬.
Be-∏pg tImS-Xn-bn¬ skan-\m-cn-t°-kn-t\m-S-\p-_-‘n®v km£n-
bmbn hnkvX-cn-°-s∏-´-t∏mƒ ae-¶-c-bpsS apgp-h≥ `c-W-]-c-amb Npa-
X-e-°m-c-\mbn am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn-s\-°p-dn®v ]cp-a-e- Xn-cp-ta\n ]d-
™Xv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn\v A\p-Iq-e-ambn hn[n-bp-≠m-hm≥ hfsc
klm-bn-®p. "{][m\ CS-b-'\mb ]m{Xn-b¿°okv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-
kns\ Xe-h-\mbn \nb-an®p F∂mWv ]cp-a-e- Xn-cp-ta\n sX°≥
`{Zm-k-\-ßƒ°v FgpXnb CS-b-te-J-\-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. ""hf-sc-
°m-e-ambn Cu k`-bn¬ t\cn-ń-cp∂ `n∂-X-Iƒ, X¿°-ßƒ apX-em-
b-h-bpsS \nhm-c-W-Øn\pw t£a-\-S-Øn-∏n-\p-ambn \ΩpsS hnip≤
]nXm-hmb {][m\ CS-b≥ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ FØn Xs‚ Bflob
Bń≥Iq-´sØ Z¿in-°p-Ibpw Ah-bpsS {]tXyI kq£n-∏n\v Ggv
CS-h-I-I-fmbn Xncn®v AXm-Xn\v tae-≤y-£-∑m-cmb `c-W-°msc \nb-
an-°p-Ibpw Ch-sb√mw GI- Iq-´hpw GI-\-S-]-Sn-I-fp-ambn tbmPn®v
{][m\ tae-≤y-£-Xbv°v tN¿∂n-cn-∏m≥ X°-hÆw Hcp {][m\
sFIy-kw-LsØ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw AXn\v am¿ Zoh-∂m-
tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Ah¿Isf Xe-h-\mbn \nb-an-°p-Ibpw
a‰pw sNbvXv XncnsI Fgp-∂-≈p-Ibpw A∂p apX¬ C∂p-hsc 15
h¿j-°mew am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Ah¿Iƒ Cu
Bń≥Iq-´-Øn\pth≠n c£n-Xm-hns‚ Xncp-h-N-\-{]-Imcw ac-W-
tØmfw bp≤w sNbvIbpw Ah-km\w Xs‚ Ir]-bm¬ Pbw {]m]n-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXp'' (1892 Ipw`w 29˛mw XobXn Fgp-Xnb Iev]\.
tUm. kmap-h¬ Nµ-\-∏-≈n, ]cp-a-e- Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS Iev]-\-Iƒ, ]pdw
33, ]cp-a-e-kvarXn ]pdw 67, 68.
1889˛¬ Ah-km-\n® skan-\mcn hyh-lm-c-Øns‚ hn[nbn¬ Nne

Imcy-ßƒ hy‡-am-°-s∏-ń-cp∂p:
1. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ euInI A[n-Imcw C√.
2. doiokm ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-t\m `cn-°p∂ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-
bvt°m F∂v Jfin-X-ambn ]d-bm-\m-hn-√.
3. P\-ß-fm¬ sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-SmØ sa{Xm-∑m¿°v `c-Wm-[n-
Imcw C√.
Cu hn[n am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ t{]c-W-bnepw kzm[o-\-Ønepw
D≠m-b-Xm-sW∂v ]m{Xn-b¿°okv sX‰mbn [cn-®p. am¿ Zoh-∂m-
tkymkv sIm√w, sIm®n CS-h-I-Iƒ°v shfn-bn¬ D≈ ]≈n-I-fn¬
{]th- i n- ° - c p- s X∂v hne- ° p- I bpw Atkm- t ky- j ≥ {]kn- U ≠v
ÿm\Øp\n∂v At±-lsØ \o°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ kp{Ko-hm⁄
DSs\ ae-¶-c-bn-te°v Fgp-Xn-A-b-®p. 1892 hr›nIw 13˛\v Cu Iev]-
\-sb-∏‰n ]cn-K-Wn-°m≥ tIm´bw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬ amt\-PnwKv
IΩn-‰n-tbmKw tN¿∂p. Xocp-am-\-ßƒ:
1. am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn-s\-∏‰n ]m{Xn-b¿°okv D∂-bn® Btcm-]-
W-ßƒ kXy-hn-cp≤-am-Wv.
2. am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns\ Atkm-tky-j≥ {]kn-U≠v ÿm\Øv
\n∂v \o°m-\m-hn-√.
3. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv Bh-iy-s∏´ euInI DS-ºSn kΩ-Xn-®p-sIm-Sp-
°m≥ amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n Xbm-d-√.
4. am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n {]kn-U≠v F∂ \ne-
bn¬ XpS¿∂pw s]mXp tae-[n-Im-cn-bmbncn°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
5. ae-¶-c-bn¬ \n∂v ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v e`n-°p∂ ]cm-Xn-Iƒ°v
amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n-bpsS dnt∏m¿´v Bcm-™X- n\v tijta \S-]Sn kzoI-
cn-°m-hq.
Cu Xocp-am-\-ß-fn-te°v amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰nsb \bn-°p-∂-Xn¬
am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ {]I-Shpw {]_-e-hpamb t{]c-Wbpw kzm[o-
\hpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1877 apX¬ 1902 hsc-bp≈ F√m Atkm-tky-
j-\p-I-fnepw amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n tbmK-ß-fnepw am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv
IrXy-ambn ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂-Xmbn Ah-bpsS an\n´vkv hy‡-am-°p∂p.
"Hcp-h≥ as‰m-cp-hs‚ CS-h-I-bn¬ `c-W-coXym {]th-in-°-cpXv F∂
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ Bh¿Øn® I¬]\ \ne-hn-en-cnt° amt\-PnwKv
IΩn-‰n-bpsS \n¿t±-i-{]-Imcw hS-°≥]d-hq¿ (A-¶am-en), ]pXp-∏≈n

(tIm-´-bw), Nnß-h\w (tIm-´-bw) apX-embn kz¥w CS-h-Ibv°v
]pdØpw ]≈n-I-fn¬ am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv {]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-ßƒ°mbn
t\XrXzw \¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n-bpsS an\n´vkv
sXfnhv \¬Ip-∂p. Ch-sb√mw CS-hI sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS Xocp-am-\-ß-
fn-t-∑ep≈ A∏o-ep-Iƒ Bbn-cp-∂p. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ lnXm\p-
h¿Øn-bm-hp-∂X - n-t\-°mƒ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØmbpsS ssIIƒ°v
_ew h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I-bmWv Xs‚ {]Ya Npa-X-e-sb∂v am¿ {KotKm-dn-
tbm-kn\v \√-t]mse Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. hyh-lm-c-Im-cy-ßƒ°mbn
Be-∏p-g-bnepw Xncp-h\¥]pcØpw hmSI`h-\-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂
ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS tXtPm-a-bhpw Icp-Wm-a-bhpw Bb
Nn{X-ßƒ "ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS cl-ky-t]-S-I'-Øn¬ hyh-lmc Imcy-
ÿ\m-bn-cp∂ C. Fw. ]oen-t∏mkv hc-®p-Im-´p-∂p-≠v. tIkp-sN-e-hp-
Iƒ°mbn ]W-an-√msX \´w-Xn-cn-bp∂ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ]cn-N-
b-°m¿s°ms° [\-k-lm-b-Øn-\mbn "bmN\ I¬]\' Ab-bv°p∂
kabw ]e-t∏mgpw ]ń-Wnbn-em-bn-cp∂p F∂v \mw hmbn-°p-∂p-≠v.
B ka-b-ß-fn¬ ae-¶-c-bnseßpap≈ ]≈n-I-fnse X¿°-ßƒ°v
]cn-lm-c-ap-≠m-°p-hm≥ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-
kn-s\-bmWv \ntbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
X¿°-ßƒ tI´v ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv D∂-
Xhpw \oXn-]q¿hI-hpamb Nne am\-Z-fi-ßƒ ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p.
GXv ]cm-Xnbpw t\cnt´m At\z-j-W-°-Ωo-j≥ aptJ-\tbm hni-Z-
ambn At±lw At\z-jn-®n-cp-∂p. hmZn-Iƒ°pw {]Xn-Iƒ°pw kz¥w
\ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ \ymbo-I-cn-°phm\pw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-hm\pw Ah-kcw
\¬In-bn-cp-∂p. AXn\v tijta At±lw X¿°-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ Xocp-
am\w kzoI-cn-°pI ]Xn-hp-≈p. Xm≥ Ah-ew-_n-°p∂ \S-]-Sn-{I-a-
ß-sf-°p-dn®v bYm-k-abw ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbv°v dnt∏m¿´v
Ab-bv°p∂ [mcmfw IØp-Iƒ I≠n-´p-≠v. IØp-I-fn-se√mw Ahn-
SpsØ injy≥ F∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv At±lw H∏v h®n-cp-∂-Xv.
1879˛¬ skan\mcn hyh-lmcw Bcw-`n®v 1886 I¿°n-SIw 3˛mw XobXn
]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv tImS-Xn-hn-[n-b-\p-k-cn®v tIm´bw
]gbskan-\mcn \SØn FSp-°p-∂-Xp-h-sc-bp≈ Imew amt\-PnwKv
IΩn-‰n-bpsS {][m\ tPmen tIkv \-S-Øn-∏n-\p≈ kwJy kam-l-cn-
°-em-bn-cp∂p F∂v Hcp Ncn-{X-Im-c≥ Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. amen{X
Gen-bmkv IØ-\m¿, C. Fw. ^nen∏v F∂n-h¿ Be-∏p-g-bn¬ hmS-
I-ho-ń¬ Xma-kn®v tIkv \S-Øp-tºmƒ ]≈n-Ifpw hy‡n-Ifpw bYm-
hn[n klm-b-lkvXw \o´p-amdv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv AWn-b-d-{]h¿-
Ø\w \nb-{¥n-®n-cp-∂p. 1895 hr›nIw 10˛\v tIm´bw skan-\m-cn-
bn¬ IqSnb amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n ]cp-ae {KotKm-dn-tbm-kns\ ae-¶c

sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Akn-Ã‚ v Bbn \nb-an-®p (C-∂sØ \ne-
bn¬ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bp-sSbpw ImtXm-en-°m-bp-sSbpw Akn-
Ã‚pw ]n≥Km-anbpw F∂ ÿm\-tØmSv kam-\-amWv Cu sXc-s™-
Sp-∏v. ÿm\-tam-ln-I-fmb Bcp-sS-sb-¶nepw kz]v\-ßƒ°pw taml-
ßƒ°pw Cu Xocp-am\w £X-ta¬∏n-®pthm F∂-dn™p IqSm. 55˛mw
hb- n¬ AXy¥w Ahn-Nm-cn-X-ambn B ]cn-ip-≤≥ AIm-e-N-caw
{]m]n-®n-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ At±lw ASpØ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-
eoØm BIp-am-bn-cp-∂p; hyXy-kvXhpw kam-[m-\-]q¿Æhpw Bb
Hcp ae-¶-c-k-`m-N-cn{Xw cNn-°p-hm≥ \ap°p Ign-bp-am-bn-cp∂p.
"A\yYm Nn¥nXw Imcyw- ˛ -ssZhw (?) A\y{X Nn¥-tbXv.'')
ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS _ln-›c {]mW-\mbn ]cp-a-e-Xncp-
ta-\n-bpsS ]n¥p-W-bn¬ ae-¶-c-k` ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-s\-Xnsc AXn-
i-‡-amb Zp¿§w ]Wn-Xp-b¿Øp-∂Xv Ipim-{K-_p-≤n-bmb …o_m
siΩm-i\v \n -lm-b-X-tbmsS t\m°n-bncn°mt\ BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬
Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. skan-\m-cn-t°-kns‚ Bh-iy-Øn-te-°mbn ae-
¶-c-k-`-bnse ]Xn-hp-Ifpw ]t{Xmkv ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ \n¿t±-i-
ßfpw Iqń-t®¿Øv lqZmb Imt\ms‚ Hcp ]pXnb ssIsb-gp-Øp-
{]Xn \n¿Ωn-t°-≠Xv Bh-iy-sa∂v h∂-t∏mƒ AXnse BZysØ
]Øv A≤ym-b-ßƒ sshZn-I-{SÃn tIm\m´v amØ≥ aev]m\pw tijw
apgph≥ `mK-ßfpw ]. ]cp-a-e-Xn-cp-ta-\nbpw IqSn ]I¿Øn FgpXn-
bn´mWv ]g°w tXm∂n-∏n-°m≥ Im∏n-sh-≈-Øn¬ ap°n tImS-Xn-
bn¬ lmP-cm-°n-bXv F∂ IY …o_m siΩm-is\ Bg-ambn kv]¿-
in-®n-cp-∂p. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\nbpw NmØp-cp-Øn¬ Xncp-ta-\nbpw
Pohn-®n-cn-°p-tºmƒ ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ GsX-¶nepwhn[-Øn¬ Hcp
hn≈¬ krjvSn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-I-bn-s√∂v siΩm-i≥ ASpØ A\p-
bm-bn-I-tfmSv cl-ky-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. doiokm ]ncn-hn\pth≠n
]m{Xn-b¿°okv ae-¶-c-bn-te°v \ntbm-Kn® sia-hq≥ am¿ AØm-
\m-tkym-kns‚ sk{I-´-dn-bmbn ae-¶-c-bn-se-Ønb …o_m siΩm-
i\v Hcp H‰p-Im-cs‚ ZuXyw- IqSn \n¿h-ln-∏m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. At±lw
ka¿∞-ambn AXv \n¿h-ln-®p. {]Xn-^-e-ambn ta¬]-´-ÿm\w {]m]n-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]cn-ip≤ ]cp-ae am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ injy-
s\∂\ne-bn¬ …o_m siΩm-i≥ ]cp-a-e-bn¬ \nXy -k-µ¿i-I≥
Bbn-cp-∂p.
A≤ymbw 5
]cp-a-e-bpsS ]cn-afw
1873˛¬ shń-°¬ Zb-dm-bnse sshZn-I-]-cn-io-e\w Ah-km-\n-∏n®v
]. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS \n¿t±-i-
{]Imcw NmØp-cpØn Koh-dp-Kokv dºm-®≥ ]cp-a-e-bn¬ h∂tXmsS
]cp-a-e-bp-sSbpw am¿ {Ko-tKm-dn-tbm-kn-s‚bpw am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn-
s‚bpw Ncn-{X-Øn¬ kpK-‘-]q-cn-X-amb Hc-≤ym-bw Bcw-`n-°p-I-bm-
bn-cp-∂p. sIm®n tIm´-bn¬ ]\-bv°¬ sF∏q-cp-hns‚ ]m≠n-I-im-e-
bn¬ AtX-hsc {]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS
Bÿm-\-tØm-sSm∏w am¿ tXmakv A®p-Iq-Shpw ]cp-a-e-bn-te°v
amdn. tIcf]Xm-I-bpsS {]kn-≤o-I-cWw ]cp-a-e-bn¬\n∂v Bcw-`n®p.
Imfo-Iqf∑m-cpsS Bhm-k-`q-an-bm-bn-cp∂ b£n-∏-dºv ˛ ]cp-a-e-Zzo]v
˛ k\ymkNcy-I-fp-sSbpw {]m¿∞-\m-Ko-X-ß-fp-sSbpw tZh-`q-an-bmbn.
sshZn-I-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-\mbn ae-¶-c-bpsS \m\m-`m-K-Øp-\n∂pw h∂p-
tN-cp∂ siΩm-i-∑m¿ B tZh-`q-an-bnse sIm®p-am-em-J-am-cm-bn. thZ-
]m-T-N¿®-Ifpw Bcm-[-\m-\p-jvTm-\-ßfpsS kwhn-[m-\ apd-Ifpw B
Duj-c-`q-ansb kpK-‘-]q-cn-X-am-°n. k‘y-bnepw {]`m-X-Ønepw apS-
ßmsX {]m¿∞-\-tbm-sSm∏w ]pd-Øp-h-cp∂ Ip¥p-cp-°-Øns‚ ]cn-
afw B A¥-co-£sØ hnip-≤nbpsS ]cn-th-jw-sIm≠v \nd-®p.
Ipºn-So-ep-Ifpw D]-hm-khpw B tZh-`q-ansb Xptemw ]dp-Zokm kZr-
i-am-°n. {]m¿∞\m at{¥m-®m-c-W-Øns‚ ss\c¥cyw B A¥-co-
£-Øn\v kz¿§o-bX {]Zm\w sNbvXp. ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS \ho-I-cW
hn]-Øns\ sNdp-°p-hm≥ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬
AhnsS \S-°p∂ Btem-N-\-Ifpw N¿®-Ifpw ]cp-a-esb kXy-
hnizmk kpK‘w ]qin. Npcp-°-Øn¬ 1873 apX¬ ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬
\S-°p∂ GXv Ne-\m-fl-I-amb \o°hpw ]cp-a-e-bn¬ \n∂v Bcw-`n-
°Ø°-hn[w t{ijvT-amb Hcp {]mcw` ]›m-Øe `qan-bmbn ]cp-
ae hyXym-k-s∏-´p. ae-¶-c-sa-{Xm≥ \nc¥cw bm{X-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh-
¶n¬ dºm-®≥ AhnsS ÿnc-hm-k-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ipd™ Imew-sIm≠v
At±lw ]cp-ae dºm-®≥ F∂v Adn-b-s∏-´p.
am¿ Zoh-∂-mtkymkv 1873˛¬ ]cp-ae skan\m-cn-bn¬ hnfn-®p-
tN¿Ø ae-¶c ]≈n-{]-Xn-]p-cp-j-tbm-K-Øn¬ bqbm°ow am¿ Iqdn-
tem-kns‚ A≤y-£-X-bn¬ ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym\n Atkm-
tky-j≥ F∂ tIc-f-Ønse H∂m-asØ kap-Zm-b-kw-L-S-\bpw
amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n F∂ I¿Ω-k-an-Xnbpw cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-´-tXmsS ]cp-

a-e-bp-sSbpw ]cp-ae dºm-®-s‚bpw ]cn-afw ae-¶-c-bn-seßpw Hcp
aµ-am-cp-Xs‚ Ipfn¿Ω-tbmsS hoip-hm≥ Bcw-`n-®p. tIm´bw ]g-b-
sk-an-\mcn \ho-IcW°m-cpsS ssIh-i-Øn-em-b-Xn-\m¬ ae-¶-c-k-
`-bpsS Bÿm-\-ambn ]cp-ae skan-\m-cnsb Ghcpw ho£n-®p. ae-
¶-c-k-`-bpsS {][m\ Bflob tae-≤y-£≥ At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-
b¿°okv Ncn-{X-Øn-em-Zy-ambn ]cp-ae ktΩ-f-\-Øns‚ Xocp-am-\-
{]- I mcw ae- ¶ - c - k - ` - b n- t e°v BK- X - \ m- h p- ∂ p. ae- ¶ - c - k - ` - b nse
sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb F√m CS-h-I-Iƒ°pw Xpey-]-¶m-fn-Ø-ap≈
Hcp P\-Iob ]m¿e-sa‚ v ]cp-a-e-bn¬ h®v cq]o-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu
tIc-f-Ønse H∂m-asØ kap-Zm-b-kw-L-S-\-bpsS Npa-X-e-bn¬ \mSp-
\otf hnZym-e-b-ßƒ ÿm]n-°p-hm\pw B hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ PmXn-
aX-enw-K-t`-Z-sat\y km¿h-{XnI {]mY-anI hnZym-`ymk kuIcyw e`y-
am-°p-hm\pw ]cp-a-e-k-tΩ-f\w Xocp-am-\n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ]cp-ae kp∂-
l-tZm-kns‚ \n›-b-{]-Imcw Atkm-tky-js‚ I¿Ωkan-Xn-bmb
amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ s]mXp-t£-a-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ-
°mbn Hcp s]mXp-^≠v kzcq-]n-°p-∂p. Cßs\ ]cp-ae A°m-esØ
ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse CS-h-I-I-fn¬ k`m-hm¿Ø-Iƒ°v tI{µ-hn-j-b-ambn.
hS°v Ip∂w-Ipfw ˛ ]g™n apX¬ sX°v sIm√w hsc CS-h-I-I-
fn¬ \n∂v kµ¿i-\-th-f-bn¬ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta\n sXc-s™-Sp-
Øp-sIm-≠p-h∂ sshZn-I-hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ \mń¬ aS-ßn-s®-√p-tºmƒ
Ah-cpsS Kpcp-\m-Ys‚ A`q-X-]q¿∆-amb ssZhm-{i-b-sØ-∏-‰nbpw
{]m¿∞-\, Ipºn-So¬, D]-hm-kw, {hX-ßƒ XpS-ßnb k\ym-k-N-cy-
I-sf-∏-‰nbpw kpK-‘-]q-cn-X-amb hm¿Ø-Iƒ tIƒhn-°mtcmSv kphn-
ti-jn-®p. F√mw-IqSn Hcp \thm-∞m\w k`-bn¬ BK-X-am-hp-∂-Xns‚
Hcp-°-ßfpw AXns‚ ]cn-afw {]k-cn-°p∂ hm¿Ø-Ifpw Bth-i-
tØmsS ssIam-dn-bn-cp-∂p. Koh-dp-Kokv dºm-®s‚ ka-Nn-ØX, ]cn-
]m-IX, {]m¿∞-\m-Po-hnXw, kpdn-bm\n ]mfin-Xyw, Zo\m-\p-I-º,
Kpcp-hn-t\m-Sp≈ AXn-c-‰ BZ-chv F∂n-h-sb-∏‰n {]Io¿Øn-°mØ
injy-cn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. hS°v ]g™n Noc≥ Kohdp-Kokv Iio-im,
tIm\m´v amØ≥ aev]m≥, XpSßn sX°v h´-t»-cn¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-
tkym-kv, ]. Koh-dp-Kokv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en-°m, Ip‰n-°m-ń¬
]utemkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kv, a´-°¬ Ae-Ivk-{¥-tbmkv
aev]m≥, ]qX-°p-gn-bn¬ A{_lmw IØ-\m¿, ]ø-º-≈n¬ ZmhoZv
IØ-\m¿ XpSßn B Xe-ap-d-bnse an° {]ikvX sshZn-Icpw ]cp-
a-e-bn¬ NmØp-cpØn dºm-®s‚ Iogn¬ sshZn-Ihn-Zym-`ymkw \S-
Øn-b-h-cm-Wv. NmØp-cpØn dºm-®s‚ injyXzw Hcp henb ]Z-hn-
bmbn Ah¿ Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. Hgn-hp-k-a-b-ß-fn¬ AXy-]q¿∆-amb

kpdn-bm\n {KŸ-ßƒ ]I¿Øn Fgp-Xp∂ Kpcp-hns‚ t{ijvT- amXrI
]n¬°m-e-ß-fn¬ ]e injy-∑mcpw A\p-I-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn tIń-´p-≠v.
kpdn-bm\n A®Sn hn]p-e-amb {]Nmcw t\SmØ A°m-eØv {KŸw
]I¿Øn Fgp-X¬ Hc-\n-hm-cy-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm ae-¶-c-bn-se-Øn-bm¬ D≠m-hm-\n-S-bp≈
kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw N¿®-Iƒ ]cp-a-e-bn¬ kPo-h-am-bn. ]me-
°p-∂Øv sa{Xm-®\pw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ sa{Xm-®\pw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚
]n¥pW Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv Bsc
]n¥p-W-°p-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p {][m-\- {]-iv\w. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ sa{Xm-
®≥ 500 ]h≥ bm{X-®n-ehv Ab®v At±-l-Øns‚ AXn-Yn-bm-bn-
´mWv ]m{Xn-b¿°okv hcp-∂-sX-¶nepw ]m{Xn-b¿°okv hcp-∂-tXmsS
]me-°p-∂Øv sa{Xm-®≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ hi-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw
]pen-t°m-ń¬ sa{Xm-®s\ ]pd-Øm-°p-Ibpw sNbvtX-°p-sa∂v Hcp
Iq´¿. ]me-°p-∂Øv sa{Xm-®≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm-bv°p≈
bm{X-®n-ehv cl-ky-ambn a°p-Znim K{_n-tb¬ aptJ\ ssIam-dn-bn-
´p-s≠∂pw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ sa{Xm-®≥ I_-fn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw as‰mcp
Iq´¿. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv alm-cm-Pm-hns\ I≠v hnfw-_cw ]n≥h-en-∏n-
°m-\p≈ km[y-X-bp-≈-Xn-\m¬ AXn-\p≈ ]gp-Xp-I-f-Sbv°m≥
]p∂{X Nm≠-∏n≈ IØ-\mcpw a‰pw Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv sN∂v Bh-
iy-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂p-sh∂pw {_nójv dkn-U-≠n\v
\nthZ\w Ab®psImSp-Øn-´p-≈-Xn-\m¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ kµ¿-
i\w \njv^-e-am-Ip-sa∂pw thsdmcp Iq´¿. C{]-Imcw Ah-c-h-cpsS
`mh\bv°\p-kr-X-ambn HmtcmcpØ¿ kz]v\-k-©mcw \S-Øp-hm≥
XpS-ßn. F∂m¬ ]me-°p-∂Øv sa{Xm-®≥ {]Xo£ A¿∏n-®n-cp-∂Xv
bqbm°ow am¿ Iqdn-tem-knepw At±-l-Øns‚ ktlm-Z-c≥ a°p-
Znim K{_n-tb-enepw Bbn-cp-∂p. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ hc-hn\v sXm´p-
apºv bqbm°ow am¿ Iqdn-temkv A¥-cn-®Xv A¥-co£w BsI
hyXym-k-s∏-Sp-hm≥ Imc-W-am-bn.
kz¥w \ng-en-s\-t∏mepw hniz-kn-°m-\m-hmØ kµn-Kv≤m-hÿbm
bncp∂p A∂v ae-¶-c-bn¬. BcmWv i{Xp, BcmWv an{Xw F∂v
Adn-bp-hm≥ {]bm-kw. hntZ-in-bmb ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ FXn¿]£w
]Ww sImSpØv kzm[o-\n-®m¬ Xs‚ BIm-it- Im-Í - s- f√mw XI¿∂p
hogpw F∂v ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\n°v Adn-bm-am-bncp∂p. X∑qew
Xt∂m-sSmØv t{]m´-Ã≠v \ho-I-c-WsØ \J-in-Jm¥w FXn¿Øp-
t]m-cp∂ NmØp-cp-Øn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv dºm-®s\ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚
bm{X-I-fn¬ Zzn`m-jn-bmbn A\p-K-an-°p-hm≥ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm

G¿∏m-Sm-°n-bn-cp-∂p. bm{Xm-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Xs‚ k\ym-k-N-cy-Iƒ°v
hogvN- h-cp-Øp-sa-∂n-cp-∂n´pw k`-bpsS Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ°v ap¥nb ]cn-
K-W\ \¬In-bn-cp∂ NmØp-cp-Øn¬ dºm-®≥ Xs‚ Kpcp-hns‚ \n¿-
t±iw inc-km- h-ln-°p-hm≥ Xs∂ Xocp-am-\n-®p. Aßs\ Ip∂w-
Ipfw Nnd-fbw ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂v Bcw-`n® ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ ]≈n
kµ¿i-\-ßƒ°v NmØp-cpØn dºm-®≥ Zzn`mjn F∂ \ne-bn¬
kl-bm-{Xn-I-\m-bn. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ Nn¥-Ifpw Dt±-iy-ßfpw ae-
¶-csb tImf-\n-bm-°m-\p≈ Xm¬]-cy-ßfpw bYm-k-abw Kpcp-hns\
Adn-bn®v {]Xn-tcm[w Xo¿°p-hm≥ Kpcp-hns\ klm-bn-®Xv injy-
\m-Wv.
]me-°p-∂Øv henb Xncp-ta\n ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ kµ¿in-°p-
hm≥ ]e-X-hW B{K-ln-®p F∂pw F∂m¬ Hmtcm Xh-Wbpw ]pen-
t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv {]Xn-_-‘-ßƒ krjvSn-°p-I aqew
kµ¿i\w \S-°msX t]mhp∂p F∂-v \ho-I-cW hn`m-K-Øns‚
Bfl-hn-izmkw XI-cm-Xn-cn-°m≥ B `mKØv hym]-I-amb {]Nm-c-
the \S-∂n-cp-∂p. Xm≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ kµ¿in-°p-hm≥ B{K-
ln-°p-∂-Xmbn c≠p-aq∂p h´w am¿ AØm\mtkymkv IØp-Iƒ
aptJ-\bpw ZqX-∑m¿ ap-tJ-\bpw Adn-bn-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ B Adn-
bn-∏p-Iƒ F√mw At±lw Xs∂ d±m-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. alm-cm-Pm-hp-
ambn IqSn-°mgvN \S-°m-Xn-cn-°m\pw AXv Akm-[y-sa-¶n¬ IqSn-
°mgvN \oń-shbv-°m\pw \ho-I-cWsa{Xm≥ X{¥w {]tbm-Kn-°p-I-
bm-bn-cp∂p F∂v Gh¿°pw sshImsX t_m[y-am-bn. ]n∂oSv sshIn-
bn√, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw bm{X \S∂p; alm-cm-Pmhv ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚
hr≤-Xsb BZcn-®p; ]pXnb hnfw-_cw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m-sa∂v Dd∏v
\¬In; kΩm-\-ßƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. Zzn`mjn F∂ \ne-bn¬
C°m-cy-ß-fn¬ NmØp-cpØn dºm-®≥ hln® ]¶v sNdp-Xm-bn-cp-
∂n√. aS-°-bm-{X-bn¬ \ncWw ]≈n-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ \ho-I-cW
sa{Xms\ ImWm≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv kzta-[bm \ncWw ]≈n-bn-se-
Øn-bXpw sa{Xm-®≥ ]≈n-ta-S-bpsS AIwapdn-bn¬ A`bw tXSn-
bXpw Bf-b®v hnfn-∏n-®n´pw hcm-™Xpw ZrIvkm-£n-bmb Itcm-´p-
ho-ń¬ sia-hq≥ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv I≠-\mSv {KŸ-h-cn-bn¬ hni-
Z-ambn h¿Æn-®n-´p-≠v. \ho-I-cW sa{Xms\ B{ibn-®ncp∂ hen-
sbmcp hn`mKw At±-l-tØmSv hnS-]-d-bp-hm≥ CXv Imc-W-am-bn. CXn-
\n-S-bn¬ alm-cm-Pmhv hmKvZm\w sNbvX-]Sn ap≥ hnfw-_cw d±m-°p∂
]pXnb hnfw-_cw {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ BK-a\w Hcp bmYm¿∞y-am-hp-

Ibpw ]me-°p-∂Øv sa{Xm-®\v e`n-®n-cp∂ cmP-Iob hnfw-_cw d±m-
°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXtXmsS ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse {Kq∏p-k-a-hm-Iy-ßƒ°v
hyXymkw h∂p. tIm´bw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bpsS ssIh-i-°m-c≥,
{_nójv DtZym-K-ÿ-∑mcpsS kplrØv, sshZn-I¿°v ]c-am-h[n
]n¥pW \¬Ip∂ Bƒ F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ ae-¶-c-bnse _lp-`q-cn-
]£w CS-h-I-Ifpw ]me-°p-∂Øv amXyqkv am¿ AØm\mtkymkn-
s\bmWv A\p-Iq-en-®n-cp-∂-Xv. 1873˛¬ ]cp-a-e-bn¬ tN¿∂ ]≈n-{]Xn-
]p-cp-j-tbm-K-Øn¬ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sa{Xm-®s‚
Iev]-\-{]-Imcw ktΩ-fn® ]≈n-°m¿ Xptemw Npcp-°-am-bn-cp-∂p.
1876˛¬ B ÿnXn t`Z-s∏-´p. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ kwc-£Ww am¿
AØm-\m-tkym-kn\v Cs√∂pw am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv A⁄m-X-
amb Nne Imc-W-ß-fm¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-hm≥
`b-s∏-Sp∂p F∂pw t\cn´v I≠-tXm-sS-bmWv i‡n-k-a-hm-Iy-ßƒ
amdn-b-Xv. At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ]me-°p-∂Øv sa{X-m∑msc
"_e-bm¿' F∂v hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv Nn¥m-ti-jn-bp≈ At\-Isc Nn¥n-
∏n-®p. Bbm-dns‚ {]`p-hmb kmØms‚ t]¿ \ho-I-cW sa{Xm-
∑m¿°v \¬In-bXv F¥psIm≠v F∂v ]m{Xn-b¿°okv hni-Z-ambpw
]c-ky-ambpw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-s√-¶nepw Ah¿ sa{Xm≥]´w {]m]n-
®-h-c-s√∂v At±lw \S-]-Sn-I-fn-eqsS hy‡-am-°n. "_e-bm¿' ]´w
sImSpØ Iio-i-∑m¿°pw siΩm-i-∑m¿°pw ho≠pw ]m{Xn-b¿°okv
]´wsImSp-Øp-sIm≠v ]me-°p-∂Øv sa{Xms‚ sa{Xm≥ ÿm\m-h-
Im-i-hmZw hy¿∞-sa∂v At±lw hy‡-am-°n (ap-S-°-s∏-´-Xp-sIm-
≠mWv ho≠pw ]´wsImSp- t °- ≠ n - h - ∂ - s X∂v Nne B[p- \ nI
Imt\m≥ hnZ-Kv≤¿ Fgp-Xn-hn-Sp-∂Xv I≠n-´p-≠v. apS-°p-sIm≠v Hcm-
fp-sSbpw ]´w \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂n√ F∂ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hn⁄m\w
Ah¿ C\nbpw ]Tn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. kwi-b-ap-≈-h¿ amdm-t»cn
Cócm aev]m-\-®s‚ "]cn-ip-≤m-flmhpw ]´-Xzhpw' F∂ eLp- {KŸw
kkq£vaw hmbn®p ]Tn-°-s´. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm-bn¬ \n∂v
Imcy-ßƒ a\- n-em-°nb NmØp-cp-Øn¬ dºm≥ Xs‚ -in-jy-{]-ap-
J-\mb ]p∂qkv dºm-t\mSv C°mcyw ]d-™n-´p-≠v. "am¿tØm-Ωm-
°m¿°v ]´-an√ F∂v hen-b-_mhm ]d-bm-dp≠v' F∂v Imew-sNbvX
]. ZnZn-tamkv _mhm Hcp kzImcy kw`mj-W-Øn¬ Cu {KŸ-Im-c-
t\mSv ]d-™-Xmbn Hm¿°p-∂p. ]t{Xmkv _mhmbpw bqbm°ow Iqdn-
temkpw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\nbpw A{]-Imcw \S-Ønb Agn-®v
]´wsImSp-°-epI-fpsS XobXnbpw ÿehpw ÿm\-ta‰ hy‡n-I-
fpsS t]cpw I≠-\mSv {KŸ-h-cn-bn¬ [mcmfw ImWp-∂p-≠v.).
k`m-¥-co£w hyXym-k-s∏-´tXmsS hn]p-e-amb Hcp ]≈n-{]-Xn-

