INTEGRATION

Indefinite integral

x n 1
 x dx  n  1  C
n

Definite integral
b
b
 x n 1  b n 1 a n 1
a   
n
x dx  
 n  1 a n  1 n  1

 
3
1 3 
3
1 3 28
1 x dx   3 x   3 3   1  3
2 3
e.g
1

Example
Integrate the following w. r. t. x

1 1

 1  2x  dx e
x
a) b) dx
1 0

Solution
1

 1  2 x  dx   x  x   1  1   1  1  2
2 1
a)
1
1

e
1
b) x
dx  e x   e1  e0  e  1
0
0

INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
This is used when there is a function raised to a certain power or there is a function within a
function. We use a substitution for that function and evaluate the new function.

Example 1
Evaluate the following integrals

 3x  x  5  dx  sin
9 4 1
 2 cos 2 x dx
a) 2 3 b) x cos x dx c)
Solution

 3x  x  5 dx
9
2 3
a)

u  x3  5  du  3 x 2 dx
Let du
dx 
3x 2

Substitute in the integral

 3x  x  du
 5 dx   3 x 2u 9
9
2 3

3x 2
1
  u 9 du  u10 du
10

 3x  x   
9 1 3 10
 2 3
 5 dx  x 5 C
10

 sin
4
b) x cos x dx

u  sin x  du  cos x dx
Let du
dx 
cos x

Substitute in the integral

du
 sin x cos x dx   u 4 cos x
4

cos x
1
  u 4 du  u 5  C
5

1
  sin x cos x dx  cos5 x  C
4

1
c)  2 cos 2 x dx

u  2x  du  2 dx
Let du
dx 
2
 Substitute in the integral
1 1 du
 2 cos 2 x dx   2 cos u 2
1 1
  cos u du  sin u  C
4 4

1 1
  2 cos 2 x dx  4 sin 2 x  C

Example 2
Evaluate the following integrals

e 1  e x dx x x 2  1 dx x5
x


a) a) b) dx
x 
7
6
1

Solution

e 1  e x dx
x
a)

u  1  ex  du  e x dx
du
dx 
e x

du
e 1  e x dx   e x u
x

e x
2 3
 u
1
2
du  u 2  C
3
2
 
3
  e 1  e dx  1 ex C
x x 2

b) x x 2  1 dx

u  x2 1  du  2 x dx
du
dx 
2x
 du
x x 2  1 dx   x u
2x
1 1 1 3
  u 2 du  u 2  C
2 3


1 2

3
  x x  1 dx  x 1 C
2 2

c) Let
u  x6  1  du  6 x 5 dx
du
dx 
6 x5

x5 x5 du
 dx  
x 
7
6
1 u 7 6 x5

1 1
  u 7 du   u 6  C
6 36
x5
 
1 6 6
  dx   x 1 C
x 
7
6
1 36

Exercise
a)  2 x  1 dx

 
2

 10 x 1  5 x
2 3
b) dx

c) 6 4 x  5 dx

 sin
3
d) x cos x dx

e)  
x 4 x
3
2
 dx