Ngu Phap Tieng Anh

3:55 PM V¨n ph¹m Ng÷ ph¸p TiÕng Anh - NguyÔn M¹nh C−êng k37ib
M¹o tõ bÊt ®Þnh

(Indefinite Article)
1/ A ®øng tr−íc mét phô ©m hoÆc mét nguyªn ©m cã ©m lµ phô ©m.
VÝ dô:
- a game (mét trß ch¬i); a boat (mét chiÕc tµu thñy)
- a university (mét tr−êng ®¹i häc); a year (mét n¨m)
- a European (mét ng−êi ¢u); a one-legged man (mét ng−êi thät ch©n)
2/ An ®øng tr−íc mét nguyªn ©m hoÆc mét h c©m.
VÝ dô:
- an egg (mét qu¶ trøng); an ant (mét con kiÕn)
- an honour (mét niÒm vinh dù); an hour (mét giê ®ång hå)
3/ An còng ®øng tr−íc çc mÉu tù ®Æc biÖt ®äc nh− mét nguyªn ©m.
VÝ dô:
- an SOS (mét tÝn hiÖu cÊp cøu); an MSc (mét th¹c sÜ khoa häc), an X-ray (mét
tia X)
4/ A/An cã h×nh thøc gièng nhau ë tÊt c¶ çc gièng.
VÝ dô:
- a tiger (mét con cäp); a tigress (mét con cäp çi)
- an uncle (mét «ng chó); an aunt (mét bµ d×)
Dïng m¹o tõ bÊt ®Þnh

1/ Tr−íc mét danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®−îc.
VÝ dô:
- We need a microcomputer (Chóng t«i cÇn mét m¸y vi tÝnh)
- He eats an ice-cream (Anh ta ¨n mét c©y kem)
2/ Tr−íc mét danh tõ lµm bæ tóc tõ (kÓ c¶ danh tõ chØ nghÒ nghiÖp)
VÝ dô:
- It was a tempest (§ã lµ mét trËn b·o d÷ déi)
- She'll be a musician (C« ta sÏ lµ mét nh¹c sÜ)
- Peter is an actor (Peter lµ mét diÔn viªn)
3/ Trong çc thµnh ng÷ chØ sè l−îng nhÊt ®Þnh
VÝ dô:
- a lot (nhiÒu); a couple (mét cÆp/®«i); a third (mét phÇn ba)
- a dozen (mét t¸); a hundred (mét tr¨m); a quarter (mét phÇn t−)
L−u ý
a còng ®−îc dïng tr−íc half (nöa, r−ìi), khi half theo sau mét sè nguyªn vÑn.
Ch¼ng h¹n, 2 1/2 kilos = two and half kilos hoÆc two kilos and a half (hai kÝ
r−ìi), nh−ng 1/2 Kg = half a kilo (nöa kÝ) [kh«ng cã a tr−íc half ]. §«i khi
ng−êi ta vÉn dïng a + half + danh tõ, ch¼ng h¹n nh− a half-dozen (nöa t¸), a half-
length (bøc ¶nh chôp nöa ng−êi); a half-hour (nöa giê).
4/ Trong çc thµnh ng÷ chØ gi¸ c¶, tèc ®é, tØ lÖ ...
VÝ dô:
- 90 kilometres an hour (chÝn m−¬i kÝ l« mÐt/giê)
- 4 times a day (bèn lÇn mçi ngµy)
- 2 dollars a litre (hai ®« la mét lÝt)
- a/an = per (mçi)
^# 1 "]
5/ Trong çc thµnh ng÷ chØ sù c¶m th¸n
VÝ dô:
- What a pity! (thËt ®¸ng tiÕc!)
- Such a picturesque hill! (mét ngän ®åi thËt th¬ méng!)
- What a beautiful painting! (mét bøc tranh tuyÖt vêi!)
nh−ng:
- Such picturesque hills! (nh÷ng ngän ®åi thËt th¬ méng!)
- What beautiful paintings! (nh÷ng bøc tranh tuyÖt vêi !)
6/ a cã thÓ ®øng tr−íc Mr/Mrs/Miss + hä
VÝ dô:
- a Mr Smith, a Mrs Smith, a Miss Smith
- a Mr Smith nghÜa lµ "mét ng−êi ®µn «ng mang tªn Smith" vµ ng−êi nãi kh«ng
biÕt «ng nµy, trong khi Mr Smith (kh«ng cã a) nghÜa lµ "«ng Smith" mµ ng−êi
nãi cã biÕt.
Kh«ng dïng m¹o tõ bÊt ®Þnh

1/ Tr−íc danh tõ sè nhiÒu
A/An kh«ng cã h×nh thøc sè nhiÒu. V× vËy, sè nhiÒu cña a cat lµ cats vµ cña an
apple lµ apples.
2/ Tr−íc danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc
VÝ dô:
- He gave us good advice (¤ng ta cho chóng t«i nh÷ng lêi khuyªn hay)
- I write on paper (T«i ghi trªn giÊy)
3/ Tr−íc tªn gäi çc b÷a ¨n, trõ phi cã tÝnh tõ ®øng tr−íc çc tªn gäi ®ã
VÝ dô:
- They have lunch at eleven (hä dïng c¬m tr−a lóc 11 giê)
- You gave me an appetizing dinner (b¹n ®· cho t«i mét b÷a ¨n tèi thËt ngon
miÖng).
Tuy nhiªn, nÕu lµ b÷a ¨n ®Æc biÖt nh©n dÞp nµo ®ã, ng−êi ta vÉn dïng m¹o tõ bÊt
®Þnh.
VÝ dô:
- I was invited to breakfast (b÷a ®iÓm t©m b×nh th−êng)
(T«i ®−îc mêi ¨n ®iÓm t©m).
- We were invited to a dinner given to welcome the new director.
(Chóng t«i ®−îc mêi dù b÷a ¨n tèi chµo mõng vÞ gi¸m ®èc míi).
Nãi riªng vÒ One
• One (tÝnh tõ/®¹i tõ) dïng víi another/others.
VÝ dô:
- One day they drink wine, another day they drink beer.
(Cã ngµy hä uèng r−îu, cã ngµy hä uèng bia).
- One (student) wanted to watch TV, another/others wanted to play chess
(Cã ng−êi (sinh viªn) muèn xem TV, ng−êi kh¸c l¹i muèn ®¸nh cê)
• Cã thÓ dïng One tr−íc day (ngµy) /week (tuÇn) /month (th¸ng)/
year (n¨m)/summer (mïa hÌ)/winter (mïa ®«ng) ... ®Ó chØ mét thêi gian ®Æc biÖt
nµo ®ã.
^# 2 "]
VÝ dô:
- One night there was a persistent rain. (Mét ®ªm nä, trêi m−a dai d¼ng)
- One day you'll be sorry you spoke highly of your neighbours.
(Mét ngµy nµo ®ã, b¹n sÏ ©n hËn lµ ®· ca ngîi nh÷ng ng−êi l¸ng giÒng cña
m×nh)
• One còng lµ mét ®¹i tõ t−¬ng ®−¬ng cña A/An.
VÝ dô:
- Did you get a seat? - Yes, I managed to get one.
(B¹n ®· t×m ®−îc mét chç ngåi ch−a? - V©ng, t«i ®· xoay së ®−îc mét chç
ngåi)
Sè nhiÒu cña One theo çch nµy lµ Some (vµi, mét Ýt).
VÝ dô:
- Did you get a refrigerator? - Yes, we managed to get some.
(Çc b¹n ®· mua ®−îc tñ l¹nh ch−a? - V©ng, chóng t«i ®· xoay së ®−îc vµi
çi).
§Æc biÖt lµ trong The rent is £400 a month (tiÒn thuª nhµ lµ 400 b¶ng mét
th¸ng), kh«ng thÓ thay a b»ng one.
M¹o tõ x¸c ®Þnh

(Definite Article)
H×nh thøc cña M¹o tõ x¸c ®Þnh (Definite Article)
The dïng cho c¶ danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc (sè Ýt lÉn sè nhiÒu) vµ danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc.
VÝ dô:
- The truth (sù thËt)
- The time (thêi gian)
- The bicycle (mét chiÕc xe ®¹p)
- The bicycles (nh÷ng chiÕc xe ®¹p)
Dïng m¹o tõ x¸c ®Þnh

1/ Khi vËt thÓ hay nhãm vËt thÓ lµ duy nhÊt hoÆc ®−îc xem lµ duy nhÊt
VÝ dô:
- The sun (mÆt trêi); the sea (biÓn c¶)
- The world (thÕ giíi); the earth (qu¶ ®Êt)
2/ Tr−íc mét danh tõ, víi ®iÒu kiÖn danh tõ nµy võa míi ®−îc ®Ò cËp tr−íc ®ã.
VÝ dô:
- I saw a beggar. The beggar looked curiously at me.
(T«i thÊy mét ng−êi ¨n xin. Ng−êi ¨n xin Êy nh×n t«i víi vÎ tß mß)
3/ Tr−íc mét danh tõ, víi ®iÒu kiÖn danh tõ nµy ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh b»ng mét côm tõ hoÆc
mét mÖnh ®Ò.
VÝ dô:
- The girl in uniform (C« g¸i mÆc ®ång phôc)
- The mechanic that I met (Ng−êi thî m¸y mµ t«i ®· gÆp)
- The place where I waited for him (N¬i mµ t«i ®îi anh ta)
4/ Tr−íc mét danh tõ chØ mét vËt riªng biÖt
VÝ dô:
- My father is working in the garden
^# 3 "]
- (Cha t«i ®ang lµm viÖc trong v−ên) [V−ên nhµ t«i]
- Please pass the dictionary (Lµm ¬n ®−a quyÓn tù ®iÓn) [Tù ®iÓn ë trªn bµn]
5/ Tr−íc so s¸nh cùc cÊp, tr−íc first (thø nhÊt), second (thø nh×), only (duy nhÊt)....
khi çc tõ nµy ®−îc dïng nh− tÝnh tõ hay ®¹i tõ.
VÝ dô:
- The first day (ngµy ®Çu tiªn)
- The best time (thêi gian thuËn tiÖn nhÊt)
- The only way (çch duy nhÊt)
- The first to discover this accident (ng−êi ®Çu tiªn ph¸t hiÖn tai n¹n nµy)
6/ The + Danh tõ sè Ýt t−îng tr−ng cho mét nhãm thó vËt hoÆc ®å vËt
VÝ dô:
- The whale is in danger of becoming extinct (Ç voi ®ang trong nguy c¬ tuyÖt
chñng)
- The fast food has made life easier for housewives.(Thøc ¨n nhanh ®· lµm cho
çc bµ néi trî cã cuéc sèng dÔ dµng h¬n)
7/ The cã thÓ dïng tr−íc mét thµnh viªn cña mét nhãm ng−êi nhÊt ®Þnh
VÝ dô:
- The small shopkeeper is finding business increasingly difficult (Giíi chñ tiÖm
nhá thÊy viÖc bu«n b¸n ngµy cµng khã kh¨n)
8/ The + Danh tõ sè Ýt dïng tr−íc mét ®éng tõ sè Ýt. §¹i tõ lµ He / She /It
VÝ dô:
- The first-class passenger pays more so that he enjoys some comfort.
(Hµnh kh¸ch ®i vÐ h¹ng nhÊt tr¶ tiÒn nhiÒu h¬n ®Ó h−ëng tiÖn nghi tho¶i m¸i)
9/ The + TÝnh tõ t−îng tr−ng cho mét nhãm ng−êi
VÝ dô:
-The old (ng−êi giµ); the rich and the poor (ng−êi giµu vµ ng−êi nghÌo)
10/ The dïng tr−íc nh÷ng danh tõ riªng chØ biÓn, s«ng, quÇn ®¶o, d·y nói, tªn gäi sè
nhiÒu cña çc n−íc, sa m¹c, miÒn
VÝ dô:
- The Pacific (Th¸i B×nh D−¬ng); The Netherlands (Hµ Lan)
- The Crimea (Vïng Crimª); The Alps (d·y Alps)
11/ The còng ®øng tr−íc nh÷ng tªn gäi gåm Danh tõ + of + danh tõ
VÝ dô:
- The Gulf of Mexico (VÞnh Mªhic«)
- The United States of America (HiÖp chñng quèc Hoa Kú).
Nh−ng ng−êi ta l¹i nãi:
- South Africa (Nam Phi), North America (B¾c Mü), West Germany (T©y §øc),
mÆc dï The north of Spain (B¾c T©y Ban Nha), The Middle East (Trung §«ng);
The West (T©y Ph−¬ng)
12 The + hä (ë sè nhiÒu) nghÜa lµ Gia ®×nh ...
VÝ dô: The Smiths = Gia ®×nh Smith (vî chång Smith vµ çc con)
Kh«ng dïng m¹o tõ x¸c ®Þnh

1/ Tr−íc tªn quèc gia, tªn ch©u lôc, tªn nói, tªn hå, tªn ®−êng.
VÝ dô:
^# 4 "]
Europe (Ch©u ¢u), South America (Nam Mü), France (Ph¸p quèc), Downing
Street (Phè Downing)
2/ Khi danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc hoÆc danh tõ sè nhiÒu dïng theo nghÜa chung nhÊt,
chø kh«ng chØ riªng tr−êng hîp nµo.
VÝ dô:
- I don't like French beer (T«i ch¼ng thÝch bia cña Ph¸p)
- I don't like Mondays (T«i ch¼ng thÝch ngµy thø hai)
3/ Tr−íc danh tõ trõu t−îng, trõ phi danh tõ ®ã chØ mét tr−êng hîp ç biÖt.
VÝ dô:
- Men fear death (Con ng−êi sî çi chÕt)
Nh−ng:
- The death of the President made his country acephalous (çi chÕt cña vÞ tæng
thèng ®· khiÕn cho ®Êt n−íc «ng kh«ng cã ng−êi l·nh ®¹o).
4/ Sau së h÷u tÝnh tõ (possessive adjective) hoÆc sau danh tõ ë së h÷u çch
(possessive case).
VÝ dô:
- My friend, chø kh«ng nãi My the friend
- The girl's mother = the mother of the girl (MÑ cña c« g¸i)
5/ Tr−íc tªn gäi çc b÷a ¨n.
VÝ dô:
-They invited some friends to dinner.
(Hä mêi vµi ng−êi b¹n ®Õn ¨n tèi)
Nh−ng:
- The wedding breakfast was held in a beautiful garden
(B÷a tiÖc c−íi ®−îc tæ chøc trong mét khu v−ên xinh ®Ñp)
6/ Tr−íc çc t−íc hiÖu.
VÝ dô:
- President Roosevelt (Tæng thèng Roosevelt)
- King Louis XIV of France (Vua Louis XIV cña Ph¸p)
7/ Trong çc tr−êng hîp sau ®©y:
- Women are always fond of music (Phô n÷ lu«n thÝch ©m nh¹c)
- Come by car/by bus (§Õn b»ng xe «t«/xe bóyt)
- In spring/in autumn (Vµo mïa xu©n/mïa thu), last night (®ªm qua), next year
(n¨m tíi), from beginning to end (tõ ®Çu tíi cuèi), from left to right (tõ tr¸i sang
ph¶i).
- To play golf/chess/cards (ch¬i g«n/ ®¸nh cê/®¸nh bµi)
L−u ý
• Nature mang nghÜa "Tù nhiªn , thiªn nhiªn " th× kh«ng dïng the.
VÝ dô:
- According to the laws of nature (Theo quy luËt tù nhiªn)
- They couldn't tolerate city life anymore and went back to nature (Hä kh«ng
chÞu næi ®êi sèng thµnh thÞ n÷a vµ trë vÒ víi thiªn nhiªn)
• He listened to the radio (Anh ta nghe ra®i«), nh−ng He watched television (Anh
ta xem TV) ; hoÆc He heard it on the radio (Anh ta nghe ®−îc viÖc ®ã trªn ra®i«),
nh−ng He saw it on TV (Anh ta thÊy viÖc ®ã trªn TV).
^# 5 "]
• Go home/get home (§i vÒ nhµ), be at home ( nhµ), nh−ng They returned to the
bridegroom's home (Hä trë l¹i nhµ chó rÓ). Go to bed/hospital/church/school/
work/prison (§i ngñ/®i n»m bÖnh viÖn/®i lÔ/®i häc/®i lµm/ ®i tï), nh−ng They went
to the school to see their children's teacher (Hä ®Õn tr−êng ®Ó gÆp thÇy cña con
hä) & The priest goes to the jail to pray for the two dying prisoners (Linh môc
®Õn nhµ tï ®Ó cÇu nguyÖn cho hai ng−êi tï ®ang hÊp hèi) & She will get a bus at
the church (C« ta sÏ ®ãn xe bóyt ë chç nhµ thê). Nãi chung, kh«ng thÓ thiÕu The
nÕu ®Õn tr−êng kh«ng ph¶i ®Ó häc, ®Õn nhµ tï kh«ng ph¶i ®Ó ë tï hoÆc ®Õn nhµ thê
kh«ng ph¶i ®Ó dù lÔ.
Danh tõ
(Nouns)
Tæng quan vÒ danh tõ
1/ TiÕng Anh cã 4 lo¹i danh tõ :
• Danh tõ chung (Common nouns) : Bird (chim), Policeman (c¶nh s¸t viªn),
Pen (bót).
• Danh tõ riªng (Proper nouns) : Vietnam (ViÖt Nam), London (Lu©n §«n),
Mrs Hoa (Bµ Hoa), Peter (Peter).
• Danh tõ trõu t−îng (Abstract nouns) : Talent (tµi n¨ng), Mercy (lßng nh©n
¸i), Joy (niÒm vui), Sadness (nçi buån).
• Danh tõ tËp hîp (Collective nouns) : Crowd (®¸m ®«ng), Flock (®µn, bÇy),
Group (nhãm), Swarm (bÇy, ®µn), Team (®éi) ...
2/ Chøc n¨ng cña danh tõ:
• Chñ tõ cña mét ®éng tõ : Peter arrived (Tom ®· ®Õn)
• Bæ tóc tõ (complement) cña ®éng tõ Be , Become (trë nªn), Seem (d−êng
nh−): Peter becomes a soldier (Peter trë thµnh ng−êi lÝnh)
• Tóc tõ (object) cña mét ®éng tõ : Last week, I saw Peter in this street
(TuÇn råi, t«i gÆp Peter trªn con ®−êng nµy)
• Tóc tõ cña mét giíi tõ (preposition) : I spoke to his parents (T«i ®· nãi
chuyÖn víi bè mÑ anh ta)
L−u ý Danh tõ còng cã thÓ ë trong së h÷u çch : Peter's wallet (Çi vÝ cña Peter)
Gièng cña danh tõ

1/ Çc gièng:
• Gièng ®ùc chØ ®µn «ng, con trai vµ nh÷ng con thó ®ùc (®¹i tõ nh©n x−ng t−¬ng
øng lµ He/They)
• Gièng çi chØ phô n÷, çc c« g¸i vµ nh÷ng con thó çi (®¹i tõ nh©n x−ng t−¬ng
øng lµ She/They)
• Trung tÝnh chØ nh÷ng vËt v« sinh, nh÷ng ®éng vËt mµ ta kh«ng biÕt gièng, kÓ
c¶ nh÷ng ®øa trÎ mµ ta ch−a râ trai hay g¸i (®¹i tõ It/They)
2/ Sau ®©y lµ nh÷ng danh tõ cã h×nh thøc gièng ®ùc vµ gièng çi nh− nhau:
Artist (nghÖ sÜ), cook (®Çu bÕp), driver (tµi xÕ), guide (h−íng dÉn viªn), catholic
(tÝn ®å Thiªn chóa), scientist (nhµ khoa häc), tourist (du kh¸ch), passenger (hµnh
kh¸ch)...
^# 6 "]
3/ Sau ®©y lµ nh÷ng danh tõ cã h×nh thøc gièng ®ùc vµ gièng çi kh¸c nhau:
3.1
Boy (con trai), girl (con g¸i)
Bachelor (ng−êi ch−a vî), spinster (ng−êi ch−a chång)
Bridegroom (chó rÓ), bride (c« d©u)
Father (cha), mother (mÑ)
Gentleman (quý «ng), lady (quý bµ)
Husband (chång), wife (vî)
Uncle (chó, b¸c, cËu), aunt (d×, c«, mî)
Nephew (ch¸u trai), niece (ch¸u g¸i)
Widower (ng−êi go¸ vî), widow (ng−êi go¸ chång)
Son (con trai), daughter (con g¸i)
Man (®µn «ng), woman (®µn bµ)
Salesman,saleswoman (nam, n÷ b¸n hµng) ...
3.2
Duke (c«ng t−íc), duchess (n÷ c«ng t−íc)
Prince (hoµng tö), princess (c«ng chóa)
Actor, actress (nam, n÷ diÔn viªn)
Host, hostess (nam, n÷ chñ nh©n)
Conductor, conductress (nam, n÷ so¸t vÐ)
Hero, heroine (anh hïng/anh th−)
Steward, stewardess (nam, n÷ tiÕp viªn)
Waiter, waitress (nam, n÷ phôc vô)
Heir, heiress (nam, n÷ thõa kÕ)
Manager, manageress (nam, n÷ gi¸m ®èc)
King (vua), queen (hoµng hËu)
Earl (b¸ t−íc), countess (n÷ b¸ t−íc)
Lord (l·nh chóa), lady (n÷ l·nh chóa) ...
4/ Tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt

Bull,cow (bß ®ùc, bß çi)
Duck, drake (vÞt trèng, vÞt m¸i)
Cock, hen (gµ trèng, gµ m¸i)
Gander, goose (ngçng ®ùc, ngçng çi)
Stag, doe (h−¬u ®ùc, h−¬u çi)
Tiger, tigress (cäp ®ùc, cäp çi)
Lion, lioness (s− tö ®ùc, s− tö çi)
Dog, bitch (chã ®ùc, chã çi)
Sè nhiÒu cña danh tõ
A Sè nhiÒu cña danh tõ
1/ ChØ riªng danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc míi cã sè nhiÒu.
2/ Th−êng th× sè nhiÒu cña danh tõ h×nh thµnh b»ng çch thªm S vµo sè Ýt.
VÝ dô:
Hilltop, hilltops (®Ønh ®åi)
Book, books (s¸ch)
^# 7 "]
Seat, seats (ghÕ)
Roof, roofs (m¸i nhµ)
Rose, roses (hoa hång)
Image, images (h×nh ¶nh)
Armed forces (lùc l−îng vò trang)
Window, windows (cöa sæ) ....
- S ®äc lµ /s/ sau ©m p, k, f, t. Sau nh÷ng ©m kh¸c th× s ®äc lµ /z/.
- S theo sau ce, ge, se hoÆc ze th× ®äc thªm mét vÇn phô lµ /iz/
3/ Sè nhiÒu cña danh tõ tËn cïng b»ng s, ss, sh, ss, ch hoÆc x vµ mét vµi danh tõ tËn
cïng b»ng o h×nh thµnh b»ng çch thªm es (es theo sau s, ch, sh, ss hoÆc x sÏ ®äc lµ
/iz/ )
VÝ dô: Tomato, tomatoes (cµ chua)
Bus, buses (xe bóyt)
Brush, brushes (bµn ch¶i)
Kiss, kisses (nô h«n)
Box, boxes (hép)
Church, churches (nhµ thê).
- Tuy nhiªn, danh tõ gèc n−íc ngoµi hoÆc danh tõ tãm l−îc tËn cïng b»ng o th× chØ
thªm s:
VÝ dô:
Dynamo, dynamos (m¸y ph¸t ®iÖn)
Piano, pianos (®µn pian«)
Kilo, kilos (kÝ l«)
Photo, photos (tÊm ¶nh)
Radio, radios (ra®i«)....
4/ Danh tõ tËn cïng b»ng phô ©m + y th× bá y vµ thªm ies
VÝ dô:
Baby, babies (®øa bÐ)
Country, countries (quèc gia)
Fly, flies (con ruåi)
Lady, ladies (quý bµ)
Entry, entries (môc tõ trong tù ®iÓn)
5/ Danh tõ tËn cïng b»ngnguyªn ©m + y th× thªm S nh− b×nh th−êng.
VÝ dô:
Boy, boys (con trai)
Day, days (ngµy)
Donkey, donkeys (con lõa)
Monkey, monkeys (con khØ)
Valley, valleys (thung lòng)
6/ M−êi hai danh tõ tËn cïng b»ng f hoÆc fe th× bá f hoÆc fe råi thªm ves
Calf (con bª), half (nöa, r−ìi), knife (con dao), leaf (l¸), life (cuéc ®êi), loaf (æ
b¸nh m×), self (çi t«i), sheaf (bã, thÕp), shelf (çi kÖ), thief (kÎ c¾p), wife (vî),
wolf (con ço).
L−u ý
- Sè nhiÒu cña hoof (mãng guèc), scarf (kh¨n quµng) vµ wharf (bÕn tµu)
^# 8 "]
h×nh thµnh b»ng c¶ hai çch (thªm s hoÆc ves).
- Ngoµi ra, çc danh tõ kh¸c tËn cïng lµ f hay fe chØ thªm s nh− b×nh th−êng.
Ch¼ng h¹n, Cliff - cliffs (v¸ch ®¸), Handkerchief - handkerchiefs (kh¨n tay), Safe,
safes (kÐt s¾t), Still life (Bøc tranh tÜnh vËt) - still lifes ...
7/ Mét sè danh tõ cã sè nhiÒu b»ng çch thay ®æi nguyªn ©m
VÝ dô:
Foot, feet (bµn ch©n)
Tooth, teeth (r¨ng)
Goose, geese (con ngçng)
Man, men (®µn «ng)
Woman, women (phô n÷)
Louse, lice (con rËn)
Mouse, mice (con chuét)
- Sè nhiÒu cña Child (®øa trÎ) vµ Ox (con bß ®ùc) lµ Children vµ Oxen
8/ Çc danh tõ sau ®©y lu«n lµ sè nhiÒu vµ dïng víi ®éng tõ ë sè nhiÒu:
- Clothes (quÇn ¸o), police (c¶nh s¸t), outskirts (vïng ngo¹i «), cattle (gia sóc),
spectacles (m¾t kÝnh), glasses (m¾t kÝnh), binoculars (èng nhßm), scissors (çi
kÐo), pliers (çi kÒm), shears (kÐo c¾t c©y), arms (vò khÝ), goods/wares (cña c¶i),
damages (tiÒn båi th−êng), greens (rau qu¶), earnings (tiÒn kiÕm ®−îc), grounds
(®Êt ®ai, v−ên t−îc), particulars (b¶n chi tiÕt), premises/quarters (nhµ cöa,v−ên
t−îc), riches (sù giµu cã), savings (tiÒn tiÕt kiÖm); spirits (r−îu m¹nh), stairs (cÇu
thang); surroundings (vïng phô cËn), valuables (®å quý gi¸).
- Mét vµi danh tõ tËn cïng b»ng ics nh− Acoustics (©m häc), athletics (®iÒn kinh),
ethics (®¹o ®øc), hysterics (c¬n kÝch ®éng), mathematics (to¸n häc), physics (vËt
lý), linguistics (ng«n ng÷ häc), phonetics (ng÷ ©m häc), logistics (ngµnh hËu cÇn),
technics (thuËt ng÷ kü thuËt), politics (chÝnh trÞ) .... lu«n cã h×nh thøc sè nhiÒu vµ
dïng víi ®éng tõ sè nhiÒu. Tuy nhiªn, ®«i khi tªn gäi cña çc m«n khoa häc ®−îc
xem nh− sè Ýt. Ch¼ng h¹n, Mathematics is the science of pure quantity (To¸n
häc lµ khoa häc vÒ l−îng thuÇn tóy).
9/ Çc danh tõ sau ®©y cã h×nh thøc sè nhiÒu, nh−ng l¹i mang nghÜa sè Ýt:
News (tin tøc), mumps (bÖnh quai bÞ), measles (bÖnh sëi), rickets (bÖnh cßi
x−¬ng), shingles (bÖnh zona), billiards (bi-da), darts (m«n nÐm phi tiªu), draughts
(m«n cê vua), bowls (m«n nÐm bãng gç),
dominoes (®«min«), the United States (HiÖp chñng quèc Hoa Kú). Ch¼ng h¹n,
The news is bad (Tin tøc ch¼ng lµnh) hoÆc The United States is a very big
country (HiÖp chñng quèc Hoa Kú lµ mét n−íc rÊt lín).
10/ Çc danh tõ sau ®©y kh«ng thay ®æi khi ë sè nhiÒu:
Fish (ç), sheep (cõu), deer (nai), salmon (ç håi), cod (ç thu), carp (ç chÐp),
plaice (ç b¬n sao), squid (ç mùc), turbot (ç b¬n), aircraft (m¸y bay), series
(chuçi, d·y), species (loµi), offspring (con çi).
11/ Çc danh tõ tËp hîp nh− Group (nhãm), team (®éi), gang (b¨ng ®¶ng), band
(to¸n, tèp), pack (bÇy), staff (tËp thÓ nh©n viªn), community (céng ®ång), committee
(ñy ban), crowd (®¸m ®«ng), crew (thñy thñ ®oµn), family (gia ®×nh) .... cã thÓ dïng
®éng tõ ë sè Ýt hay sè nhiÒu. Ch¼ng h¹n, The government has made up its mind / have
made up their minds (ChÝnh phñ ®· quyÕt ®Þnh døt kho¸t), hoÆc Do / does your
family still live there? (Gia ®×nh b¹n vÉn sèng ë ®ã chø?)
^# 9 "]
12/ Mét vµi danh tõ gèc Hy L¹p hoÆc La Tinh vÉn cã sè nhiÒu theo quy luËt cña tiÕng
Hy L¹p hay La Tinh, ch¼ng h¹n nh− Crisis, crises (sù khñng ho¶ng); analysis,
analyses (sù ph©n tÝch); thesis, theses (luËn c−¬ng); oasis, oases (èc ®¶o); basis, bases
(nÒn t¶ng); axis, axes (trôc); appendix, appendices (phÇn phô lôc); genesis, geneses
(céi nguån); erratum, errata (lçi in); memorandum, memoranda (b¶n ghi nhí);
phenomenon, phenomena (hiÖn t−îng); radius, radii (b¸n kÝnh); terminus, termini (ga
cuèi). Nh−ng còng cã tr−êng hîp theo quy luËt tiÕng Anh, ch¼ng h¹n nh− Dogma,
dogmas (gi¸o ®iÒu); gymnasium, gymnasiums (phßng tËp thÓ dôc); formula, formulas
(thÓ thøc) (còng cã thÓ dïngformulae ). §Æc biÖt, sè nhiÒu cña Maximum cã thÓ lµ
Maximums hoÆc Maxima, cña Minimum cã thÓ lµ Minimums hoÆc Minima, cña
Medium cã thÓ lµ Mediums hoÆc Media.
L−u ý Khi danh tõ chØ thêi kho¶ng, sè tiÒn vµ kho¶ng çch theo sau mét sè ®Õm,
®éng tõ sÏ ë ng«i thø ba sè Ýt. Ch¼ng h¹n, Three weeks is a long time for a holiday
(Ba tuÇn lµ mét thêi gian dµi ®èi víi mét kú nghØ), Five miles is too far to walk (N¨m
dÆm th× qu¸ xa nÕu ®i bé) hoÆc Three quarters of the theatre was full (Ba phÇn t− r¹p
®· ®Çy kh¸ch).
B Sè nhiÒu cña danh tõ kÐp

1/ CÊu t¹o cña danh tõ kÐp
• Danh tõ + danh tõ
VÝ dô: Balance sheet (B¶ng quyÕt to¸n)
Business card (Danh thiÕp)
Street market (Chî trêi)
Winter clothes (quÇn ¸o mïa ®«ng)
Police station (§ån c«ng an)
Notice board (B¶ng th«ng b¸o)
Football ground (s©n ®¸ bãng)
• Danh tõ + danh ®éng tõ (gerund)
VÝ dô: Weight-lifting (Cö t¹)
Baby-sitting (C«ng viÖc gi÷ trÎ)
Coal-mining (Sù khai má than)
Surf-riding (M«n l−ít v¸n)
Horse-trading (Sù nh¹y bÐn s¾c s¶o)
• Danh ®éng tõ + danh tõ
VÝ dô: Living-room (Phßng kh¸ch)
Waiting-woman (Ng−êi hÇu g¸i)
Diving-rod (Que dß m¹ch n−íc)
Landing craft (Xuång ®æ bé)
Driving-test (cuéc thi lÊy b»ng l¸i xe)
Swimming-match (cuéc b¬i thi)
Ph©n biÖt
A coffee cup (T¸ch dïng ®Ó ®ùng cµ phª) vµ a cup of coffee (t¸ch cµ phª, t¸ch
®ang ®ùng cµ phª)
2/ Th−êng th× sè nhiÒu cña danh tõ kÐp h×nh thµnh b»ng çch thªm s vµo tõ sau
cïng:
^# 10 "]
Boy-friends (b¹n trai); grown-ups (ng−êi ®· tr−ëng thµnh); Easter eggs (trøng
Phôc sinh); express trains (tµu ho¶ tèc hµnh). §Æc biÖt,
Men drivers (tµi xÕ nam); women drivers (tµi xÕ n÷); women doctors (n÷ b¸c sÜ);
menservants (®Çy tí trai).
3/ NÕu cÊu t¹o cña danh tõ kÐp lµ danh tõ + phã tõ, danh tõ + giíi tõ + danh tõ,
chóng ta sÏ thªm s vµo tõ ®øng ®Çu, ch¼ng h¹n nh− hangers-on (kÎ bî ®Ýt), lookers-on
(kh¸n gi¶), runners-up (ng−êi ®o¹t h¹ng nh×), passers-by (kh¸ch qua ®−êng), ladies-
in-waiting (t× n÷), fathers-in-law (bè vî, bè chång), sisters-in-law (chÞ em d©u, chÞ em
vî, chÞ em chång), commanders-in-chief (tæng t− lÖnh), ambassadors-at-large (®¹i sø
l−u ®éng).
• Sè nhiÒu cña ch÷ viÕt t¾t:

OAPs (Old Age Pensioners) (ng−êi giµ h−u trÝ)
MPs (Members of Parliament) (nghÞ sÜ)
VIPs (Very Important Persons) (yÕu nh©n)
UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects) (vËt thÓ bay kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh)
Danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc vµ Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc

Tæng quan:
1/ §Æc ®iÓm cña danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc:
• ChØ nh÷ng g× ®Õm ®−îc, ch¼ng h¹n nh− a sandwich (mét çi b¸nh x¨ng- uych),
two sandwiches (hai çi b¸nh x¨ng-uych), a dog (mét con chã), three dogs (ba
con chã), a friend (mét ng−êi b¹n), ten friends (m−êi ng−êi b¹n), a cup of tea
(mét t¸ch trµ), four cups of tea (bèn t¸ch trµ).
• Cã thÓ ë sè nhiÒu, ch¼ng h¹n nh− a day, many days.
• Cã thÓ theo sau mét sè ®Õm, a/an hoÆc some (mét vµi).
2/ §Æc ®iÓm cña danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc:

• ChØ nh÷ng g× kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc hoÆc nh÷ng g× cã tÝnh çch trõu t−îng, ch¼ng
h¹n nh− Money (tiÒn b¹c), weather (thêi tiÕt), nature (thiªn nhiªn)......
• Kh«ng thÓ ë sè nhiÒu.
• Cã thÓ theo sau some (nµo ®ã), chø kh«ng thÓ theo sau a/an hoÆc mét sè ®Õm.
Nãi thªm vÒ danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc:
1/ Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc th−êng gÆp:
Bread (b¸nh m×), cream (kem), gold (vµng), paper (giÊy), tea (trµ), beer (bia),
dust (bôi), ice (n−íc ®¸), sand (çt), water (n−íc), cloth (v¶i), gin (r−îu gin),
jam (møt), soap (xµ b«ng), wine (r−îu nho), coffee (cµ phª), glass (thñy tinh),
oil (dÇu löa), stone (®¸), wood (gç), baggage (hµnh lý), damage (sù thiÖt h¹i),
luggage (hµnh lý), camping (sù c¾m tr¹i), furniture (®å ®¹c), parking (sù ®Ëu
xe), shopping (viÖc mua s¾m), weather (thêi tiÕt)...
2/ Danh tõ trõu t−îng
VÝ dô: Advice (lêi khuyªn), experience (kinh nghiÖm), horror (khñng khiÕp),
beauty (®Ñp), fear (sî h·i), information (th«ng tin), courage (lßng can ®¶m),
help (sù gióp ®ì), knowledge (kiÕn thøc), death (çi chÕt), hope (niÒm hy
^# 11 "]
väng), mercy (lßng nh©n tõ), pity (sù téi nghiÖp), relief (sù gå lªn), suspicion
(sù hå nghi), work (c«ng viÖc) ...
3/ Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc lu«n ë sè Ýt vµ kh«ng theo sau a/an
VÝ dô: Those students don't want (any) help. They only want (some) knowledge.
(Çc sinh viªn Êy kh«ng cÇn sù gióp ®ì. Hä cÇn kiÕn thøc mµ th«i)
I have no experience in this field.
(T«i ch¼ng cã kinh nghiÖm vÒ lÜnh vùc nµy)
4/ Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc th−êng theo sau some, any, no, a little .. .., hoÆc theo sau
bit, piece, slice, gallon...
VÝ dô: A bit of news (mét mÈu tin), a grain of sand (mét h¹t çt), a pot of jam
(mét hñ møt), a slice of bread (mét l¸t b¸nh m×), a bowl of soup (mét b¸t sóp), a
cake of soap (mét b¸nh xµ b«ng), a gallon of petrol (mét galon x¨ng), a pane of
glass (mét « kÝnh), a sheet of paper (mét tê giÊy), a glass of beer (mét ly bia), a
drop of oil (mét giät dÇu), a group of people (mét nhãm ng−êi), a piece of
advice (mét lêi khuyªn)...
5/ Mét vµi danh tõ trõu t−îng còng theo sau a/an, nh−ng víi ý nghÜa ®Æc biÖt vµ ë sè
Ýt mµ th«i.
- To have a wide knowledge of literature, we need read much(§Ó cã mét kiÕn thøc
réng r·i vÒ v¨n häc, chóng ta ph¶i ®äc s¸ch nhiÒu).
- This micro-computer is a great help to our study (Çi m¸y vi tÝnh nµy rÊt cã Ých
cho viÖc häc cña chóng t«i)
- Do you think these prisoners have a love of music/a hatred of dishonesty? (B¹n
cã nghÜ r»ng çc tï nh©n nµy yªu ©m nh¹c/c¨m ghÐt sù bÊt l−¬ng hay kh«ng?)
- It's a pity you forgot to do it (TiÕc lµ b¹n quªn lµm ®iÒu ®ã)
- It's a shame he offended against my teacher (ThËt lµ hæ thÑn khi anh ta xóc ph¹m
®Õn thÇy t«i)
L−u ý
• He raises chickens in his garden (Anh ta nu«i gµ trong v−ên nhµ m×nh),
nh−ng I like to eat chicken (T«i thÝch ¨n thÞt gµ).
• My house has six rooms (Nhµ t«i cã s¸u phßng), nh−ng There's no room in the
car for the dog (Xe « t« kh«ng cã chç nµo cho chã ngåi).
• We've been to France five times (Chóng t«i ®· sang Ph¸p n¨m lÇn), nh−ngTime
is a great healer 1(thêi gian lµ thuèc ch÷a lµnh mäi vÕt th−¬ng).
•
Së h÷u çch
• 's dïng cho danh tõ sè Ýt, danh tõ sè nhiÒu kh«ng tËn cïng b»ng 's, tõ sau cïng
trong danh tõ kÐp, hoÆc sau tõ viÕt t¾t:
VÝ dô:
The chemist's (shop) (cöa hµng d−îc phÈm)
Children's toys (®å ch¬i cña trÎ em)
My sister's friend (b¹n cña chÞ t«i)
Peter's suitcase (va li cña Peter)
Her father-in-law's house (nhµ cña bè chång c« ta)
The PM's bodyguards (vÖ sÜ cña thñ t−íng)
The VIP's briefcase (cÆp tµi liÖu cña yÕu nh©n)
• ' dïng cho danh tõ sè nhiÒu tËn cïng b»ng s, kÓ c¶ danh tõ sè Ýt tËn cïng b»ng s
^# 12 "]
VÝ dô:
My sisters' friend (b¹n cña çc chÞ t«i)
The workers' wages (l−¬ng cña çc c«ng nh©n)
Socrates' philosophy (triÕt lý cña Socrates)
L−u ý
Khi sö dông së h÷u çch, ph¶i bá m¹o tõ ®øng tr−íc ng−êi hoÆc vËt së h÷u.
VÝ dô:
- The villa of the senator = The senator's villa (BiÖt thù cña th−îng nghÞ sÜ)
- The wife of the shoemaker = The shoemaker's wife (Vî cña ng−êi thî giµy)
- The toys of Jack = Jack's toys
Khi nµo dïng së h÷u çch?
Së h÷u çch (possessive case) chñ yÕu dïng cho ng−êi, quèc gia hoÆc ®éng vËt. §«i
khi ng−êi ta còng dïng së h÷u çch trong çc tr−êng hîp sau ®©y:
The tree's branches (çc cµnh c©y) = The branches of the tree
The yacht's mast (cét thuyÒn buåm) = The mast of the yacht
The company's profits (Lîi nhuËn cña c«ng ty) = The profits of the company
A week's holiday (kú nghØ mét tuÇn)
Today's paper (b¸o ra ngµy h«m nay)
Twenty minutes' break (nghØ gi¶i lao 20 phót) = a twenty-minute break
Yesterday's news (tin tøc h«m qua)
Two days' delay (chËm trÔ hai ngµy) = a two-day delay
For heaven's sake (v× Th−îng §Õ)
The baker's (tiÖm b¸nh m×)
The butcher's (tiÖm b¸n thÞt)
The dentist's (phßng kh¸m cña nha sÜ)
Tomorrow, we'll have a birthday party at Hoa's (Ngµy mai, chóng ta sÏ ¨n mõng
sinh nhËt t¹i nhµ Hoa)
Khi nµo dïng Of + danh tõ ®Ó diÔn ®¹t sù së h÷u?
• Khi cã mét côm tõ (phrase) hoÆc mÖnh ®Ò (clause) theo sau "së h÷u chñ".
VÝ dô:
- I want to know the house of the girl in uniform (T«i muèn biÕt nhµ cña c« g¸i
mÆc ®ång phôc)
- They are speaking to the father of the young man they met at the airport (Hä
®ang nãi chuyÖn víi cha cña ng−êi thanh niªn mµ hä ®· gÆp ë s©n bay)
• Khuynh h−íng chung lµ dïng Of + danh tõ, khi "së h÷u chñ" lµ vËt chø kh«ng
ph¶i ng−êi.
VÝ dô:
- The gate of the villa (cæng cña biÖt thù)
- The front of the house (mÆt tiÒn cña c¨n nhµ)
- The legs of the chair (ch©n cña çi ghÕ)
Ph©n biÖt: My aunt's paintings (Nh÷ng bøc tranh thuéc quyÒn së h÷u cña d× t«i hoÆc
do d× t«i vÏ) vµ The paintings of my aunt (Nh÷ng bøc tranh t¶ d× t«i)
^# 13 "]
TÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt

(Adjectives of Quality)
Tæng quan vÒ TÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt

1/ TÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt kh«ng thay ®æi theo gièng vµ sè cña danh tõ.
VÝ dô:
- An old woman (Mét bµ l·o) & Old women (Çc bµ l·o)
- An old man (Mét «ng l·o) & Old men (Çc «ng l·o)
2/ VÞ trÝ cña tÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt
• Tr−íc danh tõ.
VÝ dô:
- A poor family (Mét gia ®×nh nghÌo)
- An unhappy teacher (Mét ng−êi thÇy bÊt h¹nh)
- Difficult problems (Nh÷ng bµi to¸n khã)
- Sau danh tõ, nÕu tÝnh tõ cã bæ ng÷ kÌm theo.
VÝ dô:
- Burgundy is a region famous for its wines
(Burgundy lµ mét vïng næi tiÕng vÒ çc lo¹i r−îu vang)
- A shelf full of crockery (Mét ng¨n chøa ®Çy ®å sµnh sø)
• Sau çc ®éng tõ Be, Become, Seem, Appear, Feel, Get/Grow, Keep, Look, Make,
Smell, Sound, Taste, Turn.
VÝ dô:
- He looks world-weary (Anh ta cã vÎ ch¸n ®êi)
- This event made them more optimistic
(Sù kiÖn nµy khiÕn hä l¹c quan h¬n)
- After a persistent rain, everyone felt cold
(Sau mét c¬n m−a dai d¼ng, mäi ng−êi ®Òu c¶m thÊy l¹nh)
- That music sounds beautiful (Khóc nh¹c Êy nghe thËt hay)
- The weather will keep fine (Thêi tiÕt sÏ vÉn cø ®Ñp)
- This milk smells sour (S÷a nµy cã mïi chua)
Ph©n biÖt
- This waiter looks very curious (Ng−êi hÇu bµn nµy tr«ng rÊt tß mß) vµ He looks
curiously at his boss (Anh ta nh×n chñ m×nh víi vÎ tß mß)
3/ TÝnh tõ dïng nh− danh tõ
- Çc tÝnh tõ Old (giµ), Young (trÎ), Elderly (cao tuæi), Aged (cao tuæi), Blind
(mï), Deaf (®iÕc), Disabled (tµn tËt), Handicapped (tµn tËt), Healthy (m¹nh
khoÎ), Sick (®au èm), Living (sèng), Dead (chÕt), Wounded (bÞ th−¬ng),
Injured (bÞ th−¬ng), Rich (giµu), Poor (nghÌo), Needy (tóng thiÕu),
Unemployed (thÊt nghiÖp), Jobless (thÊt nghiÖp), Wicked (xÊu xa) cã thÓ theo
sau The ®Ó chØ lo¹i ng−êi cã mét trong nh÷ng ®Æc tr−ng võa nãi. BÊy giê, çc
tÝnh tõ nµy trë thµnh danh tõ vµ nªn nhí lµ ®éng tõ theo sau chóng ph¶i ë ng«i
thø ba sè nhiÒu.
^# 14 "]
VÝ dô:
- The handicapped deserve our help
(Nh÷ng kÎ tËt nguyÒn rÊt ®¸ng cho chóng ta gióp ®ì)
- Special recreational programs for the elderly
(Çc ch−¬ng tr×nh gi¶i trÝ ®Æc biÖt dµnh cho ng−êi cao tuæi)
Çc tÝnh tõ chØ quèc gia còng do çch nµy mµ trë thµnh danh tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, The
Scotch (Ng−êi Xcèt-len), the Dutch (Ng−êi Hµ Lan), the French (Ng−êi Ph¸p), the
British (Ng−êi Anh), the Swiss (Ng−êi Thôy SÜ), the Taiwanese (Ng−êi §µi Loan), the
Vietnamese (Ng−êi ViÖt Nam)...
4/ Ph©n tõ dïng nh− tÝnh tõ
• HiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ (...ING) vµ qu¸ khø ph©n tõ (...ED) còng cã thÓ dïng nh− tÝnh
tõ. BÊy giê, hiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ mang ý nghÜa chñ ®éng, cßn qu¸ khø ph©n tõ
mang ý nghÜa thô ®éng.
VÝ dô:
- A confusing question (Mét c©u hái khiÕn ng−êi nghe bèi rèi) & The boy
looks confused when he sees his parents at the door of his classroom (CËu bÐ
cã vÎ bèi rèi khi thÊy bè mÑ ë cöa líp).
- A touching story (Mét c©u chuyÖn khiÕn ng−êi nghe xóc ®éng) & I was very
touched to hear from my bosom friends (T«i rÊt xóc ®éng khi nhËn ®−îc tin
nh÷ng ng−êi b¹n chÝ cèt cña t«i).
5/ Thø tù s¾p xÕp çc tÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt
Th«ng th−êng, khi nhiÒu tÝnh tõ cïng ®Þnh tÝnh cho mét danh tõ, chóng sÏ ®−îc
s¾p xÕp theo thø tù sau ®©y: TÝnh tõ chØ kÝch th−íc - TÝnh tõ chØ ç tÝnh vµ c¶m
xóc - TÝnh tõ chØ tuæi t¸c - TÝnh tõ chØ h×nh d¹ng - TÝnh tõ chØ mµu s¾c - TÝnh tõ
chØ chÊt liÖu - TÝnh tõ chØ nguån gèc - TÝnh tõ chØ c«ng dông [th−êng lµ danh ®éng
tõ trong danh tõ kÐp, ch¼ng h¹n nh− Leading question (c©u hái kh«n ngoan ®Ó dÉn
®Õn c©u tr¶ lêi ®óng ý cña ng−êi hái), Waiting room (phßng chê ®îi),Riding
breeches (quÇn mÆc khi c−ìi ngùa)].
VÝ dô:
- A long double-edged sword (Mét thanh g−¬m hai l−ìi dµi)
- A small square box (Mét çi hép vu«ng nhá)
- Merciful black policemen (Nh÷ng viªn c¶nh s¸t da ®en nh©n tõ)
- Red velvet gloves (Nh÷ng chiÕc g¨ng nhung ®á)
- An elegant Italian restaurant (Mét nhµ hµng thanh lÞch)
6/ Çc tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt cña tÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt
6/1 TÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt dïng víi çc ®¹i tõ one/ones, khi one/ones chØ mét danh tõ
®−îc ®Ò cËp tr−íc ®ã.
VÝ dô:
- Gather ripe plums instead of the unripe ones.
(H·y h¸i mËn chÝn thay v× mËn cßn xanh)
- If you don't buy a voluminous book, two small ones will do
(NÕu b¹n kh«ng mua mét quyÓn s¸ch to t−íng th× hai quyÓn nhá còng ®ñ dïng
råi)
6/2 TÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt dïng nh− ®¹i tõ.
- First/Second (thø nhÊt/thø hai)... vÉn lµ tÝnh tõ nÕu dïng víi one/ones, nh−ng sÏ
lµ ®¹i tõ nÕu kh«ng dïng víi one/ones.
^# 15 "]
VÝ dô:
- Which of these two do you prefer? - I prefer the second (one)
(Trong hai çi nµy, b¹n thÝch çi nµo h¬n? - T«i thÝch çi thø hai h¬n)
L−u ý
- I find that it is impossible to tame this bear = I find it impossible to tame this
bear (T«i thÊy lµ kh«ng thÓ thuÇn ho¸ con gÊu nµy)
- It is very kind of you to help him
(B¹n thËt lµ tö tÕ míi gióp h¾n)
- It is ungracious of him not to acknowledge your help
(H¾n thËt lµ khiÕm nh· míi kh«ng çm ¬n sù gióp ®ì cña b¹n)
- It is boring to tell lies all day long
(ThËt lµ ch¸n ng¾t khi ph¶i nãi dèi suèt ngµy)
- It is necessary to seize this golden opportunity
(§iÒu cÇn thiÕt lµ n¾m lÊy c¬ héi ngµn vµng nµy)
- It is not necessary for you to be in such a hurry
(B¹n kh«ng cÇn ph¶i hÊp tÊp nh− vËy)
- It is lucky that we have a correction pen
(May lµ chóng t«i cã bót xo¸)
- It is lucky for us that he has a correction pen
(May cho chóng t«i lµ anh ta cã bót xo¸)
- I am afraid of naughty words
(T«i sî nh÷ng lêi lÏ tôc tÜu)
- I am afraid of hearing naughty words
(T«i sî nghe nh÷ng lêi lÏ tôc tÜu)
- I am afraid to hear naughty words
(T«i sî nghe nh÷ng lêi lÏ tôc tÜu)
- I am afraid (that) they will be late for school
(T«i e r»ng chóng sÏ ®i häc trÔ)
- This lesson is easy to understand
(Bµi häc nµy dÔ hiÓu)
- It is strange that they haven't remembered the way to the airport
(L¹ mét ®iÒu lµ hä quªn h¼n ®−êng ra s©n bay)
- Students are ready to accept task assignment after graduation
(Çc sinh viªn s½n sµng chÞu sù ph©n c«ng sau khi tèt nghiÖp)
- I am very happy to see you again
(T«i rÊt vui mõng gÆp l¹i çc b¹n)
So s¸nh (Comparison)
1/ Cã 3 cÊp so s¸nh:
CÊp nguyªn So s¸nh h¬n Cùc cÊp
Tall Taller Tallest

Honest More honest Most honest
2/ Quy t¾c
Cã hai çch t¹o h×nh thøc so s¸nh h¬n vµ cùc cÊp cho tÝnh tõ.
a) Thªm er (so s¸nh h¬n) vµ est (cùc cÊp) sau:
^# 16 "]
• Mäi tÝnh tõ mét vÇn. Ch¼ng h¹n, Fast (nhanh) - Faster (nhanh h¬n) - Fastest
(nhanh nhÊt); Strong (m¹nh) - Stronger (m¹nh h¬n) - Strongest (m¹nh nhÊt).
• Mét vµi tÝnh tõ hai vÇn (chñ yÕu lµ tËn cïng b»ng y, le vµ ow). Ch¼ng h¹n,
Quiet (yªn tÜnh) - Quieter (yªn tÜnh h¬n) - Quietest (yªn tÜnh nhÊt); Dirty (bÈn)
- Dirtier (bÈn h¬n) - Dirtiest (bÈn nhÊt); Simple (®¬n gi¶n) - Simpler (®¬n gi¶n
h¬n) - Simplest (®¬n gi¶n nhÊt); Narrow (hÑp) - Narrower (hÑp h¬n) -
Narrowest (hÑp nhÊt).
• TÝnh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng Un vµ theo sau lµ hai vÇn. Ch¼ng h¹n, Unhappy (khèn
khæ) - Unhappier (khèn khæ h¬n) - Unhappiest (khèn khæ nhÊt).
L−u ý
- Big (lín) - Bigger (lín h¬n) - Biggest (lín nhÊt); Fat (bÐo) - Fatter (bÐo h¬n) -
Fattest (bÐo nhÊt).
- Silly (d¹i dét) - Sillier (d¹i dét h¬n) - Silliest (d¹i dét nhÊt);
Floppy (mÒm) - Floppier (mÒm h¬n) - Floppiest (mÒm nhÊt).
- Little (nhá) - Littler (nhá h¬n) - Littlest (nhá nhÊt);
- Rude (khiÕm nh·) - Ruder (khiÕm nh· h¬n) - Rudest (khiÕm nh· nhÊt).
b) Thªm More (so s¸nh h¬n) vµ Most (cùc cÊp) tr−íc:
• Mäi tÝnh tõ ba vÇn (trõ tr−êng hîp ®· nãi trªn ®©y). Ch¼ng h¹n, Attractive (hÊp
dÉn) - More attractive (hÊp dÉn h¬n) - Most attractive (hÊp dÉn nhÊt).
• PhÇn lín çc tÝnh tõ hai vÇn (tËn cïng b»ng ful, less, al, ant, ent, ic, ive, ous,
hoÆc b¾t ®Çu b»ng a). Ch¼ng h¹n, Distant (xa) - More distant (xa h¬n) - Most
distant (xa nhÊt); Graceful (duyªn d¸ng) - More graceful (duyªn d¸ng h¬n) -
Most graceful (duyªn d¸ng nhÊt).
• Mäi ph©n tõ dïng nh− tÝnh tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, Boring (tÎ nh¹t) - More boring (tÎ
nh¹t h¬n), Most boring (tÎ nh¹t nhÊt); Spoilt (h− háng) - More spoilt (h− háng
h¬n) - Most spoilt (h− háng nhÊt).
L−u ý
• Cã nh÷ng tÝnh tõ hai vÇn ¸p dông c¶ hai çch nãi trªn. Ch¼ng h¹n, Common
(phæ biÕn) - Commoner/More common( phæ biÕn h¬n) - Commonest/Most
common (phæ biÕn nhÊt); Clever (kh«n ngoan) - Cleverer/More clever (kh«n
ngoan h¬n) - Cleverest/Most clever (kh«n ngoan nhÊt).
• NÕu nghi ngê th× nªn dïng More vµ Most.
3/ So s¸nh bÊt quy t¾c
Good (tèt), better , best
Bad (xÊu), worse , worst
Far (xa), farther / further , furthest / farthest
Little (Ýt), less , least
Few (Ýt), fewer / less , fewest / least
Many, Much (nhiÒu), more , most
Old (giµ, cò), elder / older , eldest / oldest
4/ CÊu tróc
4/1 So s¸nh h¬n
• Cã thÓ dïng Much, Far, A little, A bit tr−íc tÝnh tõ ë cÊp so s¸nh h¬n.
VÝ dô:
^# 17 "]
- Tom is much stronger than his rival
(Tom khoÎ h¬n ®èi thñ cña m×nh nhiÒu)
- Are you feeling a little (a bit) better today?
(H«m nay b¹n thÊy trong ng−êi khoÎ h¬n kh«ng?)
• Sau than cã thÓ lµ mét danh tõ, ®¹i tõ hoÆc mÖnh ®Ò.
VÝ dô:
- London is bigger than Paris
(Lu©n §«n to h¬n Pari).
- Peter appeared more confused than his friends.
(Peter cã vÎ lóng tóng h¬n çc b¹n anh ta)
- My dad's older than yours
(Bè t«i giµ h¬n bè b¹n)
- The exam is easier than I thought
(Cuéc thi dÔ h¬n t«i nghÜ).
L−u ý
• It's getting colder and colder (Trêi cµng lóc cµng l¹nh h¬n)
• He became more and more anxious with every passing minute (Mçi phót tr«i
qua, anh ta cµng thªm lo l¾ng)
• The more I miss my family, the more I miss my children (Cµng nhí gia ®×nh,
t«i cµng nhí çc con t«i)
• The more he thought about it, the worse the situation seemed (Anh ta cµng nghÜ
®Õn ®iÒu ®ã, t×nh h×nh cµng cã vÎ tÖ h¬n)
• The more interesting it is, the more attention they pay (§iÒu ®ã cµng lý thó, hä
cµng thªm chó ý)
• You are taller than I (am) , nh−ng ng−êi ta th−êng nãi You are taller than me .
• He makes fewer spelling mistakes than you (do) , nh−ng ng−êi ta th−êng nãi He
makes fewer spelling mistakes than you .
• I have a faster car than he (does) , nh−ng ng−êi ta th−êng nãi I have a faster
car than him.
4/2 Cùc cÊp

VÝ dô:
- Henry is the best child in his family
(Henry lµ ®øa con tèt nhÊt trong gia ®×nh)
- It was the happiest day of my life
(§ã lµ ngµy vui nhÊt ®êi t«i)
- Her worst subject is chemistry
(M«n mµ c« ta dë nhÊt lµ ho¸ häc)
- My parents have two sons. I am the eldest
(Bè mÑ t«i cã hai ng−êi con trai. T«i lµ con trai tr−ëng)
- All the boys are noisy, but Long is the noisiest
(TÊt c¶ çc bÐ trai ®Òu lµm ån, nh−ng Long lµm ån nhiÒu nhÊt)
- It is the strongest coffee (that) I have ever drunk
(§©y lµ cµ phª ®Æc nhÊt mµ t«i ®· tõng uèng)
^# 18 "]
- It was the unhappiest month (that) we had ever spent
(§ã lµ th¸ng xui nhÊt mµ chóng t«i ®· tõng tr¶i qua)
5/ Nãi thªm vÒ h×nh thøc so s¸nh vµ cùc cÊp

- She is as thin as a lath (C« ta gÇy nh− c©y que)
- You are as tall as my brother (B¹n cao b»ng anh t«i)
- This schoolgirl is as white as a sheet (C« n÷ sinh nµy trong tr¾ng nh− mét tê
giÊy)
- An elephant is not so big as a whale (Voi kh«ng to b»ng ç voi)
Your tea is not so strong as mine (Trµ cña b¹n kh«ng ®Æc
b»ng trµ cña t«i)
- Mice are not as big as cats (Chuét kh«ng to b»ng mÌo)
- The least worry we have is about the weather (§iÒu chóng t«i Ýt lo l¾ng nhÊt lµ
thêi tiÕt)
- His speech is less lengthy than I expected (Bµi diÔn v¨n cña «ng ta Ýt dµi dßng
h¬n t«i mong)
- This is the least interesting part of the dictionary (§©y lµ phÇn Ýt hÊp dÉn nhÊt
trong quyÓn tù ®iÓn)
- One of the least performed of Shakespeare's plays (mét trong nh÷ng vë kÞch Ýt
®−îc tr×nh diÔn nhÊt cña Shakespeare)
- She chose the least expensive of the hotels (Bµ ta chän kh¸ch s¹n Ýt ®¾t tiÒn
nhÊt = Bµ ta chän kh¸ch s¹n rÎ tiÒn nhÊt)
- She found the job less and less attractive
(C« ta thÊy c«ng viÖc ngµy cµng bít hÊp dÉn)
- They are less and less interested in sport (Hä ngµy cµng bít quan t©m ®Õn thÓ
thao)
- Less coffee than tea (it cµ phª h¬n trµ)
- You should smoke fewer cigarettes and drink less beer (Anh nªn hót Ýt thuèc
l¸ h¬n vµ uèng Ýt bia h¬n)
- I received less money than the others did (T«i lÜnh Ýt tiÒn h¬n nh÷ng ng−êi
kh¸c)
- It rains less in London than in Manchester ( Lu©n §«n m−a Ýt h¬n lµ ë
Manchester)
Phã tõ
(Adverbs)
^# 19 "]
Tæng quan vÒ phã tõ
Phã tõ lµ tõ bæ sung th«ng tin vÒ thêi gian, n¬i chèn, møc ®é, çch thøc... cho mét
®éng tõ, mét tÝnh tõ, mét côm tõ hoÆc mét phã tõ kh¸c .
• Phã tõ chØ çch thøc (Adverbs of manner): Slowly (chËm ch¹p), quickly (mét
çch nhanh nhÑn), joyfully (mét çch vui vÎ), sadly (mét çch buån b·), well
(tèt, giái), badly (tåi, dë) ...
• Phã tõ chØ møc ®é (Adverbs of degree): Enough (®ñ), absolutely (tuyÖt ®èi),
strictly (triÖt ®Ó), fairly (kh¸, hoµn toµn), completely (hoµn toµn), entirely (hoµn
toµn), quite (hoµn toµn), just (võa), nearly (gÇn nh−), almost (gÇn nh−), only
(chØ riªng), too (qu¸), very (rÊt), extremely (cùc ®é), really (thùc sù)...
• Phã tõ chØ n¬i chèn (Adverbs of place): Here (®©y), there (®ã), near (gÇn),
everywhere (mäi n¬i), nowhere (kh«ng n¬i nµo), northwards (vÒ phÝa b¾c),
forwards (vÒ phÝa tr−íc), backwards (vÒ phÝa sau), clockwise (theo chiÒu kim
®ång hå) ...
• Phã tõ chØ thêi gian (Adverbs of time): Now (b©y giê), today (h«m nay),
tomorrow (ngµy mai), yesterday (h«m qua), soon (ngay), still (vÉn cßn), then
(sau ®ã), yet (cßn, cßn n÷a), afterwards (sau nµy), before (tr−íc ®ã), at once
(lËp tøc), lately (gÇn ®©y), recently (gÇn ®©y) ...
• Phã tõ chØ sù th−êng xuyªn (Adverbs of frequency): Frequently (th−êng
xuyªn), always (lu«n lu«n), never (kh«ng bao giê), occasionally (thØnh tho¶ng),
usually (th−êng), often (th−êng), regularly (®Òu ®Æn), seldom (Ýt khi, hiÕm khi),
rarely (Ýt khi, hiÕm khi)...
• Phã tõ nghi vÊn (Interrogative adverbs): When? (lóc nµo), where?(ë ®©u), why?
(t¹i sao), how (nh− thÕ nµo? b»ng çch nµo?). Ch¼ng h¹n, When did he die?
(Anh ta chÕt lóc nµo?), Where does she come from? (C« ta tõ ®©u ®Õn?), Why
were you late? (T¹i sao anh ®Õn muén?), How is this word spelt? (Tõ nµy ®¸nh
vÇn nh− thÕ nµo?).
• Phã tõ quan hÖ (Relative adverbs): When (khi mµ), where (n¬i mµ), why (v×
sao, t¹i sao). Ch¼ng h¹n, Sunday is the day when very few people go to work
(Chñ nhËt lµ ngµy mµ rÊt Ýt ng−êi ®i lµm viÖc), One of the countries where
people drive on the left (Mét trong nh÷ng n−íc n¬i ng−êi ta l¸i xe vÒ bªn tr¸i),
That is the reason why I come here (§ã lµ lý do v× sao t«i ®Õn ®©y).
Ngoµi ra, cßn cã Phã tõ bæ nghÜa c©u (Sentence adverbs) nh− Certainly (ch¾c
ch¾n), Evidently (hiÓn nhiªn), Obviously (hiÓn nhiªn), Naturally (tÊt nhiªn),
Clearly (râ rµng), Probably (cã lÏ), Undoubtedly (kh«ng nghi ngê g× n÷a),
Fortunately (may thay), Unfortunately (rñi thay) ... Ch¼ng h¹n, Fortunately,
everyone returned home safe and sound (May thay, mäi ng−êi ®Òu trë vÒ nhµ b×nh
an v« sù).
Sù thµnh lËp phã tõ

• Th−êng th× phã tõ h×nh thµnh b»ng çch thªm ly vµo tÝnh tõ t−¬ng xøng.
VÝ dô:
Large (réng r·i) - Largely
Extreme (cùc ®é) - Extremely
Brief (ng¾n gän) - Briefly
^# 20 "]
Boring (buån tÎ) - Boringly
Repeated (lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i) - Repeatedly
Quick (nhanh nhÑn) - Quickly
Happy (sung s−íng) - Happily
Greedy (tham lam) - Greedily
Useful (h÷u Ých) - Usefully
Beautiful (®Ñp) - Beautifully
Normal (th«ng th−êng) - normally
Actual (thùc sù) - actually
Reliable (x¸c thùc) - Reliably
Pitiable (®¸ng th−¬ng) - Pitiably
Tangible (hiÓn nhiªn) - tangibly
Credible (®¸ng tin cËy) - Credibly
Ngo¹i lÖ
True (thËt, ®óng), truly
Due (®óng, ®¸ng), duly
Whole (toµn bé), wholly
Good (tèt, giái), well
Other (kh¸c), otherwise
• Còng cã tr−êng hîp tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ gièng nhau vÒ h×nh thøc . Ch¼ng h¹n, Back
seat (GhÕ sau) - It takes me an hour to walk there and back (T«i ph¶i mÊt mét
tiÕng ®ång hå ®Ó ®i tõ ®©y ®Õn ®ã råi quay vÒ), A pretty girl (Mét c« g¸i xinh x¾n)
- The situation seems pretty hopeless (T×nh thÕ cã vÎ kh¸ tuyÖt väng), In the near
future (Trong t−¬ng lai gÇn ®©y) - Sit near enough to see the screen (H·y ngåi ®ñ
gÇn ®Ó nh×n thÊy mµn ¶nh), Still water (N−íc ph¼ng lÆng) - She is still
unconscious (C« ta vÉn cßn bÊt tØnh), A little garden (Mét khu v−ên nhá) - I slept
very little last night (§ªm qua t«i ngñ rÊt Ýt), A late marriage (Mét cuéc h«n nh©n
muén m»n) - She married late (C« ta lÊy chång muén), A nation-wide advertising
campaign (Mét chiÕn dÞch qu¶ng ço trªn toµn quèc) - Police are looking for him
nation-wide (C¶nh s¸t ®ang truy lïng h¾n trªn toµn quèc), Bodily organs (Çc bé
phËn cña c¬ thÓ) - The audience rose bodily to salute the colours (Toµn thÓ cö to¹
®øng dËy chµo cê)...
• Nh÷ng tÝnh tõ tËn cïng b»ng ly, ch¼ng h¹n nh− Friendly (th©n thiÖn), Likely (cã
thÓ, ch¾c), Lonely (c« ®¬n)..., kh«ng ®−îc dïng nh− phã tõ. §Ó diÔn t¶ chóng d−íi
d¹ng phã tõ, ta ph¶i lËp nh÷ng côm tõ nh− In a friendly manner/way (mét çch
th©n thiÖn) ch¼ng h¹n.
Phã tõ d−íi h×nh thøc so s¸nh vµ cùc cÊp

1/ §Ó ®Æt phã tõ cã hai vÇn trë lªn d−íi h×nh thøc so s¸nh vµ cùc cÊp , ta thªm more
vµ most tr−íc phã tõ.
Ch¼ng h¹n, Calmly (B×nh tÜnh) - More calmly (b×nh tÜnh h¬n) - Most calmly (b×nh
tÜnh nhÊt), Luckily (may m¾n) - More luckily (may m¾n h¬n), Most luckily (may
m¾n nhÊt).
^# 21 "]
§Æc biÖt
0Well Better Best

Badly Worse Worst
Little Less Least
Much More Most
Far Farther Farthest
Further Furthest
Early Earlier Earliest
Hard Harder Hardest
Fast Faster Fastest
Loud Louder Loudest
2/ VÝ dô minh ho¹
- He eats more quickly than I do/than me (Anh ta ¨n nhanh h¬n t«i)
- He eats as quickly as I do/as me (Anh ta ¨n nhanh b»ng t«i)
- He doesn't eat as quickly as I do/as me hoÆc He doesn't eat so quickly as I
do/as me (Anh ta kh«ng ¨n nhanh b»ng t«i).
- They arrived earlier than I expected
(Hä ®· ®Õn sím h¬n t«i t−ëng)
- The sooner you begin, the sooner you'll finish
(B¹n b¾t ®Çu cµng sím, b¹n cµng sím xong viÖc)
- The sooner the better (Cµng sím cµng tèt)
- heir child screamed loudest of all
(Con cña hä hÐt to nhÊt trong bän)
- Who arrived the earliest?
(Ai ®Õn sím nhÊt?)
VÞ trÝ cña phã tõ

1/ Phã tõ chØ çch thøc (Adverbs of manner)
• §øng sau ®éng tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, This old man drinks heavily (¤ng l·o nµy nghiÖn
r−îu nÆng), She walked sluggishly (C« ta ®i mét çch uÓ o¶i).
• §øng sau tóc tõ nÕu c©u cã mét tóc tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, He rendered me a service
voluntarily (Anh ta tù nguyÖn gióp t«i), They speak French well (Hä nãi tiÕng
Ph¸p giái).
• §øng tr−íc giíi tõ hoÆc sau tóc tõ khi ®éng tõ + giíi tõ + tóc tõ (nh−ng ph¶i ®øng
tr−íc giíi tõ nÕu tóc tõ dµi). Ch¼ng h¹n, She glances shyly at him hoÆc She glances
at him shyly (C« ta e thÑn liÕc nh×n anh ta), nh−ng She glances shyly at everyone
who attends her wedding ceremony (C« ta e thÑn nh×n nh÷ng ng−êi ®Õn dù lÔ c−íi
cña c« ta).
• §øng tr−íc ®éng tõ nÕu tóc tõ dµi. Ch¼ng h¹n, The teacher carefully marked all
the incorrect sentences on the blackboard (ThÇy gi¸o cÈn thËn ®¸nh dÊu mäi c©u
sai trªn b¶ng ®en), He furiously declares that any latecomer will be blacklisted
(Anh ta ®iªn tiÕt tuyªn bè r»ng ai ®Õn trÔ sÏ bÞ ghi vµo sæ ®en).
^# 22 "]
2/ Phã tõ chØ møc ®é (Adverbs of degree)
§øng tr−íc mét phã tõ hoÆc mét tÝnh tõ ®Ó bæ nghÜa cho phã tõ hoÆc tÝnh tõ Êy.
Ch¼ng h¹n, It is absolutely impossible (§iÒu ®ã hoµn toµn kh«ng thÓ ®−îc), She sings
very well (C« ta ca rÊt hay).
§Æc biÖt
- They have only two children
(Hä cã ván vÑn hai ®øa con)
- Only five people were hurt in the accident
(ChØ cã n¨m ng−êi bÞ th−¬ng trong vô tai n¹n)
- For external use only
(Dïng ngoµi da mµ th«i)
- I only waited a few minutes, but it seemed like hours
(T«i chØ ®îi vµi phót th«i, mµ cø nh− mÊy giê ®ång hå)
- I hardly know this telephone number
(T«i võa míi biÕt sè ®iÖn tho¹i nµy mµ th«i)
- I can hardly lift this bag
(T«i khã mµ nhÊc næi çi bao nµy)
- Hardly anybody came
(HÇu nh− ch¼ng ai ®Õn)
-There's hardly any milk left
(HÇu nh− ch¼ng cßn chót s÷a nµo)
-He has hardly any money
(Anh ta hÇu nh− ch¼ng cã tiÒn)
- They hardly ever go to bed before midnight
(HÇu nh− hä ch¼ng bao giê ®i ngñ tr−íc nöa ®ªm)
- He can scarcely have said so
(Ch¾c lµ anh Êy ®· kh«ng nãi nh− thÕ)
- There were scarcely fifty strikers there
( ®ã chØ cã ván vÑn n¨m m−¬i ng−êi ®×nh c«ng)
- This river isn't deep enough for swimming
(Dßng s«ng nµy ch−a ®ñ s©u ®Ó b¬i léi)
- Write clearly enough for us to read it
(H·y viÕt ®ñ râ cho chóng t«i ®äc ®−îc)
3/ Phã tõ chØ sù th−êng xuyªn (Adverbs of frequency)
• §øng sau th× ®¬n gi¶n cña To be. Ch¼ng h¹n, Your hands are still dirty (Tay anh
vÉn cßn bÈn), He is always modest about his achievements (Anh ta lu«n khiªm tèn
vÒ nh÷ng thµnh tùu cña m×nh).
• Tr−íc th× ®¬n gi¶n cña tÊt c¶ çc ®éng tõ kh¸c. Ch¼ng h¹n, I continually have to
remind him of his family (T«i ph¶i liªn tôc nh¾c h¾n nhí ®Õn gia ®×nh h¾n), He
sometimes writes to me (ThØnh tho¶ng anh ta cã viÕt th− cho t«i), My father never
eats meat (Cha t«i ch¼ng bao giê ¨n thÞt).
• Sau trî ®éng tõ trong th× kÐp. Ch¼ng h¹n, I have never been abroad (T«i ch−a bao
giê ra n−íc ngoµi), You should always check your oil before starting (B¹n nªn
lu«n lu«n kiÓm tra dÇu nhít tr−íc khi khëi hµnh), We have often been there
(Chóng t«i ®· tõng ®Õn ®ã lu«n).
4 Phã tõ chØ n¬i chèn (Adverbs of place)
^# 23 "]
• §øng sau ®éng tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, Her parents live abroad (Cha mÑ c« ta sèng ë n−íc
ngoµi), They are waiting for us downstairs (Hä ®ang ®îi chóng t«i ë tÇng d−íi),
Are you going anywhere? (Anh ®Þnh ®i bÊt cø n¬i nµo chø?).
• Sau §éng tõ + tóc tõ hoÆc §éng tõ + giíi tõ + tóc tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, I've seen that
old women somewhere (T«i ®· gÆp bµ l·o ®ã ë n¬i nµo ®ã), We looked for it
everywhere (Chóng t«i ®· t×m nã kh¾p n¬i).
5/ Phã tõ chØ thêi gian (Adverbs of time)
• §øng ë ®Çu hoÆc cuèi mÖnh ®Ò. Ch¼ng h¹n, Eventually he won hoÆc He won
eventually (Cuèi cïng anh ta ®· th¾ng), Then we walked home hoÆc We walked
home then (Råi chóng t«i ®i bé vÒ nhµ). Tuy nhiªn, tèt nhÊt lµ tra tù ®iÓn tr−íc khi
dïng phã tõ chØ thêi gian.
§¹i tõ
(Pronouns)
§¹i tõ vµ tÝnh tõ nghi vÊn

• Who (®¹i tõ)
• Whom (®¹i tõ)
• What (®¹i tõ vµ tÝnh tõ)
• Which (®¹i tõ vµ tÝnh tõ)
• Whose (®¹i tõ vµ tÝnh tõ)
VÝ dô minh ho¹
a) Who
- Who told him the news? (Ai b¸o tin cho anh ta?)
- Do you know who damaged my car?
(B¹n cã biÕt ai lµm háng xe t«i hay kh«ng?)
- I wonder who phoned this morning
(T«i ch¼ng biÕt ai ®· gäi ®iÖn tho¹i s¸ng nay)
- Who ate my bread? (Ai ®· ¨n b¸nh m× cña t«i?)
- Who is that bespectacled girl? (C« g¸i ®eo kÝnh lµ ai?)
b) Whom
- Thay v× Whom did they invite? (Hä mêi nh÷ng ai?), ng−êi ta th−êng nãi Who
did they invite?
- Thay v× Whom did you see at church? (B¹n ®· gÆp ai ë nhµ thê?), ng−êi ta
th−êng nãi Who did you see at church?
- Thay v× With whom did you go? (B¹n ®· ®i víi ai?), ng−êi ta th−êng nãi Who
did you go with?
- Thay v× To whom are you speaking? (B¹n ®ang nãi chuyÖn víi ai?), ng−êi ta
th−êng nãi Who are you speaking to?
c) Whose
• Whose lµ tÝnh tõ.
- Whose house was broken into? (Nhµ cña ai bÞ bän trém vµo?)
- Whose book are they reading? (Hä ®ang ®äc s¸ch cña ai?)
^# 24 "]
• Whose lµ ®¹i tõ.
- Whose are these newspapers ? (Nh÷ng tê b¸o nµy lµ cña ai?)
- Whose is that house? (Nhµ ®ã lµ cña ai?)
d) Which
• Which lµ tÝnh tõ.
- Which hat is hers? (Mò nµo lµ cña c« ta?)
- Which way is quicker - by taxi or by pedicab?
(§−êng nµo th× nhanh h¬n - b»ng taxi hay b»ng xe xÝch l«?)
- Which languages did you study at school?
(Anh ®· häc nh÷ng thø tiÕng g× ë tr−êng?)
- Which journalist (of all journalists) do you admire most?
(Nhµ b¸o nµo b¹n ng−ìng mé nhÊt?)
- Thay v× To which address will you send this letter? (B¹n sÏ göi th− nµy ®Õn
®Þa chØ nµo), ng−êi ta th−êng nãi Which address will
you send this letter to?. T−¬ng tù, thay v× In which region do you work? (B¹n
lµm viÖc ë vïng nµo?), ng−êi ta th−êng nãi Which region do you work in?
• Which lµ ®¹i tõ.
- Which is her hat? (Mò cña c« ta lµ mò nµo?)
- Which of them is the tallest? (Ng−êi nµo trong sè hä lµ cao nhÊt?)
- Which of these two photos do you like best?
(B¹n thÝch bøc nµo nhÊt trong hai bøc ¶nh nµy?)
e) What
• What lµ ®¹i tõ.
- What happens? (Cã chuyÖn g× x¶y ra vËy?)
- What made him so furious? (§iÒu g× khiÕn h¾n ®iªn tiÕt lªn vËy?)
- What are you thinking? (B¹n ®ang nghÜ g× vËy?)
- What's the date? (H«m nay ngµy bao nhiªu?)
- What does he say? (Anh ta nãi g× vËy?)
- What did you do that for? = Why did you do that?
(B¹n lµm ®iÒu ®ã nh»m môc ®Ých g×?)
- What is this bag for? (Çi bao nµy dïng ®Ó lµm g×?)
- What does this word mean? (Tõ nµy nghÜa lµ g×?)
- What does she do? = What is she? = What is her profession?
(C« ta lµm nghÒ g×?)
- What's your name? (Tªn b¹n lµ g×?)
- What was the weather like? (Thêi tiÕt nh− thÕ nµo?)
- What does she look like? (C« ta tr«ng thÕ nµo?)
• What lµ tÝnh tõ (nh−ng rÊt Ýt dïng cho ng−êi).