]p-cp-j-tbmKw IqSn-bm¬ sIm≈m-at√m F∂ Nn¥ ]t{Xmkv ]m{Xn-
b¿°o-kn\pw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh∂mtkym-kn\pw GI-Im-eØv
D≠m-bn. c≠p-t]-cp-sSbpw D∂w c≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv B
tbmK-Øn-eqsS ae-¶-c-k-`sb At¥ym-Jy≥ k`-bpsS tImf-\n-bm°n
am‰pI F∂mWv e£yw h®-Xv. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bm-Is´
1873˛se ]cp-ae ktΩ-f-\-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ hn]p-e-amb HcS-n-Ød
krjvSn®v \ho-I-c-W-°m¿s°-Xnsc hyh-lmcw \SØn tIm´bw
skan-\mcn tamNn-∏n-°m-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv e£yw -h-®-Xv. c≠p-
t]cpw Ahc-h-cpsS e£y-ß-sf-∏‰n c≠p-t]¿°pw hniz-kvX¿ Bb
NmØp-cp-Øn¬ dºm-®-t\mSv N¿® sNøp-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-
kns‚ Nne taml-ßƒ km[n-∏n-®p-sIm≠pw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ sa{Xm-
®s‚ e£y-ßƒ \nd-th-‰n-s°m≠pw A{]-Imcw Hcp ktΩ-f\w IqSp-
∂Xv DØ-a-sa∂v dºm-®≥ c≠p-t]¿°pw Btem-N\ \¬In. 1876
Pq¨ 27 apX¬ 30 hsc (sNm-∆m-˛-sh-≈n) apf-¥p-cp-Øn- ]-≈n-bn¬
]m{Xn-b¿°okv Ab® Iev∏\{]Imcw ]≈n-{]-Xn-]p-cp-j-tbmKw
ktΩ-fn-®p.
{]Xo- £ n- ® - t ]mse AXn¬ ]s¶- S pØ ]≈n- I - f psS FÆw
Bscbpw A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øpw-hn[w hn]p-e-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-
kns‚ Bflob ]c-am-≤y-£X tbmKw AwKo-I-cn-®p. am¿ Zoh-∂m-
tkym-kns‚ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\hpw AwKo-I-cn-®p. aq∂p-
sIm√w apºv ]cp-a-e-bn¬ tN¿∂ kp∂-l-tZmkv ssIs°m≠ Xocp-
am-\-ßsf ]pXnb `mj-bnepw ssien-bnepw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-
\n-bpsS Btem-N-\-tbmsS NmØp-cp-Øn¬ dºm≥ Xbm-dm-°n-bXv
tbmKw AwKo-I-cn®p. ]pXnb amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰nbpw sk{I-´-dnbpw
apX¬]n-Snbpw s]mXp-^≠v cq]o-I-c-Whpw \S-∂p. kp∂-l-tZmkv
kam-]n-®-t∏mƒ AXns‚ kwLm-S-I¿°v ]q¿Æ kwXr-]vXn-bm-bn
(ap-f-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ Xocp-am-\-{]-Imcw ae-¶-c-bn¬ sa{Xm-
∑msc hmgn-°p-hm\pw aqtdm≥ IqZmi \S-Øp-hm\pw am{Xta ]m{Xn-
b¿°o-kn\v A[n-Im-c-ap≈p F∂v 1889˛¬ skan-\m-cn-t°-kn¬ A¥n-
a-hn[n {]Jym-]n-®p-sIm≠v tdmb¬t°m-SXn Imcy-ßsf ]fin-tXm-
Nn-X-ambn \nco-£n-®p. euInIImcy-ß-fnepw a‰v Bflo-b-Im-cy-ß-
fnepw ]m{Xn-b¿°okn\vv bmsXmcp A[n-Im-chpw C√ F∂v tImSXn
hy‡-am-°n. Cu hkvXpX ad-®p-sh-®v, apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZmkv
ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS euIn-I-˛-B-flob ]c-am-[n-Imcw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v
Xosd-gpXn F∂v Hcp sa{Xm≥ ÿm\m¿∞n CS-hn-SmsX teJ-\-sa-
gp-Xp-∂Xv At\-Isc {àn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. 1934˛se `c-W-L-S-\bv°v tijw
apf-¥p-cp-Øn-bnse Xocp-am-\-ßƒ°v bmsXmcp {]k‡n-bp-an-s√∂v

\mw Adn-™n-cn-t°≠XmWv. kp∂-l-tZmkv kwLm-S-Icmb ]pen-
t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\n-sbbpw ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-sbbpw ]gn-®n´v C°q-
´¿ F¥p t\Sm-\m-Wmthm? ae-¶c Atkm-tky-js‚ \nb-a-km-[pX
C¥y-bpsS D∂-X-tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ AwKo-I-cn-®n-cnt° k`sb _‘n-
°p∂ GXv ap≥ Xo-cp-am\w d±m-°p-hm\pw ]pXnb Xocp-am-\-ßƒ
kzoI-cn-°p-hm\pw k`bv°v A[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cnt°
Ch¿ F¥n-\m-Wmthm Bth-i-]q¿∆w Imbv®p-\n¬°p∂ apf-¥p-
cpØn Imt\m-\m-I-sf Is√-dn-bp-∂Xv?)
A¶em-∏n-em-bXv \ho-I-c-W-sa-{Xm-∑m-cm-Wv. AwKo-Im-c-ap≈ Hcp
ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰nbpw s]mXp-^≠pw
D≠m-bn-°-gn-™p. GXp \nan-jhpw hyh-lmcw Bcw-`n-°mw. AXn¬
\n∂v Fßs\ XSn-bqcmw? AXmbn B Iymºnse Nn¥bpw N¿®bpw.
Bbn-S-bv°mWv ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb klm-bn-°p-hm≥
GXm\pw sa{Xm-∑msc \nb-an-°p-hm≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv Xocp-am-\n-°p-
∂-Xv. ta¬∏´w G¬°m≥ At¥ym-Jy-bn-te°v t]mIp-∂Xpw AhnsS
\n∂v ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ae-¶-c-bn¬ hcp-∂Xpw A{]m-tbm-Kn-I-am-sW∂v
At±-l-Øn\v tXm∂n°m-Wpw. ChnsS sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS Hcp kp∂-l-
tZmkv D≠m-bm¬ taev∏-´-°m-cpsS hmgvNbpw hn. aqtdm≥ IqZm-ibpw
Chns-S-Øs∂ \S-Øm-a-t√m. CXm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ BZysØ
Nn¥m-K-Xn (]m-td´v, ae-¶c \{km-Wn-Iƒ, hmeyw 3, 1967, -]p-dw
264˛265). ]n∂oSv GtXm h≥ kzm[o\w aqew Cu ]≤-XnbpsS e£yw
Ań-adn-°-s∏-´p-sh-¶nepw Cu e£yw Adn-bm-am-bn-cp∂ NmØp-cpØn
Xncp-ta\n Hcp Iev]-\-bn-eqsSbpw ]me-∏n-≈n¬ A®≥ At±-l-
Øns‚ k`m-N-cn-{X-Ønepw Cu Imcyw kwi-bm-Xo-X-ambn tcJ-s∏-
Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v (]p-en-t°m-ń¬ sa{Xm-®\v, a‰p sa{Xm-∑m-sc-t∏mse Hcp
sa{Xm-k-\-Øns‚ am{Xw Npa-Xe \¬I¬, ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-
∂m-tkym-kns‚ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ÿm\w d±m-°¬, amt\-
PnwKv IΩn-‰n-bpsS ]ncn-®p-hn-S¬ XpS-ßnb {]Xn-Im-c-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ skan-
\mcn hyh-lmcw Akm-[y-am-Ip-amdv \ho-I-c-W-sa-{Xms‚ {]tem-`-\-
ßƒ°v ]m{Xn-b¿°okv hg-ßn-b-Xns‚ ê-amtWm? Xs∂ A\p-
Iq-en-°m-sa-¶n¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°okns‚ bm{X-®n-ehv apgp-h≥ Xm≥ DZm-
c-ambn hln-®p-sIm-≈m-sa∂v ]me-°p-∂Øv sa{Xm-®≥ ]m{Xn-b¿-
°okns\ Adn-bn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn I≠-\mSv {KŸ-h-cn-bn¬ sia-hq≥
am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ CXv Hcp
Akw-`m-hy-X-bmbn ImtW-≠-Xn√ F∂v tXm∂p-∂p.).
NmØp-cp-Øn Koh-dp-Kokv dºm-®\v Gsd Xnc-°p≈ Akm-[m-

cW \mfp-Iƒ Bbn-cp∂p AXv. Atkm-tky-j≥ tbmK-Øn\v sXm´p-
]n-∂mse hn. aqtdm≥ IqZmi \S-Øp-hm≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv \n›-bn-
®-XmWv Gsd tPmen-Øn-c-°p-Iƒ°v Imc-W-am-b-Xv. ae-¶-c-bn¬
AXn\v apºv aqtdm≥ IqZmi \S-∂n-ń-√. Bh-iy-amb sskØv ]≈n-
I-fn¬\n∂v tiJ-cn-°p-I, Bh-iy-amb {Zhyw tiJ-cn-°p-I, IqZm-i-
bpsS A\p-jvTm-\-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb [q]-°p-‰nIƒ, adp-h-l-k-Iƒ
F∂nh tiJ-cn-°¬, sshZn-I¿ Awi-h-kv{X-k-lnXw k∂n-ln-X-cm-
I¬ F∂o Imcy-ßƒ°v ]m{Xn-b¿°okns‚ \n¿t±-i-{]-Imcw F√m
]≈n-°m¿°pw dºm-∑m¿°pw I¬∏\ Ab-°p-∂-Xns‚ {][m\ Npa-
Xe NmØp-cpØn dºm-\m-bn-cp-∂p. A{]-Imcw I≠-\mSv ]≈n-bv°-
b® Iev]\ I≠-\mSv {KŸ-h-cn-bn¬\n∂v D≤-cn-°s´:
""I≠\m´v ]≈n°m¿°v: ip≤ aqtdm≥ IqZmi Cu ]≈nbn¬
h®v Nnßw 15˛\v RmbdmgvN Ign°Wsa∂pw hnhcw ]≈n°msc
Adnbn°Wsa∂pw hnip≤ ]nXmhv Iev]n®ncn°p∂p. IqZmibv°v
F√m P\ßfpw IqSn kw_‘s∏´v hmgvhv ssIs°m≈p∂Xp
IqSmsX P\ßƒ Xm¥mßfpsS bYmi‡n{]Imcw ssIapØp
hbv°bpw ]XnhmWv. \nßfpw Hcpßs∏´v h∂ptN¿∂psIm≈Ww.
hntijn®pw IqZmibv°v 12 [q]°p‰n th≠s∏ńcn°p∂Xn\m¬ B
]≈nbnse sh≈n[q]°p‰n i\nbmgv N Akv X an°ptºmtg°v
ChnsS FØn°p∂Xv IqSmsX ]´°m¿, siΩmi∑m¿ apX¬t]¿°v
Im∏ apXemb ÿm\ DSp∏pIƒ IqSn D≠mbncn°bpw thWw. F∂v
Iev]\∏Sn Zbtdmtbm KohdpKokv. 1876 I¿°nSIw 31˛\v apf¥pcp-
Øn∏≈nbn¬ \n∂pw.''
aqtdm≥ ssXe-Øn¬ tN¿°p-hm≥ \n¿t±-in-°-s∏´ Huj-[-ßƒ
ChnsS e`y-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. tIm]v‰nIv ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\pw t_mws_-
bn¬ blq-Z≥ ZmhoZv tZmtkm-s‚ t]¿°pw FgpXn Ab-®-Xn-s\-
Øp-S¿∂v Ah Ab-®p-In-ń.
Hen-sh-Æ-bn¬ B Huj-[-ßƒ s]mSn®v tN¿Øv AXoh cl-
ky-kz-`m-h-tØmsS \n¿±n-jvS -k-abw Bhn-bn¬ thhn®v Xnf-∏n®v
Acn-s®-SpØv kv^Sn-I-`-c-Wn-I-fn-em-°n. aZv_-lm-bpsS hSt° `nØn-
bn¬ Ah sh°m≥ ]mI-Øn¬ Hcp Ad shń-bp-≠m°n IXIv
]nSn-∏n®v AXn¬ kq£n®p. I¿°n-SIw 27˛mw XobXn C{Xbpw Imcy-
ßƒ Ign™p F¶nepw F∂mWv IqZmi \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂-sX∂
clkyw B¿°pw Adn-™p-Iq-Sm-bn-cp-∂p. I¿°n-SIw 31˛\v ta¬
ImWn-®-{]-Imcw ]≈n-Iƒ°v hnhcw FgpXn Adn-bn-®-t∏m-gmWv
aqtdm≥ IqZm-i-bpsS XobXn amtem-I¿ Adn-bp-∂-Xv. AXoh Zo¿-

Lhpw k¶o¿Æ-hp-amb IqZm-i-bpsS {Iaw ]m{Xn-b¿°okv NmØp-
cpØn dº-ms\bpw a‰p dºm-∑m-scbpw ]cn-io-en-∏n-®p. aqtdm≥ ssXe-
sØ∏‰n AXn-i-tbm‡n Ie¿∂ IY-Iƒ \mSp -ap-gph≥ {]N-cn-®p.
aqtdm≥ IqZm-i-bpsS kpZo¿L-amb {]m¿∞-\m-th-f-bn¬ {]m¿∞-\-
bpsS i‡n-sIm≠v aqtdm≥ssXew Xnf-°p-sa∂pw B ssXew ]cn-
ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ Zriy-{]-Xo-I-am-sW∂pw X∑qew AXv ]m{Xn-b¿-
°okv am{Xta IqZmi sNømhq F∂pw Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿ `mh-\m-i‡n
A\p-k-cn®v IY-Iƒ sa\-™p. Nnßw 15˛\v iqt\mtbm s]cp-∂mƒ
Znhkw aqtdm≥ IqZmi \S-∂p ({]m¿∞-\-sIm≠v ssXew Xnf-®n√
F∂pw ae-bm-fØ- p-Im-cpsS ]m]w C{X heptXm F∂v Dcp-hn-´p-sIm≠v
]m{Xn-b¿°okv …o_m sIm≠v kz¥w s\‰n-bn¬ ASn®p F∂pw
Ahn-sS-\n∂v sXdn® Hcp- Xp≈n c‡w apºn-en-cn-°p∂ aqtdm≥ `c-
Wn-bn¬ ]Xn-®-t∏mƒ aqtdm≥ Xnf-®p-sh∂pw IY-Iƒ A]I¿jXm-
t_m-[-Øn\v t]cp-tI´ ae-bm-fn-Iƒ {]N-cn-∏n-®p. DØ-c-hm-Z-s∏´
Bcpw AXv Xncp-Øn-bp-an-√.). hr≤≥ Bb ]m{Xn-b¿°okv A\p-
jvTm-\-ß-fn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n® Pm{K-Xbpw \njvT-Ifpw AhnsS IqSnb
Gh-cnepw henb aXn-∏p-≠m-°n. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ apJy-k-lm-
bnbpw A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-\p-ambn \n¬°p∂ NmØp-cpØn dºm-®\v
aqtdm≥ IqZmi henb Hcp A\p-`-h-am-bn-cp-∂p.
IqZmi sNbvX aqtdm≥ ]≈n-I-fn¬ sImSp-°p-hm≥ A_vZp≈m
am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb _mhm Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn.
aqtdm≥ IqZm-ibv°v ssIapØv \¬In-bn-ń-√m-Ø-h-cn¬\n-∂v, aqtdm≥
sImSp- ° p- t ºmƒ aqtdm≥ IqZmi sNbv X - X ns‚ {]Xn- ^ - e - a mbn
ssIapØv tiJ- c n®v Xs∂ G¬]n- ° - W - s a∂v ]m{Xn- b ¿°okv
{]tXyIw i´w-sI-ń-bn-cp-∂p. am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv A_vZp-≈m aqtdm≥
sImSpØ ÿe-ßf - n-sem-s°bpw òa-amb Hmtcm XpI tNmZn-®p-hmßn.
Hcp- `mKw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\pw Hcp -`mKw X\n°pw F∂m-bn-cp∂p
At±-l-Øns‚ \ymbo-I-c-Ww. ]≈n-Iƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥
kz¥w injy≥ h´-t»-cn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv siΩm-is\ dºm-®≥ IqsS
Zzn`mjn F∂ \ne-bn¬ Ab-®n-cp-∂p (Ip-∂w-Ip-fØv hn. aqtdm≥
sIm≠p-sN-∂-t∏mƒ sXmgn-bq-cnse _ebm¿ ˛ tPmk^v am¿ Iqdn-
temkv Be-Øq°m-c≥ ˛ tNmZn® ]Ww sImSpØv Ipsd ssXew
hmßn F∂pw AXn-sem-cp- `mKw \ho-I-c-W-k-`-bnse _ebm-dn\v ˛
tXmakv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkn\v \¬In F∂pw _m°n-bp≈Xv
aZv _ - l m- b n¬ Hcp `mKØv cl- k y- a mbn kq£n- ® n- ´ p- s ≠∂pw
I¿tkm\n `mj-bn¬ hnh-cn-°p∂ Hcp tcJ sXmgn-bq-cn¬ Cu {KŸ-

Im-c≥ I≠-Xmbn Hm¿°p-∂p.).
Hcp ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\pw kz¥w Iogn-ep≈ Hcp sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-
bpsS ta¬ bmsXmcp \nb-{¥-Wm-[n-Im-chpw ê-Øn¬ C√t√m F∂v
A_vZp≈m {KotKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ Ncy-Iƒ NmØp-cpØn dºm-®s\
A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øn.
ae-¶-c-bn¬ GXm\pwt]sc sa{Xm-∑m-cmbn hmgn-°p-hm≥ ]m{Xn-
b¿°okv \n›-bn-®p. ÿm\m¿∞n-I-sf-∏‰n ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v hniz-
ÿ-ambn hnh-c-ßƒ \¬Ip-hm≥ D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv NmØp-cp-Øn¬
dºm≥ Bbn-cp-∂p. sa{Xm-∑msc hmgn-°m≥ t]mIp∂p F∂ hm¿Ø
Im´p-Xo- t]mse ]S¿∂p. ip]m¿ibv-°mbn NmØp-cp-Øn¬ dºms\
AkwJyw t]¿ kao-]n-®p. dºm-®≥ sa{Xm≥ ÿm\m¿∞n-Isf
Is≠-Øm≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv X∂n-te¬∏n® ZuXyw hnizm-k-]q¿∆w
hn\n-tbm-Kn®p. B Xe-ap-d-bn¬ kpk-Ω-Xcpw kpdn-bm\n aev]m-∑mcpw
{]_-e-amb CS-h-I-I-fpsS ]n≥_-e-ap≈ ÿm\m¿∞n-I-sf-bmWv
At±lw \n¿t±-in-®-Xv.
1. tIm\m´v aev]m≥ `h-\-Ønse Koh-dp-Kokv dºm-®≥.
2. hS-°≥]d-hq¿ CS-h-I-bnse Iqc≥ IS-hn¬ ]ueqkv aev]m≥.
3. AI-∏-dºv Aºm-ń¬ Koh¿§okv IØ-\m¿.
4. tIme-t©cn apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ ]ueqkv aev]m≥.
5. I≠-\mSv Itcm-´p-ho-ń¬ sia-hq≥ tImsd-∏n-kvtIm∏m.
Chcn¬ BZysØ c≠p-t]¿°v tIm\m´v am¿ bqen-tbm-kv, IS-
hn¬ am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv F∂ t]cp-I-fnepw NmØp-cp-Øn¬ am¿
{KotKm-dn-tbmkv, Aºm-ń¬ am¿ Iqdn-temkv F∂n-h¿°pw hS-°≥
]d-hq¿ ]≈n-bn¬h®v bYm-{Iaw Unkw-_¿ (1876) 3˛mw XobXnbpw
Unkw-_¿ 10˛mw Xob-Xnbpw ta¬]-´-ÿm\w \¬In. c≠p-aq∂v Imcy-
ß-fn¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv {]Z¿in-∏n® tkz—m{]h-WX Cu ]´w-sIm-
S-I-fn¬ {]I-S-am-bn-cp-∂p.
1. ÿm\m¿∞n-I-sf-∏‰n ae-¶c sa{Xm-t\mtSm amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n-
tbmtSm Btem-Nn-°p-I-t]mepw sNbvXn-√.
2. ae-¶c sa{Xm≥ Dƒs∏sS ae-¶-c-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ c≠p ta¬]-
´-°m-¿°pw Cu ]´w-sIm-S-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬In-bn-√.
3. ÿm\m¿∞n-Iƒ k`-tbmSp \S-Øp∂ hnizm-k-{]-Xn-⁄- ˛-
i¬aq-km -˛ -]-´w-sImS {Ia-Øn-ep-≈Xv Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw t`Z-s∏-
SpØn hy‡n-KX DS-º-Sn-bm°n Xo¿°p-Ibpw euInI DS-º-Sn-I-sf-

t∏mse AXv k¿°m¿ Bô-kn¬ cPn-Ã¿ sNøn-°pIbpw sNbvXp.
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ CuZri -sN-bvXn-Isf Zzn`m-jnbpw sk{I-´-dn-
bp-amb NmØp-cp-Øn¬ dºm≥ Bg-Øn¬ {Kln®p F¶nepw H´pw
{]Xn-I-cn-®n-√. \mep sa{Xm-∑m¿°v kzX{¥ `c-W-®p-a-Xe \¬In-b-
Xnse Zpcq-lX Zzn`mjn {i≤n-®p. am¿ bqen-tbm-kns\ Xpº-a¨,
am¿ AØm- \ m- t kym- k ns\ tIm´- b w, am¿ {KotKm- d n- t bm- k ns\
\ncWw, am¿ Iqdn-tem-kns\ A¶-amen F∂o sa{Xm-k-\-ß-fn-te°v
F∂v ]´wsImS-bn¬ {]Jym-]n-®n-cp-∂p. euIn-Im-[n-Imcw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-
kn\v ASn-bd hbv°p∂ i¬aqkm ]pXn-b-Xmbn cPn-Ã¿ sNbvXp
\¬In-bm¬ am{Xw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn\v sIm√w
sa{Xm-k\w \¬Im-sa∂v ]m{Xn-b¿°okv HuZmcyw Imń. ê-Øn¬
ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm F∂ XkvXnI C√mbva sNøm-\p≈ \o°-
am-bn-cp∂p AXv. AXns‚ ]pd-In¬ a‰p- Nne {]tem-`-\-ßfpw Nc-Sp-
h-en-Ifpw Ds≠∂v {Kln® NmØp-cp-Øn¬ Xncp-ta\n s]mń-sØ-dn-
Iƒ Hgn-hm-°m≥ Kpcp-hns\ D]-tZ-in-®p. am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv DS-
ºSn \¬Im-sa∂v {]Xo£ \¬Insb¶nepw DS-ºSn Hcn-°epw \¬In-
bn-√. kap-Zmbw H∂-S¶w At±-l-Øns‚ ]n∂n¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-
\m¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v H∂pw-Xs∂ sNøp-hm≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n√.
AtX-k-abw CuZri -sN-bvXn-Iƒ aqew ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ P\-
kΩXn IpØs\ XmWp-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. Xncn-®p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn\p apºv
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv sN∂v alm-cm-Pm-hns\ Hcn-°¬ IqSn ImWp-hm≥
]m{Xn- b ¿°okv A\p- h mZw A`y¿∞n- ® p. kµ¿i- t \m- t ±iyw
Fs¥∂v B¿°pw Adn-™p-Iq-Sm. F¥m-bmepw kµ¿i-\m-\p-aXn
e`n-®n-√. Imcy-ßƒ ]¥n-b√ F∂v Dƒhr-Ø-ß-fn¬ Gh¿°pw
t_m[y-s∏-´p. NmØp-cp-Øn¬ am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv At±-lsØ \mń-
te°p aS-ßn-t∏m-Ip-hm≥ D]-tZ-in-®p. aS-°-bm{Xbn¬ Ip∂w-Ip-f-sØ-
Ønb ]m{Xn-b¿°okv Nnd-fbw ]≈n-bn¬h®v 1877 sabv 17˛\v kz¿§m-
tcm-l-W-s∏-cp-∂mƒ Znhkw apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ ]utemkv dºm\v am¿
Cuhm\n-tbmkv F∂ t]cn¬ I≠-\m-Sn\pw Itcm-´p-ho-ń¬ sia-hq≥
dºm\v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv F∂ t]cn¬ sIm®n°pw sa{Xm≥-
ÿm\w \¬In. sXm´-SpØv ]gb ]≈n-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]pen-t°m-
ń¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb ta¬]-´-ÿm-\m-tcm-l-W-Øn-te°v Bcpw £Wn-
®n-√. ]n¥pW \jvS-s∏-ń´pw ssIhiw h∂p-tN¿∂ hnhn[ cq]-Øn-
ep≈ ssIap-Øns‚ Al¥ At±-lsØ AkvX-{]-⁄-\m-°n.
amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n ]ncn-®p-hn-´p. sa{Xm-∑m¿ ]c-kv]cw a‰p-≈-h-cpsS
sa{Xm-k-\-Øn¬ CS-s]-S-cp-sX∂pw am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns\ {]th-

in-∏n-°c- p-sX∂pw hyh-ÿ- sN-bvXp. Nme-t»cn ]≈n-bn¬ h®v ]pXnb
6 sa{Xm-∑m-cn¬ NmØp-cpØn sa{Xm-s\-s°m≠v aq∂v ]q¿Æ siΩm-
i-∑m-cp-sSbpw a‰pw ]´w-sImS ]m{Xn-b¿°okv \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \¬In
\S-Øn-®p. AXp-I-gn™v Bdv sa{Xm-∑mcpw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ bm{X-
bm-°m≥ h∂ sNdnb kwLhpw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\nbpw ]´mºn
sdbn¬th- tÃ-j-\n¬ FØn. h≠n-bn¬ Ibdn. h≠n \oßp-∂-Xp-
h-scbpw ae-¶-c-k-`sb `n∂Xbn¬ \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Bh-iy-amb \n¿-
t±-i-ßƒ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv Bh¿Øn®v \¬In-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p.
]m{Xn-b¿°okv t]mb-tXmsS sa{Xm-∑m¿ Ip∂w-Ip-fw Nmh-°mSv
hgn shń-°¬ FØp-Ibpw 40 Znhkw D]-hm-k-Ønepw [ym\-Ønepw
Ign-bp-Ibpw HSp-hn¬ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv AhnsS
FØp-Ibpw Ah¿ XΩn¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ Ah-K-Wn®v sFIy-
s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX hnhcw ap≥ A≤ym-b-Øn¬ hnh-cn-®p-h-t√m.
k`m-tI{µw ho≠pw ]cp-a-e-bmbn amdn. sshZn-I-hn-Zym-`ymkw IqSp-
X¬ i‡n-s∏-´p. CXn-\n-S-bn¬ ]me-°p-∂Øv henb sa{Xm-®≥ Fen-
I-Sn® hnjw aqew A¥-cn®v amcm-aÆv ]≈n-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-°-s∏-´p.
ae-¶-c-k-`sb inYn-e-am-°p-hm≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv sNbvX apdn-hp-Isf
DW°n sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS kl-I-cWw Dd-∏m-°n, amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n
]p\¿ Po-hn-∏n®v hyh-lm-c-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb [\w kam-l-cn®v tbmKy-
∑m-cmb h°o-e-∑msc G¿∏mSv sNbvXv {]kn-≤-amb skan-\m-cn-t°kv
1879˛¬ Be-∏p-g -tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ Bcw-`n-®p.
At¥ym-Jym-bpsS ]t{Xmkv XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿-°o-kns‚ F√m
hne-°p-I-sfbpw \ntcm-[-\-ß-sfbpw AXn-Po-hn®pw Ah-K-Wn®pw
sIm≠v ae-¶c kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym\n Atkm-tky-j≥ ]pen-t°m-
ń¬ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ t\mókv I¬]-\-b-\p-k-cn®v
1878 s^{_p-hcn 18˛\v (Ipw`w 6) ]cp-ae skan-\m-cn-bn¬ ktΩ-fn-®p.
Atkm-tky-j≥ cq]o-I-cWØn\m-bp≈ ]cp-ae ktΩ-f-\-tØ-°mƒ
ae-¶-c-k-`m-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ hgn-Øn-cn-hm-bn-Øo¿∂ Cu ]cp-ae ktΩ-
f\Øn¬ NnIn-’-bn-em-bn-cp∂ Aºm´v am¿ Iqdn-temkv HgnsI F√m
sa{Xm-∑mcpw ]s¶-Sp-Øp. tbmK-Xo-cp-am-\-a-\p-k-cn®v A≤y-£X
hln® ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta\n ho≠pw ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-
ÿm-\-tØ°v k¿h-k-Ω-X-ambn Xncn-®p-h-cn-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Atkm-
tky-j≥ tbmKw amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰nsb ]p\¿Po-hn-∏n®pw sa{Xm-
∑m¿°p ]pdta
1. amth-en-°c hS-t°-Øe Ae-Ivk-{¥-tbmkv IØ-\m¿

2. \oew-t]-cq¿ amen-Ød Gen-bmkv IØ-\m¿
3. sX°≥ ]d-hq¿ tXm∏n¬ eqt°mkv IØ-\m¿
4. ]pXp-∏-≈n¬ Ffp¥p-cp-Øn¬ ]oen-t∏mkv tImdn
5. tIm´-bØv Ip∂pw-]p-dØv Ipcn-b≥ ssd´¿
6. Ip∂w-Ip-f-ßc ]\-°¬ ]mØ-∏≥ sF∏qcp
7. I≠-\mSv XpI-e≥ ]utemkv
8. apf-¥p-cp-Øn¬ Nmen¬ sNdnb
9. Ipa-c-IØv apdn-∏p-c-°¬ Ipcp-hnf tat\m≥
10. shfn-\m´v ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ tXmΩm
11. ]≈Øv FS-Øpw-]-Sn-°¬ Ipcy≥
12. ]pØ≥Im-hn¬ sIm√w-]-d-ºn¬ Cu∏≥
13. ]mºm-°pS tIm\m´v C´≥]n≈
14. Ipdp-∏w-]-Sn-°¬ I√-d-bv°¬ Ip™p-h¿°n
15. ama-e-t»-cn¬ FS-bØv sNdnb
16. apf-¥p-cpØn NmØp-cpØn h¿°n
17. A¶amen hb-en-∏-d-ºn¬ C´q∏v
t\csØ sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ Ch-tcm-Sp-IqsS Xmsg- ]-d-bp-∂-h¿
Cu tbmK-Øn¬ h®v sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´p.
18. \nc-WØv ]pØq∏≈n Koh-dp-Kokv
19. NmØ-∂q¿ tImbn-∏p-dØv Nmt°m
20. ssI∏-´q¿ tXc-IØv sIm®p-tImin
21. sNß-∂q¿ IS-tØm-ń¬ amΩ≥
22. I√q-∏md Ag-Ip-∏p-dØv Cu∏≥ IØ-\m¿
23. \nc-WØv Fe-™n-°¬ s]cp-amƒ
24. Imc-°¬ aqe-a-Æn¬ sNdn-bm≥
25. dm∂n-bn¬ I√-∏-d-ºn¬ Nmt°m
26. ta{]m¬ ]qXn-tbm´v ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ amØp
27. I≠-\mSv Itcm-´p-ho-ń¬ tImc.
28. Ipa-c-IØv DΩm-t»cn Cń
29. tIm´-bØv Fdn-Im´v amØp
30. hmI-Øm-\Øv sNń-∏-d-ºn¬ sXmΩ≥
31. Ipdn-®n-bn¬ I√n-t»cn De-l-∂m≥
32. Ipdn-™n-bn¬ ]mem¬ C´≥
33. I√q-∏md amtc´v Hutk∏v
34. I√q-∏md I≠-Øn¬ t]mØ≥
35. tIm´-bØv sXt°-X-e-°¬ Ipcy≥ h°o¬
36. A¶amen N°-c-b-I-Øq´v Xcn-b≥

