C 8: Measurement: Hapter

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qxd 8/1/07 3:51 PM Page 1
CHAPTER 8:
Measurement
NOTE: Answers are given to the same number b) 8 cm
of decimal points as the numbers in each
question.
5 cm
Getting Started, pp. 424–426
3 cm
1. a) v; The hypotenuse is the side of a right
triangle opposite the right angle.
b) vii; A prism has two parallel bases that are
polygons. The picture shows a triangular prism.
c) x; A net shows a three-dimensional figure in SA 5 surface area of faces
two dimensions, which may make it easier to SA 5 2(area of top) 1 2(area of front)
calculate the surface area of the figure. The net 1 2(area of side)
shown is for a cylinder. 5 2(5 3 8) 1 2(5 3 3) 1 2(8 3 3)
d) iii; A pyramid has one polygonal base; the 5 158 cm2
rest of the faces are triangles. c) 20 cm
e) ii; Surface area is the sum of the areas of all
the faces and/or rounded surfaces of a three-
dimensional figure. The picture shows the
6 faces of the square prism. 10 cm
f) ix; A cylinder is a three-dimensional figure
with two parallel circular bases. 5 cm
g) viii; Volume is a measure of how much space a
figure occupies. The picture shows the cube sepa-
rated into cubic units, the basic unit of volume.
h) iv; A sphere is the set of all points in space
equidistant from a given point called the centre. SA 5 surface area of faces
The dashed line shown in red in the picture is SA 5 2(area of top) 1 2(area of front)
the radius of the sphere. 1 2(area of side)
i) vi; A composite shape is a shape that can be 5 2(10 3 20) 1 2(10 3 5) 1 2(20 3 5)
separated into two or more shapes that are sim- 5 700 cm2
pler than the original figure. The pentagon 3. a) 5 cm
shown in the picture can be separated into a rec-
tangle and a triangle.
j) i; A cone is three-dimensional figure that has
one circular base. 10 cm
2. a) A cube has 6 identical square faces. So the
surface area is 6 times the area of one face.
SA 5 6(area of one square face)
5 6(10 3 10)
5 600 cm2
Nelson Principles of Mathematics 9 Solutions Manual 8-1

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SA 5 2(area of base) 1 area of By the Pythagorean theorem, c2 5 a2 1 b2.

curved surface c2 5 102 1 102
5 2pr 2 1 pdh c2 5 100 1 100
5 2p(5)2 1 p(10)(10) c2 5 200
8 471 cm2 c 5 "200
b) 8 cm 8 14 cm
c)
b = 5 cm
8 cm
a = 12 cm
By the Pythagorean theorem, c 2 5 a2 1 b2.
c2 5 122 1 122
c2 5 144 1 25
c2 5 169
SA 5 2(area of base) 1 area of
curved surface c 5 "169 cm
5 2pr 2 1 pdh 8 13 cm
5 2p(4)2 1 p(8)(8) 5. a) The shape is a circle with a radius of
33 cm.
8 302 cm2 A 5 pr 2
c) 12 cm 5 p(33)2
5 3421 cm2
b) The shape is a triangle with a base of
9 cm 1600 km and a height of 1350 km.
1
A 5 bh
2
1
5 (1600)(1350)
SA 5 2(area of base) 1 area of 2
curved surface 5 1 080 000 km2
5 2pr 2 1 pdh c) The shape is a rectangle with length 90 cm
5 2p(6)2 1 p(12)(9) and width 66 cm.
8 565 cm2 A 5 lw
4. a) 5 90 3 66
5 5940 cm 2
b = 8 cm 6. a) The figure is a square prism.
SA 5 surface area of faces
SA 5 2(area of top) 1 2(area of front)
a = 4 cm 5 2(4 3 4) 1 2(4 3 25) 1 2(4 3 25)
By the Pythagorean theorem, c2 5 a2 1 b2. 1 2(area of side)
c2 5 42 1 82 5 432 cm2
c2 5 16 1 64 V 5 lwh
c2 5 80 5 4 3 4 3 25
c 5 "80 5 400 cm3
8 9 cm b) The figure is a triangular prism.
b) To calculate the area of two of the rectangular
faces, the lengths of the legs of the triangular
b = 10 cm bases must be determined first.
a = 10 cm
8-2 Chapter 8: Measurement

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b) Since the cube has a volume of 64 mL, the