- What date is it? (H«m nay ngµy bao nhiªu?)
- What experience have you had? (B¹n ®· cã kinh nghiÖm g×?)
- What documents has he read? (H¾n ®· ®äc nh÷ng tµi liÖu nµo?)
- At what depth does the wreck lie?
(X¸c tµu ®¾m n»m ë ®é s©u bao nhiªu?)
L−u ý
^# 25 "]
- Thay v× What age are you?/What is your age?, ng−êi ta th−êng nãi How old are
you? (B¹n bao nhiªu tuæi?)
- Thay v× What height is he?/ What is his height?, ng−êi ta th−êng nãi How tall is
he? (Anh ta cao bao nhiªu?)
§¹i tõ nh©n x−ng

1/ H×nh thøc
Chñ tõ Tóc tõ
Sè Ýt Ng«i thø nhÊt I Me

Ng«i thø hai You You
Ng«i thø ba He/She/It Him/Her/It
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sè nhiÒu Ng«i thø nhÊt We Us
Ng«i thø hai You You
Ng«i thø ba They Them
• H×nh thøc cò cña ng«i thø hai sè Ýt lµ Thou (chñ tõ), Thee (tóc tõ)
• He dïng cho nam giíi vµ ®éng vËt gièng ®ùc & She dïng cho n÷ giíi vµ ®éng vËt
gièng çi & It dïng cho sù vËt.
VÝ dô:
- This is my father. He is a postman
(§©y lµ cha t«i. ¤ng lµ nh©n viªn ph¸t th−)
- This is my mother. She is an actress
(§©y lµ mÑ t«i. Bµ lµ diÔn viªn)
- This is my car. It is very beautiful
(§©y lµ xe «t« cña t«i. Nã th× rÊt ®Ñp)
2/ VÝ dô minh ho¹
- This is my grandmother. She is old. Do you know her?
(§©y lµ bµ t«i. Bµ Êy th× giµ. B¹n cã biÕt bµ Êy hay kh«ng?)
- Did you see the elephant? - Yes, I saw it and it saw me
(B¹n thÊy voi ch−a? - V©ng, t«i ®· thÊy nã vµ nã ®· thÊy t«i)
- My sister and I attend the same school
(ChÞ t«i vµ t«i häc cïng mét tr−êng)
- Where's Ba? - That's him over there (Ba ®©u råi? - Anh ta kia k×a)
- They gave you dinner. Did you thank them for it?
(Hä ®·i b¹n ¨n tèi. B¹n ®· çm ¬n hä vÒ viÖc ®ã ch−a?)
- She will stay with us (C« Êy sÏ ë l¹i víi chóng ta)
- You need to speak to someone like him
(B¹n cÇn ph¶i nãi chuyÖn víi nh÷ng ng−êi nh− anh ta)
L−u ý
- Thay v× It is I (t«i ®©y), ng−êi ta th−êng nãi It's me.
- Thay v× She is taller than I am (c« ta cao h¬n t«i), ng−êi ta th−êng nãi She is
taller than me.
^# 26 "]
-Thay v× He doesn't know as much as she does (anh ta kh«ng biÕt nhiÒu b»ng
c« ta), ng−êi ta th−êng nãi He doesn't know as much as her .
- Kh«ng nãi It was him who told me the news (chÝnh anh ta b¸o tin cho t«i),
mµ ph¶i nãi It was he who told me the news .
- Cã thÓ nãi Turn off the fan hoÆc Turn the fan off (H·y t¾t qu¹t !), nh−ng nÕu
dïng ®¹i tõ nh©n x−ng th× ph¶i nãi Turn it off.
- Víi vai trß chñ tõ, You vµ One cã thÓ ®−îc dïng nh− nhau. Ch¼ng h¹n, You
cannot live on water (B¹n kh«ng thÓ sèng b»ng n−íc l·) hoÆc One cannot live
on water (Ng−êi ta kh«ng thÓ sèng b»ng n−íc l·) . Tuy nhiªn, You vÉn th©n
mËt vµ th«ng dông h¬n One.
- They còng cã nghÜa lµ Ng−êi ta . Ch¼ng h¹n, They say (that) he behaves very
badly towards his mother (Ng−êi ta nãi r»ng h¾n ®èi xö víi mÑ h¾n rÊt tÖ).
3/ Nãi riªng vÒ It
• It th−êng dïng cho mét vËt, mét em bÐ, hoÆc mét con vËt mµ ta kh«ng biÕt thuéc
gièng g×.
VÝ dô:
- Where's your gun? - It is in the drawer.
(KhÈu sóng cña b¹n ®©u? - Nã ë trong ng¨n kÐo)
- Do you see that bird? It is singing very happily.
(B¹n cã thÊy con chim kia kh«ng? Nã ®ang hãt rÊt vui)
- Her new baby is very chubby. It weighs more than four kilos.
(§øa con míi sinh cña c« ta rÊt mòm mÜm. Nã nÆng h¬n bèn kÝ)
• §«i khi It còng dïng cho ng−êi.
VÝ dô:
- Who is that/Who is it? - It's me
(Ai ®ã? - T«i ®©y)
• It dïng trong çc thµnh ng÷ chØ thêi gian, kho¶ng çch, thêi tiÕt, nhiÖt ®é, thñy
triÒu
VÝ dô:
- What time is it? - It is six (MÊy giê råi? - S¸u giê råi)
- How far is it to London? - It is about 100 miles.
(§Õn Lu©n §«n bao xa? - Kho¶ng 100 dÆm)
- It is raining/snowing (Trêi ®ang m−a/®ang tuyÕt r¬i)
- It's a fine night (Trêi ®ªm ®Ñp)
- It is hot/cold/cool in this grotto
(ThËt lµ nãng/l¹nh/m¸t trong hang nµy)
• CÊu tróc It + is + tÝnh tõ + nguyªn mÉu
VÝ dô:
- It is easy to criticize (Phª ph¸n th× dÔ) thay v× To criticize is easy .
- It is better to get up early (Nªn dËy sím th× tèt h¬n) thay v× To get up early is
bettter .
• Thay v× She finds (that) it is boring to stay at home (C« ta thÊy ngåi nhµ thËt lµ
ch¸n), ta cã thÓ nãi She finds it boring to stay at home .
• It thay cho mét côm tõ hay mÖnh ®Ò ®−îc ®Ò cËp tr−íc ®ã.
VÝ dô:
^# 27 "]
- He smokes in bed, though his wife doesn't like it.
(H¾n hót thuèc trªn giõ¬ng, mÆc dï vî h¾n ch¼ng thÝch ®iÒu ®ã)
- Yes, I am always a late riser. What about it?
(V©ng, t«i lu«n dËy muén. Anh nghÜ sao vÒ ®iÒu ®ã?)
• It lµm chñ tõ cho çc ®éng tõ kh«ng ¸m chØ riªng ai
VÝ dô:
- It appears that there has been a mistake
(D−êng nh− ®· cã sù nhÇm lÉn)
- It seems that he's resigned (D−êng nh− «ng ta ®· tõ chøc)
§¹i tõ ph¶n th©n
- Myself (chÝnh t«i)
- Yourself (chÝnh anh/chÞ)
- Himself (chÝnh nã/anh Êy)
- Herself (chÝnh c« Êy)
- Itself (chÝnh nã)
- Ourselves (chÝnh chóng t«i/chóng ta)
- Yourselves (chÝnh çc anh/çc chÞ)
- Themselves (chÝnh hä/chóng nã).
1/ Myself, yourself .. .. gi÷ vai trß tóc tõ cña mét ®éng tõ, khi chñ tõ chÞu ¶nh h−ëng
cña hµnh ®éng do chÝnh m×nh thùc hiÖn.
VÝ dô: - This refrigerator defrosts itself (Tñ l¹nh nµy tù x¶ n−íc ®¸)
- This oven turns itself off (Lß nµy tù t¾t)
- Peter killed himself (Peter tù giÕt m×nh, Peter tù s¸t)
- She burnt herself with a cigarette (C« ta bÞ pháng v× ®iÕu thuèc l¸)
- Make yourself at home! (B¹n h·y tù nhiªn nh− ë nhµ)
Ph©n biÖt
- Sue and Ted killed themselves
(Sue vµ Ted tù giÕt m×nh, Sue vµ Ted tù s¸t)
- Sue and Ted killed each other
(Sue vµ Ted giÕt nhau)
- Sue, Ted and Peter killed one another
(Sue, Ted vµ Peter giÕt nhau)
2/ Myself, yourself .. .. còng theo sau mét giíi tõ.
VÝ dô:
- My mother talks to herself (MÑ t«i tù nãi víi chÝnh m×nh)
- Stop thinking about yourself (B¹n ®õng nghÜ vÒ b¶n th©n m×nh n÷a)
- You should look after yourselves (Çc b¹n nªn tù lo cho chÝnh m×nh)
- He sat by himself (Anh ta ngåi mét m×nh)
- The dog opened the door by itself (Con chã tù më cöa lÊy)
- Mrs Hoa bought a new sideboard for herself (Bµ Hoa ®· tù s¾m cho m×nh mét
tñ bóp phª míi)
L−u ý
- Mét vµi ®éng tõ ®ßi hái ph¶i cã ®¹i tõ ph¶n th©n kÌm theo. Ch¼ng h¹n, Jack
prides himself on his work (Jack tù hµo vÒ c«ng viÖc cña m×nh) hoÆc They
enjoyed themselves at the party (Hä rÊt vui trong b÷a tiÖc).
^# 28 "]
- Myself, yourself .. .. lµ §¹i tõ khoa tr−¬ng (Emphatic pronouns) khi nhÊn
m¹nh mét danh tõ hoÆc mét ®¹i tõ.
VÝ dô:
- The driver himself drove recklessly (ChÝnh tµi xÕ l¸i Èu)
- I want to see the director himself (T«i muèn gÆp ®Ých th©n gi¸m ®èc)
- You yourself are one of the instigators
(ChÝnh b¹n lµ mét trong nh÷ng kÎ chñ m−u)
§¹i tõ vµ tÝnh tõ së h÷u

TÝnh tõ së h÷u §¹i tõ së h÷u
My (cña t«i) Mine (cña t«i)

Your (cña anh/chÞ) Yours (cña anh/chÞ)
His/Her/Its His/Hers
(cña anh ta/c« ta/nã) (cña anh Êy/c« Êy)
Our (cña chóng ta/chóng t«i) Ours (cña chóng ta/chóng t«i)
Your (cña çc anh chÞ) Yours (cña çc anh chÞ)
Their (cña hä/chóng nã) Theirs (cña hä/chóng nã)
VÝ dô:
- This is his handkerchief. Where is ours?
(§©y lµ kh¨n tay cña anh ta. Çi cña chóng t«i ®©u?)
- Your do your work and I do mine
(B¹n lµm viÖc cña b¹n, t«i lµm viÖc cña t«i)
L−u ý: §õng nhÇm tÝnh tõ së h÷u Its vµ côm tõ It's (viÕt t¾t cña It is)
1/ §Æc ®iÓm
• TÝnh tõ së h÷u tïy thuéc së h÷u chñ, chø kh«ng tïy thuéc vËt së h÷u. Do vËy, nhµ
cña anh ta lµ His house, nhµ cña c« ta lµ Her house. MÑ cña anh ta lµ His mother,
mÑ cña c« ta lµ Her mother.
• TÝnh tõ së h÷u kh«ng tïy thuéc sè cña vËt së h÷u. Ch¼ng h¹n, my friend (b¹n cña
t«i), my friends (çc b¹n cu¶ t«i), their room (phßng cña hä), their rooms (çc
phßng cña hä).
• ... cña con vËt hoÆc sù vËt th× dïng Its. Ch¼ng h¹n, The dog wags its tail (con chã
vÉy ®u«i), Depraved culture and its evils (v¨n ho¸ ®åi trôy vµ nh÷ng t¸c h¹i cña
nã), The table and its legs (çi bµn vµ çc ch©n cña nã).
• Own còng ®−îc thªm vµo ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh sù së h÷u. Ch¼ng h¹n, Does that car
belong to the company, or is it your own? (chiÕc xe «t« Êy cña c«ng ty, hay cña
riªng anh?), Their own garden (m¶nh v−ên riªng cña hä).
• TÝnh tõ së h÷u còng ®−îc dïng tr−íc çc bé phËn c¬ thÓ. Ch¼ng h¹n, My legs hurt
(t«i ®au ch©n), Her head is aching (c« ta ®ang nhøc ®Çu).
2/ §¹i tõ së h÷u thay cho tÝnh tõ së h÷u + danh tõ
VÝ dô:
- This is their apartment hoÆc This (apartment) is theirs
(§©y lµ c¨n hé cña hä hoÆc C¨n hé nµy lµ cña hä )
- You're using my telephone. Where's yours ?
^# 29 "]
(Anh ®ang dïng m¸y ®iÖn tho¹i cña t«i. Çi cña anh ®©u?)
• ... of mine nghÜa lµ One of my ... (mét... cña t«i).

VÝ dô:
- A friend of mine = one of my friends (mét ng−êi b¹n cña t«i)
- A teacher of hers = one of her teachers (mét ng−êi thÇy cña c« Êy)
§¹i tõ bÊt ®Þnh

• TÝnh tõ bÊt ®Þnh:
- There's only one piece of cake left (ChØ cßn l¹i mét mÈu b¸nh)
- This mendicant is blind in both eyes (Ng−êi ¨n xin nµy mï c¶ hai m¾t)
- A ring on each finger (Mét çi nhÉn trªn mçi ngãn tay)
- Take either half, they are exactly the same
(H·y lÊy nöa nµy hoÆc nöa kia, c¶ hai ®Òu b»ng nhau)
- Neither boy was present (C¶ hai ®øa bÐ ®Òu kh«ng cã mÆt)
- I have read this book several times (T«i ®· ®äc quyÓn s¸ch nµy nhiÒu lÇn)
- All dogs are animals, but not all animals are dogs
(TÊt c¶ çc con chã ®Òu lµ ®éng vËt, nh−ng kh«ng ph¶i tÊt c¶ çc ®éng vËt ®Òu lµ
chã)
- The buses go every ten minutes (Cø mçi m−êi phót l¹i cã chuyÕn xe bóyt)
- I have a lot of bread, but I haven't much butter
(T«i cã nhiÒu b¸nh m×, nh−ng t«i ch¼ng cã nhiÒu b¬)
- There are many spelling mistakes in this newspaper (Tê b¸o nµy cã nhiÒu lçi
chÝnh t¶)
- There's some ice in the fridge (Cã mét Ýt ®¸ trong tñ l¹nh)
- You may come here at any time (B¹n cã thÓ ®Õn ®ã bÊt cø lóc nµo)
- I have little time for watching TV (T«i cã Ýt thêi gian ®Ó xem TV)
- Give me a little sugar (H·y cho t«i mét Ýt ®−êng)
- There were few people at his funeral (Cã Ýt ng−êi dù ®¸m tang «ng ta)
- The jailer asked us a few questions (Viªn cai ngôc hái chóng t«i vµi c©u)
- We have enough food for two weeks' holiday (Chóng t«i cã ®ñ thùc phÈm cho
kú nghØ hai tuÇn)
- No words can express my homesickness (Kh«ng lêi nµo diÔn t¶ ®−îc nçi nhí
nhµ cña t«i)
- Would you like another cup of tea? (¤ng muèn dïng mét t¸ch trµ n÷a kh«ng?)
- Where are the other students? (Çc sinh viªn kh¸c ®ang ë ®©u?)
• §¹i tõ bÊt ®Þnh
- This problem is one of great difficulty (VÊn ®Ò nµy lµ vÊn ®Ò rÊt khã kh¨n)
- We both want to go hunting (C¶ hai chóng t«i ®Òu muèn ®i s¨n)
- He gave the boys five dollars each (¤ng ta cho mçi ®øa bÐ 5 ®« la)
- I've bought two cakes - you can have either
(T«i ®· mua hai çi b¸nh - anh cã thÓ lÊy mét trong hai çi ®ã)
- I chose neither of them (T«i kh«ng chän çi nµo trong hai çi ®ã c¶)
- Several of us decided to walk (NhiÒu ng−êi trong chóng t«i quyÕt ®Þnh ®i bé)
- We had several loaves left - All (of them) were crisp
(Chóng t«i cßn nhiÒu æ b¸nh m× - TÊt c¶ (çc æ b¸nh m× ®ã) ®Òu gißn)
^# 30 "]
- Everybody goes to church (Mäi ng−êi ®Òu ®i nhµ thê)
- I'll give you everything I have (T«i sÏ cho b¹n mäi thø mµ t«i cã)
- Nobody came to see me (Kh«ng ai ®Õn th¨m t«i)
- None of them wants to stay (Kh«ng ng−êi nµo trong bän hä muèn ë l¹i)
- I have nothing to eat (T«i ch¼ng cã g× ®Ó ¨n c¶)
- Ask anyone in your room (H·y hái bÊt cø ai trong phßng b¹n)
- Did you know many of them? (B¹n cã biÕt nhiÒu ng−êi trong bän hä kh«ng?)
- As a student, she has much to learn (Lµ sinh viªn, c« ta cã nhiÒu ®iÒu cÇn ph¶i
häc hái)
- How many loaves do you want? - A lot (B¹n cÇn bao nhiªu æ b¸nh m×? - NhiÒu
l¾m)
- Do you need more money? - No, there's plenty in the safe (¤ng cÇn thªm tiÒn
n÷a kh«ng? -
Kh«ng, vÉn cßn nhiÒu trong kÐt s¾t)
- I agree to some of what you said (T«i ®ång ý víi phÇn nµo nh÷ng ®iÒu b¹n nãi)
- He doesn't like any of these flowers (H¾n kh«ng thÝch bÊt cø hoa nµo trong
nh÷ng hoa nµy)
- I can understand little of what he said (T«i hiÓu ®−îc chót Ýt nh÷ng ®iÒu h¾n nãi)
- If you've got any spare sugar, could you give me a little?
(NÕu b¹n cßn ®−êng, b¹n cho t«i mét Ýt ®−îc kh«ng?)
- Is this sum of money enough for their business trip?
(Sè tiÒn nµy ®ñ cho chuyÕn c«ng t¸c cña hä hay kh«ng?)
- Many are called, but few are chosen (NhiÒu ng−êi ®−îc gäi ®Õn, nh−ng Ýt ng−êi
®−îc chän)
- My father has written many historical novels, but I've only read a few (of them)
(Bè t«i ®· viÕt nhiÒu tiÓu thuyÕt lÞch sö, nh−ng t«i chØ míi ®äc vµi quyÓn (trong sè
®ã))
- We must help others less fortunate than ourselves
(Chóng ta ph¶i gióp ®ì nh÷ng ng−êi kh¸c kÐm may m¾n h¬n chóng ta)
- This shirt is too big; I'll try another (Çi ¸o s¬ mi nµy to qu¸; t«i sÏ thö mét çi
kh¸c)
L−u ý
• Much (tÝnh tõ) ®øng tr−íc danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc , Much (®¹i tõ) thay
chodanh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc . Much còng cã thÓ lµ phã tõ, ch¼ng h¹n nh− I
didn't enjoy that comedy (very) much (T«i kh«ng thÝch vë hµi nµy l¾m) hoÆc
She's much better today (H«m nay c« ta kh¸ h¬n nhiÒu).
• Much ph¶n nghÜa víi Little.
• Many (tÝnh tõ) ®øng tr−íc danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc , Many (®¹i tõ) thay cho danh tõ
®Õm ®−îc . Many ph¶n nghÜa víi Few.
• Little còng cã thÓ lµ phã tõ vµ tÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt. Ch¼ng h¹n, I slept very
little last night
• (§ªm qua, t«i ngñ rÊt Ýt) [Phã tõ] vµLittle holes to let air in (Nh÷ng lç nhá ®Ó
kh«ng khÝ vµo) (TÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt).
• A little còng cã thÓ lµ phã tõ, ch¼ng h¹n nh− They are a little worried about
the next entrance examination (Hä h¬i lo vÒ kú thi tuyÓn sinh s¾p tíi).
^# 31 "]
• Enough còng cã thÓ lµ phã tõ, ch¼ng h¹n nh− You aren't old enough to join the
army (B¹n ch−a ®ñ tuæi ®Ó gia nhËp qu©n ®éi)
§¹i tõ quan hÖ
Chñ tõ Tóc tõ Së h÷u
Cho ng−êi Who Whom/Who Whose

That That
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cho ®å vËt Which Which Whose/Of which
That That
• Trong tiÕng Anh chÝnh thøc, Whom thay cho Who khi Who kh«ng ph¶i lµ chñ
tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ. Ch¼ng h¹n, Are you the witness whom/that the police
are looking for? (Anh cã ph¶i lµ nh©n chøng mµ c¶nh s¸t ®ang t×m hay kh«ng?)
• Trong v¨n nãi, ng−êi ta th−êng l−îc bá ®¹i tõ quan hÖ khi ®¹i tõ nµy lµ tóc tõ.
Ch¼ng h¹n, Isn't that the shirt (which/that) you wore? (§ã kh«ng ph¶i çi ¸o s¬
mi mµ b¹n ®· mÆc chø?), That's the stone (that) he broke the window with (§ã
chÝnh lµ hßn ®¸ mµ nhê ®ã h¾n ®Ëp vì cöa sæ). Tuy nhiªn, kh«ng thÓ l−îc bá
®¹i tõ quan hÖ nÕu ®¹i tõ nµy lµ chñ tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ. Ch¼ng h¹n, The
mason who stands with arms akimbo is closely related to my driver (Ng−êi thî
nÒ ®øng chèng n¹nh cã quan hÖ hä hµng gÇn víi tµi xÕ cña t«i), She's the girl
who/that broke my heart (C« ta chÝnh lµ c« g¸i lµm t«i ®au khæ), That's the
stone which/that broke the window (§ã chÝnh lµ hßn ®¸ lµm vì cöa sæ).
• Whose lµ së h÷u çch cña Who vµ ®«i khi cña c¶ Which.
VÝ dô:
- This is the girl. Her father is a policeman (§©y lµ c« g¸i. Cha c« ta lµ c¶nh
s¸t viªn) --> This
is the girl whose father is a policeman (§©y lµ c« g¸i mµ cha lµ c¶nh s¸t
viªn).
- This is the steel tube. Its inner walls are rusty (§©y lµ èng thÐp. Çc v¸ch
bªn trong nã bÞ rØ)
--> This is the steel tube whose inner walls are rusty (§©y lµ èng thÐp mµ
çc v¸ch bªn trong bÞ rØ).
MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ (Relative clauses)
a) MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh (Defining relative clauses) lµ mÖnh ®Ò x¸c ®Þnh ng−êi
hoÆc vËt võa ®−îc nh¾c ®Õn tr−íc ®ã. Ch¼ng h¹n, ta cã c©u The man who told me the
news refused my invitation to dinner (Ng−êi ®µn «ng b¸o tin cho t«i ®· tõ chèi lêi
mêi ¨n tèi cña t«i). Trong c©u nµy, who told me the news lµ mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ. NÕu
bá mÖnh ®Ò nµy, ng−êi ®µn «ng mµ chóng ta ®ang nãi ®Õn sÏ kh«ng râ rµng. TuyÖt
®èi kh«ng ®Æt dÊu phÈy gi÷a danh tõ vµ mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh.
VÝ dô:
- We're looking for someone (who) we can rely on
(Chóng t«i ®ang t×m ng−êi mµ chóng t«i cã thÓ tin cËy)
^# 32 "]
- The novel is about a young man who falls in love with .. ..
(TiÓu thuyÕt nãi vÒ mét chµng trai ph¶i lßng .. ..)
- These are the children (that) I looked after last summer
(§©y lµ nh÷ng ®øa trÎ mµ t«i ®· tr«ng nom mïa hÌ võa qua)
- The clothes that are on the floor are dirty
(QuÇn ¸o trªn sµn nhµ lµ quÇn ¸o bÈn)
- Read the passage to which I referred in my talk
(H·y ®äc ®o¹n mµ t«i nh¾c ®Õn trong cuéc nãi chuyÖn)
- A house which overlooks the park will cost more
(Nhµ nh×n ra c«ng viªn sÏ ®¾t tiÒn h¬n)
- The roof on which I was standing collapsed suddenly (M¸i nhµ mµ t«i ®ang
®øng trªn
®ã bçng nhiªn ®æ sËp) = The roof which I was standing on collapsed suddenly
= The roof I was standing on collapsed suddenly.
§Æc biÖt
• Thay v× The first scientist who discovers/discovered this principle (Nhµ
khoa häc ®Çu tiªn t×m ra nguyªn lý nµy), ta cã thÓ nãi The first scientist to
discover this principle.
• Thay v× The only one who understands/understood this equation (Ng−êi
duy nhÊt hiÓu ®−îc ph−¬ng tr×nh nµy), ta cã thÓ nãi The only one to
understand this equation .
• hay v× Employees who work overtime will be entitled to extra pay (Nh©n
viªn lµm thªm ngoµi giê sÏ ®−îc h−ëng tiÒn phô tréi), ta cã thÓ nãi
Employees working overtime will be entitled to extra pay .
• Thay v× A decision which enables investors to expand their business (Mét
quyÕt ®Þnh
• cho phÐp giíi ®Çu t− khuÕch tr−¬ng viÖc lµm ¨n cña hä), ta cã thÓ nãi A
decision enabling
• investors to expand their business.
b) MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh (Non-defining relative clauses) nãi râ thªm vÒ
ng−êi hoÆc vËt ®· ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh. Kh¸c víi mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh, mÖnh ®Ò quan
hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh ®−îc ph©n çch b»ng dÊu phÈy vµ kh«ng thÓ bá ®¹i tõ quan hÖ.
Kh¸c víi mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh, mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh kh«ng ph¶i lµ
thµnh phÇn cèt yÕu cña c©u vµ cã thÓ lo¹i bá mµ ch¼ng ¶nh h−ëng g×. §Æc biÖt lµ
kh«ng dïng That thay cho Which ®Ó më ®Çu mét mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh.
MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh th−êng dïng trong v¨n viÕt h¬n lµ v¨n nãi.
VÝ dô:
- My boss, who is very superstitious , always believes in ghosts (¤ng chñ cña
t«i, ng−êi
rÊt mª tÝn dÞ ®oan, lu«n lu«n tin lµ cã ma)
- This letter is from my father-in-law, whom you met last week at the airport
(Bøc th− nµy
lµ cña bè vî t«i, ng−êi mµ anh ®· gÆp tuÇn råi ë s©n bay).
^# 33 "]
- Mrs Hoa, to whom we are speaking , owns a well-known supermarket in this
city (Bµ
Hoa, ng−êi mµ chóng t«i ®ang nãi chuyÖn, lµ chñ mét siªu thÞ næi tiÕng ë
thµnh phè nµy)
- My sister gave me this shirt, which she had sewed herself
(ChÞ t«i cho t«i çi ¸o s¬ mi nµy, çi ¸o mµ chÞ ®· tù tay may)
- That house, which I bought ten years ago , is still solid.
(C¨n nhµ Êy, c¨n nhµ mµ t«i mua çch ®©y 10 n¨m, vÉn cßn v÷ng ch¾c)
- Their hotel, whose staff are very helpful, is an example to all other hotels
(Kh¸ch s¹n
cña hä, n¬i nh©n viªn phôc vô rÊt ®¾c lùc, lµ mét tÊm g−¬ng cho tÊt c¶ çc
kh¸ch s¹n kh¸c noi theo)
Nãi thªm vÒ What vµ Which
• What còng cã nghÜa lµ "Nh÷ng ®iÒu mµ/Nh÷ng g× mµ".
VÝ dô:
- What you owned excited their envy (Nh÷ng g× b¹n cã ®· kÝch thÝch lßng ghen
tÞ cña hä).
- What he said was untrue (Nh÷ng g× h¾n nãi ®Òu tr¸i víi sù thËt).
- We studywhat our teacher teaches us (Chóng ta häc nh÷ng ®iÒu mµ thÇy
gi¸o d¹y chóng ta).
• Which còng cã nghÜa lµ "§iÒu ®ã".
VÝ dô:
- He said he had no money to go home, which was really absurd
(Anh ta nãi r»ng anh ta kh«ng cã tiÒn ®Ó vÒ nhµ, ®iÒu ®ã hÕt søc v« lý)
- Our car broke down suddenly, which made our journey less exciting
(Xe chóng t«i bÞ háng ®ét xuÊt, ®iÒu ®ã khiÕn cuéc hµnh tr×nh cña chóng t«i bít
phÇn hµo høng)
§¹i tõ vµ tÝnh tõ chØ ®Þnh

1/ TÝnh tõ chØ ®Þnh (demonstrative adjectives) thay ®æi theo sè cña danh tõ.
VÝ dô:
- That boy is very agile
(CËu bÐ Êy rÊt lanh lîi)
- These tourists come from Japan
(Çc du kh¸ch nµy ®Õn tõ NhËt B¶n)
- What does this word mean?
(Tõ nµy nghÜa lµ g×?)
- Those loaves are for the picnic
(Nh÷ng æ b¸nh m× Êy dµnh cho b÷a ¨n ngoµi trêi)
- At that time, she was singing her child to sleep
(Lóc Êy, c« ta ®ang ru con ngñ)
This/These/That/Those + danh tõ + of + yours/hers. .. ®«i khi dïng ®Ó nhÊn

m¹nh thay cho your/her... These words of yours are not convincing = Your
words are not convincing (Lêi lÏ nµy cña anh ch¼ng cã søc thuyÕt phôc) That
^# 34 "]
shirt of Ba's is always dirty = Ba's shirt is always dirty. (Çi ¸o s¬mi ®ã cña Ba
lu«n lu«n bÈn)
2/ §¹i tõ chØ ®Þnh (demonstrative pronouns)

VÝ dô:
- This is my room. That's hers.
(§©y lµ phßng cña t«i. Kia lµ cña c« ta)
- These are the bright colours. Those are the dark ones.
(§©y lµ nh÷ng mµu t−¬i. Kia lµ nh÷ng mµu sÉm)
- This is còng cã thÓ dïng ®Ó giíi thiÖu.
VÝ dô:
-Ba (to An): This is my sister Hoa.
(Ba nãi víi An: §©y lµ Hoa, em g¸i t«i)
- Ba (to Hoa): Hoa, this is An.
(Ba nãi víi Hoa: Hoa, ®©y lµ An)
• Those cã thÓ cã mét mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ x¸c ®Þnh theo sau:
VÝ dô:
- Those who don't want to come there will stay at home.
(Ai kh«ng muèn ®Õn ®ã th× ë nhµ)
• This/That cã thÓ chØ mét danh tõ, côm tõ hay mét mÖnh ®Ò ®· ®−îc ®Ò cËp tr−íc:
VÝ dô:
- We are binding books. We do this every day.
(Chóng t«i ®ang ®ãng s¸ch. Ngµy nµo chóng t«i còng lµm viÖc nµy)
- He avowed his faults. Wasn't that a praiseworthy behaviour?
(Anh ta nhËn lçi cña m×nh. §ã kh«ng ph¶i lµ lèi xö sù ®¸ng khen sao?)
3/ This/These, That/Those dïng víi one/ones
Kh«ng nhÊt thiÕt ph¶i cã one/ones theo sau çc tõ chØ ®Þnh nãi trªn, trõ phi sau This,
that ... lµ mét tÝnh tõ.
VÝ dô:
- This shirt is too tight. I'll wear that (one )
(Çi ¸o s¬mi nµy chËt qu¸. T«i sÏ mÆc çi kia)
I like this red one /these red ones.
(T«i thÝch çi mµu ®á nµy/nh÷ng çi mµu ®á nµy)
The former & The latter

• The former = Ng−êi thø nhÊt, vËt thø nhÊt (trong hai ng−êi, trong hai vËt)
• The latter = Ng−êi thø hai, vËt thø hai (trong hai ng−êi, trong hai vËt)
VÝ dô:
- I have two French friends, the former is an engineer and the latter is a
lawyer
(T«i cã hai ng−êi b¹n Ph¸p, ng−êi thø nhÊt lµ kü s− vµ ng−êi thø hai lµ luËt s−)
- If I had to choose between wealth and peacefulness, I'd prefer the latter
(NÕu ph¶i chän gi÷a sù giµu sang vµ sù thanh nhµn, t«i thÝch çi thø hai h¬n)
Giíi tõ
(Prepositions)
^# 35 "]
Tæng quan
Giíi tõ lµ mét tõ (At, Between, In, On, Under...) hoÆc nhãm tõ (Apart from, In front
of, Instead of, On account of...) ®øng tr−íc danh tõ hoÆc ®¹i tõ ®Ó chØ vÞ trÝ, thêi gian,
çch thøc... Còng cã tr−êng hîp hiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ ®−îc dïng lµm giíi tõ (Considering,
Following, Regarding, Concerning...).
VÝ dô:
- The murderer is to be shot at dawn (KÎ giÕt ng−êi sÏ bÞ xö b¾n lóc b×nh minh)
- B comes between A and C in the English alphabet
(B ®øng gi÷a A vµ C trong b¶ng ch÷ çi tiÕng Anh)
- A country in Europe (Mét n−íc ë ch©u ¢u)
- Dirty marks on the ceiling (VÕt bÈn trªn trÇn nhµ)
- The water flows under the bridge (N−íc ch¶y d−íi cÇu)
- We sometimes drink lemonade instead of coffee
(§«i khi chóng t«i uèng n−íc chanh thay cho cµ phª)
- Apart from her nose, this actress looks very glamorous
(Ngoµi çi mòi ra, n÷ diÔn viªn nµy tr«ng rÊt quyÕn rò)
- Decision concerning the export of timber (QuyÕt ®Þnh vÒ viÖc xuÊt khÈu gç)
VÞ trÝ cña giíi tõ

a) Tr−íc danh tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, Our boat was rocked by the waves (ThuyÒn cña
chóng t«i bÞ sãng ®¸nh l¾c l−), The earth moves round the sun (Tr¸i ®Êt chuyÓn
®éng quanh mÆt trêi).
b) Tr−íc ®¹i tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, An obese man stood in front of her (Mét g· bÐo phÞ
®øng tr−íc mÆt c« ta), Your name comes after mine on the list (Tªn b¹n ®øng sau
tªn t«i trªn danh s¸ch), The policeman to whom she was speaking (Viªn c¶nh s¸t
mµ c« ta ®ang nãi chuyÖn), About whom are you thinking? (B¹n ®ang nghÜ ®Õn ai
vËy?) .
c) Tr−íc danh ®éng tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, Why don't you help me instead of just standing
there? (T¹i sao b¹n kh«ng gióp t«i thay v× ®øng ng©y ra ®ã?), He is always
forward in helping others (Anh ta lu«n sèt s¾ng gióp ®ì ng−êi kh¸c).
d) Sau ®éng tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, The boy asked for more money (CËu bÐ xin thªm tiÒn),
I have thought about this very carefully (T«i ®· suy nghÜ rÊt kü vÒ viÖc nµy).
e) Sau tÝnh tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, He was very good to me when I was ill (Anh ta rÊt tèt
víi t«i khi t«i bÖnh), New York is famous for its skyscrapers (New York næi tiÕng
nhê nh÷ng toµ nhµ chäc trêi).
f) Sau danh tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, They attached very great importance to the program
(Hä rÊt coi träng ch−¬ng tr×nh nµy), My teacher is known for excellence in all
forms of sport (ThÇy t«i næi tiÕng v× tµi nghÖ ®iÖu luyÖn trong mäi lo¹i h×nh thÓ
thao).
g) Cuèi c©u hái. Ch¼ng h¹n, Who are you thinking about? (B¹n ®ang nghÜ ®Õn ai
vËy?), What are they talking about? (Hä ®ang nãi vÒ ®iÒu g× vËy?).
h) Cuèi mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ. Ch¼ng h¹n, The friend (who ) I went with (Ng−êi b¹n
mµ t«i ®i chung), The photographs (that ) you are looking at were taken by my
father (Nh÷ng bøc ¶nh mµ b¹n ®ang xem lµ do cha t«i chôp).
^# 36 "]
i) Cuèi mét c©u ë d¹ng thô ®éng. Ch¼ng h¹n, The matter has not yet been dealt
with (Sù viÖc ch−a ®−îc gi¶i quyÕt), Why is your daughter crying? - She has just
been shouted at (T¹i sao con g¸i anh khãc? - Nã võa míi bÞ m¾ng).
j) Cuèi nh÷ng c©u nh− What a terrible state she was in! (C« ta ë trong mét t×nh
tr¹ng kinh khñng thËt!), We have no merit to speak of (Chóng t«i ch¼ng cã c«ng
tr¹ng g× ®¸ng nãi ®Õn c¶), An article hard to get rid of (Mãn hµng khã b¸n).
L−u ý
I relied on her being efficient (T«i tin vµo viÖc c« Êy cã n¨ng lùc), chø kh«ng
nãi I relied on that she was efficient .
He left early to catch the last bus (H¾n ra ®i sím ®Ó kÞp chuyÕn xe bóyt cuèi
cïng), chø kh«ng nãi He left early for to catch the last bus .
He moved towards me, chø kh«ng nãi He moved towards I .
Ph©n biÖt giíi tõ vµ tr¹ng tõ

a) Please do not write below this line (Xin ®õng viÕt d−íi dßng nµy) (giíi tõ)
The passengers who felt seasick stayed below
(Hµnh kh¸ch say sãng th× ë bªn d−íi) (tr¹ng tõ)
b) We left school after that event
(Chóng t«i rêi ghÕ nhµ tr−êng sau biÕn cè Êy) (giíi tõ)
The day after, he apologized (Ngµy h«m sau, anh ta xin lçi) (tr¹ng tõ)
c) They knelt before the throne (Hä quú tr−íc ngai vµng) (giíi tõ)
You should have told me so before
(LÏ ra b¹n ph¶i cho t«i biÕt tr−íc chuyÖn Êy) (tr¹ng tõ)
d) Gold fish swimming round the bowl
(Ç vµng b¬i quanh chËu) (giíi tõ)
Stop turning your head round to look at the girls
(§õng quay l¹i nh×n çc c« g¸i n÷a) (tr¹ng tõ)
§éng tõ vµ Trî ®éng tõ