37. \ncWw am∂m-\Øv shßm-gn-bn¬ tbml-∂m≥
38. ]pXp-∏-≈n-¬ ]md-bv°¬- Cutim
(]m-{Xn-b¿°okv _mhmsb adn-I-S∂v cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏´ Cu ]pXnb
amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n-bnepw ]cp-ae skan-\mcn aev]m≥ h´-t»-cn¬
Koh¿§okv IØ-\m-cpsS t]¿ C√ F∂Xv \sΩ A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-
Øp∂p.)
skan-\m-cnbpw a‰p s]mXp-ap-X-ep-Ifpw hos≠-Sp-°-m\p≈ hyh-
lmcw DS≥ Bcw-`n-°p-hm≥ tbmKw \n›-bn-®n´v AXn-te°v {]mcw-`-
ambn AwK-ßƒ 150 cq] hoXw \¬In 6000 cq]m-bpsS ^≠v kzcq-
]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tIm´bw apX¬ sXt°m-´p≈ siΩm-i-∑msc
]cp-a-e-bn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm≥ tbmKw Xocp-am-\n®p; AXns‚ Npa-Xe
am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkn\v \¬In.
]m{Xn-b¿°okv GI-]-£o-b-ambn Bdv sa{Xm-∑msc hmgn®p
F¶nepw ae-¶csa{Xm≥ Dƒs∏sS aq∂p sa{Xm-∑msc ae-¶c-bn¬
Bh-iy-ap≈p F∂ Bibw ]cp-ae Atkm-tky-j≥ A\u-]-Nm-cn-
I-ambn ]¶p-h-®p. ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm tIm´-bØpw hSt°
Zn°ns‚ sa{Xm≥ A¶-am-en-bnepw sXt° Zn°ns‚ sa{Xm≥ ]cp-a-
e-bnepw Bÿm\w B°n `cWw \S-Ø-W-sa∂v NmØp-cp-Øn¬
am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Ah-X-cn-∏n® Nn¥ Ghcpw kKu-chw ]cn-K-
Wn-®p. Cu Bi-b-KXn AwKo-I-cn-®-Xp-sIm-≠mWv sIm√w, Xpº-
a¨, I≠- \ m- S v , sIm®n F∂o sa{Xm- k - \ - ß ƒ°v Gsd- ° mew
Bÿm\w D≠m-°p-hm≥ Bcpw {ian-°m-Xn-cp-∂-Xv. Bep-hm-bn¬
Hcp skan-\m-cnbpw ]≈nbpw ]Wn-bm≥ Aºm´v am¿ Iqdn-temkv
Xncp-ta\n 1878˛¬ hnkvXr-X-amb Hcp ]pc-bnSw hmßn®v AhnsS ]≈n
]Wn-bp-hm≥ At]£ \¬In. ]. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n A¥-cn®v 30˛mw
Znhkw IqSnb tbmK-Øn¬ c≠p sa{Xm-∑msc Bh-iy-s∏-´Xpw
]n∂oSv Hu]-Nm-cn-I-ambn ]ueqkv dºm≥, Koh-dp-Kokv dºm≥ F∂o
c≠p- t]sc sa{Xm≥ÿm-\-tØ°v sXc-s™-Sp-ØXpw Cu [mc-W-
{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. A°m-eØv k`-bpsS tI{µ-B-ÿm\w ]cp-ae
skan\mcn Bbn-cp-∂p. 1879˛¬ skan-\mcn hyh-lmcw ^b¬ sNø-
s∏-´p. skan-\mcn hyh-lm-c-Øn¬ ]cp-ae skan-\m-cn-bn¬ h®v IΩo-
j≥ kXy-Øn-t∑¬ \¬Inb samgn ]cp-a-e-bpsS kpK-‘sØ ZznKp-
Wo-`-hn-∏n-®p.
""1055˛mam≠v I∂n- amkw 26-˛mw XobXn ]cp-ae knΩ-\m-cn-bn¬
]m¿°pw am¿ {Ko-tKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØmtbmSv IΩo-j≥

ÿeØp h®v kXy-Ønt∑¬ hmßnb samgn.
hbkv ˛ 32. hmZn h°o¬ tNmZy-Øn\v DØ-cw.
\ΩpsS ÿm\w sa{Xm≥ BWv. ka-Wn¬ ]d-bp∂ {]amWw
\ΩpsS ÿmØn-t°m≥ BIp-∂p. ÿmØn-t°m-\n¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv
\sΩ \ncWw apX-emb ]≈n-Iƒ°p sa{Xm-\m-bn-´m-Wv. hmZnsb
CXn\v apºn-cp∂ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm ae-bmfw AS®v sa{Xm-\m-
bn´mWv hmgn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Cu hmZn°v thsdbpw ÿm\w D≠v. BbXv
ae-bm-f-Øn-ep≈ kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cpsS s]mXp-hn-∂-SpØ IΩ-ń-bnse
{]kn-U-≠m-Wv. B {]kn-U≠v F∂p≈ A[n-Imcw ae-bm-f-Øp≈
A[n-Im-cw ˛ -a-e-bm-f-Øp≈ kpdn-bm-\n-∏-≈n-Iƒ Ggv CS-h-I-bm-bn´v
`mKn®n´p≠v ˛ AXp-I-fn-t∑¬ Hs°bpw s]mXp-hn-∂-SpØ A[n-Im-
chpw hmZn-°p-≠v. ]cp-ae knΩ-\mcn ]Wn-bn-®n-´p-≈Xpw hmZn
BIp∂p. \sΩbpw \sΩ-t∏m-se thsd sa{Xm-∑mscbpw hmgn-®n-´p-
≈XpsIm≠pw hmZn°v Cu hyh-lmcw sIm≠p hcp-∂-Xn\v bmsXmcp
tZmjhpw C√. hmZn°v k¿°o´p sNtø-≠-Xmb kabw \o°n D≈
Xma-k-sam-s°bpw ]cp-ae knΩ-\m-cn-bn¬ BWv. BbXv knΩ-\mcn
]Wn-bn-®Xv apX¬ ta¬∏-d™ knΩ-\m-cn-bn-emWv Xma-kn-°p∂Xv.
]Wn-bn-®Xv 47˛tem 48˛tem BIp-∂p. hmZn-bpsS hI Bbn Iń¬,
InS-°, tai, Itk-c-Iƒ, I√-®p-Iq-´w, s]ń-t_m´v apX-embn At\Iw
kmam-\-ßƒ AhnsS D≠v. CXp-Iƒ°v GI-tZiw 1000 cq]-mtbmfw
hne-]n-Sn°pw. \mw \nc-WØpw ]cp-a-e-bnepw ]Xn-hmbn ]m¿°-bmWv.
1053˛m-am≠v Ipw`w apX¬ BWv \mw AhnsS Xma-kn-°p-∂-Xv. ]Tn-
∏n-°p∂ hI-°m-Wv ]cp-ae knΩ-\m-cn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂-Xv. Ct∏mgpw
kmam-\-ßƒ Hs°bpw hmZn-bpsS A\p-hmZ{]Imcw \mw kq£n®p
hcp-∂p. 1053 Ipw`Øn¬ {]kn-U-≠mb hmZnbpw IΩ-´-n-°mcpw ]≈n-
°mcpw IqSn kp∂-l-tZmkp IqSn \n›-bn-®p. B \n›-b-{]-Imcw
BWv \mw ]cp-ae ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-∂mbn Xma-kn-°p-∂-Xpw. hmZn°v
{]kn-U-≠ns‚ ÿm\w e`n-®-Xv ]m{Xnb¿°okv _mhm-bmepw k`-
bmepw BIp-∂p.
{]Xn h°o-ens‚ t{Imkv tNmZyw.
tNmZyw: apºn¬ hmZn°v ae-bmfw AS-°n sa{Xm-\mbn A[n-
Imcw sImSp-°p-Ibpw AXn¬ ]ns∂ Bdv t]sc IqsS Ct∏mƒ
\n›-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXXpsIm≠v hmZn-°p≈ sa{Xms‚ A[n-Im-
c-Øn\v h√ Ipdhpw Dt≠m?
DØ-cw: Cu hmZn°v ae-bmfw H´p°v F√m CS-h-I-I-fn-epw s]mXp-

hn-∂-SpØ A[n-Imcw D≠v. AXv ae-bm-f-Øns‚ IΩ-ń-bpsS {]kn-
U≠v BsI sIm≠mIp∂p.
tNmZyw: s]mXp-hn∂-SpØ A[n-Imcw F¥m-Ip-∂p?
DØ-cw: s]mXp-hn-∂-Sp-ØXv Ggp FS-h-I°pw IqsS kw_-‘-
ap≈ hkvXp°ƒtaepw IΩń -Iq-Sp-tºmƒ \n›-bn-°-s∏-Sp∂Xmb
s]mXp-hn-∂-SpØ h√ apX¬tiJ-c-ß-fn-t∑epw ("hn-ti-j-ambn sNø-
s∏-Sp∂ h√ Bip-]-{Xn- -taepw' C-{Xbpw hm°p-Iƒ shń-bn-´p-≠v ˛
FUn-‰¿) ]Wn-Iƒ taepw k¿°m¿ kw_-‘-amb hyh-lm-c-ßƒ
taepw hnti-j-ambn sNø-s∏-Sp∂ h√ Bip-]-{Xn-taepw s]mXp-hn¬
]´-XzØn-\m-bn´v \nb-an-∏m-\p≈ knΩ-\mcn taepw kvIqfn-t∑epw a‰pw
BIp-∂p. \ΩpsS A[n-Im-c-Øn¬s∏´ ]≈n-Iƒ taepw ta¬∏-d™
{]Imcap≈ s]mXp-hn∂-SpØ tae-[n-Imcw hmZn-°p-≈-Xm-Ip-∂p.
s]mXp-hn-∂-SpØXv F∂v \mw ]d-™Xv Bflo-I-kw-_-‘-ambpw
hkvXp kw_-‘-ambpw D≈ A[n-Im-c-ßƒ BIp-∂p. apsº \mw
Bip-]{Xn F∂p ]d-™Xpw Bfl-kw-_-‘-am-bn-´p-≈-Xm-Ip-∂p.
tNmZyw: hmZn°v Bfl-kw-_-‘-ambpw temI-kw-_-‘-ambpw D≈
tae-[n-Im-csØ Ahn-tS°v Inń-bn-´p≈ ÿm\]{X-Øn¬ hnh-cn-®n-
´pt≠m?
AXv {]amWw lmP-cm-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v AXv t\m°n Xo¿®-s∏-Sp-
tØ-≠-Xm-I-bm¬ B tNmZyw Bh-iy-an√m F∂v hmZn h°o¬ XSp-
Ø-Xn-\m¬ Cu tNmZyw tNmZn-∏m≥ A\p-h-Zn-®n-√.
DØ-cw: \ap°v sa{Xms‚ ÿm\w Inń-b-Xn¬ ]ns∂ ta¬∏-d-
™-Xp-t]m-se hmZn-°p≈ tae-[n-Im-c-sØ-∏‰n ]m{Xn-b¿°okv
_mhmbn¬ \n∂v GsX-¶nepw {]amWw D≠m-b-Xmbn \ap-°-dn-hn-√.
tNmZyw: hmZn-°p apºp-≠m-bn-cp∂ A[n-Imce£y-ß-fpsS ]n≥
Xob-Xn°v hmZn°p apºp-≠m-bn-cp∂ A[n-Imcw hn`m-Kn-®-Xmbn
{]amWw D≠m-bn-cnt° tae-[n-Imcw Ct∏mgpw Ds≠∂v ]d-bp-∂-
sX-ßs\?
DØ-cw: \ap°pw \sΩ-t∏mse thsd sa{Xm-∑m¿°pw D≠m-bn-cn-
°p∂ ÿm\]{Xw sIm≠v hmZn°p apºp- ≠ m- b n- c p∂ ÿm\-
]{XsØ Aÿn-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xmbn H∂pw ]d-™n-ń√.
hmZn h°o-ens‚ do tNmZyw:
A\ymb-s∏-ń-´p≈ tIm´-bØv knΩ-\mcn apX-em-bXv taepw AXp-

Iƒ°v hyh-lm-c-s∏-Sp-hm\pw D≈ A[n-Imcw B¿°m-Ip∂p?
Cu tNmZyw \qX\ tNmZy-am-Ip∂p F∂v 1˛mw {]Xn-bpsS h°o¬
XSp-Øp. tIm¿´v A\p-h-Zn-°m-bvI-bm¬,
DØcw: AXp-I-fpsS A[n-Imcw hmZn-°m-Ip-∂p.
tIm¿´v tNmZyw: ta¬∏-d™ hkvXp-°ƒ°v thsd Bfp-Iƒ°v
A[n-Imcw Dt≠m?
DØ-cw: tIm´-bØv knΩ-\mcn apX-emb hkvXp-°ƒ°v thsd
sa{Xm-∑m¿°v A[n-Imcw sImSp-Øn-ń-√.
(H-∏v)
hmZn h°o¬ IrjvW-øy¿ (H-∏v)
{]Xn h°o¬ tImin (H∏v)
ÿmØn-t°m≥ lmP-cm-°n-bXv IΩo-j≥ tImS-Xn°v sIm≠p-
t]m-bn-cn-°p-∂p'' (I≠-\mSv {KŸ-h-cn, ]pdw 465-˛467).
am¿ {KotKm-dntbmkns‚ Cu km£n-sam-gn-I-fn¬ At±-l-Øns‚
Zo¿L-ho-£-Ww, hmNw -b-an-Xzw, kXy-k-‘-X, e£y-t_m-[w, k`m-
kvt\lw XpSßn Hcp hnip≤Pohn-X-Øns‚ DS-a-bn¬ am{Xw ImWm-
\m-hp∂ ]e k¬Kp-W-ßƒ H∂n®v ImWp-∂p. Xt]m-\n-jvT-Ifn¬
IrXyX ]pe¿Øp∂ ]cp-ae skan-\m-cn-bnse tbmKnsb {]Xn-tbm-
Kn-Ifpw A`n-`m-j-Icpw AXym-Z-c-thm-sS-bmWv ho£n®ncp-∂-Xv. B
apJØv Ifn-bm-Sn-bn-cp∂ \n¿`-b-Xzhpw {]im-¥-Kw-òc `mhhpw IÆp-
I-fn¬ tijn® Imcp-Wym-Xn-tc-Ihpw AXym-I¿j-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. hmb-
\-bp-sSbpw Nn¥-bp-sSbpw kwkvImcw C√msX {]m¿∞-\bpw D]-
hm-khpw am{X-ambn k\ym-k-hr-Øn-bn¬ Ign-bp∂hcn¬\n∂v hyXy-
kvX-ambn a\p-jy-cpsS \m\m-hn-[-amb {]iv\-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-Sp-Ibpw
]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS Pohn-X-N-cn-X-ß-fpsS hmb-\-bn-eqsS a\-xim-kv{X-]c-
amb Bg-ßƒ tXSp-Ibpw GIm-¥-X-bn¬ thZ-Im-cy-ß-sfbpw a\p-
jy-Po-hnX {]iv\ß- s- fbpw [ym\-hn-jb- a
- m-°p-Ibpw k¿thm-]cn Znhy-
kw-k¿§-Øn¬ A`n-c-an-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Cu al¿jn-h-cy\v lnam-
e-b-km-\p-°-fn¬ imkv{X-hn-j-b-ßsf AXn-kq-£va-ambn hni-I-e\w
sNøp∂ B¿j-tbm-Kn-h-cy-∑m-cpsS `mc-Xob kwkvIr-Xn-tbm-SmWv
IqSp-X¬ kmay-ap-≈-Xv. ]cp-a-e-bnse A[ym-]\w, CS-h-I-`-cWw XpS-
ßnb ssZ\w-Zn\ Imcy-ß-fn¬t]mepw At±-l-Øns‚ hm°p-Iƒ°v
A\p-{K-l-Øn-s‚bpw im]-Øn-s‚bpw A\p-`-h-ßƒ A\p-`-h-ÿ¿

km£n-®n-´p-≠v. At±lw \¬Inb 63˛mw \º¿ km£n-bpsS samgn-
sb-∏-‰n hyh-lm-c-Im-cy-ÿ≥ C. Fw. ^nen∏v ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS cl-
ky-t]-S-I-Øn¬ \¬Ip∂ Hcp ZrIvkm£n hnh-cWw {i≤n-°p-I:
""]tc-X-\mb ]t{Xmkv ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm ChnsS Fgp-∂-
≈n-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ ae-¶c CS-h-Isb Ggv CS-h-I-I-fmbn Xncn®v sa{Xm-
∑msc hmgn®v ÿmØn-t°m≥ sImSp-Ø-t∏mƒ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-
Øm-bp-sSbpw CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-∑m-cp-sSbpw A[n-Im-c-t`-ZsØ
hy‡-X-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Hcp tcJbpw D≠m-°n-bn-√. CS-hI sa{Xm-∑m-
cpsS ÿmØn-t°m≥ hmbn-®m¬ Ah¿ Ah-c-h-cpsS CS-h-I-bn¬
kzX-{¥-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂-√msX a‰p-hn-[-Øn¬ A\p-am-\n°m≥
{]bm-k-am-bn-cp-∂p. CXns\ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn sa{Xm-∑m-cnepw
[mcmfw kuµ-cy-∏n-i-Ip≠mbn-cp-∂p. B X¿°w tIkn¬ BZm-b-
s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≈m-sa∂v FXn¿I£n Icp-Xn-s°m≠v, henb Xncp-ta-
\n-bpsS (]-g-b) ae-¶c ÿmØn-t°m≥ sIm®p-Xn-cp-ta-\n-I-fpsS CS-
hI ÿmØn-t°m≥ sIm≠v d±m-bn-t∏m-sb∂v Hcp hmZw ]pd-s∏-Sp-
hn-®n-cp-∂p. Cu hmZw sa{Xm-∑mcpsS samgn-sIm≠v ÿm]n-®p-sIm-
≈m-sa∂v Ah¿°v hnizm-khpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cn¬ BZy-ambn
samgn sImSp-ØXv ]tc-X\mb am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm
Bbn-cp-∂p. At±-lsØ 13 Znhkw sIm≠mWv hnkvX-cn-®p- Xo¿∂Xv.
ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw CS-hI sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw XΩnep≈
_‘-ßfpw A[n-Im-c-t`-Z-ßfpw kw_-‘n®v FXn¿I£n ]e hn[-
Øn¬ At±-lsØ t{Imkv sNbvX Iq´-Øn¬ Hcn-°¬ hf-®p-sIń
Ipg-®pa-dn®v Hcp Zo¿L- tNmZyw tNmZn-®p. tNmZy-hm-NIw Fgp-Xm≥
]Øp- h-cn-bn¬ Ipd-bmsX thWw. hmN-Ihpw kwK-Xnbpw henb
hf-®p-sI´pw Ipg-∏-hp-ambncp∂p. tNmZyw a\- n-em-°m≥ ]e Bh-
¿Øn hmbn®p tIƒ∏n-t°≠n h∂p. Cu Zo¿L-tNm-Zy-Øn\v kztX-
bp≈ DØcw "sbkv' As√-¶n¬ "t\m' F∂ H‰-hm°p am{Xta
htc-≠-Xm-bn-´p-≈p. GXp ]d-™mepw hmZn-`m-K-Øn\v tZmj-hp-am-bn-
cp-∂p. Cu tNmZyw tI´ DS≥ km£n-sam-gn-I-fpsS t\m´v FgpXnsIm-
≠n-cp∂ Rm\pw (^n-en-∏pw) amen-Ød (G-en-bm-kv) A®\pw XΩn¬
C{]-Imcw Hcp cl-ky-`m-jWw \S-∂p.
Rm≥: Cu tNmZy-Øn\v F¥v DØcw ]d-™mepw tZmj-am-Wt√m
A®m.
A®≥: AsX, F¥p sN-ømw.
Rm≥: (tNm-Zyw- t]m-se-Xs∂ hf-®p-sI-ńb hmN-I-Øn¬ F\n°v
tXm∂nb Hcp DØcw Hcp Xp≠p-I-S-em-kn¬ FgpXn A®s\ ImWn-

®n-´v) CXp-t]mse DØcw ]d-™m¬ Xc-t°-Sn-√.
A®≥: sa{Xm-®\v tXm∂-W-a-t√m.
Rm≥: \ΩpsS tIkn¬ ssZhm-\p-Iq-ey-ap-s≠-¶n¬ dqlm-ZvI-pZnim
At±-lsØ tXm∂n-°pw.
C{Xbpw Rßƒ XΩn¬ kzImcyw ]d™p Ign-™-t∏mƒ B
apdn-bpsS AI-∂- tIm-Wn¬ Ccp-∂n-cp∂ km£n-°m-c≥ DØcw
]d™p. AXv Rm≥ Fgp-Xn-h-®n-cp∂ Xp≠p-I-S-emkv At±-l-Øns‚
ssIbn¬ sImSpØv At±lw t\m°n hmbn-®m¬ Fß-s\tbm A{]-
Imcw ]Zw-{]Xn Bbn-cp-∂p. Hcp-h≥ ]d™ Imcyw as‰m-cp-h≥ FSp-
Øp-]-d-™m¬ kwKXn -i-cn-bm-bn-cn-°m-sa-¶nepw hmNIw ]Zw-{]Xn
hcn-I-bn-√. Ipg-™p-a-dn™ hmN-I-Øn¬ Rm≥ Fgp-Xn-sh® DØcw
At±lw A£- c w- { ]Xn ]d™p tI´- t ∏mƒ At±- l - s Øbpw
Fs∂bpw Hcp hmN-I-Øn¬ tXm∂n-®Xv ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hm-sW-∂p≈
t_m[yw aqew B›-cyhpw kt¥m-jhpw sIm≠v Fgp-Xm≥ ]mSn-
√m-Ø-hÆw Fs‚ ssIbpw tZl-am-k-I-ehpw hnd-bv°m≥ XpS-ßn.
Rm≥ Fgp-Xn-s°m-≠n-cp∂ t\m´v A®s‚ apºn-te°v am‰nh®n´v
Rm≥ AIsØ apdn-bn¬ Ccp-∂n-cp∂ henb sa{Xm-®s‚ apºn¬
sN∂p. Fs‚ tZlw Bk-Iew hnd-bv°p-∂-Xp- I≠v sa{Xm-®≥
`b-∂p. \ΩpsS tIkv \S-Øp-∂Xv ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hm-sW∂pw'' a‰pw
]d-™p-sIm≠v Rm≥ NmSp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.'' CtX km£yw {][m\
h°o¬ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbpw Cu tIkv Cuiz-c≥ CS-s]´v \S-
Øp-∂-Xns‚ ]e e£y-ßfpw Xm≥ Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-amw-hn[w I≠p
F∂pw ^nen∏v cl-ky-t]-S-I-Øn¬ XpS¿∂v shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v.
doiokm ]ncn-°m-\p≈ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ Iev]-\-bp-ambn kndn-
b≥ k`-bnse sia-hq≥ am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm
…o_m siΩm-i-\p-sam-∂n®v ae-¶c-bn-se-Øn. hnip-≤- \m-Sp-I-sf-∏‰n
Ah¿ \¬Inb h¿Æ-\-Iƒ am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv hnS¿∂ sNhn-I-
tfmSpw hnI-kn® IÆp-I-tfmSpw IqsS {i≤n-®p. skan-\mcn hyh-
lmcw NqSp-]n-Sn®v \S-°p-tºm-ƒ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv Ab® Iev]-\-bn¬
doio-km-bpsS Imcy-a-√msX a‰p Imcy-ß-sfm∂pw ]cm-a¿in-®n-cp-∂n√.
t\csØ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm-bpsS {Zhym-{K-l-tØmSp tXm∂n-
bn-cp∂ Ah⁄ H∂p-IqsS h¿≤n-∏m≥ CXv Imc-W-am-°n.
1883˛¬ tImS-Xn-hn-[n-sb-Øp-S¿∂v tIm´bw ]gbskan-\mcn ]pen-
t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ ssIh-iØ - n¬ h∂p. ae-¶c sa{Xm-
t∏m-eo-Ømsb lrZ-b-]q¿∆w ]n¥m-ßn-bn-cp∂ am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv

CXn¬ G‰hpw kt¥m-jn-®p. 1884 am¿®v 21˛\v tIm\m´v am¿ bqen-
tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Imew sNbvX-Xns\ XpS¿∂v Hu-]Nm-cn-I-
ambnØs∂ Xpº-a¨ `{Z-mk\w am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ Npa-X-e-
bn¬ Gev ] n- ° - s ∏- ´ p. kXy- h n- i zm- k - k w- c - £ Ww, sshZn- I - c psS
kpÿnXn XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-fn¬ Imtem-Nn-X-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-
cn-°p-hm≥ ]cp-ae am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Bhn-jv°-cn-®p.
]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv c≠m-as‚ t\Xr-Xz-Ønepw
am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ ]n¥p-W-bnepw P\m-[n-]Xy hyh-ÿn-Xn-
bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-ambn ]ptcm-K-an-°p∂ Hcn-¥y≥ k-`sb∏‰nbp≈
{]kn≤n tKmh-bn-sebpw Ata-cn-°-bn-sebpw ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bn-
sebpw c≠v anj-W-dn-amsc Bth-iw-sIm-≈n-®p. XßfpsS ho£-
W-Øn-ep≈ anj≥ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v klm-bIamb k`-bmWv ]cp-
ae Bÿm-\-am°n hnhn[ I¿Ω-ta-J-e-Iƒ Bhn-jv°-cn-°p∂ ae-
¶-c-k` F∂Xv Ahsc ae-¶-c-k-`bntebv°v ASp-∏n-°p-hm≥ Imc-
W-am-bn. c≠p anj-\p-Ifpw ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Iogn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-
hm≥ k∂-≤-am-sW∂pw Adn-bn-®p. Ah-cpsS \ne-]mSv ae-¶-c-bpsS
anj≥ apJ-Øn\v hnImkw \¬In. tKmh-bnse A¬hm-dokv F∂
]´-°m-c-s\bpw Ata-cn-°-bnse dn\n-hn-emØn F∂ ]´-°m-c-s\bpw
am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ae-¶-c-k-`-bn-te°v Zo¿L-ho-£-W-tØmsS
kzoI-cn-®p. ae-¶-c-k-`bv°v A{]-Imcw Nne ]pXnb Nmep-Iƒ shń-
°o-dp-∂-Xn¬ Nne A]-i-_vZ-ßƒ D≠m-Im-sX-bn-cp-∂n-√. ae-¶c
sa{Xm-s‚bpw At±-l-tØmSv kl-I-cn®v \oßp∂ ]cp-ae ]pWy-
hm-f-s‚bpw Z¿i-\-hn-kvXr-Xnsb Dƒs°m-≈m-\m-hmØ Nne "Xm¬]-
cy-ß-fmbn' am{Xw B A]-i-_vZ-ßƒ Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-´p (]p-en-t°m-
ń¬ Xncp-ta-\nbpw ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\nbpw Acßv Hgn-™-tXmsS Ah-
K-Wn-°-s∏´ i_vZ-ßƒ {]_-e-ambn; B c≠v hntZ-i- an-j-\p-Ifpw
k`bv°v AXn-lo-\-am-b-hn[w \jvS-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp!!). ]cp-a-e-
bn¬ tN¿∂ sshZn-I-k-tΩ-f-\-Øns‚ 10˛mw \º¿ Xocp-am\w ]pd-
Pm-Xn-I-fpsS CS-bnse anj≥ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn\v D’m-ln-°Ww F∂-
Xm-bn-cp-∂p. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\nbpw ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\nbpw kwbp-
‡-ambn t\XrXzw \¬Inb Cu ]pd-PmXn anj≥ {]-h¿Ø\w Iptd-
°mew aµo-`-hn®v InS-°p-Ibpw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta\n {]tXy-I-
ambn sshZn-Iÿ - m-\t- Øbpw Ahn-hm-lnX Pohn-XØn-te°pw hnfn®p
{]tNm-Zn-∏n® aq°-t©-cn-¬ ]t{Xmkv siΩm-is‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬
cq]w-sIm≠ …o_m-Zm-k-k-aqlw Gs‰-SpØv hnP-b-I-c-ambn \S-Øn-
bXpw \ap-°v Adn-bm-hp∂ Imcy-am-Wt- √m. ]cp-ae

- b
- n¬ sh®v cq]s∏´
anj≥ Z¿i\w \ΩpsS Xe-ap-d-bn¬ tUm. Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ HkvXm-
Øn-tbmkv t\XrXzw \¬Inb ]e ]≤-Xn-I-fnepw hnP-b-]q¿∆w
{]h¿Ø-\-£-a-am-bn-cp∂p F∂p ImWmw.
sia-hq≥ am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv 1889 Pq¨ 11˛\v Imew- sN-bvX-
Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v At±-l-Øns‚ IqsS -h∂ …o_m siΩm-i≥ ]cp-a-
e-bn¬ an°-hmdpw ÿnc-Xm-a-k-am-°n-bn-cp-∂p. ItØm-en°m anj≥
sshZn-Isc ae-¶ck`-bn-te°v kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ …o_m siΩm-
i≥ k¥p-jvS-\m-bn-cp-∂n-√. 1889˛\v tIm´bw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬
h®v ^mZ¿ A¬hm-dokn\v, am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv dºm≥ÿm\w
\¬In. At±-lsØ kzoI-cn-°p-hm-\pw Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ sa{Xm≥-
ÿm\w \¬Ip-hm\pw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn¬\n∂v ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-
ta\n A\p-hmZw hmßn-bn-cp-∂p. doiokm apS-ßmsX In´-W-sa-∂-
√msX At±-l-Øn\v ae-¶-c-bn¬ a‰v Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ H∂pw C√m-bn-
cp-∂p. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta\n C—n-°p∂ Imcy-ßƒ \S-Øp-hm≥
Bh- i y- a mb ]n¥p- W bpw _ehpw At±- l - Ø n\v ae- ¶ - c - b n¬
Ds≠∂pw AXv Iev]-\ -aqew \ntcm-[n-®n´v {]tbm-P-\-an-s√∂pw ]m{Xn-
b¿°okv _mhm ap≥ A\p-`-h-ß-fn-eqsS {Kln-®n-cp-∂p. 1889 Pqsse
29˛\v k`-bpsS s]mXp- B-ÿm-\-amb tIm´bw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bn¬
h®v ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-mbpsS \n¿t±-i-{]-Imcw ^m. A¬hm-
dokv dºm\v am¿ bqen-tbmkv F∂ ÿm\-t∏-cn¬ sa{Xm≥ÿm\w
\¬In. ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm k∂n-ln-X-\mb ÿm\m-tcm-l-W-
ip-{iq-j-bn¬ IS-hn¬ ]utemkv am¿ AØ-m\m-tkymkv ({]-[m\
Im¿Ωn-I≥), apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv, ]cp-ae am¿ {KotKm-
dn-tbmkv (k-l-Im¿Ωn-I¿) F∂n-h¿ ]s¶-Sp-Øp. ae-¶-c-bntem kndn-
b≥ k`-bntem Cu sa{Xm≥ ÿm\m-tcm-l-W-sØ-∏‰n ]c-ky-amb
bmsXmcp {]Xn-tj-[m-`n-{]m-b- {]-I-S-\-ßfpw D≠m-b-Xmbn Adnhn√.
ÿm\m-tcm-l-W- ip-{iq-j-bn¬ Akm-∂n[yw sIm≠v Nne {][m-\n-
Iƒ {it≤-b-cmbn F∂p am{Xw.
tdmb¬t°m-S-Xn-bpsS A¥n-a-hn[n A\p-Iq-e-am-b-Xn-s\ Xp-S¿∂v
skan-\mcn hyh-lmcw am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-
Øm-bpsS ]cn-]q¿Æ hnP-b-Øn¬ Ah-km-\n-®p. AXn-\ptijw
tIm´bw sNdn-b-]-≈n, B¿Øm‰v ]≈n, sNß-∂q¿ ]≈n XpS-ßnb
]≈n-Iƒ hos≠-Sp-°p-hm-\p≈ hyh-lmc ]c-º-c-bp-ambn ]pen-t°m-
ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkn\v \nb-a-h-gn-I-fn¬ k©-cn-t°≠n h∂p.
A¬hm-dokv am¿ bqen-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS apJy-t{]-c-
W-bn-emWv as‰mcp anj≥ {]h¿Ø-I≥ Bbn-cp∂ ^m. dn\n-hn-emØn

ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ kzoI-cn-°-s∏-´-Xv. At±-l-sØbpw sa{Xm-\mbn
ÿm\w sImSp-°p-hm≥ ]t{Xmkv XrXo-bs‚ Hu]-Nm-cn-I-amb A\p-
hmZw e`n-®p. ÿm\m¿∞n-bpsS B{K-lhpw kuI-cyhpw ap≥\n¿Øn
sImfwt_mbn¬ h®v ÿm\w sImSp-∏m-\mWv \n›-bn-®-Xv. ]pen-t°m-
ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ \n¿t±-i-{]-Imcw sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS kwLw
sImfw-t_m-bn-se-Øn. 1892 sabv 26˛\v kz¿§m-tcm-l-W-s]-cp-∂m-fn\v
am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv ÿm\m¿∞n°v Zb-tdm-bqtkm ÿm\w \¬In.
ASpØ Rmb-dmgvN 29˛\v k∑-cW amXm-hns‚ ]≈n-bn¬ h®v dn\n-
hnemØn dºm\v am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv F∂ t]cn¬ A¬hm-dokv
am¿ bqentbmkv, IS-hn¬ ]utemkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv, ]cp-
ae am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv F∂nh¿ tN¿∂v taev]-´-ÿm\w \¬In.
Cu ÿm\m-tcm-l-W-Øn\p ]c-ky-amb {]Xn-tj-[-ßƒ Fhn-sSbpw
D≠m-bn-√. F∂n-cp-∂mepw h´-t»-cn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv aev]m≥, …o_m
siΩm-i≥ XpS-ßnb AXn-Im-b-∑m¿ B ]´w-sIm-S-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øn-
cp-∂n√ F∂Xv Nne-sc-¶nepw {i≤n-®p.
1885˛¬ Xpº-a¨ {]tZ-iØv AXn-`-b-¶-c-amb ]I¿®-hym-[n-bp-
≠m-bn. At\Iw Bfp-Iƒ acn-®p. sIm®p-Xn-cp-ta\n DSs\Xs∂ Xpº-
a¨ ]≈n-bn-seØn Xma-kn-®p-sIm≠v tcmKn-If - psS hoSp-Iƒ kµ¿in-
°p-Ibpw Zpcn-Xm-izm-k-Øn\v th≠Xv sNøp-Ibpw {]m¿∞-\-bpsS
kwc-£Ww Gh¿°pw Dd∏phcp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp; tcmKw \nb-
{¥-Wm-[o-\-am-hpI Xs∂ sNbvXp.
]cp-a-e-bpsS ]cn-afw hym]n-∏n® as‰mcp kw`-h-amWv 1892 anYp\w
30˛\v ]cp-ae skan-\mcnbn¬ tN¿∂ ¢ndn°p tbmKw. Xs‚ `c-W-
Øn-ep≈ \nc-Ww, Xpº-a¨, sIm√w F∂o aq∂p sa{Xm-k-\-ß-
fnse sshZn-I-sc-bmWv Cu ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ kwL-Sn-∏n-®-Xv. CS-h-I-
I-fnse ]e-hn[amb {]iv\-ßƒ N¿® sNøp-hm\pw hnizm-k-]-c-amb
hnj-b-ß-fn¬ GIo-Ir-X-amb ]Tn-∏n-°¬ km[y-am-°p-hm\pw CS-h-
I-I-fn¬ A®-S°w D≠m-°p-hm\pw ]cp-a-e-bnepw apf-¥p-cp-Øn-bnepw
tN¿∂ Atkm-tky-j≥ tbmK-ßfpsS Xocp-am-\-{]-Imcw ae-¶c
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS hnZym-`ym-k-hn-π-h-Øn¬ ]¶p-Im-cm-Ip-hm\pw
Cu ktΩ-f\w sshZn-Isc Blzm\w sNbvXp. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-
ta-\n-bpsS c£m-[n-Im-cn-Xz-Ønepw am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\nbpsS
A≤y-£-X-bnepw cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏´ Cu tbmKw sshZn-I-cnepw CS-h-
I-I-fnepw hen-sbm-c-f-hn¬ A®-S°w ]pe¿Øp-hm≥ klm-b-I-ambn.
1879˛¬ ^b¬ sNbvX skan-\m-cn-t°-kns\ ]n¥p-W-°p-hm\pw
kmºØn-I-ambn klm-bn-°p-hm\pw Cu sshZn-I-∑m¿ aptJ\ am¿

{KotKm-dn-tbm-kn\p km[n-®p. ]n∂oSv ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta\n kwL-
Sn-∏n® AJn-e- a-e-¶c sshZn-I-kw-Lw, alm-P-\-k` F∂n-h-bpsS
{]m{Kq]w Cu ]cp-ae sshZnIktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ Z¿in-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
]cp-ae skan-\mcn {]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂ Agn-∏pc ÿnXn-sN-bvXn-cp∂
ct≠-°¿ `qan AhnsS \S-∂n-cp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v H´pw ]cym-
]vX-a-√m-bn-cp-∂p. AhnsS hnkvXr-X-amb kuI-cy-ßƒ -˛ -]-≈nbpw
knΩ-\m-cnbpw Dƒs∏sS ˛ D-≠m-bm¬ sIm≈m-sa∂v ae-¶c sa{Xm-
t∏m-eo-Ømbpw ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\nbpw B{K-ln-°p∂p F∂-dn-™-
tXmsS Acn-Ip-]p-dØv amØs‚ a°-ƒ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Xncp-
ta-\n-bpsS t]cn¬ Ipsd-°qSn 1885˛¬ Xosd-gp-Xn-sIm-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. CXn-
\n-S-bn¬ ]cp-ae am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv I‰m\w {]tZ-iØv 23 G°¿
59 sk‚ v ÿew k¿°m-cn¬\n∂v ]Xn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øp.
1872˛¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏´ ]pen-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-
tkymkv c≠m-a≥ IqZm-i -sNbvX ]t{Xm-kv-˛-]u-eqkv «ol-∑mcpsS
\ma-Øn-ep≈ tZhm-ebw s]mfn-®p -hn-im-e-amb Hcp tZhm-ebw ]Wn-
bp-hm≥ am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv B{K-ln-®p. henb Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS A\p-
a-Xnbpw e`n-®p. ]pXp-Xmbn e`n® ÿeØv bmsXmcp aqe-[-\hpw
ImWmsX ssZhm-{i-b-Øn¬ Xncp-ta\n ]≈nbpw knΩ-\m-cnbpw ]Wn-
bn°phm≥ Bcw-`n-®p. am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ CjvS-ß-sf-t∏mse
ap¥nb ]cn-K-W\ \¬In ]cp-ae sIm®p-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS CjvS-ß-
tfmSv ae-¶-c-k` {]Xn-I-cn-®p. ]g™n apX¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw hsc
At±-l-Øns‚ injy-∑m¿ ]cp-a-e-bpsS kpK‘w G‰p-hm-ßn-b-h¿
F∂ \ne-bn¬ ]cp-a-e-bnse \n¿Ωm-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-tfmSv Bth-i-
]q¿∆w A\p-Iq-e-ambn {]Xn-I-cn-®p. Ccp-]-Xn-\m-bn-c-Øn¬∏cw cq]
thK-Øn¬ ]ncn-™p-In-ń.
kaq-l-Øn¬\n∂v Zqsc -am-dn-bn-cp∂v X]kv apX-emb k\ym-k-
hr-Øn-Iƒ sNøp∂Xnep-]cn kaq-l-a-≤y-Øn¬ {]Imiw hnXdn \S-
°p∂ ZqX≥ Bbn-cp∂p ]cp-ae Xncp-ta\n F∂v t\csØ hy‡-am-
°n-bn-cp-∂p-h-t√m. \ho-I-c-W-°m¿s°-Xnsc hyh-lm-c-Øn¬ hnPbw
t\Sn- b - X p- t ]m- s e- Xs∂ P\- a - [ y- Ø n¬ kpdn- b m\n k`- b psS
hnizmkw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\p≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-
hm≥ At±lw ap∂n-ń-d-ßn. A°m-esØ ]e I¨h≥j-\p-Ifpw
A{]-Imcw Bcw-`n-®-h-bm-Wv. sX°v Xpº-a¨ apX¬ hS°v ]g™n
hsc-bp≈ tZhm-eb - ß
- f
- n-¬ k`m-hn-izmkw {]N-cn-∏n°p-hm-\mbn Bcw-
`n® I¨h≥j≥ {]ÿm-\-Øn\v ]cp-a-e-bpsS kpK-‘-am-Wp-≈-Xv.
]≈n-I-fn¬ am{X-a-√, Bephm aW-∏pdw t]mep≈ s]mXp-ÿ-e-ß-

fnepw sIm®p-Xn-cp-ta\n {]`mjW ]c-º-c-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n®p. A°m-
esØ I¨h≥j-\p-I-fn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-tbm-sSm∏w …o_m siΩm-i≥,
I∂p-Ipgn Ipcp-hnf F©n-\o-b¿, I≠-Øn¬ h¿§okv am∏n-f, F≥.
sF. t]mØ≥ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ ]s¶-SpØp. tIm´bw ]g-b-sk-an-\m-cn-
bn¬ \n∂v ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv c≠m-as‚ DS-a-ÿ-X-
bnepw CS-h-gn-°¬ ^nen-∏ns‚ ]{Xm-[n-]-Xy-Ønepw ae-¶c CS-h-I-
∏-{XnI Fs∂mcp amknI 1892 apX¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p XpS-ßn-b-
tXmsS FXn¿ {]Nm-c-W-ßƒ°v adp-]Sn ]d-bm≥ ae-¶-c-k-`bv°v
Hcp {]Xn-I-c-W-th-Znbpw A[ym-]-\-th-Znbpw k÷-am-bn. A{]-Imcw
hmNn-I-amb kphn-ti-j-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v ]cp-a-e-sk-an-\m-cnbpw enJn-
X-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ hnhn[ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v tIm´bw ]gbskan-\m-
cnbpw thZn-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p.
hnip-≤-\mSv kµ¿in®v thZ-]p-kvXI ÿe-ßƒ kµ¿in-°p-hm≥
sIm®p-Xn-cpta\n B{K-ln-®n-cp-∂p. henb Xncp-ta\n Fgp-Xn-bn-cp∂
A{]-Im-inX bm{Xm-hn-h-c-Ww- (Hcp ]c-tZ-i-bm-{X-bpsS IY-) -A-Xn\v
{]tNm-Z\w \¬In. Xs‚ a¿±o≥ bm{X Xs‚ Z¿i-\-N-{I-hm-f-ßsf
hnI-kz-c-am-°n-bXpw Zb-dm-{]-ÿm\w XpS-ßnb kwcw-`-ßƒ°v
t{]cW \¬In-bXpw henb Xncp-ta-\n-bn¬\n∂v sIm®p-Xn-cp-ta\n
{Kln-®n-cp-∂p. I¿Øm-hns‚ Pohn-X-`q-anbpw kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bpsS X¬-
ÿn-Xn-bpw Im◊m≥ At±lw B{K-ln-®Xv kzm`m-hn-Iw.
]cp-ae ]≈n-bpsS ]Wn At∏m-tg°pw Hcp-hn[w ]q¿Øn-bm-bn.
1895 P\p-hcn 27˛\v, hnf-Iƒ°pth≠n-bp≈ I\y-I-a-dn-bm-ans‚ s]cp-
∂m-fn¬ henb Xncp-ta-\nbpw sIm®p-Xn-cp-ta-\nbpw tN¿∂v ]pXnb
tZhm- e - b - Ø ns‚ Xm¬°m- e nI IqZmi \n¿h- l n- ® p. {][m\
t{XmtWmkv ]t{Xm-kv-˛-]u-temkv «ol-∑m-cpsS \ma-Ønepw hS°p
hi-tØXv ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ \ma-Ønepw sX°p-h-i-tØXv hnip≤
am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bp-sSbpw \ma-Øn¬ {]Xn-jvTn-®p. sIm®p-Xn-cp-ta\n
]pXnb tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ BZy- Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n®p. ]nt‰-Zn-hkw hnip-
≤-\mSv kµ¿i-\-Øn\v ]cp-a-e-bn¬\n∂v ]pd-s∏-´p. aIcw 26˛\v Bcw-
`n® B Xo¿∞-bm-{X-bn¬ sIm®p-Xn-cp-ta\n Dƒs∏sS F´p-t]¿ D≠m-
bn-cp-∂p. 1. Xncp-ta-\n. 2. h´-t»-cn¬ aev]m≥. 3. shń-°¬ sIm®p
]utemkv dºm≥. 4. Xpº-a¨ Icn-ßm-ń-e-®≥. 5. sX°≥ ]d-hq¿
tXm∏n¬ eqt°mkv A®≥. 6. IS-Ω-\n´ ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ Koh-dp-
Kokv A®≥. 7. …o_m siΩm-i≥. 8. ]cp-ae tXm∏n¬ ]oen-t∏mkv.
Ch- c mWv kwL- Ø n- e p≠mbn- c p- ∂ - X v . bmt{Xm- t ±- i y- s Ø- ∏ ‰n
sIm®pXncp-ta\n C{]-Imcw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v.
""hnip≤ thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ {][m\ Ncn{X

kw`hßƒ \S∂ ÿehpw ZmhoZv apX-emb alm-cm-Pm-°-∑m-cpsS
cmP-[m-\nbpw temI-c-£I-\mb tbip- anin-lm-bpsS Imev]m-Z-ß-
fmepw AXn-i-b{]-hr-Øn-I-fmepw temI-Øn≥ ]m]-ßsf \o°n-If-
bp∂ Znhy-Ip™m-Sn≥ Poh-_-en-bmepw ip≤o-I-cn-bv°-s∏-´-Xp-amb
Du¿t«w ]´-Whpw AXn¬ÿm]n-®n-´p≈ hne-tb-dnb amWn-Iy-ß-
fm-Ip∂ I¿Øm-hn≥ I_¿ apX-emb ]cn-ip≤ ÿe-ßfpw kµ¿-
in®p A\p-{K-l-ßsf {]m]n-°-W-sa∂p hf-sc-°m-e-ambn \Ωn¬
B{Klw P\n-®n-cp-∂p.''
ae-¶-c-bpsS hS-°p-`m-K-Øp≈ {][m-\- ]-≈n-bmb ]g™n sk‚ v
tacokv ]≈n-bn¬ henb Xncp-ta\n Ds≠-∂-dn™v Xo¿∞m-S-I-
kwLw Ahn-sS-sbØn. Xncp-ta-\n-am¿ Bt«-jn-®p. hnImcn Noc≥
Koh-dp-Kokv I»oim F∂ {]nb -in-jys‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Hcp kwLw
hniz-mkn-Iƒ Nmen-t»cn ]≈n-bn-te°pw XpS¿∂v ]´mºn sdbn¬th-
tÃ-j-\n-te°pw kwLsØ A\p-K-an-®p. "\mw ae-bm-fØv Ah-km-
\-ambn {]th-in® ]≈n Nmen-t»cn Bbn-cp∂p' F∂v Xncp-ta\n Fgp-
Xn-bn-´p≠v. 1895 am¿®v 5˛\v t_mws_-bn-se-Ønb kwLw 23˛\v tbm∏-
bn-te°v I∏¬ Ib-dn. G{]n¬ 7˛\v Hmim-\bv°v tbm∏-bnepw A©c-
a-Wn°v Du¿t«-anepw FØn. 13 Znhkw sIm≠v ]pWy-ÿ-e-ßƒ
kµ¿in-®p. G{]n¬ 13˛\v Icn-ßm-ń¬ kvIdnbm IØ-\m¿°v tImdn
ÿm\w \¬In. G{]n¬ 25˛\v kwLw tbm∏-bn¬\n∂v ]pd-s∏´v
sabv 13˛\v t_mws_-bn-se-Øn. sabv 17˛\v sjm¿Æq-cn-se-Øn. henb
Xncp-ta\n \ntbm-Kn-®-X-\p-k-cn®v hnIm-cnbpw kwLhpw sIm®p-Xn-cp-
ta- \ nsb kzoI- c n- ° p- h m≥ Nmen- t »- c n- b nseØn. Ahn- s S- \ n∂v
kwLsØ ]g-™n- ]-≈n-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-∂p. sIm®p-Xn-cp-ta-\nbpw
henb Xncp-ta-\nbpw Bt«-jn®v kt¥mjw ]¶p-h-®p. bm{Xm-\p-`-h-
ßƒ tNmZn®pw ]d™pw B Znhkw ]g-™n-bn¬ Ign-®p-Iq-ń.
]n∂oSv Nmh-°m-Sv, hS-°≥]d-hq¿ hgn sIm®n-bn-se-Øn. kztZ-i-amb
apf-¥p-cpØn ˛ I≠-\mSv ]≈n-Iƒ kµ¿in-®p. Pq¨ 4˛\v Ipa-cIw
]≈n-bn¬ FØn. ]ns∂ Xmg-Ø-ßm-Sn-bn-te-°v. ]n∂oSv skan-\m-cn-
bn-te-°v. Pq¨ 6˛\v \ncWw hgn ]cp-a-e-bn-se-Øn. Dt±iw \me-c-
amkw \o≠-bm{X Aßs\ k^-e-ambn ]cy-h-km-\n-®p. aS-ßn-sb-
Ønb sIm®p-Xn-cp-ta\n \S-Ønb {]kwKw ]cp-ae - b
- psS ]cn-af
- Ø
- ns‚
]cn-]m-h-\-Xbv°v DØ-a-km-£y-amWv. AXn-{]-Im-c-amWv:
""\ap°v G‰hpw ]pWy-ÿ-e-amb Du¿t«w kµ¿in®v CXm -ssZ-
h-Øns‚ A\p-{K-l-Øm¬ \mw C∂p XncnsI h∂n-cn-°p-∂p. C\nbpw
ssZh-Øns‚ Iev]\ \S-Øm-\mWv At±lw \tΩmSv B⁄m-]n-®n-

cn-°p-∂-Xv. AXp-Xs∂ \mw sNøp-∂p. IÆn\p sNhn-sb-°mƒ
A[nIw {Kl-W-i-‡n-bp-s≠-∂p-≈Xp k¿h-k-Ω-X-am-Ip-∂p. tI´p
hniz-kn-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ I≠p hniz-kn-°p-∂-Xn¬ A[nIw Dd-∏p-
≠-t√m. \ΩpsS c£-Is‚ I„m-\p-`-h-ß-sfbpw D]-tZ-i-ß-sfbpw
\ncym-W-sØbpw ]‰n thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ \n∂pw Inń-bn-cn-°p∂
Adnhv B kw`-h-ßƒ \S∂ ÿe-ß-tfbpw AhnsS Ct∏mgpw \ne-
\n¬°p∂ AS-bm-f-ß-sfbpw ImWp-tºmƒ a\- n¬ F{X-tØmfw
Dd-bv°p-sa∂v A\p-`-hn-s®-¶nse Adn-bq. ""km£m¬ ssZhsØ hµn-
°p-∂Xp Cu ae-bn-e√; Du¿t«-an-ep-a√: Bflm-hnepw kXy-Øn-ep-
amWv.' BI-bm¬ {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°p ssZhsØ Fhn-sS-bn-cp∂pw
tkhn-°mw. F∂mepw \mw Aev]-hn-izm-kn-Ifpw ]m]n-I-fp-am-I-bm¬
sNhn- sIm≠p {Kln-°m-hp-∂-Xn-e-[nIw IÆp-sIm≠p {Kln-°p-
tºmƒ D≠m-Ip∂ hnizm-k-ÿn-c-Xbpw a\- ns‚ `‡nbpw Du¿t«w
bm{X 3- b n¬ \n- ∂ p- ≠ m- I p- s a∂v \mw A\p`- h n- ® - d n- ™ n- c n- ° p- ∂ p.
AhnsS Hmtcm ]pWy- ÿ - e - ß - f nepw Rßƒ {]m¿∞n- ® - t ∏mƒ
Rßƒ°p- ≠ mb a\- n- f - ° hpw ]m]- h n- N m- c hpw A\p- X m- ] hpw
`‡nbpw Rß-fpsS Bbp- n¬ Hcn-°epw A\p-`-hn-®n-ń-√m-Ø- am-
Xn-cn-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. Rß-fpsS a\ v ssZh-Øn¬ ebn®Xpt]mse
tXm∂n. AhnsS\n∂pw Fgp-t\¬°msX kZm {]m¿∞n-®p-sIm≠p
InS-∂msem F∂p tXm∂n. Rß-fpsS a\- p-cp-In.
Aøm-bn-c-a-√, A≥]-Xn-\m-bncw cq]m sNe-hn-´mepw C{X AKm-[-
ambpw ÿnc-ambpw D≈ Hcp hnizm-khpw A\p-Xm-]hpw ]m]-t_m-
[hpw D≠m-Iptam F∂p kwi-b-am-Wv. Bflm-hn-s‚bpw kXy-Øn-
s‚bpw ]q¿ÆX {]m]n-°p-hm≥ Cu ImgvN G‰hpw D]-tbm-K-ap-≈-
XmIsIm≠v \ΩpsS P\-ß-fn¬ Ign-hp-≈-h-sc√mw Cu ]pWy-ÿe-
ßsf kµ¿in-t°-≠-XmsW∂v \nß-tfmSv D]-tZ-in-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p.
{InkvXym-\n-I-fmb \mw sNtø-≠Xv Fs¥-√m-am-sW-∂m-tem-
Nn°mw. Cu \mń¬ A⁄m-\n-I-fmbn Zmcn-{Zy-Øn¬ apgpIn ]m]w-
sNbvXpw I„-s∏´pw hkn-°p∂ A\-h[n Bfp-I-fp-≠v. Xmgv∂-PmXn-
°m-sc∂p ]d™phcp∂ ]pe-b¿ apX-em-b-h¿°p cmP-]m-X-bn¬
k©mctam ka-kr-„-ß-tfm-Sp≈ ASp-∏tam km≤y-a-√m-sX-bmWv
Ccn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu km-[p-°ƒ°v kXy-amb ssZh-hn-izmkw D≠m-tI-
≠Xpw Ah-cpsS I„-∏m-Sp-Iƒ Xo¿t°-≠Xpw Ah¿°p Adn-hp-
≠m-°n-s°m-SpØv Ahsc ]m]-ßf - n¬\n∂pw Ip‰-ßf- n¬\n∂pw c£n-
t°-≠Xpw \ΩpsS apJy-amb I¿Ø-hy-am-Ip-∂p. Chsc {InkvXp-a-
X-Øn¬ tN¿Øv Ch¿°p {]tXyIw ]≈n-Iƒ X¬°mew D≠m-

°n-s°m-Sp-°-Ww. Ch-cpsS Ct∏m-gsØ Xmgv∂ÿnXn-bn¬\n∂pw
Ch¿ Db¿∂p-h-cp-∂-tXm-Sp-IqSn Ch-scbpw \ΩpsS ]≈n-I-fn¬ {]th-
in-∏n-®p-sIm-≈mw. ]≈n-°qS-ßfpw C{]-Imcw BZyw {]tXy-I-ambpw
]n∂oSv km[m-cW- a- mbpw sImSp-°W
- w. Cu hnj-bØ
- n¬ \mw sNbvXn-
´p≈ {iaw hfsc h¿≤n-∏n-°m-\p-≠v. Ch-cpsS CS-bn¬ kphn-ti-j-
{]-kw-Kßƒ \S-Ø-Ww.
Cu \mń¬ {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ am{X-a√, a‰p aX-°m-
cpsS CS-bnepw Cw•ojv kvIqƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂Xv kphn-ti-j-{]-Nm-c-
Øn\v DØ-a-amb am¿§amWv. ssZhm-\p-{Klw kn≤n-®n-´p≈ alm-
∑m¿ Cw•o-jn¬ Fgp-Xnb ]pkvX-I-ß-fm-bn-cn-°p-at√m hnZym¿∞n-
Iƒ Cu kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂-Xv. B alm-∑m¿ {Ink-vXym-\n-I-fm-
Wt√m. AhcpsS ]pkv X - I - ß ƒ ]Tn- ° p- t ºmƒ bYm¿∞- a mb
{InkvXo-b-X-Xz-ßƒ hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬ thcq-∂m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-sX-ßs\?
]ns∂ Cu hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ tIhew thjw-sIm≠v Xr]vXn-s∏-´p-h-cp-
∂p-sb∂v Hcp hnizmkw ]c∂p ImWp-∂-Xn¬ \mw hyk-\n-°p-∂p.
Ch¿ aXw, k∑m¿§-\njvT Chbv°p hn]-co-X-amb Hcp \ne Ah-ew-
_n-°p∂p F∂p tIƒ°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw AXp \mw Xosc hniz-kn-
°p-∂n-√. Aßns\ hcn-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Cu A`y-k\w IqSn-tb -Xo-cq-
sh-∂n-√. CuhI ]pkvX-I-ßƒ ]Tn® A\-h[n Cw•o-jp-Im¿
Cßns\ Xo¿∂n-√-s√m. ChnsS am{Xw Cu ]pkvX-I-ßfpw Cu A`y-
k-\hpw tZmj-I-c-am-bn-Xo-cptam? Hcn-°-ep-an-√. AXn-\m¬ Cw•ojv
kvIqfpIƒ ]ebn-S-ß-fnepw C\nbpw ÿm]n-°-Ww.
P\-ß-fpsS CS-bn¬ kXyw, k∑m¿§m-N-c-Ww, hnizm-kw, `‡n
]c-kv]-c -_-lp-am\w Chsb hf¿Øm≥ hnZym`ymkØns\ klm-
bn-°p-∂-Xs{X {]m¿∞-\. \nXyhpw ssZh{]m¿∞\ sNøp∂h≥
Hcn°epw AkXyhmt\m, Zp¿Ωm¿§n-tbm, Ahn-izm-kn-tbm, `‡n-
lo-\-t\m, P\-tZz-jn-tbm, kzman-t{Zm-lntbm Bbn-Øo-cp-∂-X-√. {]m¿-
∞\ F∂Xv ssii-h-Ønse D’m-lhpw buh-\-Ønse B{i-bhpw
hm¿≤-Iy-Ønse kam-[m-\-hp-am-Ip-∂p. lrZbw \nd™ `‡n-tbmsS
sNøp∂ {]m¿∞-\ -ssZhw ssIs°mƒIbpw Hcp A\p-{K-l-cq-]-
ambn AXp \ap-°p XncnsI e`n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. ka-kr-„-ßsf
Bcp \√-hÆw kvt\ln-°p-∂pthm Ah-\s{X DØ-a-\mb ssZh-
`‡≥. Fs¥-∂m¬ ssZhw kr„n-°p-∂-sX√mw \ap°p kvt\ln-
°m-\m-Wv. \ap°p kz]v\-Øn¬ t]mepw hnNm-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xn-
e-[nIw Imcy-ßƒ {]m¿∞-\-bn¬ km≤y-am-Wv. ssZhsØ Adn-
™n´pw ssIae¿Øn Xßƒ°pw Xßƒ C„-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿°pw th≠n

{]m¿∞n-°-bn-s√-¶n¬ Fßn-s\-bmWv a\p-jy-s\, `mhn teiw-t]mepw
Adn-bmsX Pohn-°p∂ _p≤n-lo-\-ß-fmb P¥p-°-sf-°mƒ t{ijvT-
\m-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv? Cuiz-c-{]m¿∞-\, Cu temI-sØ- ]-e-hn-[-
Ønepw ssZh-Øns‚ ]mZm-c-hn-µ-ß-tfmSp tN¿°p∂ s]m∂n≥N-ß-
e-b-s{X. AXn-\m¬ cm∏-I¬ `‡n-tbm-Sp-IqSn D®-Øn¬ ssZhsØ
{]m¿∞n-∏n≥. Cu {]m¿∞\ \Ωn-ep≈ Ccpfp \oßm\pw Xf¿®
Xocm-\pw, th≠ Imcy-ßƒ km[n°p∂Xn-\pw, \ΩpsS ]c-a-amb
c£bpw tam£hpw e`n-°m\pw G‰hpw DØ-a-amb am¿§-am-Ip-∂p.
hniz-kn®p {]m¿∞n®p ssZhsØ `Pn-∏n≥. ktlm-Z-c-ßtf ssZhw
\nß-fn¬ {]km-Zn-°pw.
]nXm-hmb ssZh-Øns‚ kvt\lhpw ]p{Xs‚ Ir]bpw kam-[m\w
\¬Ip∂ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ \ndhpw \nß-fn¬ kZm h¿≤n-°p-am-
dm-I-s´. (s]m≥Pq-_nen kph-\o¿, 1952, ]p-dw 20˛22).
Du¿t«w bm{X-°m¿ bm{X sNbvX I∏¬ IS¬ t£m`-Øn¬
s]´-t∏mƒ ]cp-ae am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Genbm {]hm-N-Is‚ a≤y-
ÿ-X-bn¬ A`bw {]m]n-°p-Ibpw {]hm-N-Is‚ \ma-Øn¬ Hcp ]≈n
]Wn-bn-°m-sa∂v t\¿® t\cp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. tIm´bw Fw.Un.
skan-\mcntbmS-\p-_-‘n®v Cu t\¿®{]Imcw Hcp ]≈n ]Wn-b-
s∏-´p. AXm-Wn-∂sØ Genbm IØo{U-¬. -]-cp-ae am¿ {KotKm-dn-
tbmkns‚ kl-I-c-W-Øn¬ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm B tZhm-e-
b-Øns‚ IqZmi \n¿h-ln-®p.
Du¿t«w kµ¿i-\-Øn¬ Hcp Ncn-{X-hn-Zym¿∞n \nco-£n-°m≥
Bh-iy-amb Hcp kwK-Xn-bp-≠v. ae-¶-c-bn¬ c≠p -h¿j-°mew Pohn-
°p-Ibpw Zzn`mjn F∂- \n-e-bn¬ Xm≥ \nc-¥cw tkhn-°bpw
X\n°pw ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cmb ta¬]-´-°m¿°pw sa{Xm≥ÿm\w \¬Ip-
Ibpw ae-¶-c-bn¬ hn. aqtdm≥ IqZmi \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvX ]t{Xmkv
]m{Xn-b¿°okv Bdv amkw apºv A¥-cn-®n-cp-∂p. At±lw A¥y-
hn-{iaw sIm≈p∂ Ip¿°pam Zb-dm-bn¬ kµ¿i\w \S-Øp-hmt\m
]m{Xn-b¿°m Bÿm\w kµ¿in-°phmt\m ae-¶-c-bnse Xo¿∞m-
S-I-kwLw {ian-®n-√. At¥ymJym knwlm-k-\-tØmSpw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-
kn-t\mSpw A¬]-sa-¶nepw BZ-chv Xncp-ta-\n-bn¬ Ah-ti-jn-®n-cp-
∂p-sh-¶n¬ Xs∂ ta¬]-´-ÿm-\-tØ°v A`n-tjIw sNbvX ]nXm-
hns‚ I_-dnSw At±lw kµ¿in-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. ae-¶c-sa-{Xm≥ am¿
Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn-t\mSv ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ImWn® \µn-tISpw ae-¶-c-
k-`sb tImf-\n-bmbn ]nSn-s®-Sp-°m≥ At±lw ImWn® hy{K-Xbpw
aqtdm≥ hn¬]-\-bn-eqsS ]Ww kºm-Zn-°m≥ At±lw ImWn®

B¿Ønbpw doio-km ]ncn-hn¬ At±lw ImWn® AanX Xm¬]-
cyhpw skan-\mcn hyh-lm-c-tØmSv At±lw ImWn® \n w-K-Xbpw
]cp-ae am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kn¬ shdp∏v h¿≤n∏n°p-hm-\mWv CS-bm-
°n-b-Xv. ae-¶-c-k-`sb sIm≈-b-Sn-°p-hm≥ A_vZp≈m am¿ {KotKm-
dn-tbm-kv ImWn® at\m-`m-hhpw At±-lsØ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn¬
]m{Xn-b¿°okv ImWn® \n -lm-b-Xbpw ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\nsb
A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øn. Ign-bp-sa-¶n¬ kndn-b≥ k`-sbbpw AXns‚
A≤y£-∑m-scbpw B{i-bn-°msX ae-¶-c-k` apt∂m-´p-t]m-Ip-hm≥
am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv B{K-ln®XpsIm≠mhmw At±lw A¬hmdokv
am¿ bqen-tbm-kns‚bpw dn\n-hn-emØn am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbm-kn-s‚bpw
ta¬]´ hmgvN ae-¶-c-bpsS ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S-Øp-
hm≥ D’mlw ImWn-®-Xv. B ]cn-{i-aØn\v ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS apgp-
h≥ ]n¥pW D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1908˛¬ \S∂ h´-t»-cn¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-
tkym-kn-s‚bpw am¿ Iqdn-tem-kn-s‚bpw ÿm\m-tcm-lWw ae-¶-c-
bn¬ sh®v \S-∂n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ ae-¶-c-bpsS Ncn{Xw hyXy-kvX-am-
tb-t\. ]cp-ae-Xn-cp-ta\n Imew sNbvX-tijw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿
Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Zp¿∫-e-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p. X∑q-e-amWv 1908˛se ]´w-
sImS, ÿm\m¿∞n-I-fpsS B{K-l-{]-Imcw \S-tØ-≠n- h-∂-Xv.
]t{Xmkv XrXo-b≥ _mhm-bpsS tImf-\n-h¬°-c-W-{i-a-Øns‚ \ocm-
fn-∏n-SpØw h´-t»-cn¬ aev]m≥ th≠{X Kuc-h-Øn¬ ho£n-®n√
F∂v thWw Icp-Xp-hm≥. skan-\mcn hyh-lmcw t]mepw A\n-hm-
cy-am-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂ ]£-°m-c-\m-bn-cp∂p aev]m≥.
ae-¶c sa{Xm≥ am¿ Zoh-∂mtkymkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]utcm-lnXy
kph¿Æ-Pq-_nen AJne ae-¶-c-k`m-X-e-Øn¬ BtLm-jn-°p-∂-
Xns‚ `mK-ambn henb sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb a{^n-bm\m Bbn
ÿm\m-tcm-lWw sNøn-°p-hm≥ ae-¶c - k
- ` B{K-ln-®Xpw B hnhcw
A∂sØ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv A_vZp¬ ainlm _mhmbv°v Fgp-Xn-
bXpw ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ C\n-bp-samcp ]m{Xn-b¿°m kµ¿i\w D≠m-
hmsX t\m°-m\p≈ {ia-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-
bpsS \ncymWw 1902˛¬ kw`-hn-®n-√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ \n›-b-ambpw
A∂p Pohn-®n-cp∂ am¿ AØ-m\m-tkym-kv, am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv,
am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kv, A¬hm-dokv am¿ bqen-tbmkv, dn\n-hn-emØn
am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbmkv F∂n-h¿ tN¿∂v ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-
tkym-kns\ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv Btbm ImtXm-en°m Btbm hmgn-°p-
am-bn-cp∂p F∂v \ymb-ambpw \ap°v A\p-am-\n-°m-hp-∂X
- m-Wv. ]pXnb
kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ßƒs°Xnsc ae-¶-c-bn¬ Imcy-amb FXn¿∏p-Iƒ