side length of the cube is 4 cm. The cube has 6
congruent square faces. The side length for each
6 cm square is 4 cm. So the surface area of the first
box is 6 3 42 or 96 cm2.
The right triangular prism has two triangular
3.75 cm 3.75 cm bases with height 4 cm and base 8 cm. Each of
The leg of the triangular base is the hypotenuse the bases can be divided into two identical right
of the smaller triangle that has half of the base triangles with both legs measuring 4 cm. By the
of the original triangle for its base. Pythagorean theorem, the hypotenuse of each
By the Pythagorean theorem, c2 5 a2 1 b2. right triangle is "32 or about 5.7 cm. So the
Let a 5 6 and b 5 3.75. Solve for c. three rectangular faces of the prism are 4 cm
c2 5 62 1 3.752 by 8 cm, 4 cm by 5.7 cm, and 4 cm by 5.7 cm.
c2 5 36 1 14.0625 The surface area of the triangular prism is
c2 5 50.0625 1
2 3 (4)(8) 1 (4)(8) 1 (4)(5.7) 1 (4)(5.7)
c 5 "50.0625 2
8 7.1 cm or about 109 cm2.
SA 5 surface area of faces The circular cylinder has a height of 4 cm and
SA 5 2(area of top) 1 area of three a radius of about 2.3 cm. The surface area of
rectangular faces the cylinder is the area of the two circular
bases plus the area of the curved surface:
1
5 2a 3 6 3 7.5b 1 (10)(7.1) 2(p 3 2.32 ) 1 2p(2.3)(4) . The surface area
2
of the cylinder is about 91.0 cm2.
1 (10)(7.1) 1 (10)(7.5)
8. a) The missing side length is the hypotenuse,
5 262 cm2
V 5 height 3 area of base
c in the Pythagorean theorem. Let a 5 16 and
b 5 12 . Solve for c.
5 10 3 a 3 6 3 7.5b
1 By the Pythagorean theorem, c2 5 a2 1 b2.
2 c2 5 162 1 122
5 225 cm3 c2 5 256 1 144
c) The figure is a cylinder with a diameter of c2 5 400
c 5 "400
6.5 m and a height of 8 m. Since the diameter is
6.5 m, the radius is 6.5 4 2 or 3.25 m. 5 20 m
SA 5 2(area of base) 1 area of
curved surface b) The missing side length is a leg, a or b in the
5 2pr 2 1 pdh Pythagorean theorem. Let a 5 8 and c 5 17.
5 2p(3.25)2 1 p(6.5)(8) Solve for b.
8 230 m2 By the Pythagorean theorem, c2 5 a2 1 b2.
V 5 area of base 3 height 172 5 82 1 b2
V 5 pr 2h 289 5 64 1 b2
5 p(3.25)2 3 8 225 5 b2
8 265 m3 "225 5 b
15 cm 5 b
7. a) Answers may vary. For example, c) The missing side length is the hypotenuse,
c in the Pythagorean theorem. Let a 5 24 and
4 cm b 5 7. Solve for c.
4 cm By the Pythagorean theorem, c 2 5 a2 1 b2.
4 cm 8 cm
4 cm c 2 5 242 1 72
c 2 5 576 1 49
4 cm 4 cm 2.3 cm
c 2 5 625
c 5 "625
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5 25 m cone: definition: a shape with a circle for a

9. a) agree; A rectangle with dimensions 1 cm base, and one curved surface that goes from the
by 4 cm and a rectangle with dimensions 2 cm circumference of the circle to a single vertex.
by 2 cm each have an area of 4 cm2. properties: • The single vertex should be direct-
b) agree; Volume is the product of all three ly above the centre of the base when the cone is
dimensions; area is only the product of two placed upright. • A cone is like a prism with cir-
dimensions. cles as the opposite faces but with one circle
c) disagree; A rectangle with dimensions 24.5 cm shrunk to a point.
by 0.5 cm also has a perimeter of 50 cm. diagram:
d) agree; The area of a circle is A 5 pr 2.
d
Since r 5 , the area formula is equivalent to
2
2
A 5 pa b or A 5 a bd2. Since
d p
2 4
p p
p , 4, , 1. So A 5 d 2 , d 2.
4 4
10. For example, prism: definition: a shape
with two opposite faces that are the same and 8.1 Determining Optimum Area and
with the sides joining them all rectangles Perimeter, pp. 431–433
properties: • The two opposite faces have the
same shape and area and are parallel. • The 1. The rectangle with the greatest area for a given
sides joining the two equal opposite faces might perimeter is a square, so the rectangle with the
be different rectangles. greatest area is rectangle B.
diagram: 2.
pyramid: definition: a shape with a base in the

form of a regular polygon, and with triangles con-
necting the sides of the base to a common vertex.
properties: • The triangular faces have the same
shape and area. A pyramid is like a prism but
with one end face shrunk to a point.
diagram:

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The rectangle with the least perimeter for a given wood needed to build a rectangular frame is
area is a square. So the rectangle that is 6 units 33.5 cm.
long and 6 units wide is the rectangle with area iii) The rectangle with minimum perimeter for
of 36 units2 that will have the least perimeter. a given area is a square. So the desired rectan-
3. a) i) The rectangle with maximum area for gle is a square with an area of 15.4 cm2. To
a given perimeter is a square. So the desired find the side length of the square, take the
rectangle is a square with a perimeter of 100 cm. square root of the area. The side length of the
To find the side length of the square, divide the square is "15.4 or 3.92 cm. The minimum
perimeter by 4. The side length of the square amount of wood needed to build a rectangular
is 100 4 4 or 25 cm. The maximum area of a frame is 15.7 cm.
rectangle with a perimeter of 100 cm is 252 or iv) The rectangle with minimum perimeter for
625.0 cm2. a given area is a square. So the desired rectan-
ii) The rectangle with maximum area for a gle is a square with an area of 28 cm2. To find
given perimeter is a square. So the desired the side length of the square, take the square
root of the area. The side length of the square
is "28 or 5.29 cm. The minimum amount of
rectangle is a square with a perimeter of 72 m.
To find the side length of the square, divide the
wood needed to build a rectangular frame is
perimeter by 4. The side length of the square
21.2 cm.
is 72 4 4 or 18 m. The maximum area of a
4. Fencing costs $25.50 per meter, and Sarah’s
rectangle with a perimeter of 72 m is 182 or
family has $165 to spend. Sarah can buy
324.0 m2.
165 4 25.50 or about 6.47 m of fence. The
iii) The rectangle with maximum area for a
rectangular garden with the greatest area will be
given perimeter is a square. So the desired rec-
a square. The side length of the square garden
tangle is a square with a perimeter of 169 km.
should be 6.47 4 4 or about 1.62 m. So the
garden should be 1.62 m by 1.62 m.
perimeter by 4. The side length of the square is
5. b) For example,
169 4 4 or 42.25 km. The maximum area of a
rectangle with a perimeter of 169 km is 42.252
W 1 2 3 4 6 9 12 14 21
or 1785.1 km2.
iv) The rectangle with maximum area for a L 126 63 42 31.5 21 12 10.5 9 6
given perimeter is a square. So the desired rec- P 128 67 48 39.5 33 30 34.5 37 48
tangle is a square with a perimeter of 143 mm.
perimeter by 4. The side length of the square is Skating Rink Dimensions
143 4 4 or 35.75 mm. The maximum area of a 120
rectangle with a perimeter of 143 mm is 35.752 100
Perimeter (m)
or 1278.1 mm2. 80
b) i) The rectangle with minimum perimeter
60
for a given area is a square. So the desired rec-
tangle is a square with an area of 1 m2. To find 40
the side length of the square, take the square 20
root of the area. The side length of the square 0
is "1 or 1.0 m. The minimum amount of wood 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
needed to build a rectangular frame is 4.0 m. Width (m)
c) The least amount of fencing would be for a
ii) The rectangle with minimum perimeter for a
rink with a width of about 15 m. The length
given area is a square. So the desired rectangle
is a square with an area of 70 cm2. To find the would be about 126 4 15 or 8 m.
side length of the square, take the square root 6. C, since it is a square.
of the area. The side length of the square is 7. The area will be maximized if the pond is
"70 or 8.37 cm. The minimum amount of square. 36 4 4 5 9. So the pond should be 9 m
by 9 m.

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8. The rectangle with greatest possible area for a x

the sides perpendicular to the barn will be .
fixed perimeter is a square. Since the perimeter 2
given is 40 cm, each side of the square should The sum of the expressions for the three sides
be 40 4 4 or 10 cm. The dimensions should be that will be fenced must be equal to the amount
10 cm by 10 cm. of fencing Randy has.
9. a) x x
x 1 1 5 120
2 2
Length Width Perimeter Area 2x 5 120
(m) (m) (m) (m2) x 5 60
19 1 20 19 So the dimensions of the dog run should be
18 2 20 36 30 m by 60 m, with the 60 m section parallel to
17 3 20 51 the barn wall.
16 4 20 64
11. The farmer has $3600 to spend on fencing
15 5 20 75
that costs $6.25 per meter, meaning that he can
14 6 20 84
afford 576 m of fencing. If x represents the
13 7 20 91
length of the vertical segments and y represents
12 8 20 96
the length of the horizontal pieces, then
11 9 20 99
4x 1 2y 5 576. Dividing each side by 2 yields
10 10 20 100
2x 1 y 5 288. This equation is in the same form
9 11 20 99
as the equation that represents the situation of
8 12 20 96
7 13 20 91 fencing in an area where something else is used
6 14 20 84 as a border on the one side. So the side of which
5 15 20 75 there are two should be half the length of the
4 16 20 64 side of which there is only one, or y 5 2x.
3 17 20 51 2x 1 2x 5 288
2 18 20 36 4x 5 288
1 19 20 19 x 5 72
So y 5 2(72) or 144.
b) Width vs. Area The greatest area possible is (72)(144) or
120 10 368 m2.
100 12. Answers may vary. For example, a rectangle
in the shape of a square has the least perimeter,
Area (m2)
80
which is often the optimum perimeter. A rectan-
60
gle in the shape of a square has the greatest
40
perimeter, which is often the optimum area.
20 13. Let x represent the length of one of the
0
0 pieces of string. Then the length of the other
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Width (m)
piece is 60 2 x. The areas of the squares made
2
with each of the pieces of string are a b and

x
c) For example, the largest rectangular area is 4
when the length and width are both 10 m. This 2
is because this forms a square, which is the opti- a b . The sum of these areas, when
60 2 x
4
mum rectangle for maximizing area for a given
x2 2 60x 1 1800
perimeter. simplified, is .
10. A rectangle with a border on three sides has 8
a maximum area when the side without a border Examining a graph of this expression shows that
and its opposite side are half the length of the the maximum total area occurs when x is as
other two sides. Let x represent the length of the small as possible. Since the lengths must be
side that borders the barn. Then the length of rounded to the nearest hundredth, x 5 0.01 cm.