(Verbs) (Auxiliary Verbs)
§éng tõ
(Verbs)
Tæng quan vÒ §éng tõ
• §éng tõ lµ tõ chØ mét hµnh ®éng, mét sù kiÖn hoÆc mét tr¹ng th¸i . Côm ®éng tõ
(Phrasal verb) lµ ®éng tõ cã giíi tõ hoÆc phã tõ kÌm theo ®Ó mang mét nghÜa kh¸c
víi nghÜa th«ng th−êng .
VÝ dô :
- He translates a contract from Vietnamese into English
(Anh ta dÞch mét hîp ®ång tõ tiÕng ViÖt sang tiÕng Anh)
- Many memorable events happened last year
(N¨m ngo¸i ®· x¶y ra nhiÒu sù kiÖn ®¸ng nhí)
^# 37 "]
- The situation became unfavourable to them
(T×nh thÕ trë nªn bÊt lîi cho hä)
- He takes after his father (Anh ta gièng bè anh ta)
- Turn on the lights ! (BËt ®Ìn lªn!)
- Please write back as soon as possible
(Xin vui lßng viÕt th− tr¶ lêi cµng sím cµng tèt)
- Their plane took off later than usual
(M¸y bay cña hä cÊt çnh muén h¬n th−êng lÖ)
• Néi ®éng tõ (Intransitive Verb) lµ ®éng tõ tù nã ®· ®ñ nghÜa vµ kh«ng cÇn tóc tõ
theo sau. Ch¼ng h¹n, The birdflies (Con chim bay), They are swimming (Hä
®ang b¬i). Ngo¹i ®éng tõ (Transitive Verb) lµ ®éng tõ ®ßi hái cã tóc tõ (Object)
theo sau th× míi ®ñ nghÜa. Ch¼ng h¹n, Ba opens the window (Ba më cöa sæ), The
police took the suicides to the hospital (C¶nh s¸t ®−a nh÷ng ng−êi tù tö ®Õn bÖnh
viÖn). NÕu kh«ng cã the window vµ the suicides , ta ch¼ng biÕt Ba më çi g× vµ
C¶nh s¸t ®−a ai ®Õn bÖnh viÖn. Tuy nhiªn, còng cã ®éng tõ võa lµ Néi ®éng tõ
võa lµ Ngo¹i ®éng tõ . Ch¼ng h¹n, Please speak slowly (Xin vui lßng nãi chËm
l¹i) vµ Please speak English (Xin vui lßng nãi tiÕng Anh), hoÆc The number of
traffic accidentsincreased from day to day (Sè vô tai n¹n giao th«ng gia t¨ng tõng
ngµy mét) vµ She increased her speed to evade the robbers (C« ta t¨ng tèc ®é ®Ó
tho¸t khái bän c−íp).
• Th× (Tense), ta x¸c ®Þnh ®−îc thêi ®iÓm diÔn ra mét hµnh ®éng hoÆc mét sù kiÖn.
T−¬ng øng víi Qu¸ khø, HiÖn t¹i vµ T−¬ng lai lµ Th× qu¸ khø , Th× hiÖn t¹i vµ Th×
t−¬ng lai .
- Th× qu¸ khø gåm Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n (Simple Past), Qu¸ khø liªn tiÕn (Past
Continuous), Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh (Past Perfect), Qu¸ khø liªn tiÕn hoµn thµnh
(Past Perfect Continuous).
- Th× hiÖn t¹i gåm HiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n (Simple Present), HiÖn t¹i liªn tiÕn (Present
Continuous), HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh (Present Perfect), HiÖn t¹i liªn tiÕn hoµn thµnh
(Present Perfect Continuous).
- Th× t−¬ng lai gåmT−¬ng lai ®¬n gi¶n (Simple future), T−¬ng lai liªn tiÕn
(Future Continuous), T−¬ng lai hoµn thµnh (Future Perfect), T−¬ng lai liªn tiÕn
hoµn thµnh (Future Perfect Continuous).
• Çch (Mood) cho biÕt r»ng hµnh ®éng do ®éng tõ diÔn t¶ lµ ch¾c ch¾n, cã tÝnh
çch mÖnh lÖnh, ph¶i phô thuéc mét ®iÒu kiÖn nµo ®ã, ch−a ch¾c ch¾n hoÆc chØ
míi lµ mong −íc mµ th«i. Ch¼ng h¹n, Trùc thuyÕt çch (Indicative Mood) diÔn t¶
mét hµnh ®éng ®·, ®ang hoÆc sÏ diÔn ra trong hiÖn thùc. §iÒu kiÖn çch
(Conditional Mood) diÔn t¶ mét ý t−ëng mµ viÖc thùc hiÖn cßn ph¶i tïy thuéc mét
®iÒu kiÖn nµo ®ã. Gi¶ ®Þnh çch (Subjunctive Mood) diÔn t¶ hoÆc mét mong −íc
hoÆc mét t×nh tr¹ng gi¶ t−ëng. MÖnh lÖnh çch (Imperative Mood) diÔn t¶ mét
mÖnh lÖnh hoÆc mét lêi khuyÕn ço.
VÝ dô :
- President Ho Chi Minh died in 1969 (Chñ tÞch Hå ChÝ Minh tõ trÇn n¨m
1969)
^# 38 "]
- We are preparing for the university entrance examination (Chóng t«i ®ang
chuÈn bÞ cho kú thi
vµo ®¹i häc)
- Tomorrow morning, he will not preside at the monthly meeting (S¸ng mai,
«ng ta sÏ kh«ng chñ
tr× cuéc häp hµng th¸ng)
- Try hard to succeed and stop thinking about frivolities ! (H·y cè g¾ng hÕt
m×nh ®Ó thµnh c«ng
vµ ®õng nghÜ ®Õn nh÷ng chuyÖn l«ng b«ng n÷a !)
- She can stay at home if she likes (C« ta cã thÓ ë nhµ nÕu c« ta thÝch)
- If we had been there yesterday morning, he would have invited us to
breakfast ( NÕu s¸ng
h«m qua chóng t«i cã mÆt ë ®ã, «ng ta ®· mêi chóng t«i ¨n ®iÓm t©m)
- Long live the king ! (§øc vua v¹n tuÕ !)
- Heaven help us ! (L¹y trêi phï hé chóng con !)
- He staggers as though he were dead drunk (H¾n b−íc lo¹ng cho¹ng nh− lµ
®· say mÌm)
• H×nh thøc
- H×nh thøc kh¼ng ®Þnh (Affirmative Form) : Hoa is a programmer (Hoa lµ lËp
tr×nh viªn), They go shopping (Hä ®i mua s¾m), She smiled happily (C« ta mØm
c−êi sung s−íng).
- H×nh thøc phñ ®Þnh (Negative Form) : Hoa is not / isn't a programmer (Hoa
kh«ng ph¶i lµ lËp tr×nh viªn), They do not / don't go shopping (Hä kh«ng ®i mua
s¾m), She did not / didn't smile happily (C« ta kh«ng mØm c−êi sung s−íng).
- H×nh thøc nghi vÊn (Interrogative Form) : Is Hoa a programmer ? (Hoa cã ph¶i
lµ lËp tr×nh viªn hay kh«ng?), Do they go shopping ? (Hä cã ®i mua s¾m hay
kh«ng?), Did she smile happily ? (C« ta cã mØm c−êi sung s−íng hay kh«ng?).
- H×nh thøc nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh (Negative Interrogative Form) : Thay v× Is Hoa not
a programmer ? (Hoa kh«ng ph¶i lµ lËp tr×nh viªn hay sao?), Do they not go
shopping ? (Hä kh«ng ®i mua s¾m chø?) vµ Did she not smile happily ? (C« ta
kh«ng mØm c−êi sung s−íng sao?), ng−êi ta th−êng viÕt Isn't Hoa a programmer
?, Don't they go shopping ? vµ Didn't she smile happily ?
Th× & Çch cña ®éng tõ
Th× hiÖn t¹i

(Present)
HiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n (Simple Present)
H×nh thøc
VÝ dô : TO WORK
X¸c ®Þnh Phñ ®Þnh Nghi vÊn Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh
I work I don't work Do I work? Don't I work?
You work You don't work Do you work Don't you
work?
^# 39 "]
He/she/it works He/she/it doesn't work Does he/she/it work? Doesn't
he/she/it work?
We work We don't work Do we work? Don't we
work?
You work You don't work Do you work? Don't you work?
They work They don't work Do they work? Don't they
work?
• Don't vµ Doesn't chÝnh lµ Do not vµ Does not. Ch¼ng h¹n, I do not work tØnh l−îc
thµnh I don't work, hoÆc Do you not work? tØnh l−îc thµnh Don't you work?
• Th× hiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n cã h×nh thøc gièng nh− nguyªn mÉu, chØ kh¸c mét ®iÒu lµ
thªm S ë ng«i thø ba sè Ýt (He/She/It). Ch¼ng h¹n, To play --> She plays, To stand
--> He stands, To smile --> She smiles.
• Tuy nhiªn, ph¶i thªm ES nÕu ®éng tõ tËn cïng b»ng SS, CH, SH, X vµ O. Ch¼ng
h¹n, To miss --> She misses, To push --> He pushes, To clutch --> He clutches,
To fix --> He fixes, To do --> She does, To go --> It goes.
• Còng ë ng«i thø ba sè Ýt, Y ®æi thµnh IES nÕu ®éng tõ tËn cïng b»ng phô ©m + Y.
Ch¼ng h¹n, To bury --> It buries, To identify --> He identifies, To deny --> She
denies. Tuy nhiªn, nÕu ®éng tõ tËn cïng b»ng nguyªn ©m + Y th× thªm S nh− b×nh
th−êng. Ch¼ng h¹n, To stay --> She stays, To pay --> He pays, To obey --> He
obeys.
C«ng dông
• DiÔn t¶ thãi quen hoÆc nÒ nÕp.
VÝ dô:
- I bath every night (Tèi nµo t«i còng t¾m)
- How often do the buses run? (Çch bao l©u l¹i cã xe bóyt?)
- He always brushes his teeth after meals (Anh ta lu«n ch¶i r¨ng sau khi ¨n)
- You never get up early (Ch¼ng bao giê çc anh dËy sím c¶)
- We go to church twice a week (Chóng t«i ®i lÔ hai lÇn mçi tuÇn)
- They often advise me to attend evening classes (Hä th−êng khuyªn t«i häc
líp ®ªm)
• DiÔn t¶ tr¹ng th¸i hiÓn nhiªn hoÆc sù thËt bÊt di bÊt dÞch.
VÝ dô :
- This packet contains twenty cigarettes (Gãi nµy ®ùng hai m−¬i ®iÕu thuèc)
- English is easier to learn than French (TiÕng Anh dÔ häc h¬n tiÕng Ph¸p)
- The sun rises in the east and sets in the west
(MÆt trêi mäc ë ph−¬ng ®«ng vµ lÆn ë ph−¬ng t©y)
- Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius (N−íc s«i ë 100 ®é C)
- What does this acronym mean? (Côm tõ viÕt t¾t nµy nghÜa lµ g×?)
- A full stop signifies the end of a sentence (DÊu chÊm nghÜa lµ hÕt mét c©u)
• DiÔn t¶ ho¹t c¶nh s©n khÊu, tin tøc thÓ thao ...
VÝ dô :
- When the curtain rises, a French officer is making advances to Eliza. The
phone rings suddenly. She picks it up and listens quietly. As for him, the
French officer smokes while staring into space (Khi mµn kÐo lªn, mét sÜ quan
^# 40 "]
Ph¸p ®ang t¸n tØnh Eliza. §iÖn tho¹i bçng reo vang. Nµng nhÊc ®iÖn tho¹i lªn
vµ b×nh th¶n l¾ng nghe. VÒ phÇn m×nh, viªn sÜ quan Ph¸p võa hót thuèc võa
nh×n ®¨m ®¨m vµo kho¶ng kh«ng).
• DiÔn t¶ mét dù ®Þnh, mét kÕ ho¹ch trong t−¬ng lai.
VÝ dô:
- We leave London at 10.00 next Tuesday and arrive in Paris at 13.00. We
spend two hours in Paris and leave again at 15.00. We arrive in Rome at 19.30,
spend four hours in Rome... (Chóng t«i rêi Lu©n §«n lóc 10 giê s¸ng Thø Ba
tíi vµ ®Õn Paris lóc 13 giê. Chóng t«i ë Paris hai tiÕng ®ång hå vµ l¹i ra ®i lóc
15 giê. Chóng t«i ®Õn R«ma lóc 19 giê 30, ë R«ma bèn tiÕng ®ång hå...).
• Thay choHiÖn t¹i liªn tiÕn cña çc ®éng tõ Like, Dislike, Detest, Fear, Respect,
Loathe, Hate, Love, Believe , Trust , Want , Wish , Desire , Know , Perceive,
Notice , Understand , Forget , Remember , Recollect , Consist , Contain ,
Concern , Belong , Possess , Own , Owe , Concern , Matter , Appear (cã vÎ),
Look (cã vÎ), Seem (d−êng nh−), Smell (cã mïi), Taste (cã vÞ), Sound (cã vÎ),
Mean (cã nghÜa lµ), Signify (cã nghÜa lµ),See (hiÓu), Realize (hiÓu), Recognize
(nhËn thøc), Hold (chøa ®ùng), Keep (tiÕp tôc), Admire (kh©m phôc)...
VÝ dô :
- I want to see him right now (T«i muèn gÆp h¾n ngay b©y giê), chø kh«ng nãi
I am wanting to see him right now.
- The meat smells of garlic (ThÞt cã mïi tái), chø kh«ng nãi The meat is
smelling of garlic.
- I perceive her smile as an ironic remark (T«i nhËn thÊy nô c−êi cña c« ta lµ
mét lêi nhËn xÐt mØa mai), chø kh«ng nãi I am perceiving her smile as an
ironic remark .
• DiÔn t¶ mét ®iÒu kiÖn.
VÝ dô:
- If he sees you, he'll give you a good talking-to
(NÕu gÆp anh, h¾n sÏ m¾ng anh mét trËn ra trß)
- We'll starve unless we find any barracks at the foot of the mountain
(Chóng ta sÏ chÕt ®ãi nÕu kh«ng t×m ®−îc doanh tr¹i nµo ë ch©n nói)
HiÖn t¹i liªn tiÕn (Present Continuous)
H×nh thøc
HiÖn t¹i liªn tiÕn = HiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n cña TO BE + HiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ.
VÝ dô : TO WORK
X¸c ®Þnh Phñ ®Þnh Nghi vÊn Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh
I am working I am not working Am I working? Am I
not working?
You are working You are not working Are you working? Are you
not working?
He/she/it is working He/she/it is not working Is he/she/it working? Is
he/she/it not working?
^# 41 "]
We are working We are not working Are we working? Are we
not working?
You are working You are not working Are you working? Are you
not working?
They are working They are not working Are they working? Are they
not working
• I am working , He is working , They are working ... th−êng tØnh l−îc thµnh I'm
working , He's working, They're working ...
• I am not working , You are not working , He is not working ...th−êng tØnh l−îc
thµnh I'm not working , You're not working / You aren't working , He's not working
/ He isn't working ...
• Am I not working? , Are you not working? , Is he not working? ... th−êng tØnh l−îc
thµnh Aren't I working? , Aren't you working? , Isn't he working? ...
C«ng dông
• DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra.
VÝ dô:
- It is raining (Trêi ®ang m−a)
- The kettle is boiling (N−íc trong Êm ®ang s«i)
- What are you doing? - I am feeding the pigs
(Anh ®ang lµm g× vËy? - T«i ®ang cho lîn ¨n)
- At present, my younger sister is teaching English and (is) studying
medicine(HiÖn nay, em g¸i t«i ®ang d¹y tiÕng Anh vµ häc y khoa)
• DiÔn t¶ mét t−¬ng lai thËt gÇn. Ch¼ng h¹n, I am taking an oral examination
tomorrow morning (S¸ng mai, t«i thi vÊn ®¸p), Are you doing anything this
afternoon? (Anh cã lµm g× chiÒu nay hay kh«ng?)
• DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i theo thãi quen. Ch¼ng h¹n, She is always
wearing her jumper the wrong way round (C« ta lu«n mÆc ¸o len nhÇm ®»ng tr−íc
ra ®»ng sau), You are always getting the wrong number (Çc anh lu«n quay nhÇm
sè ®iÖn tho¹i).
HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh (Present Perfect)

H×nh thøc
HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh = HiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n cña TO HAVE + Qu¸ khø ph©n tõ
VÝ dô : TO WORK
X¸c ®Þnh Phñ ®Þnh Nghi vÊn

I have worked I have not worked Have I worked?
You have worked You have not worked Have you worked?
He/she/it has worked He/she/it has not worked Has he/she/it worked?
We have worked We have not worked Have we worked?

You have worked You have not worked Have you worked?
^# 42 "]
They have worked They have not worked Have they worked?
• I have worked , He has worked , They have worked ... th−êng tØnh l−îc thµnh I've
worked, He's worked, They've worked.
• I have not worked , He has not worked , They have not worked ... th−êng tØnh l−îc
thµnh I haven't worked/I've not worked, He hasn't worked/He's not worked, They
haven't worked/They've not worked ...
• Have I not worked? , Has he not worked? , Have they not worked? (Nghi vÊn phñ
®Þnh)... th−êng tØnh l−îc thµnh Haven't I worked?, Hasn't he worked?, Haven't they
worked?
C«ng dông
• DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra, nh−ng kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh lµ x¶y ra lóc nµo.
VÝ dô :
- Don't worry ! He has received your complimentary tickets
(§õng lo! ¤ng Êy nhËn ®−îc vÐ mêi cña anh råi)
- Have you finished your work? - Yes, I have/No, I haven't finished it yet
(Anh lµm xong c«ng viÖc ch−a? - Råi, t«i lµm xong råi/ Ch−a, t«i ch−a lµm
xong)
- The lieutenant-general has just given orders to bombard the enemy
headquarters
(Trung t−íng võa míi ra lÖnh ph¸o kÝch vµo tæng hµnh dinh cña ®Þch)
- I wonder if my wife has subscribed to Vietnam News
(T«i ph©n v©n kh«ng biÕt vî t«i cã ®Æt mua Vietnam News hay ch−a)
- Have you ever been to Switzerland? (Anh cã sang Thôy SÜ bao giê ch−a?)
- How long have you been there? (Anh ®· ë ®ã bao l©u?)
- I am sure that she has agreed with you about it
(T«i tin ch¾c r»ng bµ ta ®· ®ång ý víi anh vÒ viÖc ®ã)
• DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra vµ vÉn cßn quan hÖ ®Õn hiÖn t¹i.
VÝ dô :
- We have lived here for eight years (Chóng t«i sèng ë ®©y ®· t¸m n¨m råi)
- There have been many murders lately/recently (§· cã nhiÒu vô ¸n m¹ng x¶y
ra gÇn ®©y)
- He has been sick for three weeks/since last week
(¤ng ta ®au ®· ba tuÇn råi/tõ tuÇn råi ®Õn b©y giê)
- My mother is seventy-two years old and has been bespectacled for four years
(MÑ t«i b¶y m−¬i hai tuæi vµ mang kÝnh ®· bèn n¨m nay)
- She has gone about on crutches since her childhood
(C« ta chèng n¹ng tõ bÐ ®Õn b©y giê)
- I have worked here since I graduated in law
(T«i lµm viÖc ë ®©y tõ khi tèt nghiÖp ngµnh luËt ®Õn b©y giê)
- This tooth hasn't been filled for months (R¨ng nµy mÊy th¸ng nay ch−a tr¸m)
- I haven't seen my parents for ages/since January
(L©u qu¸/ Tõ th¸ng giªng ®Õn nay, t«i ch−a gÆp bè mÑ t«i)
- Their youngest son joined up last year. They haven't heard from him since
(Con trai ót cña hä nhËp ngò n¨m ngo¸i. Tõ ®ã ®Õn nay, hä bÆt tin cËu ta)
^# 43 "]
§Æc biÖt
- I have never heard such nonsense (T«i ch−a bao giê nghe mét chuyÖn phi lý
nh− vËy)
- Never in all my life have I heard such nonsense
(Suèt ®êi t«i ch−a bao giê nghe mét chuyÖn phi lý nh− vËy)
- She has often invited me home (C« ta vÉn th−êng mêi t«i ®Õn nhµ ch¬i)
- This is the best film I have ever seen (§©y lµ bé phim hay nhÊt mµ t«i tõng
xem)
- This is the first time they have visited the zoo
(§©y lµ lÇn ®Çu tiªn hä tham quan v−ên b¸ch thó)
- It is only the second time they have arrived in Hong Kong
(§©y chØ lµ lÇn thø hai hä ®Õn Hång K«ng)
- It is ten years since I have seen them (LÇn sau cïng t«i gÆp hä lµ çch ®©y
m−êi n¨m)
HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn (Present Perfect Continuous)
H×nh thøc
HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn = HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh cña TO BE + HiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ.
• X¸c ®Þnh: I have been working , He has been working ...
• Phñ ®Þnh: I have not / haven't been working, He has not / hasn't been working ...
• Nghi vÊn: Have I been working? Has he been working? ...
• Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh: Have I not / Haven't I been working?, Has he not / Hasn't he
been working?...
C«ng dông
• DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra vµ vÉn tiÕp diÔn ®Õn khi ta nãi, hoÆc võa míi
hoµn tÊt khi ta nãi.
VÝ dô :
- They have been waiting for hours and the policeman still hasn't opened the
gate to let them out (Hä chê ®· mÊy tiÕng ®ång hå vµ viªn c¶nh s¸t vÉn ch−a
më cæng cho hä ra)
- I am too busy to make you a phone call. Have you been waiting long?
(T«i qu¸ bËn, nªn kh«ng ®iÖn tho¹i cho anh ®−îc. Anh ®îi ®· l©u ch−a?)
- They have been working all week without a moment's leisure (Hä lµm viÖc
suèt c¶ tuÇn, ch¼ng lóc nµo r¶nh rçi)
• §«i khi ng−êi ta vÉn dïng ®éng tõ Want vµ Wish ë HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn.
Ch¼ng h¹n, Thank you very much for the gardening guide. I have been wanting it
for ages (RÊt çm ¬n anh vÒ quyÓn s¸ch h−íng dÉn lµm v−ên. T«i cÇn quyÓn Êy
l©u l¾m råi)
Th× qu¸ khø

(Past)
Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n (Simple Past)
^# 44 "]
H×nh thøc
• §èi víi ®éng tõ cã qui t¾c, Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n h×nh thµnh b»ng çch thªm ed
vµoNguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To (hoÆc thªm d nÕu nguyªn mÉu tËn cïng b»ng e).
VÝ dô :
To play ---> I played, You played, He played, They played...
To connect --> I connected, You connected, He connected...
To raise --> I raised, You raised, He raised, They raised...
To guide --> I guided, You guided, They guided...
§èi víi ®éng tõ bÊt quy t¾c, xin xem Phô Lôc.
• H×nh thøc qu¸ khø gièng nhau ë tÊt c¶ çc ng«i (®èi víi ®éng tõ bÊt quy t¾c còng
vËy).
VÝ dô :
To work --> I worked, You worked, He worked, We worked, They worked
To sleep --> I slept, You slept, He slept, We slept, They slept
• Phñ ®Þnh = Did not / Didn't + Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To
VÝ dô :
- I did not/didn't work, He did not/didn't work, They did not/didn't work
- I did not/didn't sleep, He did not/didn't sleep, They did not/didn't sleep
• Nghi vÊn = Did + chñ tõ + Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To
VÝ dô :
- Did I work? Did you work? Did he work? Did we work? Did they work?
- Did I sleep? Did you sleep? Did he sleep? Did we sleep? Did they sleep?
• Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh :
VÝ dô :
- Did you not/Didn't you work? Did he not/Didn't he work? Did they not/didn't
they work?...
- Did you not/Didn't you sleep? Did he not/Didn't he sleep? Did they not/didn't
they sleep?...
C«ng dông
• DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®· hoµn tÊt ë mét thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh trong qu¸ khø.
VÝ dô:
- I had an argument with them yesterday morning (S¸ng h«m qua, t«i c·i nhau
víi hä)
- Her father died twelve years ago (Bè c« ta mÊt çch ®©y 12 n¨m)
- United Nations Organization was founded in October 1945
(Tæ chøc Liªn hiÖp quèc ®−îc thµnh lËp th¸ng 10/1945)
- She adhered to Communist Party of Vietnam in 1964
(Bµ ta gia nhËp §¶ng céng s¶n ViÖt Nam n¨m 1964)
• DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng hoµn toµn thuéc vÒ qu¸ khø , t¸ch rêi víi hiÖn t¹i (dï
kh«ng nªu mét thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh).
VÝ dô :
- King Quang Trung was a military genius, a visionary diplomat, a preeminent
leader
(Vua Quang Trung lµ mét thiªn tµi qu©n sù, mét nhµ ngo¹i giao biÕt nh×n xa
tr«ng réng, mét l·nh tô kiÖt xuÊt)
^# 45 "]
- Our teacher always advised us to be studious and dutiful to our parents
(ThÇy chóng t«i lu«n khuyªn chóng t«i ch¨m chØ häc hµnh vµ hiÕu th¶o víi cha
mÑ) (Nay thÇy ®· qua ®êi ch¼ng h¹n")
- They lived there for two years and had to disguise themselves as stevedores to
evade capture by the Gestapo (Hä sèng ë ®ã hai n¨m vµ ph¶i c¶i trang lµm phu
bèc v¸c ®Ó tr¸nh sù lïng b¾t cña Gestapo)
- I once saw a drunk drive recklessly at top speed in the rush-hour traffic. As a
result, his car skidded, rushed onto the pavement, ran over two pedestrians and
killed them (Cã lÇn t«i thÊy mét g· say r−îu liÒu lÜnh phãng xe hÕt tèc lùc gi÷a
dßng xe cé ng−îc xu«i trong giê cao ®iÓm. KÕt qu¶ lµ xe h¾n tr−ît b¸nh, lao
lªn vØa hÌ vµ çn chÕt hai ng−êi ®i bé)
• Trong c©u ®iÒu kiÖn lo¹i 2.
VÝ dô :
- If you were expert in English and French, you would easily find a job as a
translator in my company
(NÕu anh th«ng th¹o tiÕng Anh vµ tiÕng Ph¸p, anh sÏ dÔ kiÕm ®−îc mét ch©n
phiªn dÞch trong c«ng ty t«i)
- If someone volunteered to lend me money, I would try my best to become a
billionaire
(NÕu ai t×nh nguyÖn cho t«i m−în tiÒn, t«i sÏ lµm hÕt søc m×nh ®Ó trë thµnh tØ
phó)
Qu¸ khø liªn tiÕn (Past Continuous)

H×nh thøc
Qu¸ khø liªn tiÕn = Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n cña TO BE + HiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ
X¸c ®Ønh Phu ®Þnh Nghi vÊn

I was working I was not working Was I working?
You were working You were notworking Were you working?
He/she/it was working He/she/it was not working Was he/she/it
working?
We were working We were not working Were we working?
You were working You were not working Were you working?
They were working They were not working Were they working?
• I was not working , You were not working , He was not working ... th−êng tØnh
l−îc thµnh I wasn't working, You weren't working, He wasn't working ...
• Was I not working ?Were you not working ? Was he not working ? (Nghi vÊn phñ
®Þnh)... th−êng tØnh l−îc thµnh Wasn't I working? Weren't you working? Wasn't he
working? ...
L−u ý
- Like, Dislike, Detest, Fear, Respect, Loathe, Hate, Love, Believe , Trust ,
Want , Wish , Desire , Know , Perceive, Notice , Understand , Forget ,
^# 46 "]
Remember , Recollect , Consist , Contain , Concern , Belong , Possess , Own ,
Owe , Concern , Matter , Appear (cã vÎ), Look (cã vÎ), Seem (d−êng nh−),
Smell (cã mïi), Taste (cã vÞ), Sound (cã vÎ), Mean (cã nghÜa lµ), Signify (cã
nghÜa lµ),See (hiÓu), Realize (hiÓu), Recognize (nhËn thøc), Hold (chøa
®ùng), Keep (tiÕp tôc), Admire (kh©m phôc)... lµ nh÷ng ®éng tõ kh«ng dïng ë
Qu¸ khø liªn tiÕn.
C«ng dông
• DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng tiÕn triÓn dÇn dÇn trong qu¸ khø, mµ kh«ng cÇn nªu tõ ng÷
chØ thêi gian.
VÝ dô :
- It was getting colder (Trêi ®ang l¹nh dÇn)
- The river was rising (N−íc s«ng ®ang tõ tõ d©ng lªn)
• DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra ë mét thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh trong qu¸ khø.
VÝ dô :
- What were you doing at six o'clock yesterday morning?
(Lóc 6 giê s¸ng h«m qua, anh ®ang lµm g×?)
- At that moment, I was sleeping (Lóc Êy, t«i ®ang ngñ)
- What was she doing when you arrived? (C« ta ®ang lµm g× khi anh ®Õn?)
- When I arrived, she was boiling eggs (Khi t«i ®Õn, c« ta ®ang luéc trøng)
- They burst out laughing while their father was speaking to me
(Hä c−êi ph¸ lªn trong lóc cha hä ®ang nãi chuyÖn víi t«i)
• Miªu t¶ qu¸ khø.
VÝ dô :
- The girl was cooking in the kitchen. Her father was reading while her
younger brother was revising for the end-of-term test. Suddenly, there were
shots and screams in the distance (C« g¸i ®ang nÊu ¨n trong bÕp. Cha c« ®ang
®äc s¸ch, trong khi em trai c« ®ang «n tËp thi cuèi häc kú. Bçng cã nhiÒu tiÕng
sóng vµ tiÕng thÐt tõ xa väng l¹i).
• Thay choHiÖn t¹i liªn tiÕn khi chuyÓn Lêi nãi trùc tiÕp sang Lêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp.
VÝ dô :
- He said, "I am writing to my siblings" (¤ng ta nãi : "T«i ®ang viÕt th− cho
anh chÞ em ruét cña t«i) --> He said that he was writing to his siblings" (¤ng
ta nãi r»ng «ng ta ®ang viÕt th− cho anh chÞ em ruét cña m×nh).
- She said, "I am combing my hair" (C« ta nãi : "T«i ®ang ch¶i tãc") ---> She
said that she
was combing her hair (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta ®ang ch¶i tãc)
• DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i trong qu¸ khø.
VÝ dô :
- I was always working full-time (T«i lu«n lu«n lµm viÖc trän ngµy)
- He was always asking questions (Nã cø hái hoµi)
Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh (Past Perfect)

H×nh thøc
• Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh = Had + Qu¸ khø ph©n tõ
• H×nh thøc x¸c ®Þnh lµ I had/I'd worked, He had/He'd worked ...
^# 47 "]
• H×nh thøc phñ ®Þnh lµ I had not/hadn't worked, He had not/hadn't worked ...
• H×nh thøc nghi vÊn lµ Had I worked? Had he worked? .. ..
• H×nh thøc nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh lµ Had I not/Hadn't I worked? Had he not/Hadn't he
worked?...
C«ng dông
• Khi hai hµnh ®éng cïng x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø, ta dïng Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh cho
hµnh ®éng nµo x¶y ra tr−íc vµ Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n cho hµnh ®éng nµo x¶y ra sau.
VÝ dô :
- I met them after they had divorced each other (T«i gÆp hä sau khi hä ly dÞ
nhau)
- Lan said she had been chosen as a beauty queen two years before
(Lan nãi r»ng tr−íc ®ã hai n¨m, c« ta tõng ®−îc chän lµm hoa hËu)
- I was anxious about these children's plight, because their mother had been
consumptive for three months (T«i ¸i ng¹i cho hoµn c¶nh ®¸ng th−¬ng cña
nh÷ng ®øa trÎ nµy, v× mÑ chóng m¾c bÖnh lao phæi ®· ba th¸ng råi)
- An idea occured to him that she herself had helped him very much in the
everyday life
(H¾n chît nghÜ ra r»ng chÝnh c« ta ®· gióp h¾n rÊt nhiÒu trong cuéc sèng hµng
ngµy)
- She wondered why you had referred to her unhappy childhood
(C« ta kh«ng hiÓu t¹i sao anh l¹i nh¾c ®Õn thêi th¬ Êu bÊt h¹nh cña c« ta)
- When I entered the dining-room, she had just finished washing the dishes
(Khi t«i b−íc vµo phßng ¨n, c« ta võa míi röa b¸t ®Üa xong)
- When the police reached the scene of the crime, the murderer had just killed
himself with his own high-powered rifle
(Khi c¶nh s¸t ®Õn hiÖn tr−êng, hung thñ võa míi tù s¸t b»ng khÈu sóng tr−êng
cùc m¹nh cña chÝnh h¾n)
- No sooner had he returned from a long journey than he was ordered to pack
his bags
(Anh ta míi ®i xa vÒ th× l¹i ®−îc lÖnh cuèn gãi ra ®i)
• Thay choHiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh vµ Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n khi chuyÓnLêi nãi trùc tiÕp
sangLêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp.
VÝ dô :
- He said, "I have worked in this company for years" (¤ng ta nãi : "T«i lµm
viÖc ë c«ng ty nµy ®· nhiÒu n¨m råi") ---> He said that he had worked in that
company for years (¤ng ta nãi r»ng «ng ta lµm viÖc ë c«ng ty Êy ®· nhiÒu n¨m
råi)
- She said, "I left France five years ago" (C« ta nãi : "T«i rêi n−íc Ph¸p çch
®©y n¨m n¨m") ---> She said that she had left France five years before (C« ta
nãi r»ng c« ta ®· rêi n−íc Ph¸p tr−íc ®ã n¨m n¨m)
• Trong c©u ®iÒu kiÖn lo¹i 3. Ch¼ng h¹n, If I had met them early this morning, I
would have given them a lift to the town (NÕu s¸ng sím nay t«i gÆp hä, t«i ®· cho
hä ®i nhê xe ra thÞ trÊn)
• Sau If only (thÓ hiÖn sù hèi tiÕc) Ch¼ng h¹n, If only I had met them early this
morning ! (Ph¶i chi s¸ng sím nay t«i gÆp hä!).
^# 48 "]
Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn (Past Perfect Continuous)
H×nh thøc
Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn = Had been + HiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ
• X¸c ®Þnh: I had / I'd been working , He had / He'd been working ...
• Phñ ®Þnh: I had not / hadn't been working, He had not / hadn't been working ...
• Nghi vÊn: Had I been working? Had he been working? ...
• Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh: Had I not / Hadn't I been working?, Had he not / Hadn't he
been working?...
C«ng dông
• Quan hÖ gi÷a Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn vµ Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh còng gièng
nh− quan hÖ gi÷a HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn vµHiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh .
VÝ dô :
- She was sluggish because she had been sitting up all night to watch the
Olympics on TV
(C« ta uÓ o¶i v× ®· thøc suèt ®ªm xem §¹i héi ¤limpich thÕ giíi trªn ti-vi)
- I had been trying hard not to laugh
(T«i cè g¾ng hÕt søc ®Ó kh«ng c−êi to)
• §«i khi ng−êi ta vÉn dïng ®éng tõ Want vµ Wish ë Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn.
Ch¼ng h¹n, I lent her an encyclopedia of music. She had been wanting it for ages
(T«i cho c« ta m−în mét quyÓn tù ®iÓn b¸ch khoa vÒ ©m nh¹c. C« ta cÇn quyÓn Êy
l©u l¾m råi)
Th× t−¬ng lai

(Future)
T−¬ng lai ®¬n gi¶n (Simple Future)
H×nh thøc
T−¬ng lai ®¬n gi¶n = Shall / Will + Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To
X¸c ®Þnh Phñ ®Þnh

I will/I'll work I will not/I won't work
You will/You'll work You will not/You won't work
He will/He'll work He will not/He won't work
We will/We'll work We will not/We won't work
You will/You'll work You will not/You won't work
They will/They'll work They will not/They won't work
Nghi vÊn Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh

Shall I work? Shall I not work?/Shan't I work?
Will you work? Will you not work?/Won't you work?
Will he work? Will he not work?/Won't he work?
Shall we work? Shall we not work?/Shan't we work?
Will you work? Will you not work?/Won't you work?
^# 49 "]
Will they work? Will they not work?/Won't they work?
• Will th«ng dông h¬nShall , nh−ng kh«ng trang träng b»ngShall . Ch¼ng h¹n, I
ensure that customers shall receive a warm welcome from my company (T«i b¶o
®¶m kh¸ch hµng sÏ ®−îc c«ng ty t«i tiÕp ®ãn nång nhiÖt), The coastal defences
shall be personally inspected by Fleet Admiral (Çc tuyÕn phßng thñ bê biÓn sÏ
do ®Ých th©n thñy s− ®« ®èc kiÓm tra),The private enterprises shall maintain their
operations until further notice (Çc doanh nghiÖp t− nh©n sÏ duy tr× ho¹t ®éng cña
m×nh ®Õn khi cã th«ng b¸o míi).
• Shall I vµ Shall we dïng ®Ó më ®Çu lêi gîi ý. Ch¼ng h¹n, Shall I come in? (T«i
vµo ®−îc chø?), Shall we go home? (Chóng ta vÒ nhµ nhÐ?).
C«ng dông
• DiÔn t¶ mét ý kiÕn, mét dù ®o¸n vÒ t−¬ng lai (nhÊt lµ khi ®i kÌm çc ®éng tõ
Assume , be afraid , be / feel sure , believe , daresay , doubt , expect , hope , know
, suppose , think , wonder hoÆc çc phã tõ Perhaps , maybe , possibly , probably ,
surely ).
VÝ dô:
- We shall soon be home (Ch¼ng mÊy chèc n÷a chóng ta sÏ cã mÆt ë nhµ)
- How long will you stay here? (Anh sÏ ë l¹i ®©y bao l©u?)
- He is sure that everyone will arrive later than usual
(Anh ta tin ch¾c r»ng mäi ng−êi sÏ ®Õn muén h¬n th−êng lÖ)
- I hope that she will think again before offering her resignation
(T«i mong r»ng c« ta sÏ suy nghÜ l¹i tr−íc khi nép ®¬n xin th«i viÖc)
- I wonder where I shall be next year (T«i ph©n v©n kh«ng biÕt sang n¨m t«i sÏ
ë ®©u)
- Perhaps they will not forget to revenge their companions in arms
(Cã lÏ hä sÏ kh«ng quªn tr¶ thï cho chiÕn h÷u cña hä)
• DiÔn t¶ mét lêi yªu cÇu, mét mÖnh lÖnh.
VÝ dô :
- Will you help me, please? (Anh vui lßng gióp t«i chø?)
- You will drive me to the post office, won't you? (Anh ®−a t«i ®Õn b−u ®iÖn,
®−îc kh«ng?)
- You will address the letters of invitation and post them this afternoon
(Anh ph¶i ghi ®Þa chØ lªn çc th− mêi vµ chiÒu nay mang ra b−u ®iÖn göi ®i)
• Trong mÈu tin t−êng thuËt hoÆc b¸o chÝ. Ch¼ng h¹n, The Primer Minister will
open a new industrial zone tomorrow morning (S¸ng mai, Thñ t−íng sÏ kh¸nh
thµnh mét khu c«ng nghiÖp míi).
• Trong c©u ®iÒu kiÖn lo¹i 1.
VÝ dô :
- If it rains, Ba will go there by taxi (NÕu trêi m−a, Ba sÏ ®i taxi ®Õn ®ã)
- If he hasn't finished with his coworkers, we shall wait for him at the canteen
(NÕu «ng ta ch−a gi¶i quyÕt xong c«ng viÖc víi çc ®ång sù, chóng t«i sÏ ®îi
«ng ta ë c¨ng-tin)
L−u ý
^# 50 "]
• Be going to nghÜa lµ "S¾p söa" (t−¬ng lai gÇn), "Dù ®Þnh".
VÝ dô :
- It is going to rain (Trêi s¾p m−a)
- We are going to take our driving-test (Chóng t«i s¾p thi lÊy b»ng l¸i xe)
- I am going to buy a cheap but powerful car
(T«i ®Þnh mua mét chiÕc xe rÎ tiÒn nh−ng ch¹y khoÎ)
- He is going to resign as ambassador-at-large (¤ng ta ®Þnh tõ chøc ®¹i sø l−u
®éng)
T−¬ng lai liªn tiÕn (Future Continuous)
H×nh thøc
T−¬ng lai liªn tiÕn = T−¬ng lai ®¬n gi¶n cña To Be + HiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ.
• X¸c ®Þnh : I shall/will be working, We shall/will be working, He/she/it will be
working ...
• Phñ ®Þnh : I shall not/shan't be working, I will not/won't be working, We shall
not/shan't be working, We will not/won't be working, He/she/it will not/won't be
working ...
• Nghi vÊn : Shall/will I be working?, Shall/will we be working?, Will he/she/it be
working? ...
• Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh : Will you not be working?/Won't you be working?, Will they
not be working?/Won't they be working? ...
C«ng dông
• DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra ë mét thêi ®iÓm nhÊt ®Þnh trong t−¬ng lai.
VÝ dô :
- Now we are making necessary preparations for the honeymoon trip to Nha
Trang. This day week, we shall be visiting Nha Trang's tourist attractions (B©y
giê, chóng t«i ®ang chuÈn bÞ nh÷ng thø cÇn thiÕt cho chuyÕn ®i h−ëng tuÇn
tr¨ng mËt ë Nha Trang. Ngµy nµy tuÇn sau, chóng t«i sÏ ®ang tham quan çc
th¾ng c¶nh du lÞch cña Nha Trang).
- This time tomorrow, all the workers will be queuing up to receive luncheon
vouchers (Giê nµy ngµy mai, tÊt c¶ c«ng nh©n sÏ ®ang xÕp hµng nèi ®u«i nhau
®Ó nhËn phiÕu ¨n tr−a)
T−¬ng lai hoµn thµnh (Future Perfect)
H×nh thøc
T−¬ng lai hoµn thµnh = Shall/Will + Nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh kh«ng cã To (®èi víi
ng«i 1) hoÆc Will + Nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh kh«ng cã To (®èi víi ng«i 2 vµ 3)
• X¸c ®Þnh : I will/I'll have worked (hoÆc I shall have worked), He will/He'll have
worked, We will/We'll have worked (hoÆc We shall have worked) ...
• Phñ ®Þnh : I will not/won't have worked (hoÆc I shall not/shan't have worked), He
will not/won't have worked, We will not/won't have worked (hoÆc We shall
not/shan't have worked) ...
^# 51 "]
• Nghi vÊn : Shall I have worked? Will he have worked?Shall we have worked? ...
• Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh : Shall I not/Shan't I have worked? Will he not/Won't he have
worked? Shall we not/Shan't we have worked? ...
C«ng dông
DiÔn t¶ mét hµnh ®éng x¶y ra tr−íc mét hµnh ®éng kh¸c trong t−¬ng lai. Th−êng th×
T−¬ng lai hoµn thµnh ®i kÌm víi tõ ng÷ chØ thêi gian nh− By then , By that time , By
the end of the year ... ch¼ng h¹n.
VÝ dô :
- Early next week, we shall hold the marathon for the elderly. Regrettably,
you will have left Vietnam by then (§Çu tuÇn tíi, chóng t«i sÏ tæ chøc cuéc ®ua
marat«ng cho ng−êi cao tuæi. TiÕc lµ ®Õn lóc ®ã, çc anh ®· rêi khái ViÖt Nam
råi)
- By the time this quotation reaches you, their company will have gone
bankrupt (Lóc anh nhËn ®−îc b¶n b¸o gi¸ nµy còng lµ lóc c«ng ty cña hä bÞ ph¸
s¶n råi)
T−¬ng lai hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn (Future Perfect Continuous)
H×nh thøc
T−¬ng lai hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn = Shall/Will have been + HiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ (®èi víi ng«i
1) hoÆc Will have been + HiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ (®èi víi ng«i 2 vµ 3)
C«ng dông
Quan hÖ gi÷a T−¬ng lai hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn vµT−¬ng lai hoµn thµnh còng gièng nh−
quan hÖ gi÷a HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn vµHiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh . T−¬ng lai hoµn
thµnh liªn tiÕn còng ®i kÌm víi tõ ng÷ chØ thêi gian nh− By then , By that time , By
the end of the year ... ch¼ng h¹n.
VÝ dô :
- By the end of this century, United Nations Organization will have been
existing for 55 years (§Õn cuèi thÕ kû nµy, Tæ chøc Liªn hiÖp quèc tån t¹i ®·
®−îc 55 n¨m)
- They will move to Ho Chi Minh City next year. By that time, you will have
been living in Ho Chi Minh City for twenty-four years (N¨m tíi, hä sÏ dän vÒ ë
thµnh phè Hå ChÝ Minh. §Õn lóc ®ã, anh sèng ë thµnh phè Hå ChÝ Minh ®·
®−îc 24 n¨m)
§iÒu kiÖn çch

