rupture in fault causes subsurface vibrations that propagate as

Earthquakes seismic waves

seismograph seismogram
Geometry
a device that uses a sweep with frequencies varying between
Vibroseis
12 and 60 Hz
Seismic Experiments Energy Sources
discharge air under high pres sure (approximately 2000 psi) into
Survey air guns
Reflection the water
Source-Time Function: The Wavelet zero phase - ricker wavelet
Lame parameters
Seismic Exploration Fundamentals Seismic Wave Velocities
Primary, or P-waves, and Shear, or S-waves.
vertical resolution Rayleigh criterion
Seismic Resolution
Horizontal resolution First Fresnel zone

1 Geometry and CMP Sorting CMP gather

2 Velocity Analysis

Seismic Processing Normal Moveout rms velocities

Stack stack section

3 Migration

normal stress
Stress
shear stress
elastic coefficient tensor
Hooke's law
Lame parameters Stress, Strain, and Hooke's Law
Seismic Wave Velocities
assumptions Biot-Gassmann equations Rock Physics/Fluid Substitution Model
Equation of Motion
Fermat's principle iterative forward modeling
Wavefronts and Rays
optimization
geometrical spreading Spherical Waves and Plane Waves
Model-Based Inversion Methods root mean square (RMS) error
P-waves norm
The Wave Equation objective function cost function, error function, energy function Higher norms
SV-wave
polarized S-waves Helmholtz theorem Wave Types error vector
SH-wave
generalized inverse
Rayleigh and Love waves (surface waves) Linear Problems
Weakly Nonlinear Problems
horizontal slowness Snell's law
Classification of Inverse Problems rather than linearizing the forward model, the objective function
acoustic impedance (Al) Quasilinear Problems
Plane-Wave Reflection at a Boundary is linearized.
two-term linearized reflection coefficients reflection and transmission coefficients Nonlinear Problem
linearized reflection coefficient
three-term linearized reflection coefficients Inversion of Gravity Anomalies
Seismic Wave Propagation Examples of Some Geophysical Inverse Problems
convolution Post-Stack Modeling Inversion of Seismic Amplitude
responses of all possible plane waves at different angles forward modeling operator inverse operator of G
reflection coefficients of ray parameters Existence
Seismic Response of a Layered Earth Model
S-wave to be modeled Prestack Modeling Seismic Response discrete finite problem
Uniqueness infinite dimensionality
Numerous internal reverberations
Stability
plane waves summed to generate a point-source response
level of insensitivity wrt small number of large errors (outliers) in
Asymptotic ray theory (ART)
the data
Finite-differencing ill-posed
Seismogram Synthesis in Laterally Heterogeneous Media Robustness
grid dispersion criterion and the stability criterion Numerical methods well-posed
Solution of Linear Inverse Problems posedness
absorbing boundary condition problem of finding solutions
regularization applied to ill-posed problems to restore well-posedness
Inverse Theory
Factors Affecting Seismic Amplitudes
even-determined
Creeping
underdetermined
Relaxation
Method of Least Squares overdetennined
The effective stiffness
Viscoelasticity mixed determined
losses caused by spherical divergence, scattering, diffraction, Seismic Inversion - Sen
maximum likelihood method
reflection, and transmission seismic waves experience attenuation
Maximum Likelihood Methods
measure of attenuation called Q - quality factor
Backus-Gilbert approach
Positivity Constraint velocities and densities are always positive

Methods of Constraining the Solution minimizing misfit bet. observed and synthetic
Prior Model
regularization weight
Model Smoothness model-weighting matrix

Steepest-Descent Algorithm partial derivatives of the error function

Local Optimization Method greedy algorithms
Conjugate-Gradient Algorithm
crystal annealing
simulated annealing (SA)
very .fast simulated annealing (VFSA)
Optimization Methods for Nonlinear Problems
chromosmnes
Global Optimization Methods
selection
genetic algorithm (GA)
zero-offset synthetic seismogram Crossover
varimax Nonuniqueness and Deconvolution Mutation
minimum entropy deconvolution
linear inverse theory
Inversion of Post-Stack Data NMO-corrected seismograms
joint inversion of reflectivity and the wavelet in the frequency Wavelet Estimation AVO Inversion by Amplitude Fitting
domain AVO Inversion forward modeling generate synthetic at different offsets or
AVO Inversion by Waveform Fitting
difficulties recursion formula Impedance Estimation angles using a convolution model

Estimation of Petrophysical Parameters-Interpretation of Results mud/rock line of Castagna backgmund trend or fluid line
AVO interpretation
kfluid-factor reflectivity
AVO for Carbonate Rocks
Incorrect NMO velocities
gas-charged sediments, amplitude loss because of
Amplitude Variation with Offset attenuation is too large to he ignored
Attenuation
if reasonable attenuation models available, amplitude can be
corrected for effect of attenuation prior to AVO and El.
Limitations of AVO AVOA
Anisotropy

Prestack Inversion Lateral heterogeneity

Thin layering
Overburden effects
Geometrical spreading
Connolly (1999) defined the nonnormal-incidence reflection
coefficient
Elastic Impedance
Post-stack inversion algorithms can be applied to angle gathers
to derive EI models
offset-time domain Fourier-Hankel transform
Data Domain
T-p or angle domain
Full Waveform Inversion Optimization Method
standard L, norm
Objective function and a priori constraints
Low-frequency trends