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The square with side length 0.01 cm uses 0.04 8.2 Problems Involving Composite
cm of the string, leaving 59.96 cm. So each side
of the other square is 14.99 cm. Shapes, pp. 440–441
14. Let w represent the length of the dividing 1. a) 5.6 cm
wall and the two walls parallel to it and let l
represent the length of the two walls perpendic- 3.2 cm
ular to the other three walls. Since Diane has
80 m of wood to use, 3w 1 2l 5 80. Use a 4.1 cm
spreadsheet to analyze the possible areas. The area of the figure is the sum of the areas of
Length, l the 4.1 cm by 3.2 cm rectangle and the right
Width, w Area: l 3 w triangle. The right triangle has one leg that is
l 5 (80 2 3w)
(m) (m2) 3.2 cm; the other leg is 5.6 cm 2 4.1 cm, or
4 2 (m)
1 38.5 38.5 1.5 cm.
2 37 74 A 5 Arectangle 1 Atriangle
3 35.5 106.5 1
5 lw 1 bh
4 34 136 2
5 32.5 162.5 1
5 (3.2)(4.1) 1 (1.5)(3.2)
6 31 186 2
7 29.5 206.5 5 15.5 cm2
8 28 224 b)
9 26.5 238.5
10 25 250
11 23.5 258.5
12 22 264 6.8 m
13 20.5 266.5 The area of the shaded part is the area of the
14 19 266 square minus the area of the circle. The square
15 17.5 262.5 has a side length of 6.8 m. The circle has a
16 16 256 diameter of 6.8 m, so the radius is 6.8 4 2 ,
17 14.5 246.5 or 3.4 m.
18 13 234 A 5 Asquare 2 Acircle
19 11.5 218.5
5 s 2 2 pr 2
20 10 200
5 6.82 2 p(3.4)2
21 8.5 178.5
8 9.9 m2
22 7 154 c) 9.6 cm
23 5.5 126.5
24 4 96
25 2.5 62.5
3.2 cm
26 1 26
The maximum area is achieved when the kennel 3.2 cm
is about 13 m by 20.5 m, with the dividing wall The area of the figure is the sum of the areas of
being 13 m. This means that each stall would be the square with side length 3.2 cm and the two
about 13 m by 10 m. congruent isosceles triangles. The base of each
triangle is 3.2 cm. The height of each triangle is
one half of the difference of 9.6 cm and 3.2 cm,
1
so the height is (9.6 2 3.2) or 3.2.
2

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A 5 Asquare 1 Atriangles 3. a)
1 8 cm
5 s 2 1 2a bhb
2
1 18 cm
5 (3.2)2 1 2 3 (3.2)(3.2) The shaded part of the figure is a triangle with
2
5 20.5 cm2 base 18 cm and height 8 cm.
2. a) 1
0.9 cm
A 5 bh
2
1.3 cm 1
5 (18)(8)
2
3.9 cm 5 72 cm2
b)
4.8 m
There are three segments marked with 3 tick
marks, two with 2 tick marks, and three with The area of the shaded part of the figure is the
1 tick mark. area of the circle minus the area of the square.
P 5 3(3.9) 1 2(0.9) 1 3(1.3) The circle has a diameter of 4.8 m, so the radius is
5 17.4 m 2.4 m. To find the side length of the square, use
To find the area, divide the shape into two rec- the Pythagorean theorem with c 5 4.8 and
tangles, one with dimensions 3.9 m and 0.9 m a 5 b.
and the other with dimensions 3.9 m and 1.3 m. 4.82 5 a2 1 a2
Then the area of the figure is the sum of the 23.04 5 2a2
areas of the two rectangles. 11.52 5 a2
A 5 (3.9)(0.9) 1 (3.9)(1.3) "11.52 5 a
8 8.6 m2 3.4 cm 8 a
b) 4.1 m So, the side length of the square is about
3.4 cm.
1.5 m 2.9 m
A 5 Acircle – Asquare
4.1 m
5 pr 2 2 s2
1.0 m 5 p(2.4)2 2 3.42
1.0 m
6.2 m 8 6.5 m2
c) 12 cm
There are two segments marked with 1 tick
mark, two with 2 tick marks, two with 1 tick 5 cm
mark, and two with 4 tick marks.
P 5 2(1.0) 1 2(4.1) 1 2(2.9) 1 2(1.5) 6 cm
5 19.0 m 5 cm
To find the area, divide the shape into a triangle
and a rectangle that has a small triangle cut out The area of the shaded part of the figure is the
of the left side. Then the area of the figure is sum of the areas of a 5 cm by 6 cm rectangle
the area of the triangle to the right plus the area and a triangle with a base of 12 2 6, or 6 cm
of the rectangle minus the area of the small and a height of 5 cm.
A 5 Arectangle 1 Atriangle
triangle missing from the left.
1 1 1
A 5 (4.1) (2.1) 1 (4.1) (2.1) 2 (1.0) (2.1) 5 lw 1 bh
2 2 2
8 11.9 m2 1
5 (5)(6) 1 (6)(5)
2
5 45 cm2