(Conditional)
HiÖn t¹i ®iÒu kiÖn çch (Present Conditional)
H×nh thøc
HiÖn t¹i ®iÒu kiÖn çch = Should/Would + Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To (®èi víi ng«i 1)
hoÆc Would + Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To (®èi víi ng«i 2 vµ 3)
^# 52 "]
• X¸c ®Þnh : I would/I'd work (hoÆc I should work), You would work/You'd work ...
• Phñ ®Þnh : I would not/wouldn't work (hoÆc I should not/shouldn't work), You
would not/wouldn't work ...
• Nghi vÊn : Would/Should I work? Would you work? ...
• Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh : Should I not/Shouldn't I work? Would you not/Wouldn't you
work? ...
C«ng dông
• Trong c©u ®iÒu kiÖn lo¹i 2. Ch¼ng h¹n, If she turned up now, we would be very
surprised (NÕu b©y giê c« Êy xuÊt hiÖn, chóng t«i sÏ rÊt ng¹c nhiªn).
• Thay choT−¬ng lai ®¬n gi¶n , khi ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ë th× qu¸ khø.
VÝ dô :
- They assume that I shall/will applaud their audacious plan (Hä cho r»ng t«i
sÏ t¸n thµnh kÕ ho¹ch t¸o b¹o cña hä) ---> They assumed that I should/would
applaud their audacious plan.
- I expect that your business will get better results (T«i mong r»ng c«ng
chuyÖn lµm ¨n cña anh sÏ ®¹t kÕt qu¶ kh¶ quan h¬n) ---> I expected that your
business would get better results.
• Trong çc c«ng dông ®Æc biÖt cña Should vµ Would .
VÝ dô :
- We should say our prayers before going to bed (Chóng ta nªn cÇu nguyÖn
tr−íc khi ®i ngñ)
- Children shouldn't imitate the adults' vices (TrÎ em kh«ng nªn b¾t ch−íc thãi
h− tËt xÊu cña ng−êi lín)
- You should have rised early to attend morning service (LÏ ra anh ph¶i dËy
sím ®Ó dù lÔ s¸ng)
- I should like to ask a favour of you (T«i muèn nhê anh mét viÖc)
- Why should he have the audacity to do it? (Sao nã l¹i c¶ gan lµm nh− vËy
nhØ?)
- Hoa was anxious that exam results should be announced as soon as possible
(Hoa nãng lßng mong cho kÕt qu¶ thi ®−îc c«ng bè cµng sím cµng tèt)
- He grown a beard in order that everyone should believe him to be old (¤ng
ta ®Ó r©u ®Ó mäi ng−êi t−ëng «ng ta giµ)
- Should you change your mind, please let us know at once (NÕu cã thay ®æi ý
kiÕn, xin «ng vui lßng b¸o cho chóng t«i biÕt ngay)
- Would you give this report a look-over to make suggestions? (Anh vui lßng
xem qua b¶n b¸o ço nµy ®Ó gãp ý)
- Would you like some white coffee? (Anh dïng tÝ cµ phª s÷a nhÐ?)
- That's just what he would say (§ã chÝnh lµ ®iÒu mµ cã lÏ anh ta sÏ nãi ra)
- He changed his password so that nobody would be able to access data on his
computer (Anh ta ®æi mËt khÈu ®Ó kh«ng ai truy cËp ®−îc d÷ liÖu trªn m¸y cña
anh ta)
^# 53 "]
Qu¸ khø ®iÒu kiÖn çch (Perfect Conditional)
H×nh thøc
HiÖn t¹i ®iÒu kiÖn çch = Should/Would + Nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh kh«ng cã To
• X¸c ®Þnh : I would/should have worked, You would have worked...

• Phñ ®Þnh : I would not/should not have worked, You would not have worked ...
• Nghi vÊn : Should I have worked? Would you have worked? ...
• Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh : Should I not/Shouldn't I have worked? ...
C«ng dông
• Trong çc c«ng dông ®Æc biÖt cña Should vµ Would . Trong c©u ®iÒu kiÖn lo¹i 3.
Ch¼ng h¹n, If you had arrived earlier, I would have introduced you to my director
(NÕu anh ®Õn sím h¬n, t«i ®· giíi thiÖu anh cho gi¸m ®èc cña t«i).
• Thay choT−¬ng lai hoµn thµnh , khi ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ë th× qu¸ khø.
VÝ dô :
- I hope that he will have solved the problem before we get back (T«i hy väng
anh ta sÏ gi¶i ®−îc bµi to¸n tr−íc khi chóng ta trë l¹i) ---> I hoped that he
would have solved the problem
before we got back.
C©u ®iÒu kiÖn (Conditional Sentences)

• C©u ®iÒu kiÖn nµo còng cã hai phÇn : MÖnh ®Ò If (mÖnh ®Ò b¾t ®Çu b»ng liªn tõ If)
vµ MÖnh ®Ò chÝnh. MÖnh ®Ò If nªu gi¶ thuyÕt, cßn mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh th× nªu kÕt qu¶
cña gi¶ thuyÕt Êy. Trong c©u If it rains, they will get up later than usual (NÕu trêi
m−a, hä sÏ dËy muén h¬n th−êng lÖ), ta cã mÖnh ®Ò If lµ If it rains vµ mÖnh ®Ò
chÝnh lµThey will get up later than usual .
• Cã ba lo¹i c©u ®iÒu kiÖn. Lo¹i 1dµnh cho nh÷ng t×nh huèng rÊt cã thÓ dù ®o¸n
®−îc. Ch¼ng h¹n, I shall turn off the record-player if you don't turn it down (T«i
sÏ t¾t m¸y h¸t nÕu anh kh«ng vÆn nhá l¹i). Lo¹i 2 dµnh cho nh÷ng t×nh huèng
t−ëng t−îng. Ch¼ng h¹n, If she were my mother, I would try my utmost to look
after her (NÕu bµ ta lµ mÑ t«i, t«i sÏ cè g¾ng hÕt søc ®Ó ch¨m sãc bµ ta) [Nh−ng
thùc ra, bµ ta ®©u ph¶i lµ mÑ t«i]. §Æc biÖt, lo¹i 3 dµnh cho nh÷ng t×nh huèng hoµn
toµn tr¸i ng−îc víithùc tÕ trong qu¸ khø . Ch¼ng h¹n, If I had gone out in the
rain yesterday afternoon, I would have had a high fever (NÕu chiÒu h«m qua t«i
®i m−a th× t«i ®· bÞ sèt cao) (Nh−ng thùc ra, chiÒu h«m qua t«i kh«ng hÒ ®i m−a).
1/ VÝ dô vÒ c©u ®iÒu kiÖn lo¹i 1

• Th«ng th−êng, ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò If ë HiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n , ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò
chÝnh ë T−¬ng lai ®¬n gi¶n .
VÝ dô :
- If you exceed the speed limit, you will be liable to a heavy fine (NÕu v−ît
qu¸ giíi h¹n tèc
®é tèi ®a, anh sÏ bÞ ph¹t nÆng)
^# 54 "]
- The pregnant bitch will bite you if you walk upstairs (Con chã ®ang cã mang
sÏ c¾n anh
nÕu anh ®i lªn lÇu)
§Æc biÖt
- If he is poor, why does he own two adjacent houses?
(NÕu anh ta nghÌo th× t¹i sao anh ta cã hai c¨n nhµ kÒ nhau?)
- If it stops raining, I can drive faster
(NÕu trêi t¹nh m−a, t«i cã thÓ l¸i xe nhanh h¬n)
- If this staircase is slippery, she may take a false step
(NÕu cÇu thang nµy tr¬n, cã thÓ bµ Êy sÏ bÞ tr−ît ch©n)
- If you want to lose weight, eat less fat and take more exercise (NÕu muèn sôt
c©n, chÞ h·y bít ¨n chÊt bÐo vµ tËp thÓ dôc nhiÒu h¬n)
- If they are sleeping, I'll turn off the radio
(NÕu hä ®ang ngñ, t«i sÏ t¾t ra®i«)
- If you have finished eating, I'll have the domestic clear the table (NÕu anh ¨n
xong, t«i sÏ b¶o ng−êi gióp viÖc dän bµn)

• Th«ng th−êng, ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò If ë Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n (®óng ra ®©y lµQu¸
khø gi¶ ®Þnh çch) , ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ëHiÖn t¹i ®iÒu kiÖn çch .
VÝ dô :
- If I were their father, I would demand an apology from them (NÕu t«i lµ cha
cña hä, t«i sÏ b¾t hä xin lçi)
- If someone gave her a villa, she would use it as an orphanage (NÕu ai cho c«
ta mét c¨n biÖt thù, c« ta sÏ dïng c¨n biÖt thù ®ã lµm n¬i nu«i trÎ må c«i)
§Æc biÖt
- If you didn't love her, why did you pray for her speedy recovery from illness?
(NÕu anh kh«ng yªu c« ta th× t¹i sao anh cÇu cho c« ta mau khái bÖnh?)
- If someone knocked at the door, he said "Come in, please"
(NÕu cã ai gâ cöa, «ng ta th−êng nãi "Mêi vµo")
- If I knew their address, I could correspond with them
(NÕu t«i biÕt ®Þa chØ cña hä, t«i cã thÓ trao ®æi th− tõ víi hä)

• Th«ng th−êng, ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò If ëQu¸ khø hoµn thµnh , ®éng tõ cña mÖnh
®Ò chÝnh ë Qu¸ khø ®iÒu kiÖn çch .
VÝ dô :
- If I had heard the news last night, I would have come there to give you a hand
(NÕu ®ªm qua t«i hay tin th× t«i ®· ®Õn ®ã gióp anh mét tay)
- If their papers had been in order, they would have left the police station at
once
(NÕu giÊy tê cña hä hîp lÖ th× hä ®· ra khái ®ån c¶nh s¸t ngay råi)
§Æc biÖt
- If we had discovered his shelter, we could have arrested him long before
(NÕu ph¸t hiÖn ®−îc n¬i Èn n¸u cña h¾n th× chóng t«i ®· b¾t ®−îc h¾n l©u råi)
^# 55 "]
- If he hadn't had a lawyer, he might have gone to prison
(NÕu kh«ng cã mét luËt s− giái th× cã thÓ anh ta ®i tï råi)
- If you had followed my advice, you would be singing joyfully with your family
now
(NÕu nghe theo lêi khuyªn cña t«i th× b©y giê anh ®· ®ang ca h¸t vui vÎ víi gia
®×nh anh)
- If I hadn't followed your advice, I would be behind bars now/I would have been
behind bars
(NÕu kh«ng nghe theo lêi khuyªn cña anh th× b©y giê t«i ®· ngåi tï)
- Thay v× If they had obeyed traffic regulations, this accident wouldn't have
happened
(NÕu hä ®i ®óng luËt, tai n¹n nµy ®©u cã x¶y ra), ta cã thÓ nãi Had they obeyed
traffic regulations, this accident wouldn't have happened .
- Thay v× If we had met him in the street, we would have invited him to our house
(NÕu gÆp anh ta ngoµi phè, chóng t«i ®· mêi anh ta vÒ nhµ ch¬i råi), ta cã thÓ nãi
Had we met him in the street, we would have invited him to our house .
MÖnh lÖnh çch (Imperative)
MÖnh lÖnh çch thÓ hiÖn mét lêi khuyªn, mét lêi yªu cÇu hoÆc mét mÖnh lÖnh.
• VÒ h×nh thøc, mÖnh lÖnh çch cña ng«i thø hai gièng nh− Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã
To.
VÝ dô :
- Hurry ! (Nhanh lªn!)
- Shut up ! (Im ®i !)
- Wait for them ! (H·y ®îi hä!)
- Always clean your teeth before going to bed ! (H·y lu«n lu«n ®¸nh r¨ng
tr−íc khi ®i ngñ)
- Never repeat it ! (§õng bao giê nh¾c l¹i ®iÒu ®ã !)
- Never tell lies (§õng bao giê nãi dèi)
- Don't hurry ! (§õng véi !)
- Don't wait for them ! (§õng ®îi hä!)
- Don't be rude ! (§õng hæn l¸o!)
• ng«i thø nhÊt, mÖnh lÖnh çch = Let us/Let's + Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To .
VÝ dô :
- Let's hand in our examination papers ! (Chóng ta h·y nép bµi thi !)
- Let's stand up ! (Chóng ta h·y ®øng dËy!)
- Let's not make so much noise ! (Chóng ta ®õng lµm ån nh− vËy!)
- Let's not talk with them ! (Chóng ta ®õng nãi chuyÖn víi hä!)
• ng«i thø ba, mÖnh lÖnh çch = Let him / her / it / them + Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã
To . Tuy nhiªn, ë phñ ®Þnh, ta dïng Is not / Are not to hoÆc Must not .
VÝ dô :
- Let him wait ! (H·y ®Ó anh ta ®îi ®Êy!)
- Let them come in ! (H·y ®Ó hä vµo!)
- They must not come in / They are not to come in (Hä kh«ng ®−îc vµo)
• Do lµm cho mÖnh lÖnh hoÆc lêi yªu cÇu døt kho¸t h¬n.
^# 56 "]
VÝ dô :
- Do shut up ! (C©m måm ngay!)
- Do stand aside ! (§øng sang mét bªn xem nµo!)
Gi¶ ®Þnh çch (Subjunctive)

H×nh thøc
• Kh¸c víi HiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n , HiÖn t¹i gi¶ ®Þnh çch kh«ng cãs ë ng«i thø ba sè Ýt.
§Æc biÖt, HiÖn t¹i gi¶ ®Þnh çch cñaTo Be lµ Be ë tÊt c¶ çc ng«i.
VÝ dô :
- The king lives here (§øc vua sèng ë ®©y) (HiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n )---> Long live
the king ! (§øc vua v¹n tuÕ!) (HiÖn t¹i gi¶ ®Þnh çch )
- It is requested that all shareholders be present
(Yªu cÇu tÊt c¶ çc cæ ®«ng ®Òu ph¶i cã mÆt)
• Qu¸ khø gi¶ ®Þnh çch cã h×nh thøc gièng nh−Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n . §Æc biÖt,
Qu¸ khø gi¶ ®Þnh çch cña To Be lµ Were ë tÊt c¶ çc ng«i.
VÝ dô :
- If only hewere good at English ! (Gi¸ mµ anh ta giái tiÕng Anh!)
- I wish Iwere a little bit taller (T«i −íc g× m×nh cao thªm mét tÝ)
- He talks as if heknew everything in the world (H¾n nãi chuyÖn nh− thÓ h¾n
biÕt mäi sù trªn ®êi vËy)
C«ng dông
• ThÓ hiÖn −íc muèn hoÆc hy väng.
VÝ dô :
- Heaven help us! (L¹y trêi phï hé chóng ta!)
- God save the king ! (L¹y chóa phï hé ®øc vua!)
• Sau cÊu tróc It is important / necessary / essential that ... hoÆc çc ®éng tõ Ask ,
Demand , Insist , Require , Suggest , Propose .
VÝ dô :
- It is important that he pay on time (§iÒu quan träng lµ anh ta ph¶i chi tr¶
®óng h¹n)
- He demands that he be told everything (Anh ta yªu cÇu ®−îc nghe kÓ l¹i mäi
chuyÖn)
• Qu¸ khø gi¶ ®Þnh çch ®−îc dïng sau If , If only (thÓ hiÖn −íc muèn), As if / As
though .
VÝ dô :
- If Ihad much money, I would make a round-the-world tour
(NÕu t«i cã nhiÒu tiÒn, t«i sÏ lµm mét chuyÕn du lÞch vßng quanh thÕ giíi)
- If only Iknew her phone number ! (Gi¸ mµ t«i biÕt sè ®iÖn tho¹i cña c« Êy!)
- He shouted and jumped up and down as though hewere crazy (Nã la hÐt vµ
nh¶y cÉng lªn nh− ®iªn d¹i)
Hoµ hîp çc th× (Sequence of tenses)
^# 57 "]
C©u phøc (Complex Sentence) lµ c©u cã mét hoÆc nhiÒu mÖnh ®Ò phô. ChØ cÇn nhí
mét ®iÒu lµ Th× cña ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò phô tïy thuéc Th× cña ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò
chÝnh . D−íi ®©y lµ vÝ dô minh ho¹ cho sù hoµ hîp çc th×.
A/ §éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ë Th× hiÖn t¹i

1) She says that she is a film star (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta lµ ng«i sao ®iÖn ¶nh)
2) She says that she has been ill for three days (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta èm ®· ba
h«m nay)
3) She says that she lived there from 1990 to 1995
(C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta sèng ë ®ã tõ 1990 ®Õn 1995)
4) She says that she has just seen a horror film
(C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta võa míi xem mét phim kinh dÞ)
5) She says that she is breast-feeding her baby (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta ®ang cho
con bó)
6) She says that she will teach us Japanese every day
(C« ta nãi r»ng ngµy nµo c« ta còng sÏ d¹y tiÕng NhËt cho chóng t«i)
B/ §éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ë Th× qu¸ khø

1) She said that she was a film star (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta lµ ng«i sao ®iÖn ¶nh)
2) She said that she had been ill for three days (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta èm ®· ba
h«m råi)
3) She said that she had lived there from 1990 to 1995
(C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta ®· sèng ë ®ã tõ 1990 ®Õn 1995)
4) She said that she had just seen a horror film
(C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta võa míi xem mét phim kinh dÞ)
5) She said that she was breast-feeding her baby (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta ®ang cho
con bó)
6) She said that she would teach us Japanese every day
(C« ta nãi r»ng ngµy nµo c« ta còng sÏ d¹y tiÕng NhËt cho chóng t«i)
Trî ®éng tõ
(Auxiliary Verbs)
Trî ®éng tõ chÝnh
Trî ®éng tõ chÝnh (Principal Auxiliaries) ---> Have , Be , Do
BE
Th× hiÖn t¹i (Present Tense)

^# 58 "]
I am / I'm I am not / I'm not Am I?
You are / You're You are not / You're not Are you?
He is / He's He is not / He's not Is he?
She is / She's She is not / She's not Is she?
It is / It's It is not / It's not Is it?
We are / We're We are not / We're not Are we?
You are / You're You are not / You're not Are you?
They are / They're They are not / They're not Are they?
- Thay v× You're not , We're not , He's not , They're not , ta cã thÓ viÕt You aren't,
We aren't, He isn't, They aren't
- Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh lµ Am I not / Aren't I? Are you not / Aren't you? Is he not /
Isn't he? ...
Th× qu¸ khø (Past Tense)

I was I was not/wasn't Was I?
You were You were not/weren't Were you?
He/She/It was He/She/It was not/wasn't Was he/she/it ?
We were We were not/weren't Were we?
You were You were not/weren't Were you?
They were They were not/weren't Were they?
- Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh lµ Was I not / Wasn't I? Were you not / Weren't you? Was he
not / Wasn't he? ...
C«ng dông
• Phèi hîp víiHiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ (Present Participle) ®Ó t¹o thÓ liªn tiÕn. Ch¼ng h¹n,
I am washing my face (T«i ®ang röa mÆt), He was reading at that time (Lóc Êy nã
®ang ®äc s¸ch).
• Phèi hîp víi Qu¸ khø ph©n tõ (Past Participle) ®Ó t¹o d¹ng thô ®éng. Ch¼ng h¹n,
That house was built ten years ago (Ng«i nhµ Êy ®−îc x©y çch ®©y m−êi n¨m),
The victims are being taken to the emergency ward (Çc n¹n nh©n ®ang ®−îc ®−a
®Õn khu cÊp cøu), This experienced mechanic will be trained as a mechanical
engineer (Ng−êi thî m¸y giµu kinh nghiÖm nµy sÏ ®−îc ®µo t¹o thµnh kü s− c¬
khÝ).
• ThÓ hiÖn sù cÇn thiÕt. Ch¼ng h¹n, They are to stay here until further notice (Hä
ph¶i ë ®©y ®Õn khi cã th«ng b¸o míi), You are to consult your lawyer before
starting proceedings against your unreasonable neighbour (B¹n ph¶i hái ý kiÕn
luËt s− tr−íc khi kiÖn ng−êi l¸ng giÒng kh«ng biÕt ®iÒu).
• ThÓ hiÖn mét dù ®Þnh, mét môc ®Ých. Ch¼ng h¹n, Presidential candidates are to
canvass the constituency next week (TuÇn tíi, çc øng cö viªn tæng thèng sÏ ®i
vËn ®éng ë khu vùc bÇu cö), This testimonial is to confirm that he has been
chosen as dean of the faculty of law by common consent (GiÊy chøng nhËn nµy
^# 59 "]
nh»m x¸c nhËn r»ng «ng ®· ®−îc mäi ng−êi nhÊt trÝ chän lµm chñ nhiÖm khoa
luËt).
• ThÓ hiÖn sù gi¶ ®Þnh. Ch¼ng h¹n, If I were to tell him that his parents deceived
me, would he believe me ? (NÕu t«i nãi víi h¾n r»ng bè mÑ h¾n ®· lõa t«i, liÖu h¾n
cã tin t«i kh«ng?).
HAVE

I have/I've I have not/haven't Have I?
You have/You've You have not/haven't Have you?
He has/He's He has not/hasn't Has he?
She has/She's She has not/hasn't Has she?
It has/It's It has not/hasn't Has it?
We have/We've We have not/haven't Have we?
You have/You've You have not/haven't Have you?
They have/They've They have not/haven't Have they?
- Thay v× I haven't, You haven't, He hasn't, ta cã thÓ viÕt I've not, You've not, He's
not ...
- Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh lµ Have I not / Haven't I? Have you not / Haven't you? Has he
not/Hasn't he? ...
- §èi víi th× qu¸ khø, Had / 'd lµ h×nh thøc kh¼ng ®Þnh cho tÊt c¶ çc ng«i & Had
not / Hadn't lµ h×nh thøc phñ ®Þnh cho tÊt c¶ çc ng«i. H×nh thøc nghi vÊn phñ
®Þnh lµ Had I not / Hadn't I?, Had you not / Hadn't you? ...
C«ng dông
• Phèi hîp víi Qu¸ khø ph©n tõ (Past Participle) ®Ó t¹oHiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh
(Present Perfect), Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh (Past Perfect), T−¬ng lai hoµn thµnh
(Future Perfect), §iÒu kiÖn hoµn thµnh (Perfect Conditional). Ch¼ng h¹n, He has
worked here for three years (Anh ta lµm viÖc ë ®©y ®· ba n¨m); I knew that he
had worked under my younger brother for three years (T«i biÕt r»ng «ng ta tõng
lµm ba n¨m d−íi quyÒn em trai t«i); He will have been abroad by then (§Õn lóc
®ã th× «ng ta ®· ë n−íc ngoµi råi); If he had witnessed such a traffic accident, he
would have driven more carefully (NÕu tõng chøng kiÕn mét tai n¹n giao th«ng
nh− vËy, cã lÏ «ng ta ®· l¸i xe cÈn thËn h¬n).
• Trong çc tr−êng hîp nh− We shall have our clerk translate this contract into
Vietnamese (Chóng t«i sÏ b¶o th− ký dÞch hîp ®ång nµy ra tiÕng ViÖt), Did you
have the locks oiled ? (Anh cã cho ng−êi tra dÇu vµo çc æ kho¸ hay kh«ng?), She
had her pocket picked (C« ta bÞ mãc tói), I won't have student teachers arriving
late (T«i sÏ kh«ng cho phÐp çc gi¸o sinh ®Õn muén).
DO
^# 60 "]

I do I do not/don't Do I?
You do You do not/don't Do you?
He does He does not/doesn't Does he?
She does She does not/doesn't Does she?
It does It does not/doesn't Does it?
We do We do not/don't Do we?
You do You do not/don't Do you?
They do They do not/don't Do they?
- Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh lµ Do I not / Don't I? Do you not / Don't you? Does he not /
Doesn't he? ...
- §èi víi th× qu¸ khø, Did lµ h×nh thøc kh¼ng ®Þnh cho tÊt c¶ çc ng«i & Did not /
Didn't lµ h×nh thøc phñ ®Þnh cho tÊt c¶ çc ng«i. H×nh thøc nghi vÊn lµ Did he?,
Did you?... , nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh lµ Did he not / Didn't he?...
C«ng dông
• T¹o h×nh thøc phñ ®Þnh vµ nghi vÊn choHiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n (Simple Present) vµ Qu¸
khø ®¬n gi¶n (Simple Past). Ch¼ng h¹n, He doesn't work (Anh ta kh«ng lµm
viÖc), He didn't work (Anh ta ®· kh«ng lµm viÖc), Does he work ? (Anh ta cã
lµm viÖc hay kh«ng?), Did he work ? (Anh ta ®· cã lµm viÖc hay kh«ng?).
• T¨ng c−êng kh¼ng ®Þnh choNguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To.
VÝ dô:
- Peter didn't find the solution. I did find it
(t¨ng c−êng kh¼ng ®Þnh h¬n lµ I found it )
(Peter ch¼ng t×m ra ®¸p sè. T«i t×m ra råi)
- You don't want me crying aloud, but I do cry aloud
(t¨ng c−êng kh¼ng ®Þnh h¬n lµ I cry aloud )
(Anh kh«ng muèn t«i thÐt lªn, nh−ng t«i vÉn thÐt lªn)
• §Ó khái nh¾c l¹i mét ®éng tõ tr−íc ®ã.
VÝ dô:
- She runs faster than I do (C« ta ch¹y nhanh h¬n t«i)
- Who won? - They did (Ai th¾ng? - Hä th¾ng)
- Does she know you ? - Yes, she does / No, she doesn't
(C« ta biÕt anh hay kh«ng? - Cã, c« ta biÕt t«i / Kh«ng, c« ta kh«ng biÕt t«i)
- They sing well. Yes, they do / No, they don't
(Hä h¸t hay. V©ng, hä h¸t hay/Kh«ng, hä h¸t kh«ng hay)
- He learns Japanese and so do I (Nã häc tiÕng NhËt vµ t«i còng vËy)
- You like volleyball but I don't (Anh thÝch m«n bãng chuyÒn, nh−ng t«i th×
kh«ng)
• C©u hái ®u«i (Tag Question).
VÝ dô:
- You often take fast food , don't you? (Anh th−êng dïng thøc ¨n nhanh, ph¶i
kh«ng?)
^# 61 "]
- She didn't take fast food, did she? (C« ta kh«ng dïng thøc ¨n nhanh, ph¶i
kh«ng?)
• Phèi hîp víi MÖnh lÖnh çch (Imperative Mood) ®Ó nhÊn m¹nh mét yªu cÇu.
VÝ dô:
- Do stay here with the unfortunate fishermen
(H·y ë l¹i ®©y víi nh÷ng ng−êi d©n chµi bÊt h¹nh)
- Do give me a chance to lay bare the truth
(H·y cho t«i mét c¬ héi ®Ó bãc trÇn sù thËt)
§éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt (Modal Auxiliaries) ---> Can &Could , May &Might , Must ,
Ought ,Shall &Should , Will &Would , Need , Dare , Used
§éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt

§éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt (Modal Auxiliaries) ---> Can &Could , May &Might , Must ,
Ought ,Shall &Should , Will &Would , Need , Dare , Used
1/ §Æc ®iÓm :
- Kh«ng cã s ë ng«i thø ba sè Ýt. Ch¼ng h¹n, He must (Anh ta ph¶i), She can (C«
ta cã thÓ).
- Kh«ng cã nguyªn mÉu vµ ph©n tõ, nªn còng kh«ng dïng ë thÓ liªn tiÕn.
- Theo sau ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt lµ Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To (ngo¹i trõ Ought ).
Ch¼ng h¹n, We should / must try our best (Chóng ta nªn/ph¶i cè g¾ng hÕt søc
m×nh), nh−ng We ought to try our best (Chóng ta ph¶i cè g¾ng hÕt søc m×nh).
- Could, Might, Should vµ Would lµ çc h×nh thøc qu¸ khø, nh−ng dïng rÊt h¹n
chÕ.
2/ VÝ dô minh ho¹ :
- Can you speak Vietnamese ?
(Anh nãi tiÕng ViÖt Nam ®−îc kh«ng?)
- She cannot / can't swim faster
(C« ta kh«ng thÓ b¬i nhanh h¬n)
- Can I smoke here?
(T«i hót thuèc ë ®©y ®−îc kh«ng ¹?)
- You can come with me, if you like
(Anh cã thÓ ®i víi t«i, nÕu anh thÝch)
- We cannot / can't make a lot of noise at work
(Chóng ta kh«ng ®−îc to tiÕng ë n¬i lµm viÖc)
- Can you help me with this door ?
(Anh cã thÓ gióp t«i më cöa nµy hay kh«ng?)
- Hanoi can be rainy
( Hµ Néi cã thÓ m−a nhiÒu)
- Couldn't we stand here for a moment ?
(Chóng ta kh«ng ®øng ®©y chèc l¸t ®−îc sao?)
- Could I ask you a question?
(T«i hái anh mét c©u ®−îc kh«ng ¹?)
- Don't worry - she could have just told you a joke
(§õng lo - cã lÏ c« Êy chØ nãi ®ïa víi anh th«i)
- On arrival in France, I shall be in touch with your family
(Khi ®Õn Ph¸p, t«i sÏ liªn l¹c víi gia ®×nh anh)
^# 62 "]
- Shall we be there in time for the press conference?
(Chóng ta sÏ ®Õn ®ã kÞp buæi häp b¸o hay kh«ng?)
- Our company shall not / shan't be responsible for any damage caused by
customers
(C«ng ty chóng t«i sÏ kh«ng chÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm vÒ bÊt cø thiÖt h¹i nµo do kh¸ch
hµng g©y ra)
- Tomorrow will be her birthday
(Ngµy mai sÏ lµ sinh nhËt cña c« ta)
- She will never forget the horrific scenes after that flood
(C« ta sÏ kh«ng bao giê quªn ®−îc nh÷ng c¶nh t−îng h·i hïng sau trËn lôt Êy)
- Will you please come in ?
(Mêi anh vµo)
- Will you have a drink?
(Anh uèng thø g× nhÐ?)
- May I turn on the air-conditioner?
(T«i bËt m¸y l¹nh ®−îc kh«ng ¹?)
- You may turn on the air-conditioner if you wish
(Anh cã thÓ bËt m¸y l¹nh nÕu anh thÝch)
- Hoa may not cook today
(Cã thÓ h«m nay Hoa kh«ng nÊu ¨n)
- She may be cooking in the kitchen
(Cã thÓ c« Êy ®ang nÊu ¨n trong bÕp)
- She may have forgotten to cook me my lunch
(Cã thÓ c« Êy ®· quªn nÊu c¬m tr−a cho t«i)
- May our friendship last forever !
(Chóc t×nh h÷u nghÞ gi÷a chóng ta ®êi ®êi bÒn v÷ng!)
- May good fortune attend you !
(Chóc anh nhiÒu may m¾n!)
- He said that his wife might be short-sighted (Anh ta nãi r»ng cã lÏ vî anh ta bÞ
cËn thÞ)
- Hoa might not be able to translate this sentence into Chinese
(Cã lÏ Hoa kh«ng ®ñ søc dÞch c©u nµy ra tiÕng Hoa)
- Might I ask another question? (T«i hái thªm mét c©u ®−îc kh«ng ¹?)
- Candidates must answer the following questions (ThÝ sinh ph¶i tr¶ lêi çc c©u hái
sau ®©y)
- Candidates must not / musn't exchange views during examination
(ThÝ sinh kh«ng ®−îc trao ®æi ý kiÕn víi nhau trong khi thi)
- He must be exhausted after ten years' imprisonment (Ch¾c lµ h¾n ®· kiÖt søc sau
m−êi n¨m tï)
- You must have known who she was (H¼n anh ®· biÕt bµ ta lµ ai råi)
- Does he have to take exercise every morning before breakfast?
(S¸ng nµo «ng ta còng ph¶i tËp thÓ dôc råi míi ¨n ®iÓm t©m µ?)
- This room is too stuffy, so you don't have to close the door
(Phßng nµy qu¸ ngét ng¹t, nªn b¹n khái ph¶i ®ãng cöa)
- Any driver ought to obey traffic regulations (Tµi xÕ nµo còng ph¶i chÊp hµnh luËt
giao th«ng)
- We ought not / oughtn't to say we are freshmen
^# 63 "]
(Chóng ta kh«ng nªn nãi m×nh lµ sinh viªn n¨m thø nhÊt)
- Trang ought to have been a fashion model (§¸ng lÏ Trang ph¶i lµ ng−êi mÉu thêi
trang)
- You should inform the director of this problem (Anh nªn b¸o cho gi¸m ®èc biÕt
vÊn ®Ò nµy)
- Children should not / shouldn't keep late hours (TrÎ em kh«ng nªn thøc khuya)
- If we had much money, we should buy a larger house
(NÕu chóng t«i cã nhiÒu tiÒn, chóng t«i sÏ mua mét c¨n nhµ to h¬n)
- Should anyone come here, please tell them I'm not at home
(NÕu cã ai ®Õn ®©y, h·y nãi víi hä r»ng t«i kh«ng cã ë nhµ)
- The floor should be less slippery today (Ch¾c lµ h«m nay sµn nhµ ®· bít tr¬n
trît)
- He should / shouldn't have apologized to them (LÏ ra anh ta nªn/kh«ng nªn xin
lçi hä)
- If you had your hair well cut, you would look much younger
(NÕu c¾t tãc gän gµng l¹i th× tr«ng anh trÎ h¬n nhiÒu)
- If he hadn't been somnolent, he would not / wouldn't have run over my dog
(NÕu anh ta kh«ng ngñ gËt th× ®· kh«ng çn ph¶i con chã cña t«i)
- Would you like some sugar in your tea? (Anh thÝch bá tÝ ®−êng vµo trµ hay
kh«ng?))
- We hoped that they would get better results
(Chóng t«i hy väng hä sÏ ®¹t ®−îc kÕt qu¶ kh¶ quan h¬n)
- I dare say / daresay these students will fail in their law finals
(T«i d¸m ch¾c r»ng çc sinh viªn nµy sÏ tr−ît kú thi tèt nghiÖp ngµnh luËt)
- I dare not / daren't affirm it (T«i kh«ng d¸m kh¼ng ®Þnh ®iÒu ®ã)
- Nobody dared sleep in a haunted house (Kh«ng ai d¸m ngñ trong mét c¨n nhµ cã
ma)
- Daren't he appear in public? (¤ng ta kh«ng d¸m xuÊt hiÖn gi÷a c«ng chóng hay
sao?)
- How dare she leave the classroom without asking my permission !
(Sao c« ta d¸m ra khái líp mµ kh«ng xin phÐp t«i !)
- I wonder if they dare go home after midnight
(T«i kh«ng râ chóng cã d¸m vÒ nhµ sau nöa ®ªm hay kh«ng)
- Need you consult a doctor about your megrim?
(Bµ cã cÇn b¸c sÜ kh¸m vÒ chøng ®au nöa ®Çu hay kh«ng?)
- You need not / needn't be in a hurry (Çc b¹n ch¼ng cÇn ph¶i véi vµng)
- You need not / needn't have been in such a hurry
(LÏ ra çc b¹n kh«ng cÇn ph¶i véi vµng nh− vËy)
- Nobody need be anxious for me (Kh«ng ai ph¶i lo l¾ng cho t«i c¶)
- You used to drink beer, didn't you? (Tr−íc kia anh th−êng uèng bia, cã ph¶i
kh«ng?)
- I used to drink beer, now I prefer fresh pineapple juice
(Tr−íc kia t«i th−êng uèng bia, nay t«i l¹i thÝch n−íc døa t−¬i h¬n)
- Used you to drink beer ?/ Did you use to drink beer ? (Tr−íc kia anh cã hay
uèng bia kh«ng?)
- I used not / usedn't / didn't use to like alcoholic drinks (T«i vèn kh«ng −a thøc
uèng cã cån)
^# 64 "]
Tr¶ lêi b»ng Trî ®éng tõ vµ §éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt

- Do you feel hungry? - Yes, I do / No, I don't
- Did she phone you last night? - Yes, she did / No, she didn't
- Is that Hoa? - Yes, it is / No, it isn't
- Is it raining cats and dogs? - Yes, it is / No, it isn't
- Are you closely related to that old women ? - Yes, we are / No, we aren't
- Was he absent from work yesterday? - Yes, he was / No, he wasn't
- Will there be a beauty contest next week? - Yes, there will / No, there won't
- Can you call back tomorrow? - Yes, I can / No, I can't
- Should they have said it? - Yes, they should / No, they shouldn't
§Æc biÖt
• NÕu ®ång ý víi mét c©u phñ ®Þnh th× gãp ý b»ng No + Trî ®éng tõ phñ ®Þnh .
NÕu kh«ng ®ång ý víi mét c©u phñ ®Þnh th× gãp ý b»ng Oh yes + Trî ®éng tõ
kh¼ng ®Þnh .
VÝ dô :
- He didn't go to school - No, he didn't / Oh yes, he did
(Nã kh«ng ®i häc - Kh«ng, nã kh«ng ®i häc/ Cã chø, nã cã ®i häc)
- I haven't paid the newsboy yet - No, you haven't / Oh yes, you have (T«i
ch−a tr¶ tiÒn cho cËu bÐ b¸n b¸o - Ch−a, «ng ch−a tr¶ / Råi, «ng tr¶ råi mµ)
- You needn't come there in good time - No, we needn't / Oh yes, we need
(Çc b¹n ch¼ng cÇn ph¶i ®Õn ®ã sím - Kh«ng, chóng t«i ch¼ng cÇn ph¶i ®Õn ®ã
sím / Cã chø, chóng t«i cÇn ph¶i ®Õn ®ã sím)
• CÊu tróc d−íi ®©y còng rÊt th«ng dông trong ®µm tho¹i.
- Their car broke down. Mine did too / So did mine
(Xe hä bÞ háng. Xe t«i còng vËy)
- Their car didn't break down but mine did
(Xe hä kh«ng bÞ háng, nh−ng xe t«i th× bÞ)
- Their car didn't break down. Mine didn't either / Neither did mine
(Xe hä kh«ng bÞ háng. Xe t«i còng kh«ng)
- Bill doesn't know my new address. His wife doesn't either / Neither does his
wife
(Bill kh«ng biÕt ®Þa chØ míi cña t«i. Vî anh ta còng kh«ng)
- Bill has no time to read. His wife hasn't either / Neither has his wife
(Bill kh«ng cã thêi giê ®äc s¸ch. Vî anh ta còng kh«ng)
- My husband likes football but I don't
(Chång t«i thÝch m«n bãng ®¸, nh−ng t«i th× kh«ng)
- She was very good at Chinese cooking but her daughter wasn't (Bµ ta nÊu mãn
¨n Trung Hoa rÊt ngon, nh−ng con g¸i cña bµ ta th× kh«ng)
C©u hái ®u«i

- I'm short-listed, aren't I? (T«i ®−îc vµo danh s¸ch vßng trong, ph¶i kh«ng?)
- You were waiting outside at that time, weren't you?
(Lóc Êy çc anh ®ang ®îi bªn ngoµi, ph¶i kh«ng?)
- He was killed by a stray bullet, wasn't he?
^# 65 "]
(H¾n chÕt v× ®¹n l¹c, ph¶i kh«ng?)
- Hoa short-circuited the washing-machine, didn't she?
(Hoa lµm cho m¸y giÆt bÞ chËp m¹ch, ph¶i kh«ng?)
- You like American films, don't you?
(Anh thÝch phim Mü, ph¶i kh«ng?)
- We have lived here for more than five years, haven't we?
(Chóng ta sèng ë ®©y ®· h¬n n¨m n¨m, ph¶i kh«ng?)
- Lan was a typist, wasn't she?
(Lan lµ nh©n viªn ®¸nh m¸y, ph¶i kh«ng?)
- You can speak Vietnamese, can't you?
(Anh nãi ®−îc tiÕng ViÖt Nam, ph¶i kh«ng?)
- Everybody held him in high regard, didn't they?
(Mäi ng−êi ®Òu kÝnh träng «ng ta, ph¶i kh«ng?)
- Lan wasn't there, was she?
(Lan kh«ng cã ë ®ã, ph¶i kh«ng?)
- They didn't bid you good morning, did they?
(Hä kh«ng chµo anh, ph¶i kh«ng?)
- Bill couldn't speak Vietnamese, could he?
(Bill kh«ng nãi ®−îc tiÕng ViÖt Nam, ph¶i kh«ng?)
- There wasn't enough vermicelli for latecomers, was there?
(Kh«ng cã ®ñ miÕn cho nh÷ng ng−êi ®Õn muén, ph¶i kh«ng?)
- We shouldn't keep those medicines within the children's reach, should we?
(Chóng ta kh«ng nªn ®Ó nh÷ng lo¹i thuèc nµy trong tÇm tay trÎ em, ph¶i kh«ng?)
- Nothing is given away, is it?
(Ch¼ng cã g× ®−îc biÕu kh«ng c¶, ph¶i kh«ng?)
§éng tõ nguyªn mÉu (Infinitive)
H×nh thøc
• Nguyªn mÉu hiÖn t¹i---> To do (lµm), To work (lµm viÖc)
• Nguyªn mÉu hiÖn t¹i liªn tiÕn --->To be doing (®ang lµm), To be working (®ang
lµm viÖc)
• Nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh --->To have done (®· lµm), To have worked (®· lµm viÖc)
• Nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn --->To have been doing (®· lµm), To have been
working (®· lµm viÖc)
• Nguyªn mÉu thô ®éng hiÖn t¹i --->To be done
• Nguyªn mÉu thô ®éng hoµn thµnh --->To have been done
Nguyªn mÉu ®Çy ®ñ = To + ®éng tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, To deal with drug addicts is
dangerous hoÆc It is dangerous to deal with drug addicts (Giao du víi ng−êi nghiÖn
ma tóy lµ nguy hiÓm). §«i khi kh«ng cã To ®øng tr−íc ®éng tõ vµ ®©y chÝnh lµ
tr−êng hîp Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To . Ch¼ng h¹n, We shouldn't deal with drug
addicts (Chóng ta kh«ng nªn giao du víi ng−êi nghiÖn ma tóy), He will come back
(Anh ta sÏ trë l¹i).
# Phñ ®Þnh cña nguyªn mÉu = Not + to + ®éng tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, They decide not to
attend the next symposium (Hä quyÕt ®Þnh kh«ng dù héi nghÞ chuyªn ®Ò s¾p tíi).
^# 66 "]
# Nguyªn mÉu chÎ (Split infinitive) lµ tr−êng hîp chÌn çc phã tõ Really , completely
, entirely , duly , unduly ... vµo gi÷a To vµ ®éng tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, To duly punish
serious crimes, National Assembly has made several amendments to the penal code
(§Ó trõng ph¹t thÝch ®¸ng çc träng téi, Quèc héi ®· cã nhiÒu söa ®æi trong bé luËt
h×nh sù).
C«ng dông
a) §ãng vai trß chñ tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, To go by plane is quicker and safer (§i m¸y bay
th× nhanh h¬n vµ an toµn h¬n), To obey the laws is everyone's duty (Tu©n thñ luËt
ph¸p lµ bæn phËn cña mäi ng−êi), To argue with them appears useless (Tranh c·i víi
hä cã vÎ v« Ých),To imitate them seemed unwise (B¾t ch−íc hä lµ d¹i). Tuy nhiªn, It
is quicker and safer to go by plane , It is everyone's duty to obey the laws , It appears
useless to argue with them vµ It seemed unwise to imitate them th× th«ng dông h¬n.
b) §ãng vai trß bæ ng÷. Ch¼ng h¹n, Their mission was to destroy the enemy naval
bases (NhiÖm vô cña hä lµ ph¸ hñy çc c¨n cø h¶i qu©n cña ®Þch).
c) Sau çc ®éng tõ Agree , aim , appear , arrange , ask , attempt , bother , care (phñ
®Þnh hoÆc nghi vÊn), choose , claim , condescend , consent , decide , demand ,
determine, be determined , endeavour , fail , forget , guarantee , happen , hesitate,
hope , know, learn , long , manage, neglect , offer , plan , be prepared, pretend ,
proceed , promise , prove , refuse, remember , resolve , seem , swear , tend ,
threaten , trouble , try , volunteer , vow , wonder .
VÝ dô :
- They arranged to meet at the riverside five-star hotel
(Hä tho¶ thuËn gÆp nhau t¹i kh¸ch s¹n n¨m sao ven s«ng)
- She didn't bother/trouble to answer straightforwardly (Bµ ta kh«ng chÞu tr¶ lêi
th¼ng th¾n)
- The boy asks to go swimming with his classmates (CËu bÐ xin phÐp ®i b¬i víi
çc b¹n cïng líp)
- Would you care to dance? (Anh thÝch khiªu vò hay kh«ng?)
- The banker condescended to say hello to his poor neighbours yesterday
morning
(S¸ng h«m qua, «ng chñ ng©n hµng ®· h¹ m×nh mµ chµo nh÷ng ng−êi l¸ng
giÒng nghÌo khæ)
- Soldiers were determined to fight till the last (Binh sÜ quyÕt t©m chiÕn ®Êu ®Õn
h¬i thë cuèi cïng)
- The strikers failed to reach a settlement with their employer
(Phe ®×nh c«ng kh«ng ®¹t ®−îc mét tho¶ thuËn víi «ng chñ)
- The employer threatened to dismiss anyone claiming a pay rise
(¤ng chñ do¹ sa th¶i bÊt cø ng−êi nµo ®ßi t¨ng l−¬ng)
- They seem to be quarrelling about money matters
(D−êng nh− hä ®ang c·i nhau vÒ chuyÖn tiÒn nong)
- The girl pretended to be making herself up (C« g¸i gi¶ vê ®ang trang trang
®iÓm)
- I want to know how to use this device (T«i muèn biÕt çch dïng çch dïng
thiÕt bÞ nµy)
- We are wondering whether to be angry with her or with her friends
^# 67 "]
(Chóng t«i ph©n v©n kh«ng biÕt nªn giËn c« ta hay giËn b¹n c« ta)
d) Sau Assume , Believe , Consider , Deem , Know , Think (nhÊt lµ ë d¹ng thô ®éng)
.
VÝ dô :
- Everyone must assume her to be innocent until she is proved guilty of
blackmail
(Mäi ng−êi ph¶i xem c« ta lµ v« téi ®Õn khi nµo chøng minh ®−îc r»ng c« ta
ph¹m téi tèng tiÒn)
- He is known to be a benevolent doctor (¤ng ta næi tiÕng lµ mét b¸c sÜ nh©n
hËu)
- Smoking is known to be harmful (Ai còng biÕt hót thuèc lµ cã h¹i)
- The thieves were thought to be hiding in the wood-shed
(Bän trém bÞ cho lµ ®ang trèn trong kho cñi)
- The four escapees are believed to have suffered shipwreck off Cape Horn
(Ng−êi ta tin r»ng bèn kÎ v−ît ngôc ®· bÞ ®¾m tµu ë ngoµi kh¬i mòi Horn)
e) Sau Be about , be able, afford, do one's best , make an/every effort , make up
one's mind , occur , set out, take the trouble, turn out .
VÝ dô :
- They stayed at home because they couldn't afford to get tickets for the Cup
Final
(Hä ë nhµ v× kh«ng ®ñ tiÒn mua vÐ xem trËn chung kÕt Cóp v« ®Þch)
- They have made up their mind to join their family in Vietnam
(Hä ®· quyÕt ®Þnh ®i ®oµn tô víi gia ®×nh t¹i ViÖt Nam)
- It never occurred to him to help anyone (H¾n ch¼ng bao giê n¶y ra ý nghÜ
gióp ai)
- The director-general turned out to be one of my fellow countrymen
(Ho¸ ra «ng tæng gi¸m ®èc lµ ng−êi ®ång h−¬ng víi t«i)
f) Sau Advise, allow , ask , beg , command , compel , enable, encourage , expect ,
forbid , force , implore , induce , instruct , invite , oblige , order , permit , persuade ,
remind , request , show , teach , tell , train , urge , want , warn .
VÝ dô :
- I want you to go there with me (T«i muèn anh ®i víi t«i ®Õn ®ã)
- They asked Bill to finish his work as soon as possible
(Hä yªu cÇu Bill hoµn thµnh c«ng viÖc cµng sím cµng tèt)
- She always expects his husband to earn more and more money
(C« ta lu«n mong chång m×nh ngµy cµng kiÕm ®−îc nhiÒu tiÒn h¬n)
- My parents taught me never to tell lies (Bè mÑ t«i d¹y t«i kh«ng bao giê ®−îc
nãi dèi)
- Show us how to operate this machine-gun (H·y chØ chóng t«i çch sö dông
khÈu sóng m¸y nµy)
- Tell her to take medicine before bedtime (H·y b¶o bµ Êy uèng thuèc tr−íc khi
®i ngñ)
g) Sau The first , the second , the last , the only hoÆc sau h×nh thøc so s¸nh cùc cÊp
®Ó thay cho mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ.
VÝ dô :
- They are the first to leave all their money to charity
^# 68 "]
(Hä lµ nh÷ng ng−êi ®Çu tiªn ®Ó l¹i toµn bé tiÒn b¹c cho c«ng cuéc tõ thiÖn)
- She was the only person in her village to study abroad
(C« ta lµ ng−êi duy nhÊt trong lµng ®i häc ë n−íc ngoµi)
- It is one of the best comedies to be performed last year
(§ã lµ mét trong nh÷ng hµi kÞch hay nhÊt ®−îc diÔn trong n¨m qua)
h) Sau çc tÝnh tõ Sorry, Anxious , Happy , Glad , Pleased , Ready , Proud , Ashamed
, Afraid , Surprised , Sure , Reluctant , Unwilling ...
VÝ dô :
- The young soldier was reluctant to give us a lift to the provincial polyclinic
(Ng−êi lÝnh trÎ miÔn c−ìng cho chóng t«i ®i nhê xe ®Õn bÖnh viÖn ®a khoa
tØnh)
- We are very surprised to see such scoundrels in a so-called institution
(Chóng t«i rÊt ng¹c nhiªn khi thÊy nh÷ng kÎ c«n ®å nh− vËy ë mét n¬i gäi lµ c¬
së tõ thiÖn)
- He was proud to be a nobleman (H¾n tù hµo lµ m×nh thuéc dßng dâi quÝ téc)
- I am ashamed to criticize my colleagues (T«i ng¹i phª b×nh b¹n ®ång nghiÖp)
i) Sau Too + tÝnh tõ / phã tõ , Too + tÝnh tõ + a + danh tõ, TÝnh tõ / Phã tõ +
enough.
VÝ dô :
- He is too short to become a pilot (H¾n qu¸ thÊp, nªn kh«ng thÓ lµm phi c«ng)
- You speak too quickly for me to understand thoroughly
(Anh nãi qu¸ nhanh, nªn t«i kh«ng hiÓu râ)
- Bi was too numerate a pupil to succumb to such simple problems
(Bi lµ mét häc sinh qu¸ giái to¸n, nªn kh«ng thÓ chÞu thua nh÷ng bµi to¸n ®¬n
gi¶n nh− vËy)
- This concrete bridge isn't strong enough to support heavy lorries
(ChiÕc cÇu bª t«ng nµy kh«ng ®ñ v÷ng ®Ó chÞu ®−îc xe t¶i nÆng)
- All athletes jumped high enough to reach the basket
(TÊt c¶ çc vËn ®éng viªn ®Òu nh¶y ®ñ cao ®Ó vãi tíi çi ræ)
j) Sau çc danh tõ Ability , ambition, anxiety , attempt , decision , demand , desire ,
determination , eagerness , effort , failure , offer , plan , promise , refusal , request ,
scheme , willingness , wish .
VÝ dô :
- Upstart officials often nurse their ambition to become the well-known
statesmen
(Quan chøc míi phÊt lªn th−êng nu«i tham väng trë thµnh chÝnh kh¸ch lõng
danh)
- I want to know the sanctions against the failure to comply with traffic
regulations
(T«i muèn biÕt biÖn ph¸p trõng ph¹t tr−êng hîp kh«ng tu©n thñ luËt ®i ®−êng)
§Æc biÖt
- Why did you take so much milk? - I had to [take so much milk]. I underwent
an operation for appendicitis five days ago (Sao anh uèng s÷a nhiÒu vËy? - T«i
ph¶i uèng nhiÒu nh− vËy. T«i mæ ruét thõa çch ®©y n¨m ngµy).
^# 69 "]
- Would you like to join us for dinner? - Yes, I'd love to (join you for dinner)
but I must go to school right now (T«i rÊt muèn, nh−ng t«i ph¶i ®i häc ngay
b©y giê).
- She wished to become a teacher but she wasn't able to (become a teacher)
(C« Êy muèn lµm c« gi¸o, nh−ng kh«ng thµnh).
- I feel lonely and want someone to talk to (T«i c¶m thÊy c« ®¬n vµ muèn cã ai
®ã ®Ó nãi chuyÖn)
- They need a cabinet to keep job applications in (Hä cÇn mét çi tñ ®Ó ®ùng hå
s¬ xin viÖc)
- There wasn't a thing to eat (Ch¼ng cã çi g× ®Ó ¨n c¶)
- The main thing to remember is .... (§iÒu chñ yÕu cÇn nhí lµ...)
- To be perfectly frank/ To be honest/ To tell the truth, you are no match for
her in tae kwon do (Thùc t×nh mµ nãi, anh kh«ng ph¶i lµ ®èi thñ cña c« ta vÒ
Th¸i cùc ®¹o)
- Thay v× He intends to go to supermarket and to buy a dishwasher (Anh ta
®Þnh ®i siªu thÞ vµ ®Þnh mua mét m¸y röa b¸t ®Üa), ta viÕt He intends to go to
supermarket and buy a dishwasher .
Nguyªn mÉu kh«ng cã To

a) Sau Do & Do not , Did & Did not , Can & Cannot , Could & Could not , May &
May not , Might & Might not , Must & Must not, Shall &Shall not, Should &
Should not , Will &Will not, Would & Would not , Need & Need not , Dare & Dare
not .
VÝ dô :
- Do say you'll help them ! (H·y nãi r»ng anh sÏ gióp hä!)
- They didn't go to church last week (TuÇn råi, hä kh«ng ®i lÔ)
- She daren't answer my question (C« ta kh«ng d¸m tr¶ lêi c©u hái cña t«i)
- You musn't interrupt me now (Anh kh«ng ®−îc ng¾t lêi t«i lóc nµy)
b) Sau çc ®éng tõ Feel, See, Hear, Watch, Had better, Would rather, Would sooner,
Let, Make, Have.
VÝ dô :
- I heard him knock at the door (T«i nghe h¾n gâ cöa)
- Did you see her cross the road? (Anh cã thÊy c« ta b¨ng qua ®−êng hay
kh«ng?)
- You'd better not tell lies (Anh ®õng nãi dèi th× h¬n)
- I'd rather work than sleep all day long
(T«i thÝch lµm viÖc h¬n lµ ngñ suèt ngµy)
- He would sooner retire on a pension than take part in such scandalous
business deals (¤ng ta nªn vÒ nghØ ¨n l−¬ng h−u h¬n lµ tham gia vµo nh÷ng vô
lµm ¨n tai tiÕng nh− vËy)
- Let me know what you are doing (H·y cho t«i biÕt çc anh ®ang lµm g×)
- Have your driver meet me at the airport
(H·y dÆn tµi xÕ cña anh ®ãn t«i t¹i t¹i phi tr−êng)
- The delicious smell from the kitchen makes my mouth water
(Mïi th¬m ngon tõ trong bÕp bay ra lµm t«i thÌm ch¶y n−íc d·i)
^# 70 "]
§Æc biÖt
- The joiner helped me to unlock the bicycle (B¸c thî méc gióp t«i më kho¸
chiÕc xe ®¹p) = The joiner helped me unlock the bicycle.
Danh ®éng tõ
(Gerund)
H×nh thøc vµ c«ng dông
H×nh thøc
1/Danh ®éng tõ cã h×nh thøc y hÖt nh− HiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, Whentalking to
this old man, you must speak loudly (Khi nãi chuyÖn víi «ng l·o nµy, anh ph¶i nãi
to).
2/Danh ®éng tõ hoµn thµnh (Perfect Gerund) lµ danh ®éng tõ chØ hµnh ®éng trong
qu¸ khø. Ch¼ng h¹n, "This lieutenant was suspected of having trafficked in drugs"
(Viªn trung óy nµy bÞ nghi lµ bu«n ma tóy).
3/Danh ®éng tõ thô ®éng (Passive Gerund) lµ danh ®éng tõ thuéc D¹ng thô ®éng.
VÝ dô :
- I object tobeing ill-treated in this way
(T«i ph¶n ®èi viÖc bÞ ng−îc ®·i nh− vËy)
- They admit having been attacked in broad daylight
(Hä thó nhËn lµ ®· bÞ tÊn c«ng gi÷a ban ngµy)
C«ng dông
1/§ãng vai trß Danh tõ.
VÝ dô :
- Thay v× "It is easier to speak Chinese than to write Chinese" (Nãi tiÕng Hoa
dÔ h¬n viÕt tiÕng Hoa), ta cã thÓ nãi "Speaking Chinese is easier thanwriting
Chinese".
- Seeing is believing (ThÊy míi tin).
- My father's hobby was reading (Thó tiªu khiÓn cña cha t«i lµ ®äc s¸ch).
- I am fond of cooking (T«i thÝch nÊu n−íng).
- She likesswimming (C« ta thÝch b¬i léi).
2/DiÔn t¶ sù cÊm ®o¸n.

VÝ dô :
- No smoking (CÊm hót thuèc)
- No loitering (CÊm l¶ng v¶ng)
- No spitting (CÊm kh¹c nhæ)
- No parking (CÊm ®ç xe)
VËn dông Danh ®éng tõ

1/ Sau giíi tõ.
^# 71 "]
VÝ dô :
- What else can you do besidessewing ?
(Ngoµi viÖc may v¸, anh cßn lµm ®−îc g× n÷a kh«ng?)
- She lodges a strong objection to rising so early
(C« ta kÞch liÖt ph¶n ®èi viÖc dËy sím nh− vËy)
- We are afraid of getting our colleagues into trouble
(Chóng t«i sî g©y r¾c rèi cho çc b¹n ®ång nghiÖp)
- This engineer is good at programming in C language
(Kü s− nµy giái lËp tr×nh b»ng ng«n ng÷ C)
- Thank you forhelping me find out the truth
(Çm ¬n anh ®· gióp t«i t×m ra sù thËt)
- A sphygmomanometer is an instrument for measuring blood pressure in the
arteries
(M¸y ®o huyÕt ¸p lµ mét dông cô ®o ¸p suÊt m¸u trong ®éng m¹ch)
- I deleted the previous words by pressing the Backspace key
(T«i xo¸ nh÷ng tõ liÒn tr−íc ®ã b»ng çch nhÊn phÝm Backspace)
- Before leaving home, they didn't forget to switch on the fire-alarm
(Tr−íc khi ra khái nhµ, hä kh«ng quªn bËt thiÕt bÞ b¸o ch¸y)
- On arriving home, they hurried the help into serving lunch
(Võa vÒ ®Õn nhµ, hä ®· giôc ng−êi gióp viÖc dän c¬m ¨n)
- Are you interested in learning foreign languages?
(B¹n cã quan t©m ®Õn viÖc häc ngo¹i ng÷ hay kh«ng?)
- What about having breakfast right now ? (Ta ¨n s¸ng ngay b©y giê chø?)
- Let's go to bed instead of watching TV (Chóng ta h·y ®i ngñ thay v× xem TV)
- He stole bread without being caught red-handed
(H¾n lÊy trém b¸nh m× mµ kh«ng hÒ bÞ b¾t qu¶ tang)
2/Sau çc liªn tõ When vµ While .

VÝ dô :
- When entering the bathroom, he caught a mouse nibbling the bar of soap
(Khi b−íc vµo buång t¾m, anh ta b¾t gÆp mét chó chuét ®ang rØa côc xµ phßng)
- We ate while listening to the radio (Chóng t«i võa ¨n võa nghe ra®i«)
3/Sau çc cÊu tróc It needs / requires / wants , It is worth, It's no use .
VÝ dô :
- This lock needs oiling ( kho¸ nµy cÇn ®−îc tra dÇu)
- Their tyres require inflating (Lèp xe cña hä cÇn ®−îc b¬m phång)
- Garden plants want watering every morning (C©y kiÓng cÇn ®−îc t−íi mçi
buæi s¸ng)
- This dictionary is worth consulting (Tù ®iÓn nµy ®¸ng ®Ó tham kh¶o)
- It's no use crying over spilt milk (Kªu ca còng ch¼ng ®−îc g×)
4/Sau Protest at , Care for, Give up, Leave off, Look forward to, Put off, Take to , Be
used to, Be accustomed to.
VÝ dô :
- She protested at sitting for a novice painter
^# 72 "]
(C« ta ph¶n ®èi viÖc ngåi lµm mÉu cho mét ho¹ sÜ míi ra nghÒ)
- I don't care forworking as an unpaid servant (T«i ch¼ng muèn lµm ®Çy tí
kh«ng c«ng).
- Let's try to give up smoking (Chóng ta h·y cè g¾ng bá hót thuèc)
- I look forward towinning a scholarship to the university (T«i rÊt mong ®−îc
cÊp häc bæng vµo ®¹i häc)
- They are used tositting up for their drunken father (Hä ®· quen thøc khuya
®îi «ng bè n¸t r−îu)
5/Sau Can't help, Can't resist , Can't bear , Can't endure .

VÝ dô :
- I can't help laughing at the sight of the well-known comedians on stage
(Nh×n thÊy çc danh hµi trªn s©n khÊu, t«i kh«ng nhÞn c−êi ®−îc)
- They can't bear being short of money
(Hä kh«ng chÞu ®−îc c¶nh thiÕu tiÒn)
- We can't resist thinking that she is your meal ticket
(Chóng t«i kh«ng thÓ kh«ng nghÜ r»ng c« ta nu«i anh)
- She can't endure seeing beggars wander about the streets
(C« ta kh«ng chÞu næi khi nh×n thÊy nh÷ng ng−êi ¨n xin lang thang ngoµi phè)
6/Trong Accuse sb of doing sth (KÕt téi ai ®· lµm ®iÒu g×), Suspect sb of doing sth
(Nghi ai ®· lµm ®iÒu g×), Dissuade sb from doing sth (Khuyªn ai ®õng lµm ®iÒu g×),
Stop sb from doing sth (Ng¨n c¶n ai lµm ®iÒu g×), Keep sb from doing sth (Ng¨n c¶n
ai lµm ®iÒu g×), Prevent sb from doing sth (Ng¨n c¶n ai lµm ®iÒu g×), Discourage sb
from doing sth (Ng¨n c¶n ai lµm ®iÒu g×), Restrain sb from doing sth (Ng¨n c¶n ai
lµm ®iÒu g×), Deter sb from doing sth (Ng¨n c¶n ai lµm ®iÒu g×), Hinder sb from
doing sth (Ng¨n c¶n ai lµm ®iÒu g×), Save sb from doing sth (Cøu cho ai khái bÞ ®iÒu
g×), Bribe sb into doing sth (Hèi lé ai ®Ó ng−êi ®ã lµm ®iÒu g×), Excuse sb for doing
sth (Tha thø cho ai ®· lµm ®iÒu g×), Excuse oneself for doing sth (Xin lçi v× ®· lµm
®iÒu g×), Resign oneself to doing sth (§µnh ph¶i lµm ®iÒu g×), Involve sb in doing sth
(L«i kÐo ai lµm ®iÒu g×), Forgive sb for doing sth (Tha thø cho ai ®· lµm ®iÒu g×),
Pardon sb for doing sth (Tha thø cho ai ®· lµm ®iÒu g×), Reproach sb for doing sth
(Tr¸ch ai ®· lµm ®iÒu g×), Congratulate sb on doing sth (Khen ai ®· lµm ®iÒu g×),
Praise sb for doing sth (Khen ai ®· lµm ®iÒu g×), Reward sb for doing sth (Th−ëng
cho ai ®· lµm ®iÒu g×),Thank sb for doing sth (Çm ¬n ai ®· lµm ®iÒu g×) ...
VÝ dô :
- They accused me of inciting prisoners against the jailer (Hä kÕt téi t«i lµ xói
giôc çc tï nh©n chèng l¹i cai ngôc).
- Who can dissuade him fromsmoking ? (Ai cã thÓ khuyªn anh ta ®õng hót
thuèc?)
- The teacher reproaches some schoolgirls forneglecting their studies (ThÇy
gi¸o tr¸ch mét vµi n÷ sinh lµ ®· sao l·ng viÖc häc hµnh).
- The police rewarded them fordiscovering the smugglers' shelter (C¶nh s¸t ®·
th−ëng c«ng hä t×m ra n¬i Èn n¸u cña bän bu«n lËu).
^# 73 "]
- As everyone in the seminar spoke English, she resigned herself to speaking
English
(V× mäi ng−êi trong cuéc héi th¶o ®Òu nãi tiÕng Anh, c« ta ®µnh nãi tiÕng Anh)
7/Sau çc ®éng tõ Admit (Thõa nhËn), Imagine (T−ëng t−îng), Anticipate (Dù tÝnh),
Avoid (Tr¸nh), Consider (C©n nh¾c), Defer (Ho·n), Delay (Tr× ho·n), Deny (Phñ
nhËn), Detest (GhÐt), Loathe (GhÐt), Dislike (Kh«ng thÝch), Dread (Kinh sî),
Enjoy (ThÝch), Escape (Tr¸nh khái), Feel like (muèn), Finish (Hoµn tÊt), Keep
(TiÕp tôc), Mind (ph¶n ®èi), Postpone (Tr× ho·n), Practise (TËp luyÖn), Propose
(Dù ®Þnh), Recollect (Nhí l¹i), Remember (Nhí l¹i), Risk (Cã nguy c¬), Stop
(Ng−ng), Suggest (§Ò nghÞ).
VÝ dô :
- The treasurer admits having embezzled the pension fund (Ng−êi thñ quü thó
nhËn lµ ®· biÓn thñ quü l−¬ng h−u)
- The boy imagined straying into the fairyland and talking to a fairy (CËu bÐ
t−ëng t−îng m×nh l¹c vµo chèn thÇn tiªn vµ nãi chuyÖn víi mét vÞ tiªn)
- He was considering buying a car on hire-purchase (H¾n ®ang c©n nh¾c viÖc
mua tr¶ gãp mét chiÕc xe h¬i)
- He feels like going to church (Anh ta muèn ®i lÔ)
- They practised driving lorries at night (Hä tËp l¸i xe t¶i ban ®ªm)
- The old man recollectedtaking medicine after dinner (¤ng l·o nhí lµ ®· uèng
thuèc sau b÷a ¨n tèi)
- I rememberwriting to them (T«i nhí lµ ®· viÕt th− cho hä)
- Their dilapidated house risks collapsing in the rainy season (Ng«i nhµ xiªu
vÑo cña hä cã nguy c¬ bÞ sËp trong mïa m−a)
- Stoptalking nonsense ! (§õng nãi bËy n÷a!)
- They suggested celebrating Christmas (Hä ®Ò nghÞ ¨n mõng N«-en)
- We enjoy reading ghost stories (Chóng t«i thÝch ®äc truyÖn ma)
- I proposed congratulating them on their wedding anniversary (T«i ®Þnh chóc
mõng hä nh©n kû niÖm ngµy c−íi cña hä)
8/So s¸nh hai c©u "She insisted on opening the door " (C« ta kh¨ng kh¨ng ®ßi më
cöa) vµ "She insisted on me/my opening the door " (C« ta kh¨ng kh¨ng ®ßi t«i më
cöa), ta thÊy c©u 2 kh¸c víi c©u 1 do cã sù hiÖn diÖn cña ®¹i tõ nh©n x−ng Me hoÆc
tÝnh tõ së h÷u My . Çc ®éng tõ Contemplate , Dislike , Dread , Fancy , Involve ,
Like (phñ ®Þnh), Mind , Object (to),Remember , Resent , Save , Stop , Tolerate ,
Understand , Approve (of), Disapprove (of) cã thÓ dïng víi mét trong hai hoÆc c¶
hai cÊu tróc nh− vËy.
VÝ dô :
- They dislikeme/my keeping late hours (Hä kh«ng thÝch t«i thøc khuya)
- I didn't likethem/their behaving in this way (T«i kh«ng thÝch h¾n c− xö nh−
vËy)
^# 74 "]
- The job involves him/his travelling backwards and forwards between Hanoi
and Paris (C«ng viÖc Êy khiÕn anh ta ph¶i tíi lui xu«i ng−îc gi÷a Hµ Néi vµ
Pari)
- We don't mind them/their knowing our address (Chóng t«i kh«ng ng¹i hä
biÕt ®Þa chØ cña chóng t«i)
- I remember you/your writing an apologetic letter (T«i nhí lµ anh cã viÕt th−
xin lçi)
- He objects to them/their being behindhand with tuition (¤ng ta ph¶n ®èi viÖc
hä ®ãng häc phÝ trÔ)
- Fancy his getting up so early ! (Anh ta dËy qu¸ sím, l¹ thËt!)
- Did they resent my being late for work ? (Hä cã bùc béi viÖc t«i ®i lµm muén
hay kh«ng?)
- We didn't contemplate him refusing our invitation
(Chóng t«i kh«ng dù tÝnh viÖc «ng ta kh−íc tõ lêi mêi cña chóng t«i)
Çc tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt

- Thay v× Excuse me for making so much noise (Xin lçi v× ®· lµm ån), ta cã thÓ
viÕt: Excuse my making so much noise (Xin tha lçi cho viÖc t«i lµm ån).
- Thay v× Forgive me for interrupting (Xin lçi v× ®· ng¾t lêi anh), ta cã thÓ viÕt
Forgive my interrupting (Xin tha lçi cho viÖc t«i ng¾t lêi anh).
- Thay v× Nobody can prevent us from doing good things (Kh«ng ai cã thÓ ng¨n
c¶n chóng t«i lµm ®iÒu tèt ), ta cã thÓ viÕt Nobody can prevent our doing good
things (Kh«ng ai cã thÓ ng¨n c¶n viÖc chóng t«i lµm ®iÒu tèt ).
- We began to go home (Chóng t«i b¾t ®Çu ®i vÒ nhµ) = We began going home .
- She continues to stare me into silence (Bµ ta vÉn trõng m¾t buéc t«i im lÆng) =
She continues staring me into silence .
- He ceased to shout at the top of his voice (H¾n kh«ng g©n cæ lªn mµ hÐt n÷a) =
He ceased shouting at the top of his voice .
- My father intended to buy a villa in the suburbs (Cha t«i ®Þnh mua mét biÖt thù
ë ngo¹i «) = My father intended buying a villa in the suburbs , nh−ng My father
intended me to buy a villa in the suburbs (Cha t«i muèn t«i mua mét biÖt thù ë
ngo¹i «).
- I don't allow them to drop litter in my study (T«i kh«ng cho phÐp hä vøt r¸c
trong phßng lµm viÖc cña t«i), nh−ng I don't allow dropping litter in my study (T«i
kh«ng cho phÐp vøt r¸c trong phßng lµm viÖc cña t«i).
- This book advises us to be neighbourly (QuyÓn s¸ch nµy khuyªn ta nªn sèng
hoµ thuËn víi nhau), nh−ng This book advises being neighbourly (QuyÓn s¸ch nµy
khuyªn nªn sèng hoµ thuËn víi nhau).
- Remember to clean out the drawing-room (Nhí dän dÑp phßng kh¸ch nhÐ!),
nh−ngI remember cleaning out the drawing-room (T«i nhí lµ ®· dän dÑp phßng
kh¸ch).
- He often forgets to close the doors before bedtime (¤ng ta th−êng quªn ®ãng
cöa tr−íc khi ®i ngñ), nh−ng He will never forget contracting lung cancer (¤ng ta
sÏ kh«ng bao giê quªn lµ m×nh m¾c bÖnh ung th− phæi).
^# 75 "]
- We regret to tell the whole truth about him (Chóng t«i lÊy lµm tiÕc mµ nãi hÕt
sù thËt vÒ h¾n), nh−ng We regret telling the whole truth about him (Chóng t«i hèi
tiÕc lµ ®· nãi hÕt sù thËt vÒ h¾n).
- She stopped to ask the way to the hospital (C« ta dõng l¹i ®Ó hái ®−êng ®Õn
bÖnh viÖn), nh−ng She stopped asking the way to the hospital (C« ta kh«ng hái
®−êng ®Õn bÖnh viÖn n÷a).
- He tried to drive faster (Anh ta cè g¾ng l¸i xe nhanh h¬n), nh−ng He tried
driving faster to know the power of his car (Anh ta thö l¸i xe nhanh h¬n ®Ó biÕt
c«ng suÊt cña xe).
Ph©n tõ
(Participles)
HiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ (Present Participle)
H×nh thøc
§éng tõ nguyªn mÉu + ing ---> HiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ (Xem thªm Phô lôc)
VÝ dô :
Find + ing ---> Finding
Work + ing ---> Working
Read + ing ---> Reading
C«ng dông
1. T¹oTh× liªn tiÕn (Continuous Tense).
VÝ dô :
- He is working (Anh ta ®ang lµm viÖc)
- At that time, theywere sleeping (Khi Êy, hä ®ang ngñ)
2. §ãng vai trß TÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt.
VÝ dô :
- Boiling water (N−íc s«i)
- Extenuating circumstances (T×nh tiÕt gi¶m téi)
- Alternating current (Dßng ®iÖn xoay chiÒu)
- Convincing arguments (Lý lÏ ®ñ søc thuyÕt phôc)
3. §ãng vai trß Giíi tõ.
VÝ dô :
- I have just read a document concerning Chinese acupuncture
(T«i võa míi ®äc mét tµi liÖu vÒ thuËt ch©m cøu cña Trung Hoa)
- There were three of us, not counting the driver
(Chóng ta cã ba ng−êi, kh«ng kÓ ng−êi l¸i xe)
4. Theo sau çc ®éng tõ chØ tri gi¸c.
VÝ dô :
- We heard someone sobbing downstairs
(Chóng t«i nghe ai ®ã ®ang khãc nøc në ë tÇng d−íi)
- Did you see himentering the first-aid ward?
^# 76 "]
(Anh cã thÊy h¾n ®i vµo khu cÊp cøu hay kh«ng?)
- She watched the childrencrossing the road
(C« ta xem lò trÎ b¨ng qua ®−êng)
- I feel somethingcrawling up my neck
(T«i c¶m thÊy çi g× ®ã bß lªn cæ t«i)
- The boy cried hurriedly for help because he had smelt something burning
(§øa bÐ véi vµng kªu cøu v× ngöi thÊy mïi khÐt)
5. Theo sau Catch, Find, Leave, Keep (§éng tõ + Tóc tõ + HiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ ).
VÝ dô :
- I am sorry to keep youwaiting
(T«i rÊt tiÕc lµ ®· b¾t b¹n ph¶i chê ®îi)
- Why did you leave herstanding outside in the downpour?
(Sao anh l¹i ®Ó c« ta ®øng bªn ngoµi trong lóc trêi m−a xèi x¶?)
- They found a corpse lying face down in a pool of blood
(Hä thÊy mét x¸c chÕt n»m óp mÆt xuèng vòng m¸u)
- How did you catch themseeing pornographic films?
(B»ng çch nµo anh b¾t ®−îc chóng ®ang xem phim khiªu d©m?)
6. Theo sau Go, Spend, Waste, Be busy.
VÝ dô :
- We shall goswimming /hunting /fishing /shopping tomorrow morning
(S¸ng mai, chóng t«i sÏ ®i b¬i/s¨n/c©u/mua s¾m)
- Let's spend more time learning English
(Ta h·y dµnh thªm thêi giê häc tiÕng Anh)
- This moneyed merchant spent a lot of moneykeeping a dancing-girl
(Tay l¸i bu«n giµu cã nµy ®· tèn nhiÒu tiÒn ®Ó bao mét c« g¸i nh¶y)
- They wasted a whole month seeking employment in this remote village
(Hä phÝ c¶ mét th¸ng trêi ®Ó t×m viÖc lµm ë çi lµng hÎo l¸nh nµy)
- She's busydoing the ironing
(C« ta ®ang bËn lµ quÇn ¸o)
7. Thay cho mét mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ.
VÝ dô :
- A law which prohibits the export of raw materials = A law prohibiting the
export of raw materials
(Mét ®¹o luËt cÊm xuÊt khÈu nguyªn liÖu)
- American scientists who visited Great Wall of China = American scientists
visiting Great Wall of China
(Çc nhµ khoa häc Hoa Kú ®Õn th¨m V¹n Lý Tr−êng Thµnh cña Trung Hoa)
8. a) Khi mét chñ tõ thùc hiÖn hai hµnh ®éng gÇn nh− ®ång thêi víi nhau, ta cã thÓ
dïng hiÖn t¹i ph©n tõ diÔn ®¹t mét trong hai hµnh ®éng Êy.
VÝ dô
- The man stooped down and kissed his children good night (Ng−êi ®µn «ng cói
xuèng vµ h«n chóc çc con ngñ ngon) = The man stooped down, kissing his
children good night (Ng−êi ®µn «ng cói xuèng, h«n chóc çc con ngñ ngon).
- She thought about the homeless and burst out crying (C« ta nghÜ ®Õn nh÷ng kÎ
lang thang vµ bËt khãc) = Thinking about the homeless, she burst out crying
(NghÜ ®Õn nh÷ng kÎ lang thang, c« ta bËt khãc).
^# 77 "]
- Minister of Health addressed the nationwide medical conference and
appreciated local health centers' encouraging achievements (Bé tr−ëng y tÕ ph¸t
biÓu t¹i héi nghÞ y häc toµn quèc, vµ ®¸nh gi¸ cao thµnh tÝch ®¸ng khÝch lÖ cña
çc trung t©m y tÕ ®Þa ph−¬ng) = Addressing the nationwide medical
conference, Minister of Health appreciated local health centers' encouraging
achievements (Ph¸t biÓu t¹i héi nghÞ y häc toµn quèc, Bé tr−ëng y tÕ ®¸nh gi¸
cao thµnh tÝch ®¸ng khÝch lÖ cña çc trung t©m y tÕ ®Þa ph−¬ng).
b) Thay cho mét mÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t ®Çu b»ng After (sau khi) hoÆc As / Since / Because
(V×, do).
VÝ dô
- He went to work in Paris after he had graduated in law at Oxford (Anh ta sang
Pari lµm viÖc sau khi tèt nghiÖp ngµnh luËt tr−êng Oxford) = Having graduated
in law at Oxford, he went to work in Paris
(Sau khi tèt nghiÖp ngµnh luËt tr−êng Oxford, anh ta sang Pari lµm viÖc).
- As we believed that he was strong in Danish, we both spoke Danish during
the conversation
(V× tin r»ng anh ta giái tiÕng §an M¹ch, c¶ hai chóng t«i ®Òu nãi tiÕng §an
M¹ch trong buæi chuyÖn trß) = Believing that he was strong in Danish, we both
spoke Danish during the conversation
(Tin r»ng anh ta giái tiÕng §an M¹ch, c¶ hai chóng t«i ®Òu nãi tiÕng §an M¹ch
trong buæi chuyÖn trß).
§Æc biÖt
• Kh«ng nhÊt thiÕt mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh vµ mÖnh ®Ò phô chØ nguyªn nh©n ph¶i thuéc cïng
mét chñ tõ. Ch¼ng h¹n, Since the weather is nice, we decide to go shopping (Do
thêi tiÕt tèt, chóng t«i quyÕt ®Þnh ®i mua s¾m) = The weather being nice, we
decide to go shopping (Do thêi tiÕt tèt, chóng t«i quyÕt ®Þnh ®i mua s¾m).
Qu¸ khø ph©n tõ (Past participle)
H×nh thøc
§èi víi ®éng tõ cã quy t¾c, Qu¸ khø ph©n tõ h×nh thµnh b»ng çch thªm ed vµo
nguyªn mÉu (hoÆc thªm d nÕu nguyªn mÉu tËn cïng b»ng e).
VÝ dô :
Start + ed ---> Started
Help + ed ---> Helped
Breathe + d ---> Breathed
Pledge + d ---> Pledged
• §èi víi ®éng tõ bÊt quy t¾c, xin xem Phô lôc .
• Qu¸ khø ph©n tõ cã thÓ theo sauNot ®Ó chØ mét ý phñ ®Þnh. Ch¼ng h¹n, This is a
subject not dealt with in the recent discussions (§©y lµ mét ®Ò tµi kh«ng ®−îc ®Ò
cËp trong çc cuéc th¶o luËn gÇn ®©y).
C«ng dông
^# 78 "]
1. §ãng vai trß TÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt vµ th−êng mang nghÜa bÞ ®éng.
VÝ dô:
- An injured leg (Mét çi ch©n bÞ th−¬ng)
- Stolen money (TiÒn bÞ ®¸nh c¾p)
- Lost property (§å ®¹c bÞ thÊt l¹c)
- Restricted development (Sù ph¸t triÓn cã giíi h¹n)
2. T¹o Th× hoµn thµnh (Perfect Tense).
VÝ dô:
- I have lived here for three years
(T«i ®· sèng ë ®©y ba n¨m)
- He left home after his mother had turned off the lights
(Nã ra khái nhµ sau khi mÑ nã t¾t ®Ìn)
- I should have invited them home
(LÏ ra t«i ®· mêi hä ®Õn nhµ ch¬i)
3. T¹o D¹ng thô ®éng (Passive Voice).
VÝ dô :
- Their trip was delayed by a traffic jam
(ChuyÕn ®i cña hä bÞ trÔ do mét vô t¾c nghÏn giao th«ng)
- This bag is used to contain paddy
(Çi bao nµy ®−îc dïng ®Ó ®ùng thãc)
4. Thay cho mét mÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ.
VÝ dô :
- We visited a village that had been devastated by war and famine (Chóng t«i
viÕng th¨m mét x· tõng bÞ chiÕn tranh vµ n¹n ®ãi tµn ph¸) = We visited a
village devastated by war and famine.
- Those who had been considered responsible for this entrance examination
were dismissed (Nh÷ng kÎ ®−îc xem lµ chÞu tr¸ch nhiÖm vÒ kú thi tuyÓn sinh
nµy ®· bÞ ®uæi viÖc) = Those considered responsible for this entrance
examination were dismissed.
5. Th«ng dông trong çc cÊu tróc d−íi ®©y :
- Besieged by the police on every side, both drug traffickers killed themselves in
an uninhabited house (BÞ c¶nh s¸t bao v©y tø phÝa, c¶ hai kÎ bu«n ma tóy ®· tù s¸t
trong mét ng«i nhµ hoang)
- Seen from the hill, the palace looks quite magnificent (Nh×n tõ trªn ®åi xuèng,
l©u ®µi tr«ng thËt tr¸ng lÖ).
- The two leaders came in, followed by an escort armed to the teeth
(Hai nhµ l·nh ®¹o b−íc vµo, theo sau lµ mét ®éi hé tèng vò trang ®Õn tËn r¨ng)
- All deputies had been warned about the order of the day and got ready for lively
discussions in the meeting hall (TÊt c¶ çc ®¹i biÓu ®Òu ®· ®−îc b¸o tr−íc vÒ
ch−¬ng tr×nh nghÞ sù vµ s½n sµng th¶o luËn s«i næi t¹i héi tr−êng) = Having been
warned about the order of the day, all deputies got ready for lively discussions in
the meeting hall (Do ®−îc b¸o tr−íc vÒ ch−¬ng tr×nh nghÞ sù, tÊt c¶ çc ®¹i biÓu
®Òu s½n sµng th¶o luËn s«i næi t¹i héi tr−êng).
- Whencooked properly, sausages will make a fine meal
(Khi ®−îc nÊu ®óng çch, xóc xÝch sÏ lµm nªn mét b÷a ¨n tuyÖt vêi)
- Though seriouslywounded , he managed to crawl back to his camp
^# 79 "]
(Dï bÞ th−¬ng nÆng, anh ta vÉn bß ®−îc vÒ ®Õn tr¹i)
- Why didn't you have your haircut ?
(T¹i sao b¹n kh«ng nhê ai c¾t tãc? = T¹i sao b¹n kh«ng ®i c¾t tãc?)
- We're having our carrepaired
(Chóng t«i ®ang nhê söa chiÕc xe l¹i = Chóng t«i ®ang cho söa chiÕc xe l¹i)
- Jack had his pocket picked (Jack bÞ mãc tói)
- They want the parcel delivered immediately (Hä muèn gãi hµng ®−îc ph©n ph¸t
ngay tøc kh¾c)
D¹ng thô ®éng
Kh¸i niÖm vÒ D¹ng thô ®éng
My father bought these two houses in 1972 (Cha t«i mua hai c¨n nhµ nµy n¨m 1972)
lµ mét c©u thuéc D¹ng chñ ®éng (Active voice), v× chÝnh chñ tõ My father thùc hiÖn
hµnh ®éng mua . C©u nµy ®æi sang D¹ng thô ®éng (Passive voice) thµnh These two
houses were bought by my father in 1972 (Hai c¨n nhµ nµy ®−îc cha t«i mua n¨m
1972). Chñ tõ My father trong c©u thø nhÊt ë thÕ chñ ®éng. (Mua ), cßn chñ tõ These
two houses trong c©u thø hai ë thÕ bÞ ®éng (§−îc mua ). Trong c©u thø nhÊt, My
father lµ chñ tõ, These two houses lµ tóc tõ. Do c©u nµy ®æi sang D¹ng thô ®éng,
tóc tõ These two houses trë thµnh chñ tõ, cßn chñ tõ My father b©y giê trë thµnh tóc
tõ (theo sau giíi tõ By ). Bought trong c©u thø nhÊt lµ ®éng tõ Buy ë ng«i thø ba sè
Ýt, Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n. Were bought trong c©u thø hai lµ ®éng tõ Buy ë ng«i thø ba sè
nhiÒu (v× chñ tõ b©y giê lµ These two houses ), Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n vµ D¹ng thô ®éng.
VËy, cÊu tróc cña c©u thuéc D¹ng thô ®éng lµ Chñ tõ + §éng tõ To Be + Qu¸ khø
ph©n tõ.
Ch¼ng h¹n,These trees are planted in South America (Çc c©y nµy ®−îc trång t¹i
Nam Mü) hoÆc The streets will be swept every day (§−êng phè sÏ ®−îc quÐt dän
mçi ngµy).
L−u ý
• Khi ®æi c©u tõ D¹ng chñ ®éng sang D¹ng thô ®éng, ta ph¶i chia To Be ®óng th× vµ
çch cña ®éng tõ ë D¹ng chñ ®éng.
- Columbus discovered America in 1492 (Columbus t×m ra ch©u Mü n¨m 1492) --
> America was discovered by Columbus in 1492 (Ch©u Mü ®−îc Columbus ph¸t
hiÖn n¨m 1492)
- The court martialwill sentence him to death (Toµ ¸n qu©n sù sÏ kÕt ¸n tö h×nh
h¾n) ---> He will be sentenced to death by the court martial (H¾n sÏ bÞ toµ ¸n
qu©n sù kÕt ¸n tö h×nh)
- American specialists are repairing this airplane (Çc chuyªn viªn Hoa Kú ®ang
söa chiÕc m¸y bay nµy) ---> This airplane is being repaired by American
specialists (ChiÕc m¸y bay nµy ®ang ®−îc çc chuyªn viªn Hoa Kú söa)
- He said that the local authorities would investigate these scandals (¤ng ta nãi
r»ng chÝnh quyÒn ®Þa ph−¬ng sÏ ®iÒu tra nh÷ng vô bª bèi nµy) ---> He said that
these scandals would be investigated by the local authorities (¤ng ta nãi r»ng
nh÷ng vô bª bèi nµy sÏ ®−îc chÝnh quyÒn ®Þa ph−¬ng ®iÒu tra).
VÝ dô minh ho¹
^# 80 "]
1) You may / can / must / should / ought to / needn't park your car there
(Anh ®−îc phÐp/cã thÓ /ph¶i/nªn/nªn/ch¼ng cÇn ®ç xe ë ®ã) ---> Your car may
/ can / must / should / ought to / needn't be parked there (Xe cña anh ®−îc
phÐp/cã thÓ/ph¶i/nªn/ nªn/ch¼ng cÇn ®ç ë ®ã).
2) She should have / needn't have parked her car in the car-park (LÏ ra c« ta
nªn/ch¼ng cÇn ®ç xe trong b·i ®ç xe) ---> Her car should have / needn't have
been parked in the car-park (LÏ ra xe cña c« ta nªn/ch¼ng cÇn ®ç trong b·i ®ç
xe)
3) Someone offered him a cigarettes (Ai ®ã mêi h¾n mét ®iÕu thuèc) ---> He
was offered a cigarette (H¾n ®−îc mêi mét ®iÕu thuèc).
4) The boy gave the girl a bouquet of roses hoÆc The boy gave a bouquet of
roses to the girl (Ng−êi con trai tÆng ng−êi con g¸i mét bã hoa hång) ---> The
girl was given a bouquet of roses by the boy (Ng−êi con g¸i ®−îc ng−êi con
trai tÆng mét bã hoa hång) hoÆc The bouquet of roses was given to the girl by
the boy (Bã hoa hång ®−îc ng−êi con trai tÆng ng−êi con g¸i).
5) Thay v× The pane of glass was broken (¤ cöa kÝnh bÞ vì), ta cã thÓ nãi
The pane of glass got broken .
6) Thay v× One sells these English - Chinese dictionaries everywhere (Ng−êi
ta b¸n nh÷ng tù ®iÓn Anh - Hoa nµy kh¾p n¬i), ta nªn nãi These English -
Chinese dictionaries are sold everywhere (Nh÷ng tù ®iÓn Anh - Hoa nµy
®−îc b¸n kh¾p n¬i).
7) Thay v× People use English all over the world (Ng−êi ta sö dông tiÕng Anh
trªn kh¾p thÕ giíi), ta nªn nãi English is used all over the world (TiÕng Anh
®−îc sö dông trªn kh¾p thÕ giíi).
8) My secretary will deal with this application (Ng−êi th− ký cña t«i sÏ gi¶i
quyÕt ®¬n nµy) ---> This application will be dealt with by my secretary (§¬n
nµy sÏ ®−îc ng−êi th− ký cña t«i gi¶i quyÕt).
9) Last night, a lorry ran over a street-sweeper (§ªm qua, mét chiÕc xe t¶i ®·
çn mét ng−êi quÐt ®−êng) ---> Last night, a street-sweeper was run over by a
lorry (§ªm qua, mét ng−êi quÐt ®−êng ®· bÞ mét chiÕc xe t¶i çn ph¶i).
10) They told me that.... (Ng−êi ta nãi víi t«i r»ng ...) ---> I was told that ...
(T«i nghe nãi r»ng ...).
11) His answer is acknowledged to be true (C©u tr¶ lêi cña anh ta ®−îc thõa
nhËn lµ ®óng)
12) She is presumed to be innocent until she is proved guilty
(C« ta ®−îc suy ®o¸n lµ v« téi ®Õn khi nµo ng−êi ta chøng minh ®−îc r»ng
c« ta cã téi)
13) This fortune-teller was believed to be a swindler (G· thÇy bãi nµy bÞ cho lµ
lõa ®¶o)
14) His age is estimated to be about 50 (Tuæi cña «ng ta ®−îc −íc tÝnh lµ
kho¶ng 50)
15) This billionaire was thought to be one of the richest men in Africa (Nhµ tØ
phó nµy ®−îc cho lµ mét trong nh÷ng ng−êi giµu nhÊt ch©u Phi)
16) Visitors are kindly requested not to smoke in the pagoda (§Ò nghÞ kh¸ch
tham quan kh«ng hót thuèc trong chïa)
^# 81 "]
17) You're supposed to keep it carefully (B¹n ph¶i gi÷ çi ®ã thËt kü 18) It
was widely supposed to have been lost during the tempest (Çi ®ã bÞ mäi ng−êi
cho lµ ®· thÊt l¹c trong c¬n b·o)
19) Their family is supposed to be living abroad (Gia ®×nh hä ®−îc cho lµ
®ang sèng ë n−íc ngoµi)
20) It was said that he was crazy about football (Ng−êi ta nãi r»ng h¾n si mª
bãng ®¸) hoÆc He was said to be crazy about football (H¾n bÞ nãi lµ si mª bãng
®¸).
Lêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp

(Indirect Speech)
Tæng quan
Lêi nãi trùc tiÕp (Direct Speech) lµ nguyªn v¨n lêi ph¸t biÓu cña mét ng−êi. Ch¼ng
h¹n, He says : " I shall be a programmer." (Anh ta nãi : "T«i sÏ lµ lËp tr×nh viªn").
Råi mét ng−êi kh¸c nghe ®−îc lêi nãi nµy vµ thuËt l¹i; lêi thuËt l¹i chÝnh lµ Lêi nãi
gi¸n tiÕp (Indirect Speech hoÆc Reported Speech). BÊy giê, c©u trªn ®©y ®æi thµnhHe
says that he will be a programmer (Anh ta nãi r»ng anh ta sÏ lµ lËp tr×nh viªn). §éng
tõ says trong c©u He says that he will be a programmer gäi lµ §éng tõ t−êng thuËt
(Reporting verb); mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh trong c©u nµy lµ He says vµ mÖnh ®Ò phô lµ that he
will be a programmer . Lêi nãi trùc tiÕp lu«n n»m gi÷a hai dÊu ngoÆc kÐp, nh−ng ®æi
sang lêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp th× hai dÊu ngoÆc kÐp kh«ng cßn n÷a. Ngoµi ra, cÇn x¸c ®Þnh
xem lêi nãi trùc tiÕp lµ c©u kÓ, c©u hái hoÆc c©u mÖnh lÖnh.
Nh÷ng ®iÒu cÇn l−u ý khi chuyÓn sang Lêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp
• NÕu ®éng tõ t−êng thuËt ë Th× hiÖn t¹i ®¬n gi¶n (Simple Present), Th× hiÖn t¹i hoµn
thµnh (Present Perfect) hoÆc Th× t−¬ng lai ®¬n gi¶n (Simple Future), ®éng tõ trong
lêi nãi trùc tiÕp ë Th× nµo ¾t ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò phô ë Th× nÊy.
VÝ dô :
- She says : "They are waiting outside" (C« ta nãi : "Hä ®ang ®îi bªn ngoµi") --
-> She says that they are waiting outside (C« ta nãi r»ng hä ®ang ®îi bªn
ngoµi).
- She has just said : "They are waiting outside" (C« ta võa míi nãi : "Hä ®ang
®îi bªn ngoµi") ---> She has just said that they are waiting outside (C« ta võa
míi nãi r»ng hä ®ang ®îi bªn ngoµi).
- She will say : "They are waiting outside" (C« ta sÏ nãi : "Hä ®ang ®îi bªn
ngoµi") --->She will say that they are waiting outside (C« ta sÏ nãi r»ng hä
®ang ®îi bªn ngoµi).
• Tuy nhiªn, ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò phô sÏ ®æi Th× nÕu ®éng tõ t−êng thuËt ë Th× qu¸
khø.
VÝ dô :
- She said , "They are waiting outside" (C« ta nãi : "Hä ®ang ®îi bªn ngoµi") ---
> She said that
they were waiting outside (C« ta nãi r»ng hä ®ang ®îi bªn ngoµi).
- She said , "They will understand it" (C« ta nãi : "Hä sÏ hiÓu ®iÒu ®ã") ---> She
said that they would understand it (C« ta nãi r»ng hä sÏ hiÓu ®iÒu ®ã).
^# 82 "]
- She said , "I never smoke" (C« ta nãi : "T«i ch¼ng bao giê hót thuèc") --->
She said that she never smoked (C« ta nãi r»ng c« ta ch¼ng bao giê hót thuèc).
- She said , "I have lived here for five years" (C« ta nãi : "T«i sèng ë ®©y ®·
n¨m n¨m") ---> She said that she had lived there for five years (C« ta nãi r»ng
c« ta sèng ë ®ã ®· n¨m n¨m).
- She said , "My grandfather died five years ago" (C« ta nãi : "¤ng t«i mÊt çch
®©y n¨m n¨m") ---> She said that her grandfather had died five years before
(C« ta nãi r»ng «ng cña c« ta ®· mÊt tr−íc ®ã n¨m n¨m).
- They said , "We have just heard from our teacher" (Hä nãi : "Chóng t«i võa
nhËn ®−îc tin thÇy chóng t«i") ---> They said that they had just heard from their
teacher (Hä nãi r»ng hä võa nhËn ®−îc tin thÇy hä).
§Æc biÖt
§èi víi sù thËt hiÓn nhiªn kh«ng bao giê thay ®æi, ®éng tõ trong lêi nãi trùc tiÕp ë
Th× nµo ¾t ®éng tõ cña mÖnh ®Ò phô ë Th× nÊy. Ch¼ng h¹n, He said, "The earth
revolves round the sun" (Anh ta nãi : "Qu¶ ®Êt quay quanh mÆt trêi") ---> He said
that the earth revolves round the sun (Anh ta nãi r»ng qu¶ ®Êt quay quanh mÆt
trêi).
3/ BiÕn ®æi tõ ng÷ khi chuyÓn sang Lêi nãi gi¸n tiÕp
Trùc tiÕp Gi¸n tiÕp
Today (H«m nay) That day (H«m ®ã)
Yesterday (H«m qua) The day before (H«m tr−íc ®ã)
The day before yesterday (H«m kia) Two days before (Hai h«m tr−íc ®ã)
Tomorrow (Ngµy mai) The next day / The following day (H«m sau)
The day after tomorrow (Ngµy mèt) Two days later (Hai h«m sau)
This morning (S¸ng nay) That morning (S¸ng h«m Êy)
This afternoon (ChiÒu nay) That afternoon (ChiÒu h«m Êy)
Tonight (§ªm nay) That night (§ªm Êy)
Yesterday morning (S¸ng h«m qua) The morning before / The previous morning (S¸ng
h«m tr−íc ®ã)
Yesterday afternoon (ChiÒu h«m qua) The afternoon before / The previous afternoon
(ChiÒu h«m tr−íc ®ã)
Last night (§ªm h«m qua) The night before / The previous night (§ªm
tr−íc ®ã)
Last Saturday (Thø b¶y võa qua) The Saturday before / The previous Saturday (Thø
b¶y tr−íc ®ã)
Next Saturday (Thø b¶y tíi) The next Saturday (Thø b¶y sau ®ã)
Last week (TuÇn råi) The previous week (TuÇn tr−íc)
Last year (N¨m råi) The previous year (N¨m tr−íc)
A year ago (Çch ®©y mét n¨m) A year before (Tr−íc ®ã mét n¨m)
Next week (TuÇn tíi) The following week (TuÇn sau ®ã)
Next year (N¨m tíi) The following year (N¨m sau ®ã)
Nowadays (Thêi nay) In those days (Thêi Êy)
Now (B©y giê) Then (Khi Êy), At that time (Khi Êy)
^# 83 "]
Ago (Tr−íc ®©y) Before, earlier (Tr−íc ®ã)
Here ( ®©y) There ( ®ã)
This (...nµy) That (... Êy)
These (Nh÷ng...nµy) Those (Nh÷ng ... Êy)
I (T«i) He / She (Anh ta/c« ta)
We (Chóng t«i) They (Hä)
My (... cña t«i) His / Her (...cña anh ta/... cña c« ta)
Our (... cña chóng t«i) Their (... cña hä)
Shall Should (nÕu ®éng tõ t−êng thuËt ë Th× qu¸
khø)
Will Would (®éng tõ ë Th× qu¸ khø)
Can (Cã thÓ) Could
May (Cã thÓ) Might
Must (Ph¶i) Must, Had to
VÝ dô :
- " Many Italian tourists will come here tomorrow ", said the hotel manager
(Gi¸m ®èc kh¸ch s¹n nãi : "Ngµy mai, nhiÒu du kh¸ch sÏ ®Õn ®©y") ---> The
hotel manager said that many Italian tourists would come there the following
day (Gi¸m ®èc kh¸ch s¹n nãi r»ng h«m sau, nhiÒu du kh¸ch sÏ ®Õn ®ã).
- "I finished reading this story-book the day before yesterday", he said (Anh ta
nãi : "H«m kia, t«i ®· ®äc xong quyÓn truyÖn nµy ") ---> He said that he had
finished reading that story-book two days before (Anh ta nãi r»ng anh ta ®· ®äc
xong quyÓn truyÖn Êy hai h«m tr−íc ®ã).
§Æc biÖt
- My vÉn lµ My vµ I vÉn lµ I , nÕu ng−êi nãi tù thuËt lêi cña m×nh. Ch¼ng
h¹n, I said : "I lost my key yesterday" (T«i nãi : "H«m qua t«i mÊt ch×a
kho¸") ---> I said that I had lost my key the day before (T«i nãi r»ng h«m
tr−íc ®ã t«i mÊt ch×a kho¸). T−¬ng tù, Our vÉn lµ Our vµ We vÉn lµ We ,
nÕu ng−êi nãi tù thuËt lêi cña m×nh. Ch¼ng h¹n, We said : "We shall meet
our family at the airport " (Chóng t«i nãi : "Chóng t«i sÏ ®ãn gia ®×nh chóng
t«i t¹i s©n bay") ---> We said that we should meet our family at the airport
(Chóng t«i nãi r»ng chóng t«i sÏ ®ãn gia ®×nh chóng t«i t¹i s©n bay).
- NÕu lêi nãi trùc tiÕp vµ lêi thuËt l¹i ®−îc ph¸t ra cïng mét ngµy th× khái
cÇn ®æi tõ ng÷ vÒ thêi gian nh− trªn. Ch¼ng h¹n, This morning, she said :
"I'll go to church today" (S¸ng nay, c« ta nãi : "H«m nay, t«i sÏ ®i nhµ thê
")---> This morning, she said that she would go to church today (S¸ng nay,
c« ta nãi r»ng h«m nay c« ta sÏ ®i lÔ)
T−êng thuËt c©u hái, c©u mÖnh lÖnh

ChuyÓn tõ c©u hái trùc tiÕp sang c©u hái gi¸n tiÕp
^# 84 "]
• Th«ng th−êng, c©u hái b¾t ®Çu b»ng çc tõWho , What , How , When , Where
hoÆcWhy , ®ång thêi cã sù ®¶o ng−îc chñ tõ (trõ phiWho vµ What lµ chñ tõ cña
c©u hái). NÕu chuyÓn sang c©u hái gi¸n tiÕp th× kh«ng ®¶o ng−îc chñ tõ n÷a vµ
còng kh«ng cÇn dÊu hái n÷a. Ngoµi ra, ph¶i l−u ý nh÷ng ®iÓm cÇn thay ®æi cho
phï hîp.
VÝ dô :
- " Who are they speaking to?", she asked (C« ta hái : "Hä ®ang nãi chuyÖn víi
ai vËy?") ----> She asked who they were speaking to (C« ta hái hä ®ang nãi
chuyÖn víi ai).
- " Who phoned me up yesterday morning?", he inquired (H¾n hái : " Ai gäi
®iÖn tho¹i cho t«i s¸ng h«m qua?") ---> He inquired who had phoned him up
the previous morning (H¾n hái ai ®· gäi ®iÖn tho¹i cho h¾n s¸ng h«m tr−íc ®ã).
- " What happened last night?", he wondered (H¾n th¾c m¾c : "§iÒu g× ®· x¶y
ra ®ªm qua?") ---> He wondered what had happened the night before (H¾n th¾c
m¾c kh«ng biÕt ®iÒu g× ®· x¶y ra ®ªm tr−íc ®ã).
• §éng tõ t−êng thuËt lµ Say th× ph¶i ®æi thµnh Ask , Inquire , Wonder hoÆc Want to
know ...
VÝ dô :
- " What is the weather like?", she said to me (C« ta b¶o t«i : "Thêi tiÕt thÕ
nµo?") ---> She asked
me what the weather was like (C« ta hái t«i thêi tiÕt thÕ nµo)
- " What shall I do first, mother?", he said (H¾n nãi : "MÑ ¬i, con sÏ lµm g×
tr−íc tiªn?") ---> He asked his mother what he should do first (H¾n hái mÑ
h¾n xem sÏ lµm g× tr−íc tiªn).
- " When will they help me?", she said (C« ta nãi : "Khi nµo hä sÏ gióp t«i?") -
--> She inquired
when they would help her (C« ta hái khi nµo hä sÏ gióp c« ta).
• NÕu c©u hái trùc tiÕp kh«ng b¾t ®Çu b»ng Who , What , How , When , Where
hoÆcWhy , c©u hái gi¸n tiÕp sÏ b¾t ®Çu b»ng If hoÆc Whether .
VÝ dô :
- " Are you Hoa?", I said to her (T«i b¶o c« ta : "C« lµ Hoa ph¶i kh«ng?") ---> I
asked her if she was Hoa (T«i hái c« ta xem c« ta cã ph¶i lµ Hoa hay kh«ng).
- "Can you speak French?", she said to me (C« ta b¶o t«i : "Anh nãi ®−îc tiÕng
Ph¸p hay kh«ng?") ---> She asked me if / whether I could speak French (C« ta
hái t«i nãi ®−îc tiÕng Ph¸p hay kh«ng).
- "Did anybody see me?", he said to me (H¾n b¶o t«i : "Cã ai nh×n thÊy t«i hay
kh«ng?") ---> He asked me if / whether anybody had seen him (H¾n hái t«i cã
ai nh×n thÊy h¾n hay kh«ng).
- "Mary, are there many people in this room?", they said (Hä b¶o : "Mary, cã
nhiÒu ng−êi trong phßng nµy hay kh«ng?") ---> They asked Mary if / whether
there were many people in that room (Hä hái Mary xem cã nhiÒu ng−êi trong
phßng ®ã hay kh«ng).
§Æc biÖt
T−¬ng tù, ta còng ®æi ®−îc c©u c¶m th¸n trùc tiÕp thµnh c©u c¶m th¸n gi¸n tiÕp.
^# 85 "]
VÝ dô :
- "How well she sings!", they said (Hä nãi : "C« ta h¸t hay qu¸ ! ") ---> They
exclaimed that she sang very well (Hä thèt lªn r»ng c« ta h¸t hay qu¸).
- "What a picturesque garden! ", she said (C« ta nãi : "Khu v−ên thËt th¬ méng!
") ---> She exclaimed that it was a picturesque garden (C« ta thèt lªn r»ng
®óng lµ mét khu v−ên th¬ méng).
ChuyÓn tõ c©u mÖnh lÖnh trùc tiÕp sangc©u mÖnh lÖnh gi¸n tiÕp
• §éng tõ t−êng thuËt th−êng dïng lµ Tell (b¶o) , Ask (yªu cÇu) , Advise
(khuyªn), Warn (c¨n dÆn), Order (Ra lÖnh), Remind (Nh¾c) ...
VÝ dô :
- "Open the door! ", he said to the doorkeeper (¤ng ta b¶o ng−êi g¸c cöa : "Më
cöa ra !") ---> He told / ordered the doorkeeper to open the door (¤ng ta
b¶o/ra lÖnh cho ng−êi g¸c cöa më cöa ra).
- "Don't make any spelling mistake!", they said to the examinees (Hä b¶o çc
thÝ sinh : "§õng viÕt sai chÝnh t¶! ") ---> They asked / advised the examinees not
to make any spelling mistake (Hä yªu cÇu/khuyªn çc thÝ sinh ®õng viÕt sai
chÝnh t¶).
- "Don't forget to feed the dogs! ", Ann said to the servant (Ann b¶o ng−êi gióp
viÖc: "§õng quªn cho chã ¨n nhÐ!") ---> Ann reminded the servant to feed the
dogs (Ann nh¾c ng−êi gióp viÖc cho chã ¨n).
- "Lan, drive carefully! ", I said (T«i nãi : "Lan, h·y l¸i xe cÈn thËn!") ---> I told
/ warned Lan to drive carefully (T«i b¶o/c¨n dÆn Lan l¸i xe cÈn thËn).
Liªn tõ
(Conjunctions)
Tæng quan vÒ Liªn tõ
• Lµ mét lo¹i tõ kh«ng biÕn ®æi, Liªn tõ cã c«ng dông :
a) Nèi hai tõ cïng mét chøc n¨ng trong mét mÖnh ®Ò
b) Nèi hai mÖnh ®Ò cïng mét chøc n¨ng trong mét c©u, hoÆc hai c©u riªng biÖt
nhau
c) Nèi mÖnh ®Ò phô (Subordinate Clause) víi mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh (Main Clause) trong
mét c©u
• Liªn tõ trong tr−êng hîp a vµ b lµ Liªn tõ kÕt hîp (Co-ordinating Conjunction),
ch¼ng h¹n nh− And , Or , But , Yet , Still , However , Therefore , Nevertheless ,
Neither ... nor , Not only... but also , Both ... and , So , Otherwise ... Liªn tõ trong
tr−êng hîpc lµ Liªn tõ phô thuéc (Subordinating Conjunction), ch¼ng h¹n nh−
That , Because , For , So that , If , When , After , Unless , Provided that , Though
...
VÝ dô vÒ Liªn tõ kÕt hîp (Co-ordinating Conjunction)

1) I live with my brothers and sisters
(T«i sèng víi anh t«i vµ chÞ t«i)
2) She came in and sat down
(C« ta ®i vµo vµ ngåi xuèng)
3) This restaurant serves cheap but excellent food
(Nhµ hµng nµy phôc vô thøc ¨n rÎ nh−ng ngon tuyÖt)
^# 86 "]
4) My father likes traditional music, but my mother doesn't
(Cha t«i thÝch ©m nh¹c cæ truyÒn, nh−ng mÑ t«i th× kh«ng)
5) Is the baby a boy or a girl?
(§øa bÐ lµ trai hay g¸i?)
6) You can walk up or take a bus
(B¹n cã thÓ ®i bé hoÆc ®i xe bóyt)
7) We have neither time nor money for concerts
(T«i ch¼ng cã thêi giê mµ còng ch¼ng cã tiÒn ®Ó ®i nghe nh¹c)
8) Not only men but also women appear in that casino
(Kh«ng nh÷ng ®µn «ng mµ c¶ ®µn bµ còng xuÊt hiÖn trong sßng b¹c Êy)
9) Both his brother and sister are unmarried
(C¶ anh lÉn chÞ nã ®Òu cßn ®éc th©n)
10) He worked hard, yet he failed in his finals
(Nã häc hµnh ch¨m chØ, vËy mµ nã vÉn tr−ît kú thi tèt nghiÖp)
11) They've behaved badly towards you; still, they are your intimate friends and you
should help them
(Hä ®èi xö tÖ víi anh; tuy nhiªn, hä vÉn lµ b¹n th©n cña anh vµ anh nªn gióp hä)
12) I shall invite Hoa to dinner. However, she may not accept my invitation
(T«i sÏ mêi Hoa ®i ¨n tèi. Tuy nhiªn, cã thÓ c« ta kh«ng nhËn lêi mêi cña t«i)
13) There was no letter of introduction; nevertheless we came there
(Ch¼ng cã giÊy giíi thiÖu g× c¶, song chóng t«i vÉn ®Õn ®ã)
14) They always get up late, so we cannot wait for them
(Hä lu«n dËy muén, nªn chóng t«i kh«ng thÓ ®îi hä)
15) Put on your raincoat; otherwise you'll catch cold
(H·y mÆc ¸o m−a vµo; nÕu kh«ng, b¹n sÏ bÞ c¶m l¹nh)
VÝ dô vÒ MÖnh ®Ò phô (Subordinate Clause)

1) Everyone thinks that it is going to rain
(Mäi ng−êi ®Òu nghÜ r»ng trêi s¾p m−a)
2) They didn't acknowledge that they had been defeated by the revolutionary army
(Hä ch¼ng thõa nhËn r»ng hä ®· bÞ qu©n ®éi çch m¹ng ®¸nh b¹i)
L−u ý Cã thÓ bá That nÕu That nghÜa lµ R»ng .