H∂pw D≠m-hp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. A{X kzm[o-\-i-‡n-bmWv ]cp-ae am¿
{KotKm-dn-tbmkn\v ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS ta¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. GsX-¶nepw
`mKØv Zp¿§‘w cq]-s∏-´mepw Ahsb \n m-c-am-°p∂ ]cn-a-f-Øn-
s‚bpw Im¥n-bp-sSbpw BtLmj-amWv ]cp-a-e-bn¬\n∂v {]k-cn-®n-
cp-∂-Xv. ]cp-a-e-bpsS {]`m-]q-chpw {SÃn-am¿ XΩn-ep≈ a\-s m-cp-
an∏pw ta¬]-´-°m¿ XΩn-ep≈ sFIyhpw Hcp ap∏n-cn-®-c-Smbn ae-¶-
c-k-`sb A∂v i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv k¿h-i-
‡nbpw D]-tbm-Kn®v {ian-®n´pw k`-bn¬ Hcp sNdnb hn≈¬ t]mepw
D≠m-°p-hm≥ Ign-bm-Xn-cp-∂Xv Cu ap∏n-cn-®-c-Sns‚ i‡n-sIm-≠mWv.
GsX-¶nepw Hcp ]≈n-bn¬ sN∂m¬ kao-]-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ kpdn-
bm\n IpSpw-_-ß-ƒ ]m¿°p∂ {Kma-ßƒ kµ¿in-°p-hm\pw Ahn-S-
ß-fn¬ hmb-\m-tbm-K-ßƒ ÿm]n-°p-hm\pw ]cp-a-e-Xn-cp-ta\n D’m-
ln-®n-cp-∂p. A{]-Imcw ]g-™n ]≈n-bn¬ h∂-t∏mƒ hnIm-cn-tbm-
sSmØv kao-]-{]-tZ-i-ß-fmb Im´-Im-ºm¬, aßmSv F∂o {Kma-ßƒ
kµ¿in-°p-Ibpw F√m Rmb-dm-gvN-I-fnepw ktΩ-fn-°m≥ Blzm\w
\¬In-s°m≠v Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ hmb-\m-tbm-K-ßƒ Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
1895˛¬ Xpº-a¨ ]≈n-ta-S-bn¬ Hcp Cw•ojv kvIqƒ Xncp-ta\n
Bcw-`n®p. 1901˛¬ AXv {]tXyI sIń-S-Øn-te°v am‰n. apf-¥pcpØn
sk‚ v tXmakv kvIqfpw 1899˛¬ Ip∂w-Ip-fØv am¿ C·mØn-tbmkv
kvIqfpw 1900˛¬ Ip∂w-Ipfw ]md-bn¬ sk‚ v tacokv kvIqfpw 1901˛¬
Xncp-h√ Fw.Pn.Fw. kvIqfpw tIm´bw Xmg-Ø-ßmSn kvIqfpw
ÿm]n-X-am-bXv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-^-e-am-bn-cp-∂p. A[x-
IrXsc D≤-cn-°p-hm≥ \S-Ønb {ia-ßfpw Ah-K-Wn-°-mh-X-√. am¿
{KotKm-dn-tbmkv 1897˛¬ amth-en-°c sN∂n-Ø-e-bn¬ sN∂v k`-
bn¬ kao-]-Im-eØv tN¿∂ ]pe-bsc A\p-{K-ln-®p. Ah¿°v amΩq-
Zokm \¬In t]cn-´p. Imfn-°p-∂v, a√-∏-≈n, ]pXp-∏-≈n, I√p-¶{X
F∂o ÿe-ß-fnepw ]pe-b-{In-kvXym-\n-Iƒ°mbn {]tXyI ]≈n-
Iƒ ]Wn-bn-®p. Ah-cpsS Ipń-Iƒ°v hnZym-`ymk kuI-cy-ßƒ G¿-
s∏-Sp-Øn.
tIm´-bØv ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw sX°pw hS°pw Bÿm-
\-ambn c≠p sa{Xm-∑mcpw F∂ Bibw am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv
t\csØ {]N-cn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn kqNn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p-h-t√m. Xs‚ injy-
∑m-cn¬ B ÿm\-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-cmb Bfp-Isf At±lw
kq£va-ambn At\z-jn-®n-cp-∂p. 1898˛¬ ]gbskan-\mcn ÿm]-Is‚
Hm¿Ω-Zn-hkw skan-\m-cn-bn¬ \S-Ønb c≠v I»oim ]´w-sIm-S-Iƒ

Cu ]≤-Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn IW-°m-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. A¶amen Ip‰n-
°m´v ]utemkv siΩm-i\pw Ipdn®n I√m-t»cn ]p∂qkv siΩm-
i\pw Xncp-ta\n sshZn-I-ÿm\w \¬In. Kpcp-`-‡n, kXy-hn-izm-k-
\n-jvT, {_“-N-cyw, ]cn-]m-IX XpS-ßnb hnj-b-ß-fn¬ anI-hp-Imńb
Ahsc c≠p t]scbpw ASpØ Rmb-dmgvN Xncp-ta\n dºm-∑m-cm°n.
Ch¿ c≠p-t]cpw ]n¬°m-eØv Zu¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ k`-bnse c≠v
`mK-ß-fpsS ae-¶c sa{Xm-∑m-cmbnØo¿∂p Ft∂m¿°p-I.
]cp-ae ]≈n hnim-e-am°n ]Wn-b-Ww F∂ B{Klw i‡-am-
b- t ∏mƒ, Bephm Xr°p- ∂ Øv skan- \ m- c n- b psS ]Wn- I ƒ°v
t\XrXzw hln-®n-cp∂ Ip‰n-°m-ń¬ sIm®p-]u-temkv dºm-®s\ Xncp-
ta\n ]cp-a-e-bn-te°v £Wn-®p. At±lw aq∂p -h¿j-tØmfw Npa-
X-e-tb‰v sX°≥ ]≈n-I-fn¬ ]ncnhv \SØn skan-\m-cn-∏Wn \n¿h-
ln-®p.
hy‡n-Po-hn-XØ - ns‚ ss\¿Ωeyw sIm≠v kn≤-\m-bnØo¿∂ ]cp-
ae am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ hm°p-Iƒ°v im]m-\p-{Kltijn
Ds≠∂v sXfn-bn-°p∂ At\Iw A\p-`-h-ßƒ At\Iw t]¿°p-
≠m-bn-´p-≠v. sIm√w, Xpº-a¨, \nc-Ww F∂o Xs‚ Npa-X-e-bn-
te¬]n-°-s∏´ sa{Xm-k-\-ß-fpsS CS-b-s\∂ \ne-bnepw ae-¶c
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Akn-Ã‚ v F∂ \ne-bnepw \nc-¥cw bm{X
Bh-iy-ambn hcn-I-bm¬ hm¿≤-Iy-ØnseØp∂-Xn\p aptº At±-
l-Øns‚ BtcmKyw £bn-®p. A¬]m-lmcw ioen-®-Xp-sIm≠v DZ-
c-kw-_-‘-amb tcmK-amWv At±-lsØ ]oUn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Xnc-°p-
]n- S n® k`m- t I- { µ- a mbn amdnb ]cp- a - e - b n¬ Hcp klm- b n- b psS
km∂n≤yw AXym-h-iy-sa∂v At±-l-Øn\v t_m[y-am-bn. 1900 Nnßw
23-˛\v I√m-t»-cn¬ ]p∂qkv dºms\ ]cp-a-ebntebv°v £Wn-®p-
sIm≠v Hcp I¬]\ Fgp-Xn. injy≥ A°m-eØv IS-º-\mSv ]≈n-
bnepw tIm´bw ]gbskan-\m-cn-bnepw {]h¿Øn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
"]cp-ae skan-\m-cnbpw hkvXp-h-I-I-fpw Dƒs∏sS \ap-°p≈ kI-
e-sØbpw G¬]n-°p∂p' F∂ Kpcp-\n-tbmKw injy\v B\-µ-{]-Z-
am-bn-cp-∂p.
GI-\mbn Bcw-`n® hnizm-k-t∏m-cm´w alm-hn-P-b-ambn ]cy-h-km-
\n-®Xv am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkn\v henb _lp-a-Xn-bmbn ae-¶-c-k`
IcpXn. BZy-L-´-Øn¬ t]mcm´w X\nsb Bbn-cp-s∂-¶nepw {ItaW
k`-sb apgp-h≥ B t]mcm-´-Øns‚ `mK-am-°p-hm≥ B I¿Ω-tbm-
Kn°v Ign-™p. At±-l-Øns‚ ]utcm-lnXy kph¿Æ-Pq-_nen k`m-
X-e-Øn¬ Btem-Nn-°p-hm≥ amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰nbpw Atkm-tky-

j\pw \n›-bn-®p. IS-hn¬ AØm-\m-tkymkv A≤y-£\pw ]cp-ae
am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv {][m\ Npa-Xe°mc-\p-ambn IΩn-‰n-Iƒ cq]o-
I-cn-®p. DNn-X-amb Hcp Pq_nen kvamcIw ]Wn-bp-hm\pw AXn-\m-h-
iy-amb ^≠v kzcq-]n-°p-hm\pw Xocp-am-\-am-bn. kvamc-I-sa-¥m-bn-cn-
°-W-sa∂v N¿® -sN-øp∂ teJ-\-ßƒ A°m-esØ CS-h-I-]-{Xn-I-
bpsS e°ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂p≠v. kvamcIw ]Wn-bm-\p≈ ]ncn-hn¬
sX°pw hS-°p-ap≈ CS-h-I-Iƒ a’-cn®p ]s¶-Sp-°p∂p F∂ hm¿-
Øbpw ]{Xn-I-bn¬ ImWp-∂p-≠v. Xs‚ k\ym-k-Kpcp kln® t¢i-
ßfpw kwL¿j-ßfpw a‰m-tc-bpw-Imƒ t\cn-´-dn-hp-≠m-bn-cp∂ am¿
{KotKm-dn-tbmkv Cu Pq_n-en-bm-tLm-j-Øn-eqsS ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-
eo-ØmbpsS D≈w Ipfn¿∏n-°p-hm≥ Bflm¿∞-ambn ]cn-{i-an-®p.
1901 \hw-_¿ 25˛\v ]gbskan-\mcn ÿm]-Is‚ s]cp-\m-fn¬ CXp-
kw-_-‘n®v \S∂ kaq-l-k-Zybpw s]mXp-k-tΩ-f-\hpw awK-f-]-{X-
k-a¿∏-Whpw ]mcn-tXm-jn-I- k-a¿∏-Whpw A`q-X-]q¿∆w Bbn-cp∂p.
Pq_n-en-bm-tLm-j-ß-fpsS hni-Z-amb dnt∏m¿´v CS-h-I-]-{Xn-I-bn¬
ImWp-∂p. 25000 t]¿ kZy-bn¬ ]¶p-sIm≠p F∂mWv A∂sØ
]{X-dn-t∏m¿´v. Xncp-ta\n Imew sNbvX-tXmsS Pq_n-en- kvam-c-I-
Øns‚ Npa-Xe skan-\mcn aev]ms\ G¬]n-®-Xmbn ]{Xn-I-bn¬
tcJ-bp-≠v. henb Xncp-ta\n Imew sNøp∂ 1909 hscbpw Pq_n-en-
^≠v tiJ-cn-®p. AtXmsS AtX-∏-‰n-bp≈ hm¿Ø-Iƒ ]{Xn-I-bn¬
\n∂v ]n≥h-en-°-s∏-´-Xmbn ImWp-∂p.
Bcm-[-\-I-fn¬ \njvTbpw Pm{K-Xbpw ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xn¬ At±lw
Db¿∂ ]cn-K-W\ \¬In. 1902˛¬ At±lw ]men-tb-°c ]≈n-bn¬
ZpxJ-sh-≈n-bmgvN \S-Øn-b-Xns‚ kvac-W-Iƒ sI. kn. amΩ≥ am∏nf
A\p-kva-cn-°p-∂-Xn-{]-Im-c-amWv:
""Xncp-ta\n Imew sNøp-∂-Xn\v GXm\pw amk-ßƒ°p apºv
IjvSm-\p-`hmgvN-bn¬ ZpxJ-sh-≈n-bmgvN Xncp-ta\n ]≈n-ip-{iq-j-bn¬
kw_-‘n-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ [q]-°p-‰n -ho-ipI apX-emb I¿Ω-ßƒ
Xs∂-Øm≥ \S-Øn-b-Xn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n® Ak-l-\ob imco-cnI ]mc-
hiyw ImWn-I-fmb _lp-P-\-ßsf kw{`-a-hn-lz-e-cm-°n. B Bcm-
[-\m-ip-{iq-j-bv°n-S-bn¬ Xncp-ta\n Ahn-sS-Øs∂ \new-]-Xn®v Imew-
sNbvXpt]mIp-sa∂v P\-ßƒ°p tXm∂n. ]≈n-°-IØp IqSn-bn-cp∂
P\-°q´w hmhn´v \ne-hn-fn-®p-t]mbn.'' …o_m-h-µ-\-Øn-s‚bpw I_-
d-S-°-Øn-s‚bpw ka-bsØ [q]m¿∏-W-Ønse Ipºn-So¬ Bbn-cn-
°Ww P\-ßsf AKm-[-ambn kv]¿in-®-Xv. Kpcp-hns‚ \njvT-I-ƒ
]n∂oSv Koh¿§okv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m _mhm AWp-hnS hyXn-

N-en-°msX ]n¥p-S¿∂p. B Nn´-Iƒ At±-l-Øns‚ injy\pw skan-
\m-cn-bnse aev]m-\p-amb \cn-a‰
- Ø
- n¬ tbml-∂m≥ IØ-\m¿ (]n∂oSv
bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ tkth-dntbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm) -i-cn-bmw-hÆw
]men-®p.
]. ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS I_-d-S°w

A≤ymbw 6
\nXy-Iq-Sm-c-Øn¬ hn{iaw tXSp∂p
Pohn-XsØ I¿Ω-km[-\-bm°n am‰nb kn≤-tbm-Kn-bm-bn-cp∂p
am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kv. D]-hm-k-Øns‚ Im¿°iyw, Xocm-Ø- bm-{X-
Iƒ, At\Iw hnj-b-ß-sf-s®m-√n-bp≈ a\x-kw-L¿j-ßƒ F∂n-
h-bmImw At±-lsØ tcmKn-bm-°n-b-Xv. H∂pw sNøm-\n-s√-¶n¬
GsX-¶nepw A]q¿h kpdn-bm-\n-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ ]I¿Øn Fgp-Xp-∂-Xn¬
At±lw hym]r-X-\m-bn-cn-°pw. ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse ]e ta¬]-´-°mcpw
Xßƒ sNøm≥ Npa-X-e-s∏´ ]≈n-°q-Zm-i-Iƒ, ]´w-sIm-S-Iƒ F∂n
Znhy-ip-{iq-j-I-ƒ \S-Øp-hm≥ am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ klmbw
tXSm-dp-≠v. ]e ÿm\m¿∞n-Ifpw At±-l-Øn¬\n∂v ]´w G¬°p-
∂Xv Hcp alm-ku-`m-Ky-ambn Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p (C-t∏mgpw At±-l-
Øns‚ ùXn-I-i-cocw ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ ]cp-a-e-bn¬ h®v ]´w G¬-
°m≥ {ian-®n-´p≈ ]e sshZn-I-scbpw Cu {KŸ-Im-c\v Adn-bmw).
tcmKn-Iƒ, a°-fn-√mØ Zº-Xn-am¿, ITn-\-amb hg-°n¬ AI-s∏´
ktlm-Z-c-ßƒ, Ie-ln-°p∂ CS-h-I-Iƒ Cßs\ ]e {]iv\-_m-[n-
X¿ At±-l-Øns‚ kµ¿i-I-cmbn \nXyhpw ]cp-a-e-bn¬ D≠m-hpw.
AhnsS hcp∂ Bscbpw At±lw \ncm-i-s∏-Sp-ØpI ]Xn-hn-√.
At±lw ssIsh®v {]m¿∞n-®m¬ H´p-an° {]iv\-ßƒ°pw imiz-X-
]-cn-lmcw D≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. alm-Ihn Imfn-Zm-k≥ ]S¿∂v ]¥-
en®v \n¬°p∂ ama-c-ß-tfmSv alm-cm-Pm-°-∑msc D]-an-®n-´p-≠v. shbn-
ens‚ BX]w kz¥w inc- n¬ G‰p-hm-ßp-Ibpw Xs‚ XW-en¬
hn{iaw tXSn-sb-Øp-∂-h¿°v Ipfp¿Ω \¬Ip-I-bpw sNøp∂ XW¬-
ac-ßƒ BWt{X cmPm-°-∑m¿. ]cp-a-e-Xn-cp-ta-\nbpw B KW-Øn-
em-bn-cp-∂p. Xm≥ tcmK-]o-U-Iƒ A\p-`-hn-°p-tºmgpw Xs∂ B{i-
bn-°p-∂-h¿°v A`-b-a-cp-fp∂ XW¬hr-£w. Pohn-®n-cn-°p-tºmƒ
Xs∂ At±lw A¤p-X-{]-h¿Ø-I≥ Bbn-cp-∂p.
1902 Nnß- am-k-Øn¬ DZ-c-kw-_-‘-amb tcmKw h¿≤n-®p. NnIn-
’-Iƒ th≠{X ên-°m-sX-bm-bn. tcmK-hm¿Ø I¿Æm-I¿Æn-Ibm
ae-¶-c-bnseßpw FØn. ]n∂oSv ]cp-a-e-bn¬ kµ¿i-I-{]-hm-l-am-
bn-cp-∂p. kµ¿i-I¿°v `£Ww \¬Im≥ tcmKn {]tXyIw \n¿t±iw
\¬In-bn-cp-∂p. I√m-t»cn ]p∂qkv dºm-®≥ ]cn-N-c-W-Øn¬ apgpIn.
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-Øm-bn-cp∂ henb Xncp-ta\n ]cp-a-e-bn-se-Øn. ÿnXn-
K-Xn-Iƒ I≠v At±lw AXoh ZpxJn-X-\m-bn. B Xe-ap-d-bnse
t{ijvT- ssh-Zy-\mb hb-kv°-c aqkv NnIn’ \S-Øn-sb-¶nepw tcmK-

Øns‚ i‡n Ipd-™n-√.
Xpemw amk-Øn¬ GXm\pw Znhkw au\-ambn InS-°-bn¬ InS∂
Xncp-ta\n A¿≤-cm{Xn hy‡-ambpw kpt_m-[-tØm-sSbpw kwkm-
cn-®p. k`-bv°p-th-≠nbpw Xs‚ ip{iq-j-I¿°v th≠nbpw Xncp-ta\n
{]tXyI {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ \S-Øp-hm≥ XpS-ßn.
{]m¿∞-\-bpsS hnip≤ A¥-co-£-Øn¬ 55˛mw hb- n¬ B
kn≤-tbmKn Cu temI-tØmSv hnS-]-d-™p. hn{iaw tXSn-bp≈ B
bm{X Bcw-`n-®Xv 1902 \hw-_¿ 2 Rmb-dmgvN Bbn-cp-∂p. ac-W-
hm¿Ø Adn-s™-Ønb injy-{]-[m-\n-Iƒ At±-lsØ ÿm\-
hkv{X-ßƒ apd-t]mse [cn-∏n®v I_-d-S-°-Øn\v Xbm-dm-°n. aZv_-
lm-bpsS hS-°p-`m-KØv Xncp-ta\n t\csØ \n¿t±-in® ÿm\-Øp-
Xs∂ I_-dnSw Xbm-dm-°n. AS-bmØ IÆp-I-fp-ambn Gh-scbpw
ho£n- ® p- s Im≠v Awi- h - k v { X- ß ƒ AWn- ™ n- c n- ° p∂ Xncp- t a-
\nbpsS apJ-tØ°v henb Xncp-ta\n Hcp- t\mt° t\m°n-bp-≈p.
At±lw hmhn´v Ic-™p-sIm≠v apJw Xncn-®p. Benw-K\w sNøm≥
]e-h´w {ian®p F¶nepw am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ AS-bmØ IÆp-
Iƒ At±-l-Øn\v t\sc tNmZy-ic-ßƒ Fdn-™-Xp-sIm-≠mImw
]n≥Xn- c n™v apdn- b n¬t]mbn Gß- e - S n®p Ic- ™ p. X\n°pw
k`bv°pw th≠n kz¥w Btcm-Kyw t]mepw hnkva-cn®v Pohn-X-Imew
apgp-h≥ XymK-_p-≤n-tbmsS HmSn-\-S∂ sIm®p-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS A¥y-
\n-an-j-ßƒ°v km£yw hln-°p-hm≥ Ign-™n-√t√m F∂ Ip‰-
t_m[-amhmw hen-b-Xn-cp-ta-\nsb A[o-c-\m-°n-b-Xv. Il-ss\-Øm-
bpsS {Ia-ßƒ \S-Øp-hm≥ ]e-h´w At±lw apdn-bn¬\n∂v ]≈n-
bn-se-Øn-sb-¶nepw arX-i-cocw ImWp-tºmƒ Ak-l-\o-b-amb Gß-
e-Sn-Iƒ \nb-{¥n°-m\m-hmsX hcn-I-bm¬ apdn-bn-te°v aS-ßnt∏m-
hp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. [q]m¿∏-Ww am{Xw Hcp-hn-[-Øn¬ \S-Øn. I≠-
\m-Sns‚ apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ ]ueqkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv I_-d-S° ip{iq-
j-Iƒ°v t\XrXzw hln-®p. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Bh-iy-{]-Imcw hn]p-
e-amb ssXem-`n-tj-I-ip-{iq-j- (I-¥o-e-) -\-S-Øn-bXpw am¿ Cuhm-
\n-tbmkv Xs∂.
1902 Unkw-_¿ 1˛\v 30˛mw ASn-b-¥ncw hn]p-e-ambn \S-Ø-s∏-´p.
A∂p- Iq-Snb s]mXp-tbmKw sa{Xm≥ÿm-\-tØ°v ]gbskan-\mcn
amt\-P¿ ]ueqkv dºm-t\bpw aev]m≥ Koh¿§okv IØ-\m-scbpw
sXc-s™-Sp-Øp. Ahsc ae-¶c-bn¬ h®p-Xs∂ hmgn-°-m\mWv A∂v
Btem-Nn-®-Xv. F¥p-sImt≠m AXv \S-°msX t]mbn. am¿ Zoh-∂m-
tkym-kns‚ B{K-l-ßsf \S-∏m-°m≥ ZrV-\n-›bw sNbvXp {]h¿-

Øn® Hcp NmØp-cpØn sa{X-m®≥ C√m-Xm-b-Xmhmw Imc-Ww. ]cp-
ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS tZl-hn-tbm-K-Øns‚ H∂mw hm¿jnIw ]cp-ae
skan-\m-cn-bn¬ h®v \S-Øn. am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-
bn¬ Pohn-X-Im-eØv hnf-ßn-bn-cp∂ Akm-[m-c-W-amb ssZh-`‡n
hniz-hn-{ip-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ I_-dn¬ ka¿∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂
{]m¿∞-\-Iƒ°pw hgn-]m-Sp-Iƒ°pw A¤p-X-I-c-amb êw Ds≠∂v
kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿ hniz-kn-°pw-t]mse Xs∂ amtem-I-sc√mw hniz-kn-
°p-∂p. Hmtcm sIm√hpw B s]cp-∂m-fn¬ kw_-‘n-°p∂ P\-ß-
fpsS FÆw A`q-X-]q¿∆-ambn h¿≤n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. AhnsS
hcp∂ Hmtcm-cp-Ø\pw Hmtcm A¤p-X -IY Hm¿°m-\p-≠mhpw; IrX-
⁄-X-tbmsS Hm¿°m\p≠m-hpw. temI-saßpw B hnip-≤s‚ \ma-
Øn¬ Db¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ tZhm-e-b-ßƒ At±-l-Øns‚ hnip-
≤n-bpsS km£y-]-{X-ßƒ BIp-∂p. 1947 [\p 3˛\v At±-lsØ
]cn-ip-≤≥ Bbn {]Jym-]n-°p∂ F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚
Xocp-am\w At±-l-Øns‚ injy≥ IqsS-bmb Koh-dp-Kokv ZznXo-b≥
ImtXm-en°m s]mXp- Iev]\ aptJ\ k`sb Adn-bn-®p. B hnip-
≤s‚ a≤y-ÿX F∂pw \ap°v tIm´-bm-bn-cn-°-s´.
hnip-≤n-bpsS km£y-ßƒ
Pohn-®n-cp∂t∏mƒ Xs∂ am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kns\ hnip-≤≥ Bbn
P\-ßƒ AwKo-I-cn-®p. Ah-cpsS A\p-`-h-ßƒ BWv B km£y-
Øn\v \nZm-\w.
acn-®p-t]mb Ip™v Pohn-°p-∂p
]cn-ip-≤-∑mcpw ]pWy-hm-∑mcpw \nd™ k`-bmWv \Ωp-tS-Xv.
\ΩpsS ImeØv Xs∂ Pohn-®n-cp∂ Hcp alm- ]-cn-ip-≤≥ BWt√m
]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n. At±lw Pohn-®n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ Xs∂ At\Iw alm-
¤p-X-ßƒ sNbvXn-´p-≠v. At±lw acn® Hcp inip-hns\ Pohn-∏n-
°pI IqSn sNbvXn-´p≠v F∂ kwKXn \nß-fn-¬ A[n-Iw-t]¿ Adn-
™n-ń-√m-bn-cn-°mw. Hcn-°¬ Xncp-ta\n Ip∂w-Ip-fØv Fgp-∂-≈n-bn-
cn-°p-tºmƒ At±-l-Øns‚ apºn¬ Hcp inip-hns\ AXns‚ amXm-
]n-Xm-°ƒ InS-Øn-bn´p t]mbn. AXv acn®p-t]m-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-ta\n
B inip-hns‚ kao]w sN∂n-cp∂v …o_m aosX- sh®v hf-sct\cw
lrZbw s\m¥v {]m¿∞n-®p. A¤pXw!! B Ipń H∂p-c≠p XpΩn
IÆp-Xp-d-∂p. izmtkm-—mkw sNbvXp XpS-ßn. Aßs\ Poh≥
ho≠pw {]m]n-®p. ]q¿Æ -kp-J-ap-≈-Xm-bn-Øo¿∂p (1954 s^{_phcn
28˛mw XobXn -Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv Xntbm-f-Pn-°¬ skan-\mcn hm¿jn-

I-Øn\v Koh-dp-Kokv ZznXo-b≥ _mhm sNbvX {]kwKw, tUm. kmap-
h¬ Nµ-\-∏-≈n, ae-¶c k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿, ]pdw 300). Ip∂w-Ipfw
sXt° Aßm-Sn-bn¬ a≠p-ºm¬ hdo-bXv F∂ BfpsS Hcp hb v
{]mb-amb BÏp-™mWv C{]-Imcw Pohn-®Xv F∂v AUz. tUm.
]n. kn. amXyp ]pen-t°m-ń¬ km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p (]cp-ae kvarXn,
]pdw 315).
\mf-sØ-∏‰n `mc-s∏-tS-≠
]cp-ae Agn-∏p-c-bn¬ siΩm-i-∑msc ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ Imew. ]Øp
ap∏Xv siΩm-i-∑m¿ ]Tn-°p-∂p. hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ kzta-[bm sIm≠p-
h-cp∂ Acnbpw tXßbpw sIm≠p- thWw Nnehv \n¿h-ln-°m≥.
Ie-h-d-bpsS Npa-Xe h´-t»-cn¬ Koh¿§okv siΩm-i\v \¬In-bn-
cp∂p. Hcp Znhkw sshIn-´v Ie-h-d-°m-c≥ Xncp-ta-\nsb Adn-bn-®p:
""ASpØ Znh-ksØ sNe-hn\v HºXv N{Ita ssIh-i-ap≈p.'' ""\mf-
sØ-∏‰n Nn¥n-t°≠ F∂t√ Xncp-h-N\w?'' Xncp-ta\n {]Xn-h-Nn®p.
]nt‰-Zn-hkw {]`m-X-\-a-kvImcw Ign-bp-∂-Xn\v apºmbn Hcmƒ Hcp-
Nm°v Acn-bp-ambn skan-\m-cn-bn-se-Øn. IqsS-bp-≈-h-cpsS ssIbn¬
]g-°p-e-bpw, ]mb-kw, a‰p- ]e ASp-°f hn`-h-ßƒ F∂nh D≠m-
bn-cp-∂p. \nc-WØv Hcp hoń¬ A∂v Hcp ASn-b-¥n-c-Øns‚ kZy
D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXns‚ hnlnXw Ah¿ skan\m-cn-bn-te°v FØn-
®-Xmbncp∂p. siΩm-i-∑m¿ A¤p-X-s∏-´p, hnizm-k-Øn¬ Dd-bv°p-
Ibpw sNbvXp.
Xpº-a¨ ]≈n-bnse A¤pXw
1882˛m-am≠v Xncp-ta\n Xpº-a¨ ]≈n-bn¬ Hcp Znhkw {]`mX
\a-kvIm-chpw [ym\hpw Ign™v ]pXp-Xmbn \n¿t±-in-°-s∏´ ih-
t°m´ kµ¿in-°p-hm≥ ]≈n-bpsS Ing-°p-`m-K-tØ°v \oßn. aS-
ßp-tºmƒ {]th-i-\-I-hm-S-Øn¬ Hcp bphXn Xs∂ ho£n-®p-
sIm≠p \n¬°p-∂p. Iptd-t\cw Ign-™n´pw B kv{Xo hgn-bn¬-
\n∂pw amdp-∂n-√. kar-≤-ambn Xe-apSn Agn-®n´v {]`m-X-kv\m\w
Ign™ thj-Øn¬ ]cn-Nm-cn-I-tbm-sSmØv h∂n-cp∂ Hcp \mb¿
kv{Xo Bbn-cp-∂p. t\cw AXn-{I-an-®n´pw Ah¿ AhnsS \ne-bp-d-
∏n®p ]cn-Nm-cn-ItbmSv Ae-k-`m-jWw \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. "Cu
]nim-Nn\v t]mI-cptXm' F∂v Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hmbn¬\n∂v hoWp.
At∏m-tg°pw B bphXnsb ]cn-Nm-cnI _ew-{]-tbm-Kn®v hoń-te°v
sIm≠p-t]m-bn. Ah¿ hoń-se-Øn-btXmsS Ae-£y-ambn kwkmcw
XpS-ßn. Cu am‰-Øn¬ ho´p-Im¿ hnj-an-®p. ]e sshZy-∑mscbpw