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d) 16.4 cm 5. a) 34 mm
3.8 cm
The area of the shaded part of the figure is the 41 mm

area of the entire 16.4 cm by 3.8 cm rectangle
minus the area of the two triangles that are not
shaded. Each of these triangles has a height of The figure is a regular octagon with side length
3.8 cm. Their bases are congruent and sum to 34 mm.
16.4 cm, so each is 8.2 cm. P 5 8(34)
A 5 Arectangle – Atriangles 5 272 mm
The regular octagon can be divided into
1
5 lw 2 2a bhb 8 congruent triangles, each with a height
2 of 41 mm and a base of 34 mm.
1 1
5 (16.4)(3.8) 1 2a (8.2)(3.8)b A 5 8 3 (34)(41)
2 2
8 31.2 cm2 5 5576 mm2
4. b)
3.8 cm
7.2 cm
5.6 cm
8.4 cm
5.6 cm
The figure is a regular hexagon with side length
To find the area of the shape, first divide it into 8.4 cm.
simpler shapes. The figure can be divided into a P 5 6(8.4)
square with side length 5.6 cm and a triangle 5 50.4 cm
with base 5.6 cm and height 3.8 cm. The regular hexagon can be divided into
A 5 Asquare 1 Atriangle 6 congruent triangles, each with a height
1 of 7.2 cm and a base of 8.4 cm.
5 s2 1 bh
2 1
A 5 6 3 (8.4)(7.2)
1 2
5 (5.6)2 1 (5.6)(3.8)
2 5 181.4 cm2
5 42.0 cm2 c)
To find the perimeter it is necessary to first find
the lengths of the two segments at the top of the
figure. This can be done using the Pythagorean 14.4
20.4 cm cm
theorem. Each missing side is the hypotenuse of a
right triangle with one leg measuring 3.8 cm and The figure is a regular pentagon with side
the other leg measuring 5.6 4 2 or 2.8 cm. Use length 20.4 cm.
the Pythagorean theorem and solve for c. P 5 5(20.4)
c2 5 3.82 1 2.82 5 102.0 cm
c2 5 14.44 1 7.84 The regular pentagon can be divided into
c2 5 22.28 5 congruent triangles, each with a height
c 5 "22.28 of 14.4 cm and a base of 20.4 cm.
8 4.7 cm 1
A 5 5 3 (20.4)(14.4)
So the perimeter of the shape is 3(5.6) 1 2(4.7). 2
P 5 3(5.6) 1 2(4.7) 5 734.4 cm2
5 16.8 1 9.4
5 26.2 cm

07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:51 PM Page 10
6. a) Here is an example of a way to divide the 1

A 5 6 3 bh
shape: 2
2.3 1
758 5 6 3 (s)(15)
cm
cm 4.6
2
cm
2.3
3.8 cm cm
4.6
758 5 45s
17 mm 8 s
5.6 cm 8. a) For example, I would divide the shape into
5.6
cm
cm a square, a pentagon, and a hexagon. I would
5.6
then divide the hexagon and pentagon into five
5.7 cm and six triangles, respectively. So I would need
b) The shape is made up of two rectangles, two height measurements to determine the areas of
triangles, and a trapezoid. the triangles.
A 5 Arectangles 1 Atriangles 1 Atrapezoid b) There are 11 segments marked with 1 tick
mark.
1 1
5 2lw 1 2a bhb 1 h(b1 1 b2 ) P 5 11(63)
2 2 5 693 cm
1 9. Answers may vary. For example, I created the
5 2(2.3)(4.6) 1 2a (3.3)(4.6)b
2 following shape:
1
1 (5.6)(3.8 1 5.7)
2 14 cm
8 62.9 cm2
7. a)
• Divide the compound shape into smaller shapes
1 cm
with areas that are easier to determine.
• Add the areas of the smaller shapes together.
• Determine the length of each section of the
A = 5.2 cm2 perimeter and add them together.
The perimeter of the shape is comprised of
The polygon is a regular hexagon. Let s
12 segments with measures of 14 cm. So the
represent the side length. The hexagon can be
perimeter is (12)(14) or 168 cm. The area is the
divided into 6 congruent triangles with height
sum of the areas of the two regular hexagons
1 cm and base s cm.
and the square. To find the area of the hexa-
1
A 5 6 3 bh gons, it is necessary to first determine the dis-
2 tance from the centre to the midpoint of a side.
1
5.2 5 6 3 (s)(1.0)
2 14
7 cm
cm
5.2 5 3s
1.7 cm 8 s b
b)
mm
Use the Pythagorean theorem with c 5 14 and

15
a 5 7. Solve for b to find the distance from the

centre to the midpoint of a side.
A = 758 mm2
By the Pythagorean theorem, c 2 5 a 2 1 b 2.
142 5 72 1 b2
The polygon is a regular hexagon. Let s 196 5 49 1 b2
represent the side length. The hexagon can be 147 5 b2
divided into 6 congruent triangles with height
15 mm and base s mm. "147 5 b
12.1 cm 8 b