3) I watched her as she was making herself up
(T«i ng¾m c« ta khi c« ta ®ang trang trang ®iÓm)
4) As he grew older, he took more interest in reading
(Khi «ng ta cµng giµ, «ng ta cµng mª ®äc s¸ch)
5) It's ages since I left this quiet town
(§· qua bao n¨m th¸ng tõ khi t«i gi· tõ thÞ trÊn yªn tÜnh nµy)
6) I have been lovesick since I saw her again
(T«i m¾c chøng t−¬ng t− tõ khi gÆp l¹i c« ta)
7) Don't forget to turn off the lights before you leave home
(§õng quªn t¾t ®Ìn tr−íc khi ra khái nhµ)
8) We arrived when it was raining
(Chóng t«i ®Õn khi trêi ®ang m−a)
9) He fell asleep while his parents were saying their prayers
(Nã ngñ gËt trong lóc bè mÑ nã ®ang cÇu kinh )
^# 87 "]
10) I shall go with you as soon as I have finished my homework
(T«i sÏ ®i víi anh ngay khi t«i lµm xong bµi tËp ë nhµ)
11) Let's wait till the rain stops
(Chóng ta h·y ®îi ®Õn khi m−a t¹nh)
12) He had no sooner drunk wine than he began to vomit
(H¾n võa uèng r−îu vµo lµ n«n möa ngay)
13) As you are strong in French, you'd better translate this document
(V× anh giái tiÕng Ph¸p, anh nªn dÞch tµi liÖu nµy)
14) As it rains cats and dogs, we resign ourselves to staying at home
(Do trêi m−a nh− trót n−íc, chóng t«i ®µnh ph¶i ë nhµ)
15) Since his child has a high fever, he cannot go to work
(V× con anh ta bÞ sèt cao, anh ta kh«ng ®i lµm ®−îc)
16) Since this phrase has more than eight characters, we cannot use it as a password
(Do côm tõ nµy dµi qu¸ t¸m ký tù, ta kh«ng thÓ dïng nã lµm mËt khÈu)
17) They have nothing to eat, for their parents have been out of work
(Chóng ch¼ng cã g× ®Ó ¨n, v× bè mÑ chóng ®· thÊt nghiÖp)
18) Because the water had risen, the troops couldn't cross the river
(Do n−íc s«ng ®· d©ng cao, binh lÝnh kh«ng v−ît s«ng ®−îc)
19) The old mendicant went away because nobody gave him money
(L·o hµnh khÊt bá ®i v× ch¼ng ai cho tiÒn)
20) Why did you do it? - I did it just because I flew into a temper
(T¹i sao anh lµm ®iÒu ®ã? - T«i lµm ®iÒu ®ã chØ v× qu¸ giËn d÷)
21) He stole not because he wanted money, but because he liked stealing
(H¾n ¨n c¾p kh«ng ph¶i v× cÇn tiÒn, mµ v× h¾n thÝch ¨n c¾p)
L−u ý
• Liªn tõ As vµ Since th−êng ®øng ë ®Çu c©u ®Ó chØ nguyªn nh©n.
• Liªn tõ For kh«ng ®øng ë ®Çu c©u. Because thay cho For khi tr¶ lêi c©u hái vµ khi
theo sau Not, But hoÆc Just ...
22) Please bring it nearer that I may see it better
(Lµm ¬n ®−a çi ®ã l¹i gÇn ®Ó t«i thÊy râ h¬n)
23) Light the lamp that he read the letter
(H·y th¾p ®Ìn lªn ®Ó «ng Êy ®äc bøc th−)
24) The workers got up early in order that their boss wouldn't tell them off
(Çc c«ng nh©n dËy sím ®Ó «ng chñ khái m¾ng hä)
25) The contract is written in English and Chinese so that foreign partners can
understand it
(B¶n hîp ®ång viÕt b»ng tiÕng Anh vµ tiÕng Hoa ®Ó çc ®èi t¸c n−íc ngoµi cã thÓ hiÓu
®−îc)
26) I speak slowly so that you would understand me through and through
(T«i nãi chËm ®Ó anh hiÓu hÕt ý t«i)
27) I have kept some cans of grapefruit juice in the fridge in case we get thirsty
(T«i ®· tr÷ s½n vµi lon n−íc nho trong tñ l¹nh ®Ó phßng khi kh¸t)
28) He ran away lest someone should recognize him
(H¾n ch¹y biÕn ®i v× sî r»ng cã ng−êi nhËn ra h¾n)
^# 88 "]
29) You delivered such a lengthy speech that nobody was patient enough to listen to
you
(Anh ®äc mét bµi diÔn v¨n dµi dßng ®Õn nçi kh«ng ai ®ñ kiªn nhÉn l¾ng nghe anh)
30) How could he be so stupid as to believe his boastful friends?
(Sao nã l¹i ngèc ®Õn nçi tin vµo nh÷ng ®øa b¹n kho¸c l¸c?)
31) This man ate so many cakes that he suffered from indigestion
(Ng−êi ®µn «ng nµy ¨n nhiÒu b¸nh ®Õn nçi bÞ ®Çy bông)
32) He drank so much beer that he couldn't find his way home
(¤ng ta uèng nhiÒu bia ®Õn nçi kh«ng biÕt ®−êng vÒ nhµ)
33) So many people protested that the hypocrite had to shut up
(Cã nhiÒu ng−êi ph¶n ®èi ®Õn nçi kÎ gi¶ nh©n gi¶ nghÜa ph¶i c©m måm)
34) He showed so much concern about politics that people took him to be a future
leader
(H¾n quan t©m ®Õn chÝnh trÞ ®Õn nçi ng−êi ta t−ëng h¾n lµ mét l·nh tô t−¬ng lai)
35) His speech was so lengthy that nobody was patient enough to listen to him
(Bµi diÔn v¨n cña anh ta dµi dßng ®Õn nçi kh«ng ai ®ñ kiªn nhÉn l¾ng nghe anh ta)
36) The thief ran so fast that nobody could catch him
(Tªn trém ch¹y nhanh ®Õn nçi kh«ng ai tãm ®−îc h¾n)
37) Elderly as they are, they exercise twice a day
(Tuy ®· lín tuæi, hä vÉn tËp thÓ dôc hai lÇn mçi ngµy)
38) Impertinent as he is, he always holds his parents in high regard
(Dï xÊc l¸o ®Õn ®©u, h¾n vÉn lu«n kÝnh träng bè mÑ h¾n)
39) However talented you are, you remain fallible
(Dï tµi giái ®Õn ®©u, anh vÉn cã thÓ ph¹m sai lÇm)
40) I cannot help blaming her though she is my only daughter
(T«i kh«ng thÓ kh«ng tr¸ch nã dï nã lµ con g¸i duy nhÊt cña t«i)
41) Although my uncle was only an amateur photographer, he won first prize
(Dï chØ lµ nhµ nhiÕp ¶nh nghiÖp d−, chó t«i vÉn ®¹t gi¶i nhÊt)
42) I like them even though they may be my future opponents
(T«i vÉn thÝch hä dï cã thÓ hä sÏ lµ ®èi thñ cña t«i trong t−¬ng lai)
43) She refused to switch off the radio even if her husband was flying into a temper
(Bµ ta vÉn ch−a chÞu t¾t m¸y thu thanh dï chång bµ ta ®ang næi c¬n thÞnh né)
44) Why didn't you tighten the screw as I told you to?
(T¹i sao anh kh«ng siÕt chÆt ®inh èc nh− t«i ®· b¶o anh?)
45) Leave the fingerprints as they are (H·y ®Ó nguyªn çc dÊu v©n tay)
46) It's just as I thought (§iÒu ®ã ®óng nh− t«i nghÜ)
47) The hyprocrite behaves as if nobody equalled him in virtue
(KÎ ®¹o ®øc gi¶ c− xö nh− thÓ kh«ng ai s¸nh næi víi h¾n vÒ ®øc h¹nh)
48) Lynn suddenly went pale as if she were about to faint
(Lynn bçng t¸i nhît nh− thÓ s¾p xØu)
49) They talk as though they knew each other for ages
(Hä chuyÖn trß nh− thÓ biÕt nhau l©u l¾m råi)
50) If I pass my exams, my parents will be very happy
(NÕu t«i thi ®ç, bè mÑ t«i sÏ rÊt sung s−íng)
51) You will get a good seat, provided you come first
(Anh sÏ kiÕm ®−îc chç ngåi ®µng hoµng, miÔn lµ anh ®Õn tr−íc tiªn)
52) Supposing it rains, can we come back safe and sound?
^# 89 "]
(Gi¶ sö trêi m−a, chóng ta cã thÓ trë vÒ b×nh an v« sù hay kh«ng?)
53) You'll fail in mathematics unless you attend tutorial classes
(B¹n sÏ tr−ît m«n to¸n, trõ phi b¹n cã häc phô ®¹o)
Phô lôc
(Appendix)
Sè ®Õm (Cardinal numbers)
1 ---> One (mét)
2 ---> Two (hai)
3 ---> Three (ba)
4 ---> Four (bèn)
5 ---> Five (n¨m)
6 ---> Six (s¸u)
7 ---> Seven (b¶y)
8 ---> Eight (t¸m)
9 ---> Nine (chÝn)
10 --> Ten (m−êi)
11 --> Eleven (m−êi mét)
12 --> Twelve (m−êi hai)
13 --> Thirteen (m−êi ba)
14 --> Fourteen (m−êi bèn)
15 --> Fifteen (m−êi l¨m)
16 --> Sixteen (m−êi s¸u)
17 --> Seventeen (m−êi b¶y)
18 --> Eighteen (m−êi t¸m)
19 --> Nineteen (m−êi chÝn)
20 --> Twenty (hai m−¬i)
21 --> Twenty-one (hai m−¬i mèt)
22 --> Twenty-two (hai m−¬i hai)
23 --> Twenty-three (hai m−¬i ba)
24 --> Twenty-four (hai m−¬i bèn)
25 --> Twenty-five (hai m−¬i l¨m)
26 --> Twenty-six (hai m−¬i s¸u)
27 --> Twenty-seven (hai m−¬i b¶y)
28 --> Twenty-eight (hai m−¬i t¸m)
29 --> Twenty-nine (hai m−¬i chÝn)
30 --> Thirty (ba m−¬i)
31 --> Thirty-one (ba m−¬i mèt)
40 --> Forty (bèn m−¬i)
50 --> Fifty (n¨m m−¬i)
60 --> Sixty (s¸u m−¬i)
70 --> Seventy (b¶y m−¬i)
80 --> Eighty (t¸m m−¬i)
90 --> Ninety (chÝn m−¬i)
100 ---> A hundred (mét tr¨m)
1000 ---> A thousand (mét ngh×n)
1,000,000 ---> A million (mét triÖu)
^# 90 "]
400 ---> Four hundred (bèn tr¨m)
140 ---> A hundred and forty (mét tr¨m bèn m−¬i)
525 ---> Five hundred and twenty-five (n¨m tr¨m hai m−¬i l¨m)
1,101 ---> One thousand, one hundred and one (mét ngh×n mét tr¨m lÎ mét)
3,200 ---> Three thousand, two hundred (ba ngh×n hai tr¨m)
7,000 ---> Seven thousand (b¶y ngh×n)
450,259 ---> Four hundred and fifty thousand, two hundred and fifty-nine (bèn
tr¨m n¨m m−¬i ngh×n hai tr¨m n¨m m−¬i chÝn)
809,000,000 ---> Eight hundred and nine million (t¸m tr¨m lÎ chÝn triÖu)
L−u ý
- Five hundred men (n¨m tr¨m ng−êi), nh−ng Hundreds of people (hµng tr¨m
ng−êi)
- Eight thousand pounds (t¸m ngh×n b¶ng), nh−ng Thousands of pounds (hµng
ngh×n b¶ng)
- Four dozen eggs (bèn t¸ trøng), nh−ng Dozens of times (hµng chôc lÇn)
- 6.6 ®äc lµ "Six point six" (s¸u phÈy s¸u)
- 14.65 ®äc lµ "Fourteen point six five" (m−êi bèn phÈy s¸u m−¬i l¨m)
- 0.5 ®äc lµ "Nought point five" (kh«ng phÈy n¨m)
- 9.09 ®äc lµ "Nine point nought nine" (chÝn phÈy kh«ng chÝn)
Sè thø tù (Ordinal numbers)

First (thø nhÊt)
Second (thø hai)
Third (thø ba)
Fourth (thø t−)
Fifth (thø n¨m)
Sixth (thø s¸u)
Seventh (thø b¶y)
Eighth (thø t¸m)
Ninth (thø chÝn)
Tenth (thø m−êi)
Eleventh (thø m−êi mét)
Twelfth (thø m−êi hai)
Thirteenth (thø m−êi ba)
Fourteenth (thø m−êi bèn)
Fifteenth (thø m−êi l¨m)
Sixteenth (thø m−êi s¸u)
Seventeenth (thø m−êi b¶y)
Eighteenth (thø m−êi t¸m)
Nineteenth (thø m−êi chÝn)
Twentieth (thø hai m−¬i)
Twenty-first ( thø hai m−¬i mèt)
Twenty-second (thø hai m−¬i hai)
Twenty-third (thø hai m−¬i ba)
Twenty-fourth (thø hai m−¬i bèn)
Twenty-fifth (thø hai m−¬i l¨m)
^# 91 "]
Twenty-sixth (thø hai m−¬i s¸u)
Twenty-seventh (thø hai m−¬i b¶y)
Twenty-eighth (thø hai m−¬i t¸m)
Twenty-ninth (thø hai m−¬i chÝn)
Thirtieth (thø ba m−¬i)
Thirty-first (thø ba m−¬i mèt)
Fortieth (thø bèn m−¬i)
Fiftieth (thø n¨m m−¬i)
Sixtieth (thø s¸u m−¬i)
Seventieth (thø b¶y m−¬i)
Eightieth (thø t¸m m−¬i)
Ninetieth (thø chÝn m−¬i)
Hundredth (thø mét tr¨m)
Thousandth (thø mét ngh×n)
Millionth (thø mét triÖu)
L−u ý
- 1/5 ®äc lµ A /one fifth & 3/5 ®äc lµ Three fifths &
- 1/8 ®äc lµ A /one eighth & 5/10 ®äc lµ Five tenths .
- 4 1/4 kilos ®äc lµ Two and a quarter kilos .
- 1/2 gi©y ®äc lµ Half a second , nh−ng 1/4 gi©y ®äc lµ A quarter of a second .
- Five (sè ®Õm) --> Fifth (sè thø tù) & Eight (sè ®Õm) --> Eighth (sè thø tù) &
Nine (sè ®Õm) --> Ninth (sè thø tù) & Twelve (sè ®Õm) --> Twelfth (sè thø tù).
- First = 1st & Second = 2 nd & Third = 3 rd & Fourth = 4 th. Ch¼ng h¹n,
Forty-first viÕt lµ 41st & Seventy-second viÕt lµ 72 nd & Ninety-third viÕt lµ 93
rd.
- Tr−íc sè thø tù th−êng cã The. Ch¼ng h¹n, The hundredth anniversary of the
poet's death (lÔ kû niÖm lÇn thø mét tr¨m ngµy mÊt cña thi sÜ), The first three
weeks (ba tuÇn ®Çu tiªn), The fifty-seventh passenger (hµnh kh¸ch thø 57)
Ngµy th¸ng (Dates)

B¶y ngµy trong tuÇn
Sunday (Sun.) (Chñ NhËt)

Monday (Mon.) (Thø Hai)
Tuesday (Tues.) (Thø Ba)
Wednesday (Wed.) (Thø T−)
Thursday (Thurs.) (Thø N¨m)
Friday (Fri.) (Thø S¸u)
Saturday (Sat.) (Thø B¶y)
M−êi hai th¸ng trong n¨m
January (Jan.) (Th¸ng Giªng)

February (Feb.) (Th¸ng Hai)
March (Mar.) (Th¸ng Ba)
^# 92 "]
April (Apr.) (Th¸ng T−)
May (Th¸ng N¨m)
June (Th¸ng S¸u)
July (Th¸ng B¶y)
August (Aug.) (Th¸ng T¸m)
September (Sept.) (Th¸ng ChÝn)
October (Oct.) (Th¸ng M−êi)
November (Nov.) (Th¸ng M−êi Mét)
December (Dec.) (Th¸ng M−êi Hai)
L−u ý
• Ngµy ®−îc viÕt b»ng nhiÒu çch. Ch¼ng h¹n, ngµy 16/10 ®äc lµ The sixteenth of
October & October the sixteenth vµ viÕt lµOctober 16 & 16 October & 16th of
October &October 16th & 16th October & October the 16th .
• N¨m 1998 ®äc lµ Nineteen hundred and ninety-eight hoÆc Nineteen ninety-eight .
• BC (Before Christ) nghÜa lµ tr−íc C«ng nguyªn , cßn AD (Anno Domini) nghÜa lµ
sau C«ng nguyªn .
Quy t¾c chÝnh t¶ (Spelling rules)

1) GÊp ®«i phô ©m
a) §èi víi tõ ®¬n ©m tiÕt cã cÊu tróc tèi ®a ba phô ©m + mét nguyªn ©m + mét phô
©m, ta gÊp ®«i phô ©m cuèi khi ghÐp thªm mét hËu tè b¾t ®Çu b»ng nguyªn ©m.
VÝ dô:
Step + ing = Stepping
Split + ing = Splitting
Run + er = Runner
Gun + er = Gunner
Shop + ing = Shopping
Tuy nhiªn, nÕu phô ©m cuèi lµ w, x hoÆc y th× kh«ng gÊp ®«i phô ©m nh− trªn.
VÝ dô:
Bow + ed = Bowed
Bay + ing = Baying
Box + ing = Boxing
b) §èi víi tõ hai hoÆc ba ©m tiÕt mµ ©m tiÕt cuèi lµ mét phô ©m + mét nguyªn ©m +
mét phô ©m (nhÊt lµ khi träng ©m r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt cuèi), ta còng gÊp ®«i phô ©m cuèi.
VÝ dô:
Admit + ed = Admitted
Begin + er = Beginner
Recur + ing = Recurring
Refer + ed = Referred
Occur +ed = Occurred
Handicap + ed = Handicapped
Worship + ed = Worshipped
^# 93 "]
Nh−ng
Murmur --->Murmuring , Murmured
Shelter ---> Sheltered , Sheltering
Utter ---> Uttered , Uttering
Answer + ing = Answered , Answering
Limit ---> Limited, Limiting
Budget ---> Budgeting
Focus + ed ---> Focussed hoÆc Focused
Bias + ed ---> Biassed hoÆc Biased
c) §èi víi tõ tËn cïng b»ng mét nguyªn ©m (hoÆc hai nguyªn ©m ®äc rêi nhau) + l, ta
còng gÊp ®«i l.
VÝ dô:
Appal + ed = Appalled
Cruel + ly = Cruelly
Fuel + ing = Fuelling
Signal + er = Signaller
§«i khi ng−êi Mü viÕt Modeler , Labeling , Traveler , Funneling , Signaler , Duelist ,
Fueling ... Tuy nhiªn, hä vÉn gÊp ®«i l khi träng ©m r¬i vµo ©m tiÕt cuèi, ch¼ng h¹n
nh− Repel + ed = Repelled , Rebel + ing = Rebelling .
2) Tõ tËn cïng b»ng e

a) §èi víi tõ tËn cïng b»ng mét phô ©m + e, ta bá e khi thªm hËu tè vµo.
VÝ dô:
Use +able = Usable
Move + able = Movable
Remove + er = Remover
Love + er = Lover
Strike + er = Striker
Thrive +ing = Thriving
Nh−ng
Dye + ing = Dyeing
Singe + ing = Singeing
Age + ing = Ageing hoÆc Aging
b) E kh«ng mÊt ®i khi hËu tè b¾t ®Çu b»ng mét phô ©m.
VÝ dô:
Manage + ment = Management
Infringe + ment = Infringement
Deliberate + ly = Deliberately
Polite + ly = Politely
Spite + ful = Spiteful
Peace + ful = Peaceful
Forgive + ness = Forgiveness
Nh−ng
^# 94 "]
Probable + ly = Probably
Visible + ly = Visibly
Argue + ment = Argument
Due + ly = Duly
True + ly = Truly
Whole + ly = Wholly
Judge + ment = Judgement hoÆc Judgment
c) §èi víi tõ tËn cïng b»ng ee, ta còng kh«ng bá ee khi thªm hËu tè.
VÝ dô:
Disagree ---> Disagreed , Disagreeing , Disagreement , Disagreeable
Free ---> Freed , Freeing , Freedom , Freeman
d) §èi víi tõ tËn cïng b»ng ge, ta còng kh«ng bá e khi thªm hËu tè ous.
VÝ dô:
Courage + ous = Courageous
Outrage + ous = Outrageous
e) §èi víi tõ tËn cïng b»ng ge hoÆc ce, ta còng kh«ng bá e khi thªm hËu tè able.
VÝ dô:
Enforce + able = Enforceable
Service + able = Serviceable
Knowledge + able = Knowledgeable
Manage + able = Manageable
3) Tõ tËn cïng b»ng y

a) §èi víi tõ tËn cïng b»ng mét phô ©m + y , ta ®æi y thµnh i khi thªm hËu tè vµo
(ngo¹i trõ hËu tè ing).
VÝ dô:
Carry + er = Carrier , nh−ng Carry + ing = Carrying
Hurry + ed = Hurried , nh−ng Hurry + ing = Hurrying
Lucky + ly = Luckily
Worthy + ly = Worthily
b) §èi víi tõ tËn cïng b»ng mét nguyªn ©m + y, y vÉn lµ y.
VÝ dô:
Grey + ed = Greyed , Grey + ish = Greyish
Pay + able = Payable , Pay + ment = Payment
4) Sù kh¸c biÖt vÒ chÝnh t¶ gi÷a tiÕng Anh vµ tiÕng Mü

a) Our cña Anh trë thµnh or cña Mü.
Ch¼ng h¹n,
Neighbour ---> Neighbor, Favour ---> Favor,
Labour ---> Labor, Colour ---> Color.
b) Gue trë thµnh g.
Ch¼ng h¹n:
Dialogue ---> Dialog, Catalogue ---> Catalog,
Monologue ---> Monolog, Epilogue ---> Epilog.
c) Re trë thµnh er.
Ch¼ng h¹n:
^# 95 "]
Theatre ---> Theater, Centre ---> Center.
Calibre ---> Caliber.
d) Vµi tr−êng hîp ce trë thµnh se.
Ch¼ng h¹n:
Defence ---> Defense, Offence ---> Offense,
Licence ---> License.
Tõ ®©y, suy ra nh÷ng tr−êng hîp nh−:
Tyre ---> Tire, Cheque ---> Check,
Aluminium ---> Aluminum, Aeroplane ---> Airplane.
e) §«i khi mét sù vËt ®−îc diÔn t¶ b»ng hai tõ kh¸c nhau.
Anh Mü
Autumn Fall
Bonnet Hood
Current account Checking account
Flat Apartment
Full stop Period
Lift Elevator
Pavement Sidewalk
Saloon Sedan
Timetable Schedule
Toilet Bathroom, Rest-room
Underground/Tube Subway
Ngoµi ra, ph¶i kÓ ®Õn nh÷ng tõ dÔ bÞ lÉn lén nh−: Affect - Effect , Except - Accept ,
Fare - Fair ,For - Four , Formally - Formerly , Passed - Past , Peace - Piece ,
Principal - Principle ,Stationary - Stationery ...
5) Th¸n tõ (Interjection)
• Th¸n tõ lµ tõ hoÆc côm tõ dïng nh− mét tõ c¶m th¸n. Ch¼ng h¹n, Oh ! (Û!),
Hurray ! (Hoan h«!), Alas ! (Than «i !), For goodness sake ! (V× Chóa!), Cheers !
(Chóc søc khoÎ ! & T¹m biÖt nhÐ !), Sorry ! (Xin lçi !), Please ... (Xin vui lßng ...),
Nonsense ! (BËy nµo!) ...
C©u & MÖnh ®Ò

C©u (Sentence)
• Theo nghÜa th× cã 4 lo¹i c©u :
1) C©u kÓ (Declarative Sentence). Ch¼ng h¹n, I'm this girl's elder brother (T«i lµ
anh cña c« g¸i nµy), She doesn't know how to use microcomputers (C« ta kh«ng biÕt
çch sö dông m¸y vi tÝnh).
2) C©u hái (Interrogative Sentence). Ch¼ng h¹n, Who are you ? (Anh lµ ai?), Does
he like martial arts ? (Anh ta cã thÝch vâ thuËt hay kh«ng?), What time is it ? (MÊy
giê råi?).
^# 96 "]
3) C©u mÖnh lÖnh (Imperative Sentence). Ch¼ng h¹n, Go away ! (H·y cót ®i !),
Don't forget to lock the door ! (§õng quªn kho¸ cöa nhÐ !).
4) C©u c¶m th¸n (Exclamatory Sentence). Ch¼ng h¹n, What a good idea ! (ThËt lµ
mét ý kiÕn hay !), What beautiful flowers he has ! (Anh ta cã nh÷ng b«ng hoa ®Ñp
biÕt bao !) How lovely she is ! (C« Êy cã duyªn lµm sao !), How he snores ! (Nã
ng¸y sao mµ to thÕ !), How fast he runs ! (Nã ch¹y nhanh thËt !).
• Theo h×nh thøc th× cã 3 lo¹i c©u :
1) C©u ®¬n (Simple Sentence) lµ c©u cã ván vÑn mét mÖnh ®Ò. Ch¼ng h¹n, I tell
them to stand up (T«i b¶o hä ®øng dËy), He was late for school (Nã ®i häc trÔ), How
old are you ? (Anh bao nhiªu tuæi?), Never go out in the rain ! (§õng bao giê ®i ra
ngoµi m−a), How chubby the child is ! (§øa bÐ sao mµ mòm mÜm thÕ !).
2) C©u kÐp (Compound Sentence) lµ c©u gåm hai hoÆc nhiÒu mÖnh ®Ò ®éc lËp nèi víi
nhau b»ng liªn tõ And, Or, But ... Ch¼ng h¹n, He went to the movies, but his younger
sister didn't (Nã ®i xem chiÕu bãng, nh−ng em g¸i nã th× kh«ng); She doesn't like
John and neither do I (C« ta kh«ng thÝch John vµ t«i còng vËy).
3) C©u phøc (Complex sentence) lµ c©u cã mét mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh vµ mét hoÆc nhiÒu
mÖnh ®Ò phô. Ch¼ng h¹n, I want to know with whom he comes here and why he has
no money (T«i muèn biÕt h¾n ®Õn ®©y víi ai vµ t¹i sao h¾n kh«ng cã tiÒn). ®©y
mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh lµ I want to know , hai mÖnh ®Ò phô lµ With whom he comes here vµ
Why he has no money (hai mÖnh ®Ò phô nµy nèi víi nhau b»ng liªn tõ And).
MÖnh ®Ò (Clause)
MÖnh ®Ò lµ mét nhãm tõ /côm tõ gåm chñ tõ (Subject), ®éng tõ ®· chia (Finite
Verb) vµ cã thÓ cã hoÆc kh«ng cã tóc tõ (Object). Ch¼ng h¹n, The dog barks (Con
chã sña) hoÆc The dog wags its tails (Con chã vÉy ®u«i). Mét c©u cã thÓ gåm nhiÒu
mÖnh ®Ò, chø kh«ng ph¶i lóc nµo còng ván vÑn mét mÖnh ®Ò. Ch¼ng h¹n,They burst
out laughing because his gestures look very comic (Hä c−êi ph¸ lªn v× cö chØ cña anh
ta tr«ng rÊt kh«i hµi), I want to know who you are and why you come here (T«i muèn
biÕt anh lµ ai vµ t¹i sao anh ®Õn ®©y).
• MÖnh ®Ò ®éc lËp (Independent Clause hoÆc Simple Clause) lµ mÖnh ®Ò tù nã ®·
®ñ nghÜa, ch¼ng phô thuéc mÖnh ®Ò nµo kh¸c vµ còng ch¼ng mÖnh ®Ò nµo kh¸c
phô thuéc nã. Ch¼ng h¹n, My name is Hoa (Tªn t«i lµ Hoa), They went to bed at
midnight (Hä ®i ngñ lóc nöa ®ªm).
• MÖnh ®Ò kÕt hîp (Co-ordinate clause) lµ mét trong hai hoÆc mét trong nhiÒu mÖnh
®Ò ®éc lËp víi nhau; çc mÖnh ®Ò nµy nèi víi nhau b»ng liªn tõ kÕt hîp (Co-
ordinating Conjunction). Ch¼ng h¹n, He ate bread and drank orangeade (Anh ta
¨n b¸nh m× vµ uèng n−íc cam).
• MÖnh ®Ò chÝnh (Main Clause) lµ mÖnh ®Ò mµ çc mÖnh ®Ò kh¸c trong c©u ph¶i
phô thuéc vµo.
• MÖnh ®Ò phô (Subordinate Clause) lµ mÖnh ®Ò phô thuéc mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh vµ
th−êng b¾t ®Çu b»ng mét liªn tõ hoÆc mét ®¹i tõ quan hÖ. Ch¼ng h¹n, trong c©u If
it rains, we shall stay at home (NÕu trêi m−a, chóng t«i sÏ ë nhµ), MÖnh ®Ò chÝnh
lµ We shall stay at home , MÖnh ®Ò phô lµ If it rains. Trong c©u I want to meet
the girl who spoke to you this morning (T«i muèn gÆp c« g¸i nãi chuyÖn víi anh
^# 97 "]
s¸ng nay), MÖnh ®Ò chÝnh lµ I want to meet the girl , MÖnh ®Ò phô lµ Who spoke
to you this morning
• MÖnh ®Ò cã tÝnh chÊt danh tõ (Noun Clause). Ch¼ng h¹n, That they are married
is known to very few people (ViÖc hä lÊy nhau rÊt Ýt ng−êi biÕt), Tom said that he
would become a world-famous lawyer (Tom nãi r»ng anh ta sÏ trë thµnh mét luËt
s− næi tiÕng kh¾p thÕ giíi), They were anxious that you hadn't phoned (Hä lo l¾ng
vÒ viÖc anh kh«ng gäi ®iÖn tho¹i), I didn' t know whether I should laugh or cry
(T«i ch¼ng biÕt nªn c−êi hay khãc), I want to know why you behaved towards
them in this way (T«i muèn biÕt t¹i sao anh ®èi xö víi hä nh− vËy), Let me know
where you lived last year (H·y cho t«i biÕt n¨m ngo¸i anh sèng ë ®©u).
• MÖnh ®Ò cã tÝnh chÊt phã tõ (Adverbial Clause). Ch¼ng h¹n, I like Hoa because
she is always sincere (T«i thÝch Hoa v× c« ta lu«n ch©n thËt), I've known him
since he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel (T«i biÕt «ng ta tõ khi «ng ta ®−îc
th¨ng lªn trung t¸), War breaks out easily wherever there is hunger and poverty
(ChiÕn tranh dÔ bïng næ ë n¬i nµo cã c¶nh ®ãi nghÌo), Do it exactly as I've shown
you (H·y lµm ®óng nh− t«i ®· chØ ), I'll shoot if you don't step backwards (NÕu
anh kh«ng lïi l¹i, t«i sÏ b¾n).
• MÖnh ®Ò cã tÝnh chÊt tÝnh tõ (Adjectival Clause). Ch¼ng h¹n, I don't like the
restaurant where they will throw a house-warming party (T«i ch¼ng thÝch nhµ
hµng n¬i hä sÏ tæ chøc tiÖc mõng t©n gia), I have some recollection of the first day
when my son went to school (T«i cßn nhí l¹i ®«i chót vÒ ngµy ®Çu tiªn con trai
t«i ®i häc).
• MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ (Relative Clause). Ch¼ng h¹n, The woman who phoned me
last night wants to buy my house (Ng−êi ®µn bµ gäi ®iÖn tho¹i cho t«i ®ªm qua
muèn mua c¨n nhµ cña t«i), The boy whose father is on the phone has a very
beautiful toy (CËu bÐ mµ bè ®ang nãi chuyÖn ®iÖn tho¹i cã mét mãn ®å ch¬i rÊt
®Ñp), Here are the newspapers that I read last week (§©y lµ nh÷ng tê b¸o mµ
tuÇn råi t«i ®äc).
B¶ng ®éng tõ bÊt quy t¾c
HiÖn t¹i vµ Qu¸ khø ®¬n Qu¸ khø NghÜa

nguyªn mÉu ph©n tõ
Abide Abode Abode Tån t¹i ; Tró ngô

Arise Arose Arisen XuÊt hiÖn, ph¸t sinh
Awake Awoke/Awaked Awoken/Awaked Thøc dËy
Be Was/Were Been Th× ; Lµ
Bear Bore Born/borne Mang ; ChÞu ®ùng ; Sinh ra
Beat Beat Beaten §¸nh ®Ëp; §¸nh b¹i
Become Became Become Trë nªn
Befall Befell Befallen X¶y ®Õn, x¶y ra
Beget Begot Begotten Sinh ra, g©y ra
Begin Began Begun B¾t ®Çu
Behold Beheld Beheld Ng¾m nh×n
^# 98 "]
Bend Bent Bent Cói gËp; BÎ cong
Bereave Bereaved Bereaved/Bereft Lµm mÊt, lÊy ®i
Beseech Besought Besought CÇu khÈn, nµi xin
Bet Betted/Bet Betted/Bet Ç, c−îc
Bid Bade Bidden §Æt gi¸; Ra lÖnh
Bid Bid Bid C«ng bè
Bind Bound Bound Trãi, buéc
Bite Bit Bitten C¾n, cÊu xÐ
Bleed Bled Bled Ch¶y m¸u
Blow Blew Blown §Êm; Thæi
Break Broke Broken Lµm vì
Breed Bred Bred Nu«i; Nh©n gièng; D¹y dç
Bring Brought Brought Mang
Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Ph¸t thanh; Gieo r¾c
Build Built Built X©y dùng
Burn Burned/burnt Burned/burnt §èt ch¸y
Burst Burst Burst Bõng ch¸y ; Næ tung
Buy Bought Bought Mua
Cast Cast Cast LiÖng, nÐm
Catch Caught Caught B¾t ®−îc
Chide Chid Chidden La m¾ng
Choose Chose Chosen Chän lùa
Cleave Clove/Cleft Cloven/Cleft ChÎ
Cling Clung Clung B¸m vµo
Clothe Clothed/Clad Clothed/Clad MÆc quÇn ¸o cho
Come Came Come §Õn, tíi
Cost Cost Cost TrÞ gi¸
Creep Crept Crept Bß
Crow Crowed/Crew Crowed Gï, g¸y
Cut Cut Cut C¾t
Deal Dealt Dealt Xö lý; Giao thiÖp
Dig Dug Dug §µo
Do Did Done Lµm
Draw Drew Drawn VÏ; KÐo
Dream Dreamed/Dreamt Dreamed/Dreamt M¬ méng
Drink Drank Drunk Uèng
Drive Drove Driven L¸i xe
Dwell Dwelled/Dwelt Dwelled/Dwelt C− tró
Eat Ate Eaten ¡n
Fall Fell Fallen R¬i, tÐ xuèng
Feed Fed Fed Cho ¨n, cung cÊp
Feel Felt Felt C¶m thÊy
Fight Fought Fought §¸nh nhau
Find Found Found T×m thÊy
Flee Fled Fled Ch¹y trèn
Fling Flung Flung NÐm; Lao nhanh
Fly Flew Flown Bay
^# 99 "]
Forbear Forbore Forborne NhÞn; ChÞu ®ùng
Forbid Forbade Forbidden CÊm ®o¸n
Forget Forgot Forgotten Quªn
Forgive Forgave Forgiven Tha thø
Forsake Forsook Forsaken Bá r¬i; Tõ bá
Freeze Froze Frozen §«ng l¹nh
Get Got Got/Gotten §¹t ®−îc
Gild Gilded/Gilt Gilded/Gilt M¹ vµng
Gird Girded/Girt Girded/Girt §eo, th¾t
Give Gave Given Cho
Go Went Gone §i
Grind Ground Ground NghiÒn, xay
Grow Grew Grown Trång; Lín lªn
Hang Hanged/Hung Hanged/Hung Treo; Treo cæ
Have Had Had Cã
Hear Heard Heard Nghe
Hew Hewed Hewed/Hewn ChÆt, gät, ®Ïo
Hide Hid Hidden Che giÊu; Ân nÊp
Hit Hit Hit Thóc ; §ông
Hold Held Held CÇm gi÷
Hurt Hurt Hurt Lµm ®au
Keep Kept Kept Gi÷
Kneel Knelt Knelt Quú gèi
Knit Knitted/Knit Knitted/Knit §an; KÕt chÆt
Know Knew Known BiÕt
Lay Laid Laid §Æt , ®Ó
Lead Led Led DÉn d¾t
Lean Leaned/Leant Leaned/Leant Dùa, tùa
Leap Leaped/Leapt Leaped/Leapt Nh¶y
Learn Learned/Learnt Learned/Learnt Häc
Leave Left Left Rêi khái
Lend Lent Lent Cho m−în
Let Let Let §Ó cho
Lie Lay Lain N»m
Light Lighted/Lit Lighted/Lit Th¾p s¸ng
Lose Lost Lost §¸nh mÊt
Make Made Made Lµm, t¹o nªn
Mean Meant Meant Cã nghÜa lµ
Meet Met Met GÆp
Mow Mowed Mowed/Mown C¾t, xÐn
Pay Paid Paid Tr¶ tiÒn
Put Put Put §Æt, ®Ó
Read Read Read §äc
Rend Rent Rent XÐ
Rid Rid Rid Tèng ®i, vøt bá
Ride Rode Ridden C−ìi (ngùa, xe)
Ring Rang Rung Reo (chu«ng)
^#100"]
Rise Rose Risen §øng lªn; Mäc lªn
Run Ran Run Ch¹y
Saw Sawed Sawed/Sawn C−a
Say Said Said Nãi
See Saw Seen ThÊy
Seek Sought Sought T×m kiÕm
Sell Sold Sold B¸n
Send Sent Sent Göi ®i
Set Set Set XÕp ®Æt
Sew Sewed Sewed/Sewn May, kh©u
Shake Shook Shaken L¾c, lay ®éng
Shear Sheared Sheared/Shorn C¾t, gät
Shed Shed Shed §æ trµn, ch¶y
Shine Shone Shone ChiÕu s¸ng
Shoe Shoed/Shod Shoed/Shod BÞt s¾t
Shoot Shot Shot B¾n
Show Showed Showed/Shown ChØ cho thÊy
Shrink Shrank Shrunk Co l¹i, rót
l¹i
Shut Shut Shut §ãng l¹i
Sing Sang Sung H¸t
Sink Sank Sunk Ch×m, ®¾m (tµu)
Sit Sat Sat Ngåi
Slay Slew Slain GiÕt
Sleep Slept Slept Ngñ
Slide Slid Slid Tr−ît ®i, l−ít ®i
Sling Slung Slung NÐm, liÖng
Slink Slunk Slunk §i lÐn
Slit Slit Slit ChÎ, räc
Smell Smelled/Smelt Smelled/Smelt Ngöi
Smite Smote Smitten §Ëp vì
Sow Sowed Sowed/Sown Gieo h¹t
Speak Spoke Spoken Nãi
Speed Speeded/Sped Speeded/Sped T¨ng tèc ®é
Spell Spelled/Spelt Spelled/Spelt §¸nh vÇn
Spend Spent Spent Tiªu xµi
Spill Spilled/Spilt Spilled/Spilt Trµn ra,
Spin Spun Spun KÐo sîi
Spit Spat Spat Kh¹c nhæ
Split Split Split ChÎ
Spoil Spoiled/Spoilt Spoiled/Spoilt Lµm h− háng
Spread Spread Spread Lan truyÒn
Spring Sprang Sprung Phôt ra,
nÈy lªn
Stand Stood Stood §øng
Steal Stole Stolen ¡n c¾p
Stick Stuck Stuck G¾n, d¸n
^#101"]
Sting Stung Stung Ch©m, ®èt
Stink Stank/Stunk Stunk X«ng mïi thèi
Strew Strewed Strewed/Strewn V·i, r¾c
Stride Strode Stridden S¶i b−íc
Strike Struck Struck §¸nh
String Strung Strung Cét, buéc
Strive Strove Striven Cè g¾ng, phÊn ®Êu
Swear Swore Sworn ThÒ
Sweep Swept Swept QuÐt
Swell Swelled Swelled/Swollen S−ng lªn, phång lªn
Swim Swam Swum B¬i léi
Swing Swung Swung §¸nh ®u
Take Took Taken LÊy
Teach Taught Taught D¹y
Tear Tore Torn XÐ r¸ch
Tell Told Told KÓ, nãi
Think Thought Thought Suy nghÜ
Thrive Thrived/Throve Thrived/Thriven ThÞnh v−îng, ph¸t triÓn
Throw Threw Thrown NÐm, liÖng
Thrust Thrust Thrust §Èy, Ên
m¹nh
Tread Trod Trodden/Trod B−íc lªn, giÉm lªn
Understand Understood Understood HiÓu
Undertake Undertook Undertaken Cam kÕt
Wear Wore Worn MÆc, bËn, ®eo
Weave Wove Woven DÖt
Weep Wept Wept Khãc
Wet Wetted/Wet Wetted/Wet Lµm −ít
Win Won Won Th¾ng; §¹t ®−îc
Wind Wound Wound VÆn
Wring Wrung Wrung V¾t, bãp
Write Wrote Written ViÕt
Kh«ng nªn nhÇm lÉn gi÷a To lay (§Æt, ®Ó) ---> Laid - Laid - Laying ,
To lie (N»m) ---> Lay - Lain - Lying vµ To lie (Nãi dèi) --->
Lied - Lied - Lying .
^#102"]

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3:55 PM V¨n ph¹m Ng÷ ph¸p TiÕng Anh - NguyÔn M¹nh C−êng k37ib

M¹o tõ bÊt ®Þnh

Dïng m¹o tõ bÊt ®Þnh

Kh«ng dïng m¹o tõ bÊt ®Þnh

M¹o tõ x¸c ®Þnh

Dïng m¹o tõ x¸c ®Þnh

Kh«ng dïng m¹o tõ x¸c ®Þnh

Gièng cña danh tõ

4/ Tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt

B Sè nhiÒu cña danh tõ kÐp

• Sè nhiÒu cña ch÷ viÕt t¾t:

Danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc vµ Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc

2/ §Æc ®iÓm cña danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc:

TÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt

Tæng quan vÒ TÝnh tõ chØ phÈm chÊt

CÊp nguyªn So s¸nh h¬n Cùc cÊp

Tall Taller Tallest

4/2 Cùc cÊp

5/ Nãi thªm vÒ h×nh thøc so s¸nh vµ cùc cÊp

Sù thµnh lËp phã tõ

Phã tõ d−íi h×nh thøc so s¸nh vµ cùc cÊp

0Well Better Best

VÞ trÝ cña phã tõ

§¹i tõ vµ tÝnh tõ nghi vÊn

• What lµ tÝnh tõ (nh−ng rÊt Ýt dïng cho ng−êi).

§¹i tõ nh©n x−ng

Sè Ýt Ng«i thø nhÊt I Me

§¹i tõ vµ tÝnh tõ së h÷u

My (cña t«i) Mine (cña t«i)

• ... of mine nghÜa lµ One of my ... (mét... cña t«i).

§¹i tõ bÊt ®Þnh

Chñ tõ Tóc tõ Së h÷u

Cho ng−êi Who Whom/Who Whose

MÖnh ®Ò quan hÖ (Relative clauses)

§¹i tõ vµ tÝnh tõ chØ ®Þnh

This/These/That/Those + danh tõ + of + yours/hers. .. ®«i khi dïng ®Ó nhÊn

2/ §¹i tõ chØ ®Þnh (demonstrative pronouns)

The former & The latter

VÞ trÝ cña giíi tõ

Ph©n biÖt giíi tõ vµ tr¹ng tõ

§éng tõ vµ Trî ®éng tõ

Th× & C¸ch cña ®éng tõ

Th× hiÖn t¹i

HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh (Present Perfect)

X¸c ®Þnh Phñ ®Þnh Nghi vÊn

We have worked We have not worked Have we worked?

HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn (Present Perfect Continuous)

Th× qu¸ khø

Qu¸ khø liªn tiÕn (Past Continuous)

X¸c ®Ønh Phu ®Þnh Nghi vÊn

Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh (Past Perfect)

Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn (Past Perfect Continuous)

Th× t−¬ng lai

X¸c ®Þnh Phñ ®Þnh

Nghi vÊn Nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh

T−¬ng lai liªn tiÕn (Future Continuous)

T−¬ng lai hoµn thµnh (Future Perfect)

T−¬ng lai hoµn thµnh liªn tiÕn (Future Perfect Continuous)

§iÒu kiÖn c¸ch