hcpØn NnIn-’n-∏n-®p. Hcp Znhy- ap-\n-bpsS im]-amWv tcmK-Im-c-W-
sa∂v {]iv\-hn-[n-bn¬ shfn-s∏-´p. amk-ßƒ°p- aptº \S∂ kw`hw
]cn-Nm-cn-I-bn¬\n∂v ho´p-Im¿ {Kln-®p. Xpº-a¨ ]≈n-bn¬ Xncp-
ta\n ho≠pw h∂-t∏mƒ Cu bph-Xnsb IpSpw-_-°m¿ Xncp-k-∂n-[n-
bn-se-Øn-®p. \o≠ cl-ky- {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ°v tijw ]pd-Øp-h∂
Xncp- t a\n sXmgp- s sI- I - f p- a mbn \n¬°p∂ Bƒ°q- ´ - s Øbpw
GXm≠v Hcp {`m¥n-sb-t∏mse ]pe-ºn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ bph-Xn-
tbbpw I≠p. Xncp-ta-\n°v ]gb kw`hw Hm¿Ω h∂p. hncq-]n-Wn-
bmbnØo¿∂ bph-Xn-bpsS tcmKm-h-ÿ-sb-∏-‰n- ho´pIm¿ Adn-bn-®p.
"amdn-s°m≈pw' Xncp-ta\n ]d-™p. "taen¬ \∂mbn Pohn-®m¬ aXn.'
bph-Xn-bpsS tcmKw amdn F¶nepw sshcq]yw ac-Ww-h-scbpw amdn-
bn-√-t{X.
CS™ hnImcn ap´p-a-S-°p∂p
Xpº-a¨ `{Z-mk-\-Ønse Hcp ]≈n. AhnsS c≠p ]´°m¿.
hnImcn {]_-e\pw Xt‚-Snbpw Bbn-cp-∂p. Abmƒ CS-h-Ibv°v Hcp
`mc-am-bn. CS-hI kµ¿i-\m¿∞w Xncp-ta\n AhnsS FØn. P\-
ßƒ hnjbw At±-lsØ Adnbn-®p. At\z-j-W-Øn¬ ]cm-Xn-bn¬
Ig-ºp-≈-Xmbn t_m[y-s∏-´p. hnIm-cn-ÿm\w kl-]-´-°m-c\v ssIam-
dp-hm≥ Xncp-ta\n \n¿t±-in-®p. hnImcn hg-ßn-bn-√. "Cu hmin X\n°v
tZmjw sNøpw' F∂v I¬]n®v Xncp-ta\n kwkmcw \n¿Øn. hnIm-
cnbpw tijw F√m-hcpw ]ncn-™p. am¿§-at≤y hnIm-cn°v AXn-kmcw
_m[n®p. H∂p-c≠p {]mhiyw hb-sdm-gn-™-tXmsS At±lw £oWn-
X-\m-bn. Iń-tem-Sp-IqsS ]mXn-cm-hn¬ A®s\ ]≈n-bn-se-Øn-®p. Xncp-
ta-\n-bpsS apºn¬ Xf¿∂ A®s\ InS-Øn. Xncp-ta\n Icp-W-m]q¿∆w
A®s\ Xtem-Sn. "F\n°v hnIm-cn-ÿm\w th≠m-tb, Xncp-ta\n
Fs∂ c£n-°tW' F∂v hne-]n®p XpS-ßn. Xncp-ta\n A®s\ Biz-
kn-∏n-®p; {]m¿∞n-®p. AXn-km-chpw £oWhpw Iptds» amdn. t\cw
shfp-Ø-t∏m-tg°pw A®≥ kpJ-i-co-c-\m-bn. kl-hn-Im-cnsb Xncp-
ta\n hnIm-cn-bmbn ÿnc-s∏-Sp-Øn.
amdm -ssIÿm\n
kµ¿i\w Ipdn™n ]≈n-bn¬. s]mXp-tbm-KsØ IW°v tIƒ-
∏n-°m≥ Xbm-dn-√mØ amdm ssIÿm\n. Xncp-ta\nbpsS apºn¬
P\-ß-tfm-sSm∏w Abmfpw lmP-cm-bn. kΩ¿±-Øn\v hgßn Abmƒ
IW°v hmbn- ® p. {]Y- a - Z rjv S ym AkzoIm- c yamb B IW°v
kXya√ F∂v s]mXp-P\w hnfn-®p-]-d-™Xv Abmƒ Imcy-am-°n-

bn√. ]≈n-b-IØp \n∂v IW°v kXy-am-sW∂v ]d-bm≥ Xncp-ta\n
Abm-tfmSv B⁄m-]n®p. \n m-c-a-ń¬ Abmƒ AXv \n¿h-ln-®p.
"\o ssZh-ap-ºm-sI-bmWv kXyw sNbvXXv' F∂v ]d-™p-sIm≠v
Xncp-ta\n Xmt°m¬ Xs∂ G¬]n-®p. A∂p apX¬ Abmƒ°v
_p≤n-{àw A\p-`-h-s∏-´p. AXv \nXyhpw h¿≤n-®p. ho´p-Im¿ Xmt°m-
ep-Iƒ Xncn-t®¬]n-®p. amdm- ssI-ÿm\n Hcp {`m¥-s\-t∏mse Bbn.
apf-¥p-cp-Øn-bn¬ tcmK-kuJyw
Nmen¬ A∂bv°v Imens‚ apń\v Xmsg i‡n-bmb Hcp thZ-\.
B `mKØv Idp- ∏ p- \ ndw _m[n- ® p. NnIn- ’ - s Im- s ≠m∂pw ê-
ap≠mbn-√. Xncp-ta\n apf-¥p-cpØn ]≈n-bn¬ Fgp-∂-≈n-bn-cn-°p-
tºmƒ Ah¿ tcmK-hn-hcw Adn-bn-®p. Xncp-ta\n Ipsd sskØv
FSpØv Imen-t∑¬ Ipcn-i-S-bmfw hc-®p. Xma-kn-bmsX kpJ-s∏-
Spsa∂v I¬]n-®p. c≠m-gvN-°Iw tcmKw \ntijw t`Z-ambn.
Icn-ßm-®nd ]≈n-bn¬
Xncp-ta\n Xma-kn-°th NnIn-’bv-°mbn A¬]w shÆ Bh-
iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]≈n-bpsS ASp-Øp≈ Hcp {InkvXob `h-\-Øn¬
Id-h-bp-s≠∂pw shÆ-bp-s≠∂pw tIƒ°-bm¬ AhnsS Bf-b-®p.
shÆ AhnsS H´pw C√ F∂v B IpSpw-_-\m-bnI adp-]Sn \¬In.
]nt‰Znhkw Ah¿ ]ip-hns\ Id-°m≥ XpSßn. ]men\v ]Icw tNmc-
bmWv ]m{X-Øn-te°v hogp-∂-Xv. h√msX ]cn-{`-an-®v A-h¿ Xte-Zn-
hkw ]≈n-bn-te°v shÆ \¬Im-™-Xn¬ ]›m-Ø-]n-®p. Xncp-ta\n
Ah-cpsS ZpxJw I≠p; C\n ]m¬ Inń-s°m-≈p-sa∂v Adn-bn®p. A{]-
Imcw kw`-hn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
{]Ir-Xnsb \nb-{¥n-°p∂p
Ipdn®n ]≈n-bn¬ hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ tImeØpIf-Øn¬ Ipdn-
bm-t°mkv IØ-\m¿°v tcmKw h¿≤n-®p. Xncp-ta\n ssXem-`n-tjIw
\SØn. 1898 P\p-hcn 23˛\v A®≥ A¥-cn-®p. kwkvI-cn-°p-hm≥
Xncp-ta-\nsb £Wn-®p. At±lw I√p-¶{X ]≈n-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p. sNdp-
h≈-hp-ambn Imb¬hgn- bm{X sNøp-∂Xv A]-IS- I
- c
- a
- m-bn-cp-∂p. KXy-
¥-c-an-√msX Imb¬hgn h≈w Du∂p-hm≥ Xncp-ta\n I¬]n-®p.
Ipd®p Ign-™-t∏mƒ Im‰pw tImfpw `b-¶-c-am-bn. Ipsd Ign-™-
t∏mƒ Xncp-ta\n h≈-∏p-c-bpsS hmXn¬°¬ sh≈-Øn¬ dqivam
sNbvXp. Fs¥m-c-¤pXw! Imb-ense tImƒ s]s´∂v im¥-am-bn.
A\-¥cw kpc-£n-X-ambn bm{X -sNbvXv Ah¿ \n¿±njvS ÿeØv

\n¿±njvS ka-b-Øp-Xs∂ FØn-t®¿∂p.
]g-™n -]-≈n-bn¬
B≠pw amkhpw Xn´-ambn ]d-™p- Iq-Sm. ]g-©∑m¿ ]d™p
tI´-Xm-Wn-Xv (1899 G{]n¬, sa-bv-, -Pq¨, -Pqsse amk-ß-fn¬ IjvSm-
\p-`-hm-gvN-tbm-S-\p-_-‘n®v Xncp-ta\n Ip∂w-Ip-fw-˛-]-g™n ]≈n-I-
fn¬ Bbn-cp-∂p ˛ {KŸ-Im-c≥). ]cp-ae _mhm ]g™n ]≈n-bn-te-
s°-gp-∂-≈n. -Xn-cp-ta\n ChnsS h®v Nne ]´w-sIm-Sp-°¬ ip{iq-jbpw
\S-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn (\-ho-I-c-W-°m-cp-am-bp≈ hyh-lm-c-Øn¬ B¿-
Øm‰v ]≈n A∂v ]qń-°n-S-°p-I-bm-Wv. BI-bm¬ Ip∂w-Ip-f-tØ°v
t]mbn F∂v sX°p-≈-h¿ ]d-™m¬ AXv ]g-™n-sbbpw A¿∞-
am-°n-bn-cp-∂p. tIc-f-Øn-ep-≈-hsc a{Zm-kn-Iƒ F∂v DØ-tc-¥ym-
°m¿ Hcp ImeØv ]d-™n-cp-∂Xv Hm¿°p-I. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ hen-b-
Xn-cp-ta\n hS-°≥ Zn°p-I-fn¬ kµ¿i-\-Øn\pw `c-W-Im-cy-ßƒ°pw
h∂m¬ ]g-™n-bn-emWv Xma-kn-°mdv ˛ {KŸI¿Ømhv).
ChnsS Xma-kn-°p∂ Ime-Øp-≠mb c≠v al¬ kw`-h-ß-fmWv
Cu teJ-\-Øn¬ kw{K-ln-®ncn-°p-∂-Xv. ]g™n Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv
]≈n-∏-d-ºn¬ Hcp henb amhp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kmam\yw henb hr£-
am-bn-cp∂p AXv. Imbv°p∂ amßmbv°v ssIbpw IW-°p-an-√. Htc-
k-a-b-Øp-Xs∂ ]gp-ØXpw aqØXpw ]®bpw IÆn-am-ßmbpw Bbn
[mcmfw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. \√ cpNn-bp≈ amßm-bp-am-Wv. Ign™
sImSp-¶m‰v Ime-ØmWv (1940) B amhv hoW-Xv.
shbn-emdn hn{i-an-°m-\mbn amhn≥Np-h-ń¬ Hcp Itk-c-bn¬ Xncp-
ta\n Im‰p-sIm≠p InS-°p∂p (hn-Imcn aq∏-®≥ Noc≥ Koh¿§okv
IØ-\m-c-®\pw ]pen-t°m-ń¬ aØmbn IØ-\mcpw Hmtcm Ãqfn¬
Ccp∂v CS-h-I-bnse hnti-j-ßƒ Xncp-ta-\n-bp-ambn ]¶p-sh-bv°p∂p.
Ah¿ c≠p-t]cpw ]cp-a-e-bn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS injy-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p.
Agn-∏p-c-bnse hnZym-`ym-k-Im-e-sØ-∏-‰nbpw kl-]m-Tn-I-sf-∏-‰nbpw
Ip∂w-Ipfw tIkn-s\-∏-‰nbpw amdn amdn kwkm-c-hn-j-b-ßƒ kwkm-
csØ sshhn-[y-ap-≈-Xm°n ˛ {KŸ-Im-c≥). `‡-P-\-ßƒ Np‰nepw
\n∂p. amß-bpsS hnti-jhpw amhn≥XW¬ aqew AºXv t\mºn¬
BgvN-tXmdpw Ip¿_m-\m\¥cw \S-°p∂ I™n-]-I¿®-bv°p≈
kuI-cyhpw ]d-bp∂p. (A-t∏mƒ) Hcp amºgw Imt‰‰p Xmsg hoWp.
AXv Xncp-ta-\n°v sImSp-∏m-\mbn Hcmƒ HmSn-s®∂v FSp-°p-tºm-tg°v
Hcp ]ø≥ sN∂v FSp-°epw ISn-°epw H∂n®p Ign-™p. P\-ßƒ
Ahs\ imkn-®p. DSs\ Xncp-ta\n Ahsc Aa¿Øn C{]-Imcw

]d™p: "\nßƒ Ahs\ imkn-t°-≠. ]nt≈-c-t√, ]≈n-∏-d-º-t√,
]g-a-t√, F\n-°m-h-iy-sa¶n¬ Xºp-cm≥ C\nbpw Xcpw.'
CXv ]d™v kz¬]w Ign-bp-tºm-tg°v Xncp-ta-\n°v F√m-Øcw
amß-I-fp-sSbpw kmºnƒ ImWmt\m F∂v tXm∂p-am-dv Hcp Nn√n-
s°mºv apdn™v Xmsg hoWp. AXn¬ ]gp-ØXp apX¬ IÆn-amß
hsc-bp≈ ]e-Xcw amßm-°p-e-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-ta\n amºgw
Bkz-Zn-°p-I-bpw ]®-amß cpNn- t\m-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. P\-ßƒ
B›-cy-Nn-Ø-cm-bn.
`‡-in-tcm-a-Wn-bmb ap\n-bpsS hm¿Ø \msSßpw ]c-∂p. Hcp
Znhkw h‘y-bmb Hcp iq{Zkv{Xo Xncp-ta-\nsb h∂v I≠p. Ahƒ
{]k-hn-®n-ń-s√∂pw Hcp Ip™ns\ I≠v Xmtem-en®v acn®p t]mI-
W-sa∂v AXn-bmb B{K-l-ap-s≠∂pw AXn-\mbn Xncp-ta\n H∂v
A\p-{K-ln-°W - s
- a∂pw At]-£n-®p. ssZhm-flt- {]-cn-X\
- mb Xncp-ta\n
{]m¿∞n-∏m-\mbn aZv_l - m-bn¬ {]th-in-®p. Xnc-»o-ebpw hen-®p. AXv
Zo¿L-t\-csØ {]m¿∞-\-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Xmsg ImØp-\n¬°p-∂-h¿
apjn-™p. Gsdt\cw Ign™v Xncp-ta\n Cdßn h∂p. siΩm-i-
t\mSv [q]-°p-‰n-bnse Hcp \p≈v Nmcw sIm≠p-h-cm≥ ]d-™p. AXv
{]kvXpX kv{Xo°v sImSp-Øp. Ahsf A\p-{K-ln-®p. B Nmcw
Ie°n IpSn-°m\pw (\n¿t±-in-®p) Xºp-cm≥ A\p-{K-ln-°p-sa∂pw
I¬]n- ® p. Fs¥m- c - X n- i bw! h¿jw H∂p Ign- ™ p. C°m- c yw
Btcm¿Øp! Hcp iq{Zkv{Xo Hcp BÏp™pw hgn-]m-Sp-ambn CXm
]≈n-bpsS ]Sn-™m-dp-`m-KØv FØn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ap\n A\p-{K-ln®v
Ahƒ°p-≠mb Ip™m-W-Xv. Ip™ns\ ImgvN-sh®pw hgn-]mSv A¿-
∏n®pwsIm≠v IpXq-leNnØbmb Ahƒ kt¥m-jm{ip s]mgn®v
aS-ßn-t∏m-bn. ]cp-ae _mhm ]c-a-`-‡≥. At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬
CXn-\-Sp-Øp Im´-Im-ºm¬, Ip∂w-Ip-fw, ac-Øw-tImSv BZn-bmb ]e
ÿe-ß-fnepw ]≈n-Ifpw Nm∏-ep-Ifpw D≠v.
(kn. sF. Nmt°mcp amÃ¿, s]m≥ Pq_nen kph-\o¿, 1952, ]pdw
70˛71)
Im´-Im-ºm¬, ]g™n ]≈n-bpsS Nm∏¬ F∂ \ne-bn¬ Ahn-
SsØ hnImcn Noc≥ Koh¿§okv I»oim Bbn-cp-∂p. ]cp-a-e- Xn-cp-
ta\n am¿ C·m-Øn-tbm-kns‚ \ma-Øn¬ ÿm]n® Hcp kvIqƒ
Ahn-sS-bp≠v. Xncp-ta\n Imew sNbvX-Xns‚ ]nt‰ h¿jw apX¬
kvIqfns‚ Hcp lmfn¬ hn. Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n-°p-I, kZy \S-ØpI
F∂o ]Xn-hp-Iƒ hnImcn Bcw-`n-®p. ANn-tcW AhnsS Hcp Nm∏¬

Db¿∂p. A°m-eØv hnIm-cn-b-®\v th≠-s∏´ Hcp Bfn\v IpjvT-
tcmKw ]nSn-s]-´p. I£n k¿°m¿ DtZym-K-ÿ≥. tcmK-hm¿Ø ÿnco-
I-cn-°-s∏-´p. At±-lsØ DtZymK-Øn¬\n∂v ]ncn-®-b-®p. \nc-]-cm-
[n-bmb Hcmsf A\¿l-ambn in£n-®Xv Abm-fpsS ac-W-Øn\v Imc-
W-am-bn. hnhcw Adn-™-t∏mƒ DtZymK-ÿ≥ sRń-t∏m-bn. GXm\pw
Znhkw Ign-™-t∏m-tg°pw tZlØv tcmK-e-£-W-ßƒ {]Xy-£-
s∏-´p; tPmen \jvS-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. DtZym-K-ÿ≥ hnIm-cn-b-®s\
I≠v k¶Sw ]d-™p. Im´-Im-ºm¬ Nm∏-en¬ Xs‚ Kpcp-hns‚ a≤y-
ÿ-X-bn¬ hnImcn 41 Znhkw hn. Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n-®p. HSp-hn¬ DtZym-
K-ÿs\ Ipº-km-cn-∏n®v hn. Ip¿_m\ \¬In. saUn-°¬ DtZym-K-
ÿ-∑m-cpsS ]cn-tim-[-\bv°v hnt[-b-\m-Im≥ hnImcn I¬]n-®p.
tcmKw \nt»jw amdn-b-Xmbn ]cn-tim-[-\-bn¬ sXfn-™p. At±-l-
Øn\v ho≠pw tPmen e`n-°pIbpw sNbvXp. Cu DtZym-K-ÿs\
Cu {KŸ-Im-c≥ t\cn´v Adn-bpw. dn´-b¿ sNbvXv Iptd-°mew Pohn-
®p-h-cth ho≠pw IpjvT-tcmKw _m[n-X-\mbn. sImc-ń-bnse IpjvT-
tcmKmip-]-{Xn-bn¬ GXm-\pw-Imew At±lw NnIn-’-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p.
]cp-a-e-bn-ep≈ At±-l-Øns‚ I_dn-S-Øn-se-∂-t]mse At±-l-
Øns‚ ùXnI Xncp-ti-jn-∏p-Iƒ ÿm]n-X-amb ÿe-ß-fn-se√mw
]cn-ip-≤s‚ a≤y-ÿ-X-bn¬ ]e-Xcw A¤p-X-ßƒ kw`-hn-°p-∂-
Xmbn A\p-`-h-ÿ¿ km£n-°p-∂p. {lkzm-bp-jvam-\mb B kn≤-
]n-Xm-hns‚ kvacW \ap°v A\p-{K-l-{]-Z-am-I-s´. 1947 \hw-_¿ 2˛\v
Ct±-lsØ hnip-≤≥ Bbn F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ kp∂-l-tZmkv {]Jym-
]n-®p. ]. Koh-dp-Kokv ZznXo-b≥ ImtXm-en°m Bbn-cp∂p kn\-Uns‚
A≤y-£≥.
A\p-_‘w 1
c≠v Fgp-Øp-Iƒ
(B-ZysØ FgpØv ]t{Xmkv ]m{Xn-b¿°okv 1877˛¬ ae-¶-c-bn¬
\n∂v aS-ßn-t∏m-b-tijw amk-ßƒ°Iw F√m sa{Xm-∑m¿°pw
th≠n Fgp-Xnb IØm-Wv. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm Bh¿Øn®v
\ntcm-[n®v ÿnc-s∏-Sp-Ønb Hcp Imcyw ewLn-°p-hm≥ Xßƒ Iq´mbn
Xocp-am-\n®p F∂p Adn-bn-®mWv IØnse BZy -`m-Kw. ]pen-t°m-
ń¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kp-ambn bmsXmcp kw_-‘hpw D≠m-I-cp-
sX-∂mWv ]t{Xmkv XrXo-b≥ _mhm-bpsS I¬]-\. AXp ewLn®v
skan-\mcn apX-emb s]mXp-kz-Øp-°ƒ hos≠-Sp-°p-hm≥ At±-
lsØ A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ kΩ-X-]{Xw Bdv sa{Xm-∑mcpw H∏n´p
\¬In F∂v AhnsS hnh-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p. hyh-lm-c-sØ-∏‰n ]m{Xn-
b¿°okv H∂pw ]d-™n-cp∂n√. F∂m¬ Xßƒ°v tIm´bw ]gb
skan-\mcn hos≠-SptØ aXn-bmhq F∂pw AXn\pth≠n am¿ Zoh-
∂m-tkym-kns\ A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øntb aXn-bmhq F∂pw im¥-Kw-ò-
c-ambn F∂m¬ anX-`m-j-bn¬ {]tIm-]-\-ap-≠m-°msX At±lw Fgp-
Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS `c-W-]-c-amb Imcy-ßƒ kpK-a-ambn
\S-°p-hm≥ Hcp ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm D≠mtb Xocq F∂pw
AXp-sIm≠v ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v lnX-I-c-am-bmepw As√-¶nepw ae-
¶c sa{Xm≥, Atkm-tky-j≥, amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n F∂nh ]p\¿Pohn-
∏n-°p∂ Imcy-ß-fp-ambn Xßƒ apt∂m´p t]mhp-I-bm-sW∂pw
AXns‚ H∂m-asØ \S-]-Sn-bmWv kΩ-X-]{Xw F∂pw IØv [z\n-
∏n-°p-∂p. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhm-bpsS I¬]-\bv°v hnt[-b-ambn
am{Xta `mhn-Im-cy-ßƒ \SØq F∂v At±-lsØ kt¥m-jn-∏n-°p-
hm≥ FgpØv {ian-®n-´p-≠v. Imcy-ßƒ hf-®p-sI-ń-√msX Xpd-∂p-]-d-
bp-hm\pw AXns‚ \ymb-h-i-ßƒ bp‡n-kl-ambn t{imXm-hns\
t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw D≈ A]m-c-amb Ignhv Cu FgpØv A\m-
h-cWw sNøp-∂p. ae-¶-c-bpsS sFiz-cyamWv Xßƒ°v {][m\w
F∂v FgpØv kwi-bm-Xo-X-amw-hÆw {]Jym-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
c≠m-asØ FgpØv ]t{Xmkv ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ ]n≥Kman
A_vZp¬ ainlm ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-Wv. ]pen-t°m-ń¬
Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ i‡n-{]m-]n® k`-
bpsS sFIysØ Xpc¶w h°p-hm≥ B{K-ln-°p∂ Nne A©mw-
]Øn-Iƒ ae-¶-c-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse B`y-¥c Imcy-
ß-fn¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv CS-s]-Sm≥ B{K-ln-°p∂Xn¬ Nne¿ ]pen-

t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\n, I≠-\m-Sns‚ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv Xncp-ta\n,
A¬hm-dokv am¿ bqen-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n XpS-ßn-b-h¿s°-Xn-cmbpw
doiokm bYm-k-abw Ab-°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv k`m-t\-Xr-Xz-Øns‚
hogvN-sIm-≠m-sW∂pw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ sX‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥ {ian-
®n-cp-∂p. Imcy-ß-ƒ GXm-bn-cp-∂mepw ]c-pa-e- am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv
A`n-{]m-b-s∏Spw{]Imcw am{Xta ae-¶-c-bnse Imcy-ßƒ \S-°p-I-
bp≈p F∂v ]m{Xn-b¿°o-k-∑m¿°v CXn-t\m-SIw a\- n-em-bn-cp-∂p.
X∑qew AhnsS In´p∂ dnt∏m¿´pIƒ°v am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv \¬-
Ip∂ adp-]Sn hne-a-Xn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. tIm\m´v a¬]m≥ A®-Sn-°p∂
kpdn-bm\n ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS BZm-b-Øns‚ Hcp `mKw ]m{Xn-b¿°okv
B{K-ln-®-Xmbpw am¿ bqen-tbm-kv, am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv, am¿ Zoh-
∂m-tkymkv F∂n-h¿s°-Xnsc \S-]Sn FSp-°p-hm≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂-
Xmbpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ IØn-\p≈ adp-]-Sn-bmWv Cu Fgp-Øv. ]m{Xn-
b¿°okv _mhm-bpsS sX‰n-≤m-c-W-Isf \o°w-sN-øm\pw Btcm-]-
W-hn-t[-b-sc-∏‰n IrXy-amb Nn{Xw \¬Ip-hm\pw ae-¶-c-bnse kmº-
ØnIhi- Ø ns‚ cq]- t cJ IrXy- a mbn hc- ® p- I m- W n- ° p- h m\pw
A\yYm e`n-°p∂ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ ae-¶-c-bn-te-°-b®v \nP-ÿnXn
Adn-™-ti-jta Imcy-ßƒ°v Xocp-am\w FSp-°mhq F∂pw am¿
{KotKm-dn-tbmkv Cu Fgp-Øn-eqsS hy‡-am-°p-∂p. \ymb-t_m-[w,
ka-Nn-Ø-X, ]c-Zq-j-W-hy-{KX C√m-bva, k`m-kvt\-lw, Imcy-ßsf
kq£va-X-tbmsS Ah-tem-I\w sNøm\pw hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm\pw D≈
]mShw X∂n-e¿∏n® hnizmkw kXy-k-‘-ambn ImØp-kq-£n-°¬
XpS-ßnb anI-hp-Iƒ Cu FgpØv ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. Hcp
Ime-L-´sØ c≠v Fgp-Øp-Ifpw bYm-XYw {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂p.
]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v ae-¶-c-bn¬ CS-s]-Sp-hm≥ Ah-kcw \¬ImØ
]gp-X-S® IØv. …o_m siΩm-i≥ ]Tn® ]Wn ]Xn-s\´pw ]b-‰n-
bn´pw ]cp-a-e-bnse ]cn-afw \mƒ°p-\mƒ h¿≤n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
]pent°mń¬ Xncp-ta-\nbpw NmØp-cp-Øn¬ Xncp-ta-\nbpw Pohn-®n-
cn-°p-tºmƒ ae-¶-cbnse sFIyw Hcp-hn-[-Ønepw XI¿°m-\m-hn√
F∂v hywKy-a-[p-c-ambn Cu c≠p IØp-Ifpw AXXv ImesØ ]m{Xn-
b¿°o-k-∑msc kwi-bm-Xo-X-amw-hÆw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. c≠m-
asØ IØv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS Du¿t«w kµ¿i-\-Øn\v tijw Fgp-
Xn-b-Xm-Wv. ioa-bnse k`-bn¬ D≈ A¥x-On-{Z-ßfpw A[n-Im-c-
hSw-h-en-Ifpw A®-S-°-cm-ln-Xy-ßfpw A\m-flo-bm-¥-co-£hpw {Zhym-
{K-lhpw t\cn´v {Kln-°m-\n-S-h∂ Ipim-{K-_p-≤n-bmb am¿ {KotKm-
dn-tbm-kn\v Ipsd°qsS Bfl-hn-izm-k-tØmsS Imcy-ßsf {]Xn-]m-
Zn-°p-hm≥ c≠m-asØ FgpØn¬ Ign-bp-∂p-≠v. F¶nepw ]m{Xn-b¿-

°o-kn\v \ymbm\p-kr-Xhpw Imt\m-\n-I-hp-amb BZ-chv \¬Ip-hm≥
Fgp-Øn¬ aSn ImWn-®n-ń-√.)
1877˛¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-\-b® FgpØv
""Du¿t«-an¬ \n∂v Xpem -amkw 7˛mw XobXn Zoh-∂m-tkymkv
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS t]¿°v FgpXnAb® Xncp-sh-gpØv Iev]\
Genbm dm_n- apJm-¥ncw ChnsS Inń. Rßƒ F√m-h¿°pw hfsc
kt¥m-j-am-bn. Rßƒ ]nXm-hn¬\n∂v hmgvhv ssIs°m≠v Xncp-a-
\- -dn-bn-°p-∂-Xn∂v CXn\p apºn¬ H∂p-c≠v Fgp-Øp-Iƒ Rßƒ
F√m-h-cpw-IqsS FgpXn Ab-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. BbXv F¥p-sIm≠v
Xncp-ap-ºmsI FØm-™Xp F∂v Adn-bp-∂n-√. Rßƒ F√m-hcpw
sIm®n-bn¬ IqSn hń-∏-W-Øn-s‚bpw knΩ-\m-cn-bp-sSbpw Imcy-ß-
sf-°p-dn®v Btem-Nn-®msd F√m-h-cpw-IqSn A\ym-b-s∏´v hyh-lmcw
\S-Øp-∂-Xv icn-b√ F∂pw AXn-\m¬ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-
eoØm \S-Øp-∂Xpw BbXv ssIh-i-s∏´v hcp-∂-]£w hnip≤-
]n-Xm-hns\ t_m[n-∏n-®p-h-cp∂ Iev]-\-{]-Imcw s]mXp-hn¬ th≠-
s∏-Sp∂ Imcy-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂Xpw kΩ-X-sa∂pw a‰pw Rßƒ F√m-
hcpw IqSn At±-l-Øn\v Fgp-Xn-s°m-Sp-Øv Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-c-tØ°p
t]mbn-cn-°p∂p. tIm´-b-Øns‚ AØm-\m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-
Ømbpw \nc-W-Øns‚ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw shń-
°¬ Zb-dm-bn¬ Xma-kn®v I√®v apX-em-b-Xp-sIm≠v ]pkvX-I-ßƒ
A®-Sn-°p-∂-Xn\v Xmev]-cy-s∏´p hcp-∂p. A¶-am-en-bpsS Iqdn-temkv
sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Bep-hm-bn¬ Xma-kn®v AhnsS Hcp ]≈nbpw
knΩ-\mcn apX-em-bXpw ]Wn-bn-°p-∂-Xn\v Xmev]-cy-s∏-´p- h-cp-∂p.31
tijw-t]¿ Ah-c-h-cpsS CS-h-I-I-fn¬ k©-cn-®p-h-cp-∂p. Zoh-∂m-
tkymkv siahq≥ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Cu CS-bn¬ sIm®n Znhm≥Pn
Ah¿I-fp-ambn I≠v hnip≤ ]nXm-hns‚ XncpFgpØv sImSp-Øp.
hfsc kt¥m-j-ambn Ign-bpw-h-Æ-ap≈ klm-b-ßƒ sNbvXp-sIm-
Sp-°m-sa∂v DØ-c-hm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm
Ct∏mƒ sIm®n-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. {KotKm-dn-tbmkv A_vZp≈m
DSs\ aSßn Atßm´v hc-W-sa∂v ]d™v sIm®n-bn¬ Xma-kn-
°p∂{]Im-cw Adn-bp-∂p. ZmhoZv Zmtkm≥ apJm-¥ncw Iev]n®v Ab-
°p∂ ]pkvX-I-ßƒ Rß-fpsS ]‰n¬ hs∂-Øn-bm¬ B hnh-c-
Øn\v DSs\ Rßƒ FgpXn Ab-®p-sIm-≈mw.''
(I≠-\mSv {KŸ-h-cn-bn¬ \n∂pw)
1899˛¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-\-b® kpdn-bm\n FgpØv*