07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:51 PM Page 11
Each hexagon can be divided into 6 congruent c)

triangles with height 12.1 cm and base 14 cm.
The square has side length 14 cm. r
A 5 Asquare 1 Ahexagons
1
5 142 1 2a6 3 (14)(12.1)b
2
8 1212 cm2
10. a) The area of the shaded part is the difference
of the area of the square and the area of the
R
circle. The side length of the square is equal to
the diameter of the circle. Since the radius of
the circle is r, the diameter is 2r.
r A 5 Asquare 2 Acircle
5 s2 2 pr 2
5 (2r)2 2 pr 2
5 4r 2 – pr 2
The area of the shaded part is the difference 11. Any regular polygon with n sides can be
of the area of the outer circle, with radius R, divided into n congruent triangles with side
and the area of the inner circle, with radius r. P
A 5 Aouter circle 2 Ainner circle length . Let a represent the distance from the
n
5 pR2 2 pr 2 centre to the midpoint of each side. Then the
b) P
n triangles each have height a and base .
n
Aregular polygon 5 number of sides 3 Atriangle
5 n 3 a 3 3 ab
2r 1 P
2 n
Pa
5
2
The area of the shaded part is the area of the
square, which has side length 2r, minus the area 8.3 The Pythagorean Theorem,
of the two semicircles, which have diameter 2r. pp. 445–447
Since the diameter of the semicircles is 2r, the
radius of each semicircle is 2r 4 2, or r. 1. a) a2 1 b2 5 c2
A 5 Asquare 2 Asemicircles 242 1 b2 5 262
576 1 b2 5 676
5 s2 2 2a pr 2 b
1
b2 5 100
2
b 5 10
5 (2r)2 2 2a pr 2 b
1 The missing length is 10 m.
2 b) a2 1 b2 5 c2
2
5 4r 2 pr 2 a2 1 52 5 152
a2 1 25 5 225
a2 5 200
a 5 "200
a 8 14
The missing length is about 14 cm.

07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:51 PM Page 12
c) a2 1 b2 5 c2 b)
a2 1 62 5 212 x
40
a2 1 36 5 441 cm
a2 5 405 y
a 5 "405
13 cm
12 cm
a 8 20
The missing length is about 20 cm. z
d) a2 1 b2 5 c2 2 2 2
12 1 x 5 13
142 1 b2 5 202
144 1 x2 5 169
96 1 b2 5 400
x2 5 25
b2 5 204
x 5 "25
b 5 "204
5 15
b 8 14
x 1 y 5 40, so y 5 40 2 5 or 35.
The missing length is about 14 cm.
122 1 352 5 z2
2. A segment from Desaulniers to Callander
144 1 1225 5 z2
combined with the two blue segments shown
1369 5 z2
forms a right triangle. The segment from
Desaulniers to Callander is the hypotenuse. "1369 5 z
Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the length 37 5 z
of the direct flight path from Desaulniers to The missing length is 37 cm.
Callander. c)
a2 1 b2 5 c2
372 1 832 5 c2 x
? 73 m
1369 1 6889 5 c2
8258 5 c2 48 m
"8258 5 c y
91 8 c 50 m
The direct flight path from Desaulniers to 482 1 x2 5 732
Callander is about 91 km. 2304 1 x2 5 5329
3. a) x2 5 3025
x 5 "3025
17 m 5 55
z 8m
482 1 y2 5 502
y x 2304 1 y2 5 2500
y2 5 196
21 m
82 1 x2 5 172 y 5 "196
64 1 x2 5 289 5 14
x2 5 225 The missing length is the sum of x and y.
x 5 "225
x 1 y 5 55 1 14
5 69
5 15
The missing length is 69 m.
x 1 y 5 21, so y 5 21 2 15 or 6.
82 1 62 5 z2
64 1 36 5 z2
100 5 z2
"100 5 z
10 5 z
The missing length is 10 m.

07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:51 PM Page 13
4. The path is the hypotenuse of a right triangle 6.

backstay
with legs measuring 36 m and 48 m. Use the mast
Pythagorean theorem.
17 m
a2 1 b2 5 c2 15 m forestay
362 1 482 5 c2 boom jib bow
1296 1 2304 5 c2 sail
3600 5 c2
"3600 5 c 12 m
60 5 c The boom is one leg of a right triangle with a
The length of the path is 60 m. hypotenuse of 17 m and another leg of 15 m.
5. a)The area of the square is 1024 m2, so the Use the Pythagorean theorem.
side length of the square is "1024 or 32 m. So a2 1 152 5 172
the right triangle has legs measuring 24 m and a2 1 225 5 289
32 m. Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the a2 5 64
length of the hypotenuse. a 5 "64
242 1 322 5 c2 58
576 1 1024 5 c2 The length of the boom is 8.0 m.
1600 5 c2 The forestay is the hypotenuse of the right
"1600 5 c triangle with the bow and the mast for legs.
40 5 c The length of the boom added to the length of
The length of the path is 40 m. the bow is 12 m. So, the length of the bow is
b) The area of the square is 625 m2, so the side 12 2 8 or 4 m. The length of the mast is 15 m.
length of the square is "625 or 25 m. So the Use the Pythagorean theorem.
right triangle has legs measuring 25 m and 15 m. 42 1 152 5 c2
Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the length 16 1 225 5 c2
of the hypotenuse. 241 5 c2
252 1 152 5 c2 "241 5 c
625 1 225 5 c2 15.5 8 c
850 5 c2 The length of the forestay is about 15.5 m.
"850 5 c 7.
29 8 c
42 cm
The length of the hypotenuse is about 29 m. C
c) The area of the square is 1225 m2, so the side
A
length of the square is "1225 or 35 m. So the
right triangle has legs measuring 35 m and 30 m.
Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the length B 40 cm
of the hypotenuse.
352 1 302 5 c2 Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the length
1225 1 900 5 c2 of the hypotenuse of the right triangle, which is
2125 5 c2 also the side length of square C.
"2125 5 c 422 1 402 5 c 2
46 8 c 1764 1 1600 5 c 2
The length of the hypotenuse is about 46 m. 3364 5 c 2
"3364 5 c
58 5 c

07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:51 PM Page 14
The side length of square A is 42 cm, so the 10. Answers may vary. For example, determine
area of square A is 422 or 1764 cm2. the perimeter of the square on the hypotenuse in
The side length of square B is 40 cm, so the the diagram.
area of square B is 402 or 1600 cm 2.
The side length of square C is 58 cm, so the
area of square C is 582 or 3364 cm 2.
8. If the angles are right angles, then either
diagonal of the rectangular play area is the
hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs
measuring 5.0 m and 11.0 m. 11 cm
5.02 1 11.02 5 c2 60 cm
252 1 1212 5 c2
146 5 c2
The side length of the square is the length of
"146 5 c the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs
12.1 8 c measuring 11 cm and 60 cm.
The length of the diagonal would be about 112 1 602 5 c 2
12.1 m. 121 1 3600 5 c 2
9. a) Check whether 7, 24, and 25 satisfy the 3721 5 c 2
"3721 5 c
72 1 242 5 49 1 576
61 5 c
5 625
The side length of the square is 61 cm, so the
252 5 625
perimeter of the square is 4(61) or 244 cm.
7, 24, 25 is a Pythagorean triple. 11. One dimension of the cardboard rectangle is
b) Check whether 3, 6, and 8 satisfy the the same as the height of the box, 12 cm. The
Pythagorean theorem. other dimension of the cardboard rectangle is
32 1 62 5 9 1 36
the same as the diagonal of the base of the box.
5 45
2 The base of the box is 5 cm by 12 cm. Use the
8 5 64
Pythagorean theorem to find the diagonal.
45 2 64 52 1 122 5 c 2
3, 6, 8 is not a Pythagorean triple. 25 1 144 5 c 2
c) Check whether 9, 21, and 23 satisfy the 169 5 c 2
"169 5 c
92 1 212 5 81 1 441
13 5 c
5 522
2 The cardboard rectangle is 12 cm by 13 cm.
23 5 529
12.
522 2 529
9, 21, 23 is not a Pythagorean triple. 100 m
d) Check whether 31, 35, and 38 satisfy the height
312 1 352 5 961 1 1225
5 2186
2
38 5 1444 side of square-based pyramid
The slant height of the pyramid is the hypotenuse
2186 2 1444
of a right triangle. One leg of the right triangle is
31, 35, 38 is not a Pythagorean triple.
the height of the pyramid. The other leg of the
right triangle measures half the side length of
the base of the pyramid. To find the desired

07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:52 PM Page 15
dimensions, find values of a and b that satisfy 2.

a2 1 b2 5 1002. a 5 80 and b 5 60 work. If the
8 cm
height is 80 cm, then the side length is 2(60) or
120 cm. If the height is 60 cm, then the side
length is 2(80) or 160 cm.
13. Anwers may vary. For example, because the 6 cm
triangle is not a right triangle. I know this First find the slant height of the pyramid using
because if the triangle were right angled, the Pythagorean theorem. The height of the
squares A and B would be smaller and the pyramid is 8 cm; the distance from the centre of
Pythagorean theorem would work and give an the base to the side is 3 cm.
answer for the area of C. Since A and B are big- 82 1 32 5 s2
ger than they would be in a right triangle, the 64 1 9 5 s2
Pythagorean theorem could not work, because it 73 5 s2
would give a different answer for the area of C. "73 5 s
8.5 8 s
8.4 Surface Area of a Right Pyramid, The pyramid has a square base.
pp. 454–457 SA 5 2bs 1 b2
5 2(6)(8.5) 1 62
1. a. 3.1 cm 5 138 cm2
2. b. The radius and the slant height of the cone
are given.
L 5 "122 1 52
5 "169
3.4 cm 5 13
First find the slant height of the pyramid using SA 5 pr 2 1 prL
the Pythagorean theorem. The height of the pyra- 5 p(5) 2 1 p(5)(13)
mid is 3.1 cm; the distance from the centre of the ! 283 cm 2
base to the side is 1.7 cm.
3.12 1 1.72 5 s2
9.61 1 2.89 5 s2
12.50 5 s2
"12.50 5 s
3.54 8 s
The pyramid has a square base. 12 cm
SA 5 2bs 1 b2
5 2(3.4) (3.54) 1 3.42
8 35.6 cm2
1. b. The radius and the slant height of the cone
are given.
SA 5 pr 2 1 prL
5 p(3.4) 2 1 p(3.4)(4.6) 5 cm
! 85.4 cm 2
3.1 cm
4.6 cm
3.4 cm

07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:52 PM Page 16
3. a) 4. The pyramid has a square base with an area

of 36.0 cm2. So the side length of the base is
19 m
6m 6.0 cm.
Find the slant height of the pyramid using the
Pythagorean theorem. The height of the pyra-
mid is 11.0 cm; the distance from the centre of
Half the side length of the base is 6 m, so the the base to the side is 3.0 cm.
side length of the base is 12 m. The slant 11.02 1 3.02 5 s2
height is 19 m. The pyramid has a square base. 121 1 9 5 s2
SA 5 2bs 1 b2 130 5 s2
"130 5 s
5 2(12) (19) 1 122
5 600 m2 11.4 8 s
b) SA 5 2bs 1 b2
6 cm 5 2(6.0)(11.4) 1 6.02
5 172.8 cm2
5. a. The radius and the height of the cone are
given. Use these values and the Pythagorean
4 cm theorem to find the slant height.
First find the slant height of the pyramid using L 5 "82 1 42
the Pythagorean theorem. The height of the 5 "80
pyramid is 6 cm; the distance from the centre of 8 8.9 cm
the base to the side is 2 cm. b. SA 5 pr 2 1 prL
62 1 22 5 s2 5 p(4)2 1 p(4)("80)
36 1 4 5 s2 8 162 cm 2
40 5 s2 6. Since the shapes are being used for snow-
"40 5 s cone cups, only the area of the triangular faces
6.3 8 s should be found; the bases will be open.
The pyramid has a square base. First find the area of the triangular faces of a
SA 5 2bs 1 b2 cup from box A.
5 2(4)(6.3) 1 42 Find the slant height of the pyramid using the
8 66 cm2 Pythagorean theorem. The height of the pyramid
c) The radius and the height of the cone are is 17.0 cm; the distance from the centre of the
given. Use these values and the Pythagorean base to the side is 11.2 cm.
theorem to find the slant height. 17.02 1 11.22 5 s2
L 5 "122 1 52 289.0 1 125.44 5 s2
5 "225 414.44 5 s2
5 15 "414.44 5 s
SA 5 pr 2 1 prL 20.36 8 s
5 p(9) 2 1 p(9)(15) There are 4 triangular faces, each with a height
8 679 cm 2 of 20.36 cm and a base of 22.4 cm.
bh
Atriangular faces 5 4 3
2
(22.4) (20.36)
543
12 cm 2
8 912.1 cm2
Now find the area of the triangular faces of a
cup from box B.
9 cm

07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:52 PM Page 17
Find the slant height of the pyramid using the b)

Pythagorean theorem. The height of the pyra-
mid is 18.7 cm; the distance from the centre of 2.9 cm
the base to the side is 10.8 cm.
18.72 1 10.82 5 s2
349.69 1 116.64 5 s2
1.7 cm
466.33 5 s2 1.2 cm
"466.33 5 s First find the slant height of the pyramid using
21.59 8 s the Pythagorean theorem. The height of the
There are 5 triangular faces, each with a height pyramid is 2.9 cm; the distance from the centre
of 21.59 cm and a base of 15.7 cm. of the base to the side is 1.2 cm.
bh 2.92 1 1.22 5 s2
Atriangular faces 5 5 3 8.41 1 1.44 5 s2
2
(15.7)(21.59) 9.85 5 s2
553
2 "9.85 5 s
8 847.4 cm2 3.1 8 s
Cup B uses less material. The base can be divided into five identical trian-
7. a) gles with height 1.2 cm and base 1.7 cm. The
21 mm
three triangular faces have height 3.1 cm and
base 1.7 cm.
SA 5 Atriangular faces 1 Atriangular base
5 5a b (1.7)(3.1) 1 5a b (1.7)(1.2)
38 mm 1 1
11 mm
2 2
First find the slant height of the pyramid using 8 18.3 cm2
the Pythagorean theorem. The height of the c)
pyramid is 21 mm; the distance from the centre
of the base to the side is 11 mm.
212 1 112 5 s2 9m
441 1 121 5 s2
562 5 s2
"562 5 s
5m
23.7 8 s
First find the slant height of the pyramid using
The base can be divided into three identical
the Pythagorean theorem. The height of the
triangles with height 11 mm and base 38 mm.
pyramid is 9 m; the distance from the centre of
The three triangular faces have height 23.7 mm
the base to the side is 2.5 m.
and base 38 mm.
92 1 2.52 5 s2
SA 5 Atriangular faces 1 Atriangular base
8.1 1 6.25 5 s2
5 3a b (38)(23.7) 1 3a b (38)(11)
1 1 87.25 5 s2
2 2 "87.25 5 s
8 1978 mm2 9.3 8 s
The pyramid has a square base.
SA 5 2bs 1 b2
5 2(5)(9.3) 1 52
5 118 m2

07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:52 PM Page 18
8. a) The radius and the height of the cone are The base can be divided into eight identical
given. Use these values and the Pythagorean triangles with height 6 cm and base 5 cm. The
theorem to find the slant height. eight triangular faces have height 10 cm and
L 5 "62 1 82 base 5 cm.
5 "100 SA 5 Atriangular faces 1 Atriangular base
5 10
5 8a b (5)(10) 1 8a b (5)(6)
1 1
SA 5 pr 2 1 prL
2 2
5 p(8) 2 1 p(8)(10)
5 320 cm2
8 452 cm 2
The pyramid with the octagon base has greater
surface area, so it would require more wrapping
13 cm paper.
10.
7.2 cm 5.6 cm
12 cm
12.9 cm
11.2 cm The base can be divided into three identical tri-
angles with height 5.6 cm and base 12.9 cm.
The three triangular faces have height 7.2 cm
and base 12.9 cm.
15.5 cm SA 5 Atriangular faces 1 Atriangular base
9. First find the surface area of the pyramid
5