At¥ym-Iy-bpsS ss«lnI knwlm-k\ - Ø
- nse ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kmb,
]nXm-°∑- m-cpsS ]nXm-hpw, Xe-h∑ - m-cpsS Xe-h\pw CS-b\ - p-amb `mKy-
hm-\mb Rß-fpsS t{ijvT] - n-Xm-hmb tamdm≥ am¿ C·m-Øn-tbmkv1
(F-∂) Aßsb Im°p-∂h - \ - pw, Aß-bpsS {][m-\m-Nm-cy-Xz-Øns‚
]Z-hnsb D∂-Xs - ∏-Sp-Øp-∂h- \ - p-amb I¿Øm-hns‚ \ma-Øn¬:
Ahn- S psØ I¿Ør- X z- Ø ns‚ \n¿Ω- e hpw ]cn- i p- ≤ - h p- a mb
ssIIfpw, Imep-Ifpw apØn-b-ti-jw, _e-lo-\-\pw, ]m]nbpw Zmk-
\p-amb Rm≥ Ahn-SpsØ ]cn-ip-≤-X-bpsS apºmsI Bfl-i-co-c-in-
c- p-Iƒ \an-®p-sIm≠v `b-tØmSpw hnd-b-temSpw Adn-bn-°p-∂p. 1899
P\p-hcn 7˛\v Aßv Bao-Zn¬\n∂v Ab® Iev]\ Ct∏mƒ _e-lo-
\-\mb F\n°v e`n-®p. henb kt¥m-j-tØmsS Rm≥ AXv Xpd∂p
Npw_n-®-tijw hmbn®p; AXn¬\n∂pw [mcmfw A\p-{Klw Rm≥
{]m]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Imcp-Wy-hm\pw D∂-X-\p-amb ]nXmhmw
ssZh-Øn\v Rm≥ \µn A¿∏n-®p. Aßv c≠p IØp-Iƒ Ab-®n´v ˛
1898 sk]v‰w-_¿ 21-˛-\pw, 1898 HIvtSm-_¿ 15-˛\pw ˛ hfsc \mfp-Iƒ
Bbn F∂pw, CXp-hsc Cu IØp-Iƒ°v adp-]Sn Ahn-SpsØ ]cn-
ip-≤-Xbv°v e`n-®n√ F∂pw, tIm´bw skan-\m-cn-bn¬\n∂v 1898 Pq¨
30-˛\v Rßƒ Fgp-Xn-A-b® B I-Ø-√msX CXp-hsc Rß-fn¬
\n∂pw Hsc-gpØpw Atßbv°v Inń-bn√ F∂pw Cu Iev]-\-bn¬
Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-t√m. CXn-s\-°p-dn®v Atßbv°v hfsc ZpxJ-ap≠v
F∂pw (F-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≠-t√m).
]cn. ]nXmth! Rßƒ Ahn-SpsØ ]cn-ip-≤-Xbv°v kXy-ambpw
Ab® B IØv \jvS-s∏-´-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v Ahn-SpsØ Zmk-\mb
F\n°pw hfsc ZpxJ-ap-≠v. Iev]-\-bn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-{]-Im-cw,
Aßv Ab® B c≠v IØp-Ifpw H∂n\p ]n∂mse H∂mbn _e-
lo-\-\mb F\n°p e`n-®p. H∂m-a-ØXv Chn-sS-\n∂pw Ab® doiok
e`n-®-Xn-s\- Ip-dn®pw a‰pw (]-cm-a¿in-°p-∂-Xpw) a‰Xv hµy ]ueqkv
am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv ]nXm-hn-s\-°p-dn-®pw.2 Chbv°p c≠n\pap≈
adp-]Sn Hcp-an®v Hcp Fgp-Ømbn sX°p≈ Hma-√q¿ ]≈n-bn¬\n∂v
1898 Unkw-_¿ 29-˛\v Rm≥ Ahn-SpsØ ]cn-ip-≤-Xbv°v Ab-®n-
cp∂p. AXn¬ Rßƒ Ab® doio-k-sb- Ip-dn-®pw, ]ncn-°-s∏-SmsX
_m°n-h∂ doio-k-sb-°p-dn®pw F√m Imcy-ß-fpw,3 {]tXy-In®v
]ueqkv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv ]nXm-hns\°pdn®v IqSp-X-embpw Rm≥
Adn-bn-®n-cp-∂p. Ct∏mƒ Aßv Cu HSp-hn-esØ Iev]\ Ab-®-
tijw Atßbv°v AXv e`n-®n-cn-°p-sa∂v ssZh-Øn¬ {]Xym-in-

°p-∂p. Cuhm-\n-tbmkv B_qs\ Ipdn®v F\n°v Adn-bm-hp-∂-Xn¬-
\n∂v Iq´p-Itbm Ipd-bv°p-Itbm sNømsX kXy-am-bXv AXn¬
Rm≥ \√-hÆw FgpXn Adn-bn-®n-cp-∂p. At±lw kXy-hm-\m-Wv,
\pW-bt\m, kq{X-°m-ct\m A√. ssZh-sØbpw Xs‚ DS-b-h-s\bpw
`b-°p∂ Bfm-Wv. Xs∂ kvt\ln-°p-∂-hs\ kvt\ln-°p-∂-h-\pw,
shdp-°p∂hs\ shdp-°p-∂-h-\p-am-Wv. Xs‚ IqsS \nev°m-Ø-h≥
hen-b-h\pw [\-hm-\p-am-sW-¶n¬t]mepw At±lw Ahs\ shdp°pw;
A°m-cy-Øn¬ apJ-]£w ImWn-°m-dn-√. AXmWv At±-l-Øns‚
kz`m-hw. At±-l-sØ-°p-dn®v ]cmXn \evIn-bn-cn-°p-∂-h¿ kXy-a√
]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. At±lw ]≈n-I-fnse `WvUm-c-ßƒ IpØn-Øp-
d∂v Ah-bn¬ \n∂p ]Ww tamjvSn®p F∂p ImWn®v Atßbv°v
Ab® Ah-cpsS ]cm-Xn-bn¬ Ah¿ \pW-bmWv ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.4
AXp-sIm≠v Ah-cpsS ]cmXn Rßƒ°v Ab-®p-X-cp-hm≥ Aß-
tbmSv Rßƒ At]-£n-°p-∂p.5 Rßƒ \√-hÆw At\z-jn-°mw.
At∏mƒ Ah-cpsS \pW shfn-s∏-Sp-Ibpw C\n taen¬ Bcpw C{X
ss[cy-]q¿∆w \n¿`-b-\mbn ]cn-ip≤ ]nXm-hn\v \pW Fgp-Xm-Xn-cn-
°p-Ibpw sNøpw.
_e- l o- \ - \ mb F\n- ° p≈ Iev ] - \ - b psS D≈n¬ h®n- c p∂
B_q≥ ]ueqkv am¿ AØm-\m-tkym-kn-\p≈ IØpw6 ]mºm-°p-
S-bnse aev]m≥ amØ≥ Iio-im-bv°p≈ IØpw7 DSs\ Rm≥ Ah-
¿°v Ab-®p. Ah-cn¬\n∂pw adp-]Sn hmßn, Cu (I-Øn\p) ap≥]v
Atßbv°v Rm≥ Ab-®-Xmbn (ta¬) kqNn-∏n® IØns‚ IqsS
Ah Rm≥ Atßbv°v Ab-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ho≠pw aev]m≥
aØmbn Iio- i - b psS Ah- ÿ - s b- ° p- d n®v At±- l - Ø n- \ p- t h≠n
Aßsb Adn-bn-°p-hm≥ Ft∂mSv ]d-bp-Ibpw At]-£n-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Atßbv°v 500 cq] Ab-®p-X-cp-hm≥ Ahn-Sp∂v Abmƒ°v
Fgp-Xn-b-Xmbn ]d-™p. Abmƒ kz¥-ambn D≠m-°nb kpdn-bm\n
{] n-s‚-bpw8, aqk-en¬ \n∂v sIm≠p-h∂ ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS hne-
bp-sSbpw a‰pw Nne-hp-I-fpsS `mc-Øm¬ Abmƒ {]bm-k-Ønepw
IS-Øn-ep-am-Wv.9 RßfpsS k`m-a-°-fn¬ Nne-sc√mw Iptds» At±-
lsØ klm-bn®v IS-Øns‚ _m°n apgp-h\pw sImSpØp. CtXm-
sSm∏w Abmƒ iº-f-sam∂pw C√msX siΩm-»-∑m-scbpw Ipń-I-
sfbpw kpdn-bm\n ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.10 Abmsf Ipdn-®p≈ kXym-hÿ
CXm-Wv. Ahn-Sp∂v Ab® Iev]-\-bn¬ Iev]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-X-\p-k-cn®v
]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°m-Ø-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v hfsc thZ-\-tbmsS
At±lw Ft∂mSv kwkm-cn-®p. {] nse ]Wn-bn¬\n∂v Abmƒ°v

em`-sam∂pw In´p-∂n-√... AXns‚ kI-e- I-Shpw AXn¬\n∂pw H´pw
Abmƒ°p aS-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. kpdn-bm\n ]pkvX-I-ßƒ AhnsS
A®-Sn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v s]mXp-hmbn F√m-hcpw hmßp-∂n√; sNms∆m-
≈-hcpw kpdn-bm\n Adn-bm-hp-∂-h-cp-amb ]pXnb ]´-°m¿ am{Xta
(hm-ßp-∂p-≈q). Aflm-b-°m¿ H´pw hmßp-∂n√. F∂m¬ BflnI-
\n-e-bn¬ B¥-cn-I-amb Hcp henb em`-ap-≠v. Fs¥-∂m¬ ]g-b-Xp-
t]m-ep≈ ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS Zmcn{Zyw Aev]w Ipd-™n-´p-≠v. At±-l-
Øn\v \√ kvac-Wbpw t]cp-ap-≠v F∂Xv At±-l-Øn\pw Hcp henb
em`-am-Wv. Abm-fpsS Cu \√ {]hrØn-bn¬ Rßƒ kt¥m-jn-
°p-∂p. Abmƒ CXp-hsc ]mºm-°p-S-\n∂pw A©v ]pkvX-I-ßƒ
A®-Sn-®p. 1. henb t\mºnse km[m-cW \a-kvIm-cw; 2. ih-kw-
kvImcw, ssXem-`n-tj-Iw, `h-\-Iq-Zmi apX-em-bh; 3. B≠-S-°-ap≈
Gh≥tK-en-tbm≥ hmb-\-I-fpsSbpw a‰pw sNdnb hmb\ Ipdn∏v; 4.
A\m-^q-d, amtam-Zo-k, hnhmlw XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS ]pkvXIw; 5. c£m-
I-c-amb IjvSm-\p-`-h-Øns‚ i\n-bm-gvNsØ (IjvSm-\p-`-hm-gvN-bn-se)
]m]-tam-N-\-Øns‚ ]pkvX-Iw.11 ho≠pw Ct∏mƒ s]cp-∂m-fp-I-fpsS
]pkvXIw12 ASn-°p-hm≥ Bcw-`n-®n-´p-≠v.
CXp-t]mse as‰mcp henb {] v tIm´-b-Øp≈ \ΩpsS skan-
\m-cn-bn¬ D≠v. 10 h¿jw apºv ae-_m-dnse `mj-bn¬ A®-Sn-°p-
hm≥ XpS-ßn. 13 Aflm-b-°m¿°v Bh-iy-amb {]m¿∞-\-I-fpsS
]pkvX-I-ßfpw ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ NnIn-’m-co-Xn-I-fpw, kvIqfnse
hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS ]T-\-Øn-s‚-bpw, Bflo-Ihpw euIn-I-hp-amb
⁄m\-ß-fp-sSbpw a‰pw hnhn[ ]pkvX-I-ßfpw (A-®-Sn-°p-∂p).14
Xs∂-bp-a√ Hcp amknI Hmtcm amkhpw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.15
AXn¬\n∂v Rß-fpsS Bfp-Iƒ°pw, ]pd-Øp≈h¿°pw hfsc
KpW-ap-≠v; Fs¥-∂m¬ Bfln-I-Im-cy-ß-fpw, euIn-I-Im-cy-ß-fpw,
\ΩpsS kXy-hn-izm-k-sØ-°p-dn-®pw, ItØm-en-°-cp-sSbpw Cw•o-jp-
Im-cp-sS-bpw, a‰p-≈-h-cp-sSbpw hnizm-k-ß-fpw, F√m `mK-°m-cp-sSbpw
hyXykvX s]cp-am‰ coXn-Ifpw AXn¬ (\evIp∂p-≠v-). a‰p amkn-I-
I-fn-se-t]mse CXnepw, ASpØpw AI-se-bp-ap≈ tZi-ß-fp-sS-bpw,
cmPy-ß-fp-sSbpw hnh-c-ßfpw (\-evIp-∂p-≠v). {]kn-≤-cmb Fgp-Øp-
Im-cpw, klm-bn-I-fmb Hml-cn-°m-cpw16 F√m `mKØpw D≠v. AXns\
i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ Hmtcm ÿe-Øp-ap≈ hm¿Ø-Ifpw hnh-c-ßfpw
Ah¿ FgpXn Ab-bv°p-∂p-≠v. AXns‚ FUn-‰dpw Fgp-Øp-Imc\pw
tIm´-bsØ (C-S-h-gn-°¬) {]kn-≤-\pw, Ign-hp-‰-h-\p-amb ]oen-t∏mkv
Iio-i-bpsS sIm®p-a-I≥ ]oen-t∏m-km-Wv.17 Abmfpw Xs‚ ]nXm-

hn-s\-t∏mse ka¿∞\pw _p≤n-am-\p-am-Wv. F√m-hcpw Abm-sf-°p-
dn®v kt¥m-jn-°p-Ibpw Abm-fpsS hm°p-I-fn¬ B\-µn-°p-Ibpw
sNøp-∂p. hnizm-k-]n-f¿∏n¬ \n∂p≈ A]-hm-Z-ß-fpw, Ie-l-Im-cn-
Ifpw H´pw Pbn-°p-∂n-√, ]ns∂tbm Abm-fpsS bp‡n \nd™ hN-
\-ß-fm¬ tXm‰v e÷n-°p-∂p.18 t\ctØ kqNn-∏n® Rß-fpsS
{] n¬ Ct∏mƒ kpdn-bm\n ]pkvX-I-ßƒ A®-Sn-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn-
bn-´p-≠v. Cu {] ns‚ amt\-P¿ ]ueqkv dºm-\m-Wv.19 AhnsS A®-
Sn-°p∂ ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS ]cn-tim-[-I≥ aev]m≥ Koh-dp-Kokv Iio-
i-bm-Wv.20 Cu aev]m≥ siΩm-»-∑m-scbpw Ipń-I-sfbpw kpdn-bm-\n,
Cw•ojv, ae-bmfw F∂o `mj-Iƒ thX\w IqSmsX ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p.
At±-l-tØm-sSm∏w thX-\-Øn\p ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ a‰v A≤ym-]-Icpw
D≠v. F∂m¬, Ct±-l-amWv skan-\m-cn-bpsS F√m {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-
sSbpw, A≤ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw {][m-\n.21 siΩm-»-∑m-cpw, Ipń-Ifpw
F√mw-IqSn 450 t]tcmfw D≠v. Ct∏mƒ alm-cm-Pm-hns‚ kvt\-l-hm-
bv]-psIm-≠v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿°m-cn¬\n∂pw amkw-tXmdpw 100 cq]
hoXw tIm´-bsØ Cu skan-\m-cn°p e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.22 Cu Imcy-
ßƒ F√mw Xo¿®-bmbpw Ahn-SpsØ Zmk-\mb B_q≥ am¿ Znh-
∂m-tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bp-sS23 ]cn-{i-a-Ømepw D’m-l-Øm-
ep-amWv (\-S-°p-∂-Xv).
ho≠pw a{Zmkv _m¶n¬ Rßƒ°p≈ ]WsØ Ipdn®v 24
Aßsb Rm≥ Adn-bn-°p-∂-sX-s¥-∂m¬: AXv Cw•ojv km{am-
Py-Øns‚ (_m-¶v) BWv. Ct∏mƒ ssZh-Ir-]-bmepw Ahn-SpsØ
]cn-ip-≤-X-bpsS {]m¿∞-\-bmepw C°m-cy-Øn\v a{Zm-kn¬ Xo¿∏mbn.
AXm-bXv ap≥ kqNn-∏n® _m¶n-ep≈ ]W-Øns‚ {]iv\w Xo¿°p-
hm≥ AXns‚ Ah-Imiw B¿°mtWm Ah¿°v \evIp-hm≥ ]d-
™p-sIm≠v ˛ a{Zmkv k¿°m¿ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ k¿°m-cns\ Xocp-
am\w (A-dn-bn-®p). AXm-bXv ""Znh-∂m-tkym-kn\pw At±-l-sØm-sSm-
∏-ap-≈-h¿°p-am-tWm, AtXm AØm-\m-tkym-kn\pw At±-l-Øns‚
Iq´¿°pw BtWm ˛˛˛ BcmtWm Ah-Imin Ah¿°v bp‡-amw-hn[w
\nß-fpsS cmPysØ tImS-Xn-hn[n A\p-k-cn®v sNøWw'' (F∂p
Xocp-am-\n-®p).25 C{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp∂p a{Zm-knse Ah-km-\ (-Xo¿∏v).
ssZh-k-lm-b-Øm¬ CXv \ap°v \√-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ C\n apX¬
tImS-Xn-hn-[n-Iƒ Bh-iy-am-Wv. BZyw-Xs∂ B_q≥ Znh-∂m-tkymkv
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-csØ Iogvt°m-S-Xn-bn¬ tIkv sImSp-°-Ww, ]n∂oSv
Ahn-SpsØ ta¬tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ sImSp-°Ww; Ah-km\w tdmb¬
tImS-Xn-bnepw (cm-Pm-hns‚ tImS-Xn-bn-epw). hn[n-sb√mw ssZh-Øns‚

ssII-fn-em-Wv, F¶nepw \oXn-bmbpw t\cmbpw F√m-hn-[-Ønepw
\ap°v {]tbm-P\w e`n-°p-hm≥ km[y-X-bp≠v; Fs¥-∂m¬ t\cmb
PUvPn-am¿°v tdmb¬ tImS-Xn-bnse BZy hn[n-s°-Xnsc \Ωsf
X≈n-°-f-bp-hm≥ H´pw km[n-°p-I-bn-√. Iogvt°m-S-Xn-bn¬ BZy-hn-
[n-bn¬ tXmev°p∂ `mKw an≠m-Xn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ \∂m-bn-cp∂p; Ah-
km-\w-hsc kln-t°≠n hcn-√-t√m. Ahn-SpsØ ]cn-ip-≤-X-bpsS
{]m¿∞-\-Iƒ Rßƒ°v klm-b-am-I-s´.
ho≠pw ""_qk≥Xnb'' amkn-I-bn¬, C≥Uy-bn¬ ae-_m-dn¬
kpdn-bm-\n-°m¿ F∂-t]-cn¬ 15 Bbncw Bflm-°ƒ Ds≠-∂pw,
tamkvtIm-bnse cmPm-hmb Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ cmPm-hn-t\mSv djy-bn¬-
\n∂pw (Ch¿°m-bn) ]´-°msc At\z-jn®p F∂pw, Cu kpdn-bm-\n-
°m-cmb Bfp-Iƒ ae-I-fn-emWv (h-kn-°p-∂-Xv) F∂pw Aßv I≠-
Xn-s\-°p-dn®v Ahn-SpsØ Iev]-\-bn¬ Iev]n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n
Rm≥ Adn-bn-°p-∂-sX-s¥-∂m¬; a{Zm-knse Hcp {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-
Øn¬\n∂pw thsd Nne-Xn¬\n∂pw A{]-Imcw Hcp hm¿Ø ChnsS
Rßfpw (tI´p). Rß-fn¬ Bcpw ˛ AXm-bXv Ahn-SpsØ knwlm-
k-\-Øns‚ `c-W-Øn≥Io-gn-ep≈ kpdn-bm\n bmt°m-_m-b-°m¿
Bcpw ˛ C{]-Imcw Hcp t`mjØw sNbvI-bn-√. Hcp]t£, Aßv
]d- ™ - X p- t ]mse skkv t Xm- d n- b - c m- b n- c n°mw CXp sNbv X - X v .
s\kvtXm-dn-b¿ ae-¶-c-bn¬ D≠v. Ah¿ I¬Z-b¿ F∂p hnfn-°-s∏-
Sp-Ibpw Ah-sc-t∏mse \S-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.26 aptº-Xs∂ I¬Z-
b-cn¬ Hcp Iio-i, sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn ssIhbv]p e`n-°p-hm≥
_m_n-tem-Wn-te°v t]mbn. ]m∏msb t]Sn®v _m_n-tem¨ ]m{Xn-
b¿°okv At±-l-Øn\v ]´w \evIn-bn-√. Abmƒ sia-hq≥ ]m{Xn-
b¿°o-kns‚ ASp-Øp-t]mbn ssIhbv]v hmßn ae-¶-c-bn¬ h∂p.27
F∂m¬ ]m∏m- b psS apS- ° ns‚ i‡n- a qew ae- ¶ - c - b nse P\w
Abmsf kzoI-cn-®n-√. At±-l-Øns‚ IqsS Bfp-Iƒ D≠v F¶nepw
{]kn- ≤ o- I - c - W - Ø n¬ ]d- b pw- t ]mse 15 Bbncw Bflm- ° tfm
AXns‚ Im¬`mKw t]meptam C√; Hcp-]t£, AXns‚ Fń-sem∂v
It≠-°mw. Aßv ]d-™-Xp-t]m-se, Hcp -]-t£, Ah-cpsS Xe-h-
\mb sia-hq≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv28 tamkvtIm-bn¬ (-\n-∂pw) Ahsc
klm-bn-°p-hm-\mbn Ah¿°p-th≠n Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-Imw, F∂v Rm\pw
Nn¥n-°p-∂p. CXv Fßns\ kw`-hn®p F∂-Xns‚ kXyw Rßƒ°v
Adn-™p-Iq-Sm, ImcWw, Cu Imcyw Bcp sNbvXp F∂v ChnsS
shfn-hm-bn-ń√; ]n∂oSv sXfnbpw. At∏mƒ Aßsb Adn-bn-®p-
sIm≈mw.
B_q≥ bqen-tbmkv A¬hm-dnkv29 Ct∏mƒ sImfw-t_m-bn-emWv.

At±lw {]kw-K-th-e-bn¬\n∂pw CXp-hsc hnc-an-®n-ń-√. Nne-t∏mƒ
sImfw-t_m-bnepw, Nne-t∏mƒ tKmh-bn-epw, Nne-t∏mƒ am∂m-dn-epw,30
Nne-t∏mƒ ]\-Pn-bnepw (the \S-Øp-∂p). C{]-Imcw C≥Uy-bnepw
C≥Uy°p ]pd-Øpw, F√m ÿe-ß-fnepw At±lw t]mhp-Ibpw
injy-∑msc Ab-bv°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p-≠v. At±-l-Øns‚bpw, injy-
∑m-cp-sSbpw tPmen IqSp-Xepw ItØm-en-°-cpsS CS-bn-emWv; ]t£,
hfsc A[nIw ]Ww Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. ]W-Øns‚ Ipd-hp-Im-
cWw At±-l-Øns‚ the At±lw hnNm-cn-°pw-t]mse \S-°p-∂n√.
At±-lhpw injy-∑mcpw \nc-¥cw Rß-fn¬ \n∂pw Imiv Bh-iy-
s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. Rßƒ Fhn-sS-\n∂v Ah¿°v sImSp°pw; At±-l-sØ-
°mƒ A[nIw Rßƒ Imin\v Bh-iy-°m-cm-Wv. F∂m¬ Rß-
fpsS C√m-bva-bn¬\n∂pw Iptd-s», Iptds» Ah-cpsS \ne-\n-ev]n-
\mbn Rßƒ klm-bn-°p-∂p-≠v. kz¥ i{Xp-°-fpsS ]oU-bnepw
henb sRcp-°-Ønepw Ata-cn-°-bn¬ Ign-bp∂ Xntam-Øn-tbmkv
sd\n hnem-Øn-bpsS (Im-cy-hpw) A{]-Imcw Xs∂.31 F∂m¬ CXp-h-
scbpw \ΩpsS kXy-hn-izmkw H´pw inYn-e-ambn t]mImsX Ahn-
sS-bp≈ Xs‚ FXn-cm-fn-I-tfmSv t]mcm-Sn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. P\-ßfpw
]≈n-Ifpw {ItaW e`n-°p-∂-Xm-bpw, h¿≤n-∏n-®p-h-cp-∂-Xmbpap≈
hm¿Ø-Iƒ am{Xta ChnsS e`n-°p-∂p-≈p. \mfp-I-fm-bn´v At±-l-
Øn¬\n∂pw IØp-Iƒ H∂pw Rßƒ°p e`n-°p-∂n-√.32 Hcp-]-t£,
At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn-ep≈ IØp-Iƒ FXn-cm-fn-Iƒ hgn-bn¬h®v FSp-
°p-∂-XmImw; Nne¿ Aßns\ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Rm≥ F{X IØp-Iƒ
At±-l-Øn\v Ab®p, adp-]Sn e`n-®n-√. C\n apX¬ Bh-iy-amb
kq{X-∏-Wn-Iƒ sNtø-≠Xv At±-l-Øn\v A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
B_q≥ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv t\ctØ Ipd-®p-Zn-hkw Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-
c-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. Ct∏mƒ sIm®n cmPysØ ]≈n-Isf kw_-‘n®v
AhnsS tIkv D≈-Xp-sIm≠v At±lw sIm®n°v t]mbn. sIm®n-°-
Sp-Øp≈ Icn-ßm-®nd ]≈n-bn¬ D≠v.
B_q≥ ]ueqkv AØm-\m-tkymkv Ct∏mƒ At±-l-Øns‚
tIm´bw CS-h-I-bnse aW¿ImSv ]≈nbn¬ D≠v. At±-l-Øn\p \√
ico-c-kp-J-an√, \nc-¥cw acp-∂p-IƒsIm≠v Ign-bp-∂p.
A{]-Imcw Xs∂ B_q≥ Cuhm-\n-tbmkpw At±-l-Øns‚
I≠\mSv CS-hI
- b
- n-ep≈ tIme-t©cn ]≈n-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. At±-
l-Øns‚ Hcp IØv F\n°v C∂p Inń. ""Xm¶ƒ B{K-ln-°p∂-
]£w Cu h¿jw tamdms‚ doiok 150 cq] Rm≥ ]ncn®v s]¥n-

t°m-kvXn°p apºv Xm¶ƒ°v \evImw. ]ncnhv Ipd-™p-t]m-bm¬
Fs‚ ssIbn¬\n∂pw Rm≥ FSpØv XnI-bv°mw'' F∂v AXn¬
At±lw ]d-™n-´p-≠v. ""Xm¶-fpsS \n¿t±iw F\n°v kzoIm-cy-amWv''
F∂pw, ""tamdm-\p-th≠n C{]-Im-chpw CXn-e-[n-Ihpw Cu h¿jw
am{X-a√ F√m -h¿jhpw \√-hÆw D’m-ln°p''sa∂pw Rm≥ At±-
l-Øn\p adp-]Sn \evIn.
ho≠pw _e-lo-\-\mb Fs∂-°p-dn®v Rm≥ Aev]w ]d-b-s´.
Ahn-SpsØ Zmk-\mb Rm≥ Ct∏mƒ sX°v AXm-bXv sIm√w CS-
h-I-bn¬,33 sXs° AXn¿Øn-bn¬, hfsc hnizm-k-hn-L-S-\-ßƒ D≈
ÿe-Øm-Wv. AhnsS t\cm-b-h-cpw, \nc-]-cm-[n-I-fpw, Zcn-{Zcpw (D-≠v).
Ah-cpsS CS-bn¬ henb ]≈n-Ifpw, Xosc sNdnb ]≈n-Ifpw D≠v.
F√m ]≈n-I-fnepw \ndsb thZ-hn-]-co-Xn-Ifpw D≠v. Ct∏mƒ Ah-
cpsS CS-bn¬ Ahn-S-hnsS ]pXn-b-Xmbn ]≈n-Iƒ Rßƒ ]Wn-bp-
I-bm-Wv.34 i{Xp-°ƒ FXn¿∏pw hnL-S-\hpw krjvSn®v ]≈n-Iƒ
]Wn-bp-hm≥ Rßsf A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-√.35 F∂m¬ ssZh-Øns‚
i‡n-sIm≠pw Aß-bpsS {]m¿∞-\-I-fpsS i‡n-sIm≠pw Ah¿
_ew {]m]n-°p-∂n-√. ]≈n-Iƒ D≠m-°p-hm≥ \Ωƒ Bcw-`n-°p∂
F√m ÿe-ß-fnepw \Ωƒ ASn-ÿm\w am{Xw C´v Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n-
°p∂p; F∂m¬ ]Wn-Iƒ Xo¿∂n-ń-√. ]n∂oSv h¿j-ßƒsIm≠v
Ahn-SpsØ Zcn-{Z-cmb Rß-fpsS P\-Øns‚ i‡n A\p-k-cn®v ]Wn-
bp-∂p. C\nbpw DSs\ Xs∂ AhnsS ˛˛ AXm-bXv sIm√w `{Zm-k-\-
Øns‚ a≤y-`m-KØv kpdn-bm\n `mj ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm≥ Hcp kvIqƒ
D≠m-tI-≠Xv hfsc AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. (A-Xn-\p-th-≠n) Rßƒ Hcp
ÿew Xnc-s™-Sp-Øv, Dƒ`mKw Rßƒ hnebv°v FSp-Øp. AhnsS
Nqf- b v ° p- ≈ nse aq∂p ss]X- ß - f psS \ma- Ø n¬ Rßƒ Hcp
]≈nbpw D≠m-°n.36 B ÿe-Øns‚ t]cv "tIm´-∏p-dØv' F∂mWv.37
AXv tIm´bw t]mep≈ Hcp ]´-W-am-Wv, AhnsS k¿°m-cns‚ Hcp
tImS-Xn-bp-ap≠v. F√m-X-c-Ønepw \√Xpw t]cp-tI-´-Xp-amb (ÿ-e-
am-Wv). -C\n AhnsS Hcp Zbdm D≠m-°-W-sa-∂pw, Rßƒ B{K-
ln-°p∂p.38 AXv BZyw Aß-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS Aß-bpsS
Hm¿Ω-bv°mbn AXv ]Wn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ssZhw B{K-ln-°p∂p F¶n¬
Zbdm ]Wn-bp-∂-Xn\p ap≥]p-X-s∂, s]¥n-s°m-kvXn-°p-tijw
AhnsS ]T\w Bcw-`n-°p-hm≥ {ian-°p-∂p. ]n∂oSv Rm≥ ]d-™-
Xp-t]mse apIfn¬\n∂pw Iev]-\-bp-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ, \nc-]-cm-[n-I-fpw,
£oWn-Xcpw, CS-b-\n-√mØ BSp-I-sf-t∏mse Ign-bp-∂-h-cp-amb
Rß-fpsS P\-ß-fpsS k‘m-c-W-Øn\v am‰n-h-®n-´p-≈-Xn¬\n∂pw

(F-Sp-Øv)39 Rßƒ Aß-bpsS \ma-Øn¬ ]Wn Bcw-`n-°pw. Ahn-
SpsØ Zmk-\mb Rm≥ Cu amkw BZyw sX°p-\n∂pw ]pd-s∏´v
C∂se tIm´-bØv FØn. C∂v Rm≥ hS-°p≈ Ipµw-Ip-f-tØ°v
t]mhp-I-bmWv; F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ Rm≥ AhnsS sN∂v c£n-Xm-
hmb I¿Øm-hns‚ IjvSm-\p-`-hmgvN Ah-tcm-sSm∏w XnI-bv°-W-
sa∂v40 B ]≈n-°m¿ Ft∂mSv At]-£n-®n-´p-≠v. Dbn¿∏n-\p-tijw
F√m ]≈n-I-fn¬\n∂pw dniok ]ncn-°p-hm≥ Ahn-Sp∂v ho≠pw
Rm≥ sXt°m´v t]mIpw. _m°n Imcy-ß-sf√mw dniok Ab-
bv°p∂ IqsS Atßbv°v Fgp-Xn-s°m-≈mw. ho≠pw A\p-{K-l-ßƒ
\nd™ Ahn-SpsØ Xrss°-Iƒ \oń Rß-sf-√m-h-scbpw A\p-
{K-ln-°-W-sa∂pw (ssZhw) Rß-fpsS IS-ßfpw ]m]-ßfpw £an-
°p-hm\pw Cu Ffnb Pohn-X-Øn¬ F√m {]bm-k-ß-fn¬\n∂pw
thZ-\-I-fn¬\n∂pw Rßsf c£n-°p-hm\pw Rß-fpsS ]m]-ßƒ
aqew Rß-fpsS ta¬ hcp∂ kIe ITn\ D]-{Z-h-ß-fn¬\n∂pw
Ahs‚ Ir]-bm¬ Rß-sfbpw Rß-fpsS acn-®p-t]m-b-h-scbpw
\nXy-Po-h-\m¬ hos≠-Sp-°p-hm-\pw, D∂-X-\mb ssZh-Xn-cp-ap-ºmsI
\nc-¥-c-amb Ahn-SpsØ A\p-Kr-loX {]m¿∞-\-I-fn-epw, Ip¿∫m-
\-I-fnepw Rßsf Hm¿°-W-sa∂pw Ahn-SpsØ ]cn-ip-≤-X-tbmSv
Rßƒ At]-£n-°p-∂p. _msd-Ivtam¿ A¬ iq_vt°m-t\m.41
1899 G{]n¬ 7˛\v Fgp-X-s∏-´p.
Ipµw-Ip-f-Øn-\p≈ hgn°v Nmh-°m-´p-\n-∂pw.
Ah-nSpsØ ]cn-ip-≤-X-bpsS ip{iq-j-I-\mb _e-lo-\-\mb
{KotKm-dn-tbmkv Koh-dp-Ko-kv.
(ko¬)
Ahn-SpsØ Zmk-\mb …o_m-si-Ωm-i≥42 ]e-t∏m-gpw, ]\nbpw
hb-dp-th-Z-\bpw a‰p-ambn \nc-¥cw tcmKm-h-ÿ-bn-em-Wv. Rm≥
Ct∏mƒ tIm´-b-Øp-h®v At±-l-sØ -I-≠p. Iptd \mfp-I-fmbn ]cn.
tamdm-\n¬\n∂pw adp-]Sn H∂pw At±-lØ
- n\p e`n-®n√ F∂v Ft∂mSp
]d-™p. Abmƒ Ahn-SpsØ ]cn. ssIIfpw Imep-Ifpw apØn
£abpw A\p-{K-l-ßfpw bmNn-°p-∂p. Abm-tfm-sSm∏w Ahn-SpsØ
Zmk≥ K{_n-tb¬ a°p-Zvim-bpw43 IqSp-X-embn apØp-Ibpw £abpw
A\p-{K-l-ßfpw bmNn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
* Cu IØns‚ ]I¿∏v ]mºm-°pS tIm\m´v sse{_-dn-bn¬ D≠v. 2002˛¬
^m. tUm. tPm¨kv G{_lmw Is≠-SpØp ]cn-`m-j-s∏-SpØn (JAK) F∂p

ImWp∂ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ ]cn-`mjm thf-bn¬ ^m. tUm. tPm¨kv G{_lmw
tIm\m´v tN¿ØXm-Wv.
1. At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-km-bn-cp∂ (1895-˛1915) ]cnip≤ C·m-Øn-tbmkv
A_vZp¬ avinlm.
2. I≠-\mSv CS-hI - b- psS apdn-a‰- Ø
- n¬ ]ueq-kv am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv (1836-
˛1913) 1912-˛¬ ae-¶-c-bnse H∂mw ImtXm-en°m ]cn-ip≤ _tk-en-tbmkv
]ueqkv {]Y-a≥.
3. ]cn-ip≤ ]t{Xmkv XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ae-¶c k`sb Ggp `{Zm-
k-\ß - f - m°n Xncn-®X
- n-s‚bpw Bdp sa{Xm∑msc hmgn-®X - n-s‚-bpw Hcp {][m\
Dt±iw dniok ]ncn-s®-Sp-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Hmtcm sa{Xm\pw {]Xn-h¿jw
\n›nX kwJy-hoXw dnio-kb - mbn ]ncn-®p-sIm-Sp-°W
- s - a∂v At±lw \n¿t±iw
\evIn-bn-cp-∂p. Cu kwJy FØn-bn-s√-¶nepw ]ncn-™p In´p∂ XpI A°m-
eØv Ab®p sImSp-Øn-cp-∂p. k`-bv°p-th-≠n hntZi Fgp-Øp-Iƒ \S-Øn-
bn-cp∂ ]cn-ip≤ ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bm-bn-cp∂p dniok Ab®p sImSp-°p-∂-
Xn-s‚bpw Npa-X-e-°m-c≥.
4. apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv \n¿`-b\pw kXy-k-‘\pw hn´p-
hogvNbpw apJ-]-£-hpan-√m-Ø-h-\m-bn-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ `cWw I≠-\mSv
`{Zm-k-\-Ønse Nne X¬∏-cI£n-Iƒ°v CjvS-s∏-ń-cp-∂n-√. Ah¿ At±-
lsØ A¥yw-h-scbpw ]e-hn-[-Øn¬ D]-{Z-hn-®p-h-∂n-cp-∂p (tPm-k^v am¿
]t°m-antbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm, apdn-a-‰-Øn¬ _mh, ae-¶-c-bnse H∂mw
ImtXm-en-°m, tIm´-bw, 1991).
5. ae-¶-c-k-`mw-K-ß-sf-∏‰n ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\p t\cn´p e`n-°p∂ ]cm-Xn-
Iƒ Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ amt\-PnwKv IΩ-‰n°v Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw amt\-
PnwKv IΩn-‰n-bpsS Xocp-am\w am{Xw ]m{Xnb¿-°okv \S-∏m-°p-Ibpw thW-
sa∂v 1892˛¬ amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n \n›bw sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xmbn A°m-esØ
amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n ˛ Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ an\n-Svkn¬ ImWp-∂p.
6. A¶-am-en-˛-tIm-´bw CS-h-I-I-fpsS IS-hn¬ ]ueqkv am¿ AØm-\m-
tkymkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm (1833-˛1907). 1876-˛¬ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm.
7. ae-¶c aev]m≥ tIm\m´v amØ≥ tIm¿F∏n-kvtIm∏m. A∂p IØ-
\m¿ (1860-˛1927).
8. 1879˛¬ tIm\m´v Koh¿Kokv am¿ bqen-tbmkv ]mº-m°p-S-bn¬ "tIc-f-
Zo]w {]kv' Fs∂mcp A®-Sn i - me Bcw-`n®p. 1884˛¬ At±lw Imew sNbvX-
t∏mƒ Cu {]kns‚ {]h¿Ø\w \ne-®p. ]n∂oSv tIm\m´v amØ≥ aev]m≥
ÿm]-Is‚ kvamc-I-ambn Cu {]kv ]p\-cm-cw-`n-®p.
9. kpdn-bm\n {KŸ-ßƒ At¥ym-Jy≥ k`-bn¬\n∂pw ]I¿Øn-hm-ßp-
∂-Xn\v amØ≥ aev]m≥ ITn-\m-≤zm\w sNbvXp. AXn\v At±-l-Øn\v òa-
amb sNehp h∂n-cp-∂X - mbn Nne ka-Im-enI tcJ-If - n¬ ImWp-∂p. At±lw
]I¿Øn-sb-gpXn® hn]p-e-amb {KŸ-ti-Jcw tIm\m´v sse{_-dn-bn-ep-≠v.
10. ]mºm-°p-Sb- nse sshZn-Ih - n-Zym-`ymkw kqNn-Xw. ]cn-ip≤ ]cp-ae Xncp-
ta-\nbpw tIm\m´v Koh¿Kokv aev]ms‚ (Koh¿Kokv am¿ bqen-tbmk)v
injy\mbn-cp-∂p.
11. Cu ]pkvXIw GsX∂p Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-™n-ń√ (Fr. J.A.K).
12. B≠p-X-Ivk.
13. am¿ tXmakv A®p-IqSw am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a≥ sIm®n-bn-
emWv Bcw-`n-®Xv 1889˛\ptijw CXv ]gbskan\m-cn-bn-te°v am‰n.
14. am¿ tXmakv A®p-Iq-S-Øn¬\n∂pw {]kn-≤o-I-cn® hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-
sf-∏‰nbp≈ {KŸ-ß-fpsS hnhcw ae-¶c CS-hI ]{Xn-I-bn¬ D≠v.
15. ae-¶c CS-hI]{Xn-I. ae-¶c - k
- `- bpsS HutZym-KnI apJ-]{- X-ambn 1892˛¬
Bcw-`n-®p, 1911 hsc CXns‚ {]km-[\w XpS¿∂p.
16. dnt∏m¿´¿am¿ (Fr. J.K.A).
17. C.-Fw. ^nen-∏v, CS-hg- n-°¬ (1858-˛1914). ae-¶c Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ sk{I-
´-dn-bpw ae-¶c CS-hI ]{Xn-I-bpsS ]{Xm-[n-]-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
18. A°m-eØv \ho-I-cW (]n-∂oSv am¿tØm-Ωm) k`-bpsS ae-¶c k`m-
Xm-c-Ibnepw a‰p Nne \ho-I-cW Nmbvhp≈ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßfnepw ae-¶-c-
k-`-bpsS hnizm-km-Nm-c-ßsf tNmZyw sNbvXpw ]cn-l-kn®pw teJ-\-ßƒ
h∂n-cp-∂p. CXn-s\mcp adp-]Sn F∂ \ne-bn-emWv ae-¶c CS-hI - ]
- {- XnI {]kn-
≤o-I-c-W-am-cw-`n-®-Xv. ]{Xm-[n-]-cmb C.-Fw. ^nen∏v GXm≠v GI lkvX-am-
bn-Øs∂ Xmc-Ib - p-ambn teJ-\Z- zmcm s]mcp-Xp-Ibpw hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-ZØ - n¬ Pbn-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXph∂p.
19. sIm®p-]-d-ºn¬ ]ueqkv dºm≥ (]n-∂oSv ]ueqkv am¿ Iqdntemkv
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm).
20. ae-¶c aev]m≥ h´-t»-cn¬ Koh¿Kokv IØ-\m¿ (]n-∂oSv am¿ Zoh-∂m-
tkymkv Bdm-a≥, ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm).
21. {]n≥kn-∏mƒ.
22. tIm´bw Fw.-Un. skan-\m-cn-bmWv kqNn-Xw.
23. ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm ]pen-t°m-ń¬ am¿ tPmk^v Zoh-∂m-tkymkv
A©m-a≥ (1833-˛1909). 1865 G{]n¬ 30-˛\v sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm.
24. hń-∏-Ww.
25. sIm√-h¿jw 1064˛¬ am¿ Zoh∂m-tkymkv A©m-as\ \nb-am-\p-krX
ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn AwKo-Ic - n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ tdmb¬
tIm¿´p-hn[n h∂p F¶nepw hń-∏-W-]-eni \evImsX a{Zm-knse {_nójv
Kh¨sa‚ v ]e Hgn-I-gnhpIfpw ]d-™p-h-∂n-cp-∂p. hnhn[ \nth-Z-\-ß-fpsS
ê-ambn hń-∏W - ∏- e- ni tImS-Xn-bn¬ sIń-sh®v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse {_nójv
dkn-U‚ v- hmZnbmbn sIm.-h. 1075˛¬ Hcp C‚¿πo-U¿ kyq´v Bcw-`n-®p. Cu
hkvXpX kqNn-Xw. Cu tIkv sIm.h. 1077 aIcw 21˛\v ae-¶-c-k-`-bv°-\p-Iq-
e-ambn hn[n-®p.
26. Xriq¿ Bÿm-\-am-bp≈ ]uckvXy I¬Zmb kpdn-bm\n k`.
27. sXm≠-\m´v At¥mWn IØ-\m¿ 1862˛¬ s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ ]m{Xnb¿-
°o-km-bn-cp∂ am¿ iotam≥ dqhn-en¬\n∂pw am¿ HuZotim F∂ t]cn¬
taev]-´-ÿm-\-ta‰p 1900 \hw-_¿ 16˛\v Imew sNbvXp Xriq¿ a¿Ø-a-dnbw
I¬Zmb kpdn-bm-\n-∏-≈n-bn¬ I_-d-S-°n.
28. am¿ iotam≥ dq_≥ XVIII (1861-˛1903).

29. At‚m-Wntbm {^m≥knkv tkhy¿ A¬hm-dokv am¿ bqen-tbm-kv.
eØo≥ ItØm-en°m ]´-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p. At±-lhpw Im¿hm¿ Xo-cØv
At\Im-bncw tdmam hnizm-kn-Ifpw 1887˛¬ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hnizmkw kzoI-
cn-®p. 1889-˛¬ tIm´bw ]gb skan-\m-cn-bn¬ sh®v At±-lsØ C¥y, tKmh,
kntem¨ CS-h-I-I-fpsS sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-mbmbn hmgn-®p. tKmh-bpsS kzmX-
{¥y-k-ac t\Xm-hm-bn-cp∂p. 1923 sk]v‰w-_¿ 23-˛\v Imew sNbvXp tKmh-
bn¬ I_-d-S-°n.
30. {ioe-¶-bpsS hSs° Xoc-Øp≈ am∂m¿.
31. tPmk^v sd\n-hn-emØn am¿ Xotam-Øn-tbm-kv. {^©p-Im-c-\mb Ct±-
l-Øn\v 1892 sabv 29-˛\v Ata-cn-°-bnse HmƒUv ItØm-en-°-cpsS sa{Xm-
t∏m-eo-Øm-bmbn ]cn-ip≤ ]t{Xmkv XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ Iev]-\-
{]-Imcw IS-hn¬ am¿ AØm-\m-tkymkv, ]cn-ip≤ ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n, am¿
A¬hm-dokv bqen-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm- F∂nh¿ tN¿∂v sImfw-t_m-bn¬
sh®v taev]-´-ÿm\w \evIn. ae-¶-c-k-`-bp-ambn IØn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-
cp∂p. Ct±-lsØ ae-¶ck`-bpsS `mK-ambn ImWm-\m-hn-s√∂p kao-]-Ime
]T-\-ßƒ (^m. F.- sI. sN-dn-bm≥, tPmk^v sd\n hnemØn am¿ Xntam-Øn-
tbm-kv, amth-en-°-c, 1990).
32. am¿ A¬hm-dokv bqen-tbm-kv, sd\n hnemØn Xntam-Øn-tbmkv F∂n-
h¿ ]cn-ip≤ ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-°-b® IØp-Iƒ 1894 ao\w e°w ae-¶c CS-
hI ]{Xn-I-bn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. Cu {KŸ-Øns‚ A\p-_-‘-Øn¬
Ah tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂Xp ImWp-I.
33. ]cn-ip≤ ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n°v \ncWw `{Zm-k-\-Øns‚ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-
Øm-bm-bmWv ]cn-ip≤ ]t{Xmkv ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ÿmØn-t°m≥ sImSp-ØXv.
]n∂oSv sIm√w, Xpº-a¨ CS-hI - I- fpw At±-lØ - ns‚ `c-WØ
- n≥Io-gn-em-bn.
34. ]cn-ip≤ ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ImeØv Bcw-`-an´ 100˛¬ A[nIw
]≈n-Iƒ sX°≥ `{Zm-k-\-Øn-ep-≠v.
35. ae- ¶ - c - k - ` - b ntem AXns‚ kzØp- ° - f ntem A[n- I m- c - a n- s √∂p
tdmb¬t°m-SXn hn[n-bp-≠m-sb-¶nepw Hcp hn`mKw Bw•n-°≥ anj-\-dn-am-cp-
sSbpw {_nó-jv-˛-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ DtZym-K-ÿ-cp-sSbpw klm-b-tØmsS ae-¶-c-
k-`b- psS {]h¿Ø-\Ø - n\p \h-oI- c- W (]n-∂oSv am¿tØm-Ωm) k`-°m¿ A∂v
{]Xn-_‘w krjvSn®p h∂n-cp-∂p.
36. _kvl-\-\nb.
37. sIm´m-c-°-c-˛-tIm-´-∏p-d-amWv kqNn-Xw. sIm´m-c-°c ]gb kpdn-bm-\n-
∏≈n ae-¶-c-k-`bv°v hn[n-®p-In-ń-sb-¶nepw Xß-tfmSv A\p-`m-h-ap≈ Nne
DtZym-Kÿ - c - psS klm-bt- ØmsS \ho-Ic - W- °- m¿ ]≈n ssIbS-°n. XpS¿∂mWv
tIm´-∏p-dØv kap-Zm-bØ - n\p s]mXp-hI - b- n-te°v Hcp ÿew hmßn-bX - v. tIm´-
∏p-dØv skan-\m-cn-sb∂v ]n¬°m-eØv Adn-b-s∏-´p. CXv- C∂v am¿ C·m-Øn-
tbmkv ]≈n-bmWv.
38. ]Øp \q‰m-≠p-Imew At¥ymJym ]m{Xnb¿-°o-kp-am-cpsS Bÿm-\-
am-bn-cp∂ S¿°n-bnse Ip¿°p-a- Z-bd am¿ l\-\n-bm-bpsS \ma-Øn-em-Wv. Cu
IØv e`n® am¿ A_vZ¬ avinlm-bv°p-tijw Hcp ]m{Xn-b¿°okpw AhnsS
Bÿm-\-am°n `cn-°p-Ibpw I_-d-S-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-ń-√.
39. Cu IØns‚ ]cn-`m-j-bn¬ {_mbv°-‰n¬ D≈ `mKw kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬
C√m-ØXpw F∂m¬ A¿∞-]q¿Øn°p tN¿t°-≠X - p-am-Wv (Fr. J.A.K).
40. ae-¶-c-k` A∂v D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ kpdn-bm\n Ie-≠¿{]-Imcw 1899
G{]n¬ 23 (Hm-im-\) apX¬ 30 (D-bn¿∏v) hsc Bbn-cp∂p IjvSm-\p-`-h-B-gvN.
41. ""I¿Ømth £an-t°-Wta/tamN\w \evtI-Wta'' kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-
cy-Øn¬ IØp-Iƒ Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p∂ km[m-cW coXn (Fr. J.A.K).
42. S¿°n-bnse Ub¿_-°¿ kztZ-in. 1881˛¬ At¥ym-Jy≥ sa{Xm-\m-bn-
cp∂ am¿ iotam≥ AØm-\m-tkym-kn-t\m-sSm∏w ae-¶-c-bn-se-Øn. 1895˛¬
]cn-ip≤ ]cp-ae Xncp-ta-\n-tbm-sSm∏w sbdp-itew bm{X \S-Øn. 1908˛¬
aqk-en¬ sh®v am¿ HkvXm-Øn-tbmkv F∂ t]cn¬ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbmbn
ae-¶c- b
- n¬ Xncn-s®-Øn. ae-¶c- b
- nse At¥ymJym {]Xn-\n[n (X-le - q-∏) F∂v
Ah-Im-i-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. 1930 am¿®v 19˛\v Imew-sN-bvXp. B¿Øm‰v ]pØ≥]≈n-
bn¬ I_-d-S-°n.
43. At¥ym-Jy≥ sa{Xm≥ bqbm°nw Iqdn-tem-kns‚ ktlm-Zc - ≥. At±-l-
tØm-sSm∏w ae-¶-c-bn-se-Øn. Xncp-h√ Nme-°p-gn-bn¬\n∂pw hnhmlw
sNbvXp. ChnsS ÿnc-Xm-a-k-am-°n.
(ae-¶-c-k`m amknI {]kn-≤o-I-cn® ]cp-ae kvarXn-bn¬ \n∂pw)
A\p-_‘w 2
]´w-sIm-S-Iƒ
]pen-t°m-ń¬ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv c≠m-a≥ ae-¶c
sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ]´w-sImS ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ At±lw \S-Ønb
]´w-sIm-S-I-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ NmØp-cp-Øn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv am¿ {KotKm-
dn-tbmkv \S-Ønb GXm\pw ]´w-sIm-S-Iƒ ImWp-∂Xv Xmsg tN¿-
°p∂p.
1. I√q-∏md ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ ]≈n-bn-te°v Ipdn-bm-t°mkv siΩm-
is\ 1879 Pqembv 8˛mw XobXn \ncWw ]≈n-bn¬h®v ]´w- sI-ń.
2. ssI\-Icn ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ ]≈n-bn-te°v amXyqkv siΩm-
is\ 1879 Pqembv 8˛mw XobXn \ncWw ]≈n-bn¬h®v ]´w- sI-ń.
3. I‰m\w kvtX^m-t\mkv kl-Zm-bpsS ]≈n-bn-te°v Koh-dp-Kokv
siΩm-is\ 1879 Pqembv 8˛mw XobXn \ncWw ]≈n-bn¬h®v ]´w-
sI-ń.
4. \ncWw ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ ]≈n-bn-te°v ]\-°m-a‰w A{_lmw
avkt{am-t\msb 1879 Pqembv 8˛mw XobXn \ncWw ]≈n-bn¬h®v
]´w- sI-ń.
5. \ncWw ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ ]≈n-bn-te°v Ae-Ivk-{¥-tbmkv
avkt{am-t\msb 1879 Pqembv 8˛mw XobXn \ncWw ]≈n-bn¬h®v
]´w- sI-ń.
6. Im´q¿ ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ ]≈n-bn-te°v butk^v avkt{am-
t\msb 1879 Pqembv 8˛mw XobXn \ncWw ]≈n-bn¬h®v ]´w- sI-ń.
7. Im¿Øn-I-∏≈n sk‚ v tXmakv ]≈n-bn-te°v aØmbn tImdq-
tbmsb 1879 G{]n¬ 12˛mw XobXn Im¿Øn-I-∏-≈n-bn¬h®v ]´w-
sI-ń.
8. a√-∏≈n ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ ]≈n-bn-te°v ]ø-º≈n ZmhoZv
siΩm-is\ 1879 BKÃv 12˛mw XobXn ]cp-a-e-bn¬ h®v ]´w sIń.
9. a√-∏≈n ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ ]≈n-bn-te°v h´-t»-cn¬ Koh-dp-Kokv
siΩm-is\ 1879 \hw-_¿ 4˛mw XobXn ]cp-a-e-bn¬h®v ]´w sIń.
10. Xpcp-Øn-°mSv tbml-∂m≥ Gh≥tK-en-bm-bpsS ]≈n-bn-te°v
Ip∂-°¬ bmt°m_v siΩm-is\ 1879 \hw-_¿ 4˛mw XobXn ]cp-a-
e-bn¬h®v ]´w sIń.
11. I‰m\w kvtX^m-t\mkv ]≈n-bn-te°v the-ßØv Koh-dp-Kokv

I»o-imsb 1879 \hw-_¿ 18˛mw XobXn ]cp-a-e-bn¬h®v ]´w sIń.
12. Imc-°¬ am¿ Koh-dp-Kokv ]≈n-bn-te°v Ingt°A‰Øp
bmt°m_v siΩm-is\ 1879 \hw-_¿ 18˛mw XobXn ]cp-a-e-bn¬h®v
]´w sIń.
13. ]g™n ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ ]≈n-bn-te°v kvIdn-bm-bpsS aI≥
iotam≥ A∏pZvb°n-t\m-tb 1882 G{]n¬ 4˛\v tIm´bw ]pØ-\-
ßmSn ]≈n-bn¬h®v ]´w sIń.
14. I√S ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ ]≈n-bnte°v a¶p-cØv Koh-dp-Kokv
I»o-im-bpsS aI≥ butk^v avkt{am-t\msb 1891 \hw-_¿ 14˛\p
tIm´bw skan-\m-cn-bn¬h®v ]´w sIń.
15. Ipdp-∏w-]Sn ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ ]≈n-bn-te°v X´m-c]pd-tØ¬
iap-th-ens‚ aI≥ aØmbn siΩm-is\ 1891 \hw-_¿ 17˛mw XobXn
]´w sIń.
16. apf-a-¥p-cpØv am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS ]≈n-bn-te°v tXmΩm-
bpsS aI≥ bmt°m_v A∏pZvb°n-t\mtb 1892 BKÃv 26˛\v Imbw-
Ip-fØv h®v ]´w sIń.
{KŸI¿Ømhns‚ IrXnIƒ
1. PKZoiv N{µt_mkv (PohNcn{Xw)
2. C·mtXymkns‚ k]vXteJ\ßƒ (hnh¿Ø\w)
3. skan\m¿ {]_‘ßƒ (FUn‰¿)
4. ]pent°mń¬ am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv {]Y-a≥
(c≠mw ]Xn∏v, PohNcn{Xw)
5. ae¶ck`bpw tIcf kwkvImchpw (k`mNcn{Xw)
6. C¥y≥ Hm¿ØtUmIvkv k` (k`mNcn{Xw)
7. ae¶cbpsS {]hmNI≥ (PohNcn{Xw)
8. k`bnse {]Xnk‘nIƒ (FUn‰¿)
9. `mcXØnse {]mNo\ ss__nƒ (KthjW]T\w, hymJym\w)
10. aebmf IhnXbpw ss__nfpw (]n.-F-®v.Un. {]_‘w)
11. almflmhmb I¿ΩtbmKn (FUn‰¿)
12. Hcp ]ctZibm{XbpsS IY (FUn‰¿)
13. C¥y≥k`: Ncn{Xhpw kwkvImchpw (kl{KŸImc≥)
14. ae¶ck`bpsS tIm´ (PohNcn{Xw ˛ kl{KŸImc≥)
15. ]m{Xnb¿°ok∑mcpsS A[n-ImcZp¿hn\ntbmKw (k`mNcn{Xw)
16. kt≠kvIqƒ A≤ym]I klmbn (FUn‰¿)
17. kwkvImc ]T\ßƒ (FUn‰¿)
18. A£cßfpsS BNmcy≥ (jjvSn]q¿Øn D]lmc{KŸw)
19. ae¶ck`bpsS kph¿ÆbpKinev]n (hmeyw 1, PohNcn{Xw)
20. ae¶ck`bpsS kph¿ÆbpKinev]n (hmeyw 2, FUn‰¿)
21. ae¶ck`bpsS kph¿ÆbpKinev]n (hmeyw 3, FUn‰¿)
22. C¥y≥ Hm¿ØtUmIvkv k` 52˛2014 (k`mNcn{Xw)
23. tIcf \thm∞m\hpw aebmfw ss__nfpw (FUn‰¿)
24. 1811˛se aebmfw ss__nfpw ]pent°mń¬ c≠ma\pw (FUn‰¿)
25. I≠\mSv {KŸhcn (k`mNcn{Xw, hymJym\w)
26. IShn¬ am¿ AØm\mtkymkv (PohNcn{Xw)
27. A°c Ipcnb≥ ssd´¿ (PohNcn{Xw. kl{KŸImc≥)
28. Xriq¿]≈n Ncn{Xw (k`mNcn{Xw)
29. ]pent°mń¬ am¿ Zoh∂mtkymkv c≠ma≥ (PohNcn{Xw)
30. Indian Orthodox Church (Church History)
31. ]g™nbpsS t{ijvTmNmcy≥ (PohNcn{Xw)
32. ae¶ck`bpsS kap∂XkmcYnIƒ
(k`mNcn{Xw. kl{KŸ Imc≥)
33. Hm¿ØtUmIvkv Bcm[\bpsS ]cnt{]£yw (]T\w)

34. ]meq¿ Nm´pIpfßc: Ncn{Xhpw kwkvImchpw (k`mNcn{Xw)
35. ae¶ck`bpw Imt\m≥ kwlnXIfpw (]T\w)
36. ]g™n]≈n Ncn{Xw
37. k`m Z¿i\w (3 aWn°q¿ hoUn-tbm-Im-k-‰v, k`mNcn{Xw)
38. ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ ImenI {]m[m\yw (kl{KŸImc≥)
39. sXc-s™-SpØ {]_-‘-ßƒ
40. C¥y≥ Hm¿ØtUmIvkv k`mNcn{X hn⁄m\tImiw
41. tIc-f -\-thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ {]Ya {]hm-N-I≥
42. ac-Wm-\-¥c PohnXw (FUn-‰¿)
43. shń-°p-t∂¬ A®≥
44. b¬tZm _t -en-tbm-kv-: k-a-Ime Ncn{XtcJ-I-fn-eqsS
45. ss__nƒ ]pXn-b-\n-baw (kw-t£-]w)
46. ]I-tem-a‰w sa{Xm-∑m¿
47. ]pen-t°m-ń¬ Xncp-ta-\n-am¿
48. ]cp-a-e-bpsS ]cn-afw
49. Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv Bcm-[-\m-h¿jw
50. BZn-a -k-`-bpsS {]t_m-[-\ßfpw Bcm-[-\-Ifpw

Biography ST Gregorios

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Biography ST Gregorios

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]cp-a-e-bpsS ]cn-afw

]. NmØp-cp-Øn¬ Koh¿Kokv am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kns‚

^m. tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥

]pen-t°m-´n¬ tUm. Koh¿Kokv am¿ bqen-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm

I-cn-°-s∏´ B {KŸw ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤-Øns‚

"At¥ym-Jy≥ ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS' Hcp \o≠- \n-c- X-s∂-bp-≠v. sia-

AXn¬ k`m-N-cn-{X -]-›m-Ø-e-Øn\v {]m[m\yw \¬Ip-hm≥ \n›-

tI-{µw Bcw-`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX ]pen-t°m-´n¬ C´q∏v dºm≥ ˛ ]n∂oSv

t]m∂p. t{]m´-Ã‚ v apt∂-‰sØ XS-bp-hm≥ k`-bpsS Xocp-am-\-

t]cn-eqsS Koh-dp-Kokv IØ-\m-cpsS kzm[o\w sIm®-bvt∏m-c-bpsS

Bbn-cp-∂p. Koh-dp-Ko-kns‚ {]mb-Øn¬ adnb-Øn\pw Hcp Ip™p-

hniz-kn-∏n®v AwKo-Imcw t\Sn-b-Xp-sIm≠v am{X-a-√, Ip¿∫m-\-{Iaw

ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS sshZn-I-{S-Ã-nbpw tIm´bw sNdn-b-]≈n hnIm-cnbpw

sXmgn°m≥ Bcw-`n®p'' (a-e-¶c CS-hI]{XnI 1907 Xpemw. Cu

1863˛¬ At±lw Ime-K-Xnsb {]m]n-®p. apf-¥p-cp-Øn-∏-≈n-bpsS

W-amw-hn[w ]m{X-hn-kvXr-Xn-bp≈ ⁄m\m-t\zjn Bbn-cp-∂p. A[ym-

F∂ `mKhpw am¿ _mem-bn-bpsS At]-£bpw tN¿Øv ]q¿hnI

tI´n-´p-≈-Xv. \ho-I-c-W-°m¿ Ah¿°v {]m_-ey-ap≈ CS-h-I-I-fn¬

Xocp-am-\n-°p-hm≥ H´pw {]bm-k-s∏-tS-≠n -h-∂n-√. F∂m¬ Bcn¬-

s\-bn-cnt° 1871 Ipw`w 11˛\v At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ]c-tem-I-

K- Ø n- \ mbn CS- h - I - ° m¿ ]pen- t °m- ´ n¬ sa{X- m t∏meoØmbv ° v

hSt° Zn°n-ep≈ F√m ]≈n-Iƒ°pw FgpXn Ab-®p. BbXp

]p{X∑mcmbn \sΩ sXcs™Sp°pIbpw _lpam\ap≈ Xs‚

bqkm Ct∏mƒ Cu Ime-Øn¬ \Ωn¬ HØn-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn ImW-

fn¬ \n∂pw temIw am™pt]mIp∂p F∂pw Ah-km-\-Im-e-Øn¬

Ck-lm-°n-s\-°p-dn®pw bmt°m-_n-s\-°p-dn®pw bn{km-tb-en\v c£

tfmSp IqsSbpw `mKy°mcØnbpsS X\nb≥ ]p{X\mb \ΩpsS

Rm≥ hmgvØn AhcpsS ZnjvSXnbpw s]m∂v t]mcmbvIbpw Hs°bpw

F∂m¬ B Iev]\tbbpw B \matØbpw ssIs°m≈p∂n-

t]mse _lpkmcambn ssIs°m≈s∏Sp∂XmIp∂p F∂v \nßƒ

kn-Iƒ hmgvhn\mbpw tcmKn-Iƒ At±-l-Øns‚ {]m¿∞-\- aq-e-ap≈

bXpw IYm-]p-cp-js\ Dt∑jw sIm≈n® Hcp kwK-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

tIfn-sIm-´mbn 1873˛se ]cp-ae kp∂-l-tZm-kns\ Koh-dp-Kokv dºm-

]. ]t{Xmkv ]m{Xn-b¿°okv e≠≥ hgn a{Z-mkn-se-Øn. At±-

hmgn-®Xpw Ah¿°v ]pen-t°m-´n¬ sa{Xm-s\-t∏mse kzX{¥ `{Zm-

[-\-bn¬ ÿm]n-°m≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ap≥ssI FSpØp. {]Xn-Zn-\-

am¿ A_vZp≈m {KotKm-dn-tbmkv F∂n-h¿ apJy kl-Im¿Ωn-I¿

{KotKm-dn-tbm-kn-s\bpw ]m{Xn-b¿°okv sa{Xm-∑m-cmbn hmgn-®p. Cu

"".... -]n∂oSv hnip≤ ]nXmhv sX°pw hS-°p-ap≈ aP-eokpIm¿55

A¥na I¬]-\-I-fmbn ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ]pXnb sa{Xm-∑msc N´w-

4. tIm´bw ]g-b-sk-an-\mcn XpSßn k`-bpsS s]mXp DS-a-bn-ep≈

{KotKm-dn-tbmkv Bbn-cp-∂p. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv _mhmsb ]nW-°m-Xn-

Cu Bƒ apJm¥ncw kpdnbm\n°m¿°v euInI Imcyßfn¬

]-cm-a¿iw Ct∏m-sg-¶nepw hmbn®v sX‰p-Xn-cp-Øp-sa∂v Ncn-{X-hn-Zym¿-

Iqdntemkv sa{Xmt∏meoØmbpw \ncWw CShIbpsS KohdpKokv

IqSntb Ign-bq. ]ns∂ Hcp sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ta¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-

Atkm-tky-j≥ F∂ t]cpw AXn¬ 24 saº¿amcpw Hcp {]kn-

tiJ-c-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ apX¬ hmßn cioXn sImSp-°p-∂-Xn\v saº¿-

tIm´bw apX-ep≈ ]≈n-I-fnse P\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw ]nSn-b-cnbpw \qdp

PohnXw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. kzX{¥ sa{Xm-k-\-ß-fmbn Ggv

Npa-Xe G¬]n®v kpkvXm-Øn-t°m≥ X∂-t∏mgpw AXn-t\-°m-

Hcp Znhkw Bdv aWn-°q-dn¬ Ipd-bmØ kabw siΩm-i-∑m¿°v

]t{Xmkv XrXo-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ]´wsImSpØ Bdv sa{Xm-

A©c h¿jw Ign™v Ccp´v hcp-sa∂pw 1881 HIvtSm-_¿ 2˛mw XobXn

thWw Icp-Xp-hm≥. Xs‚ a‰v injy-∑mcmb A¶amen Ip‰n-°m´v

°p-hm≥ At±lw kabw Is≠-Øn. Hcp k\ym-kn-bpsS efn-X-Pohn-

sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-tbm-Sp≈ kwk¿§w am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kns‚

am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Icp-Xn. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v doiokm Abbv°p-

1889˛¬ Ah-km-\n® skan-\mcn hyh-lm-c-Øns‚ hn[nbn¬ Nne

IΩn-‰n-bpsS \n¿t±-i-{]-Imcw hS-°≥]d-hq¿ (A-¶am-en), ]pXp-∏≈n

bn¬ IqSnb amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n ]cp-ae {KotKm-dn-tbm-kns\ ae-¶c

amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n F∂ I¿Ω-k-an-Xnbpw cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-´-tXmsS ]cp-

bmbn Ah¿ Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. Hgn-hp-k-a-b-ß-fn¬ AXy-]q¿∆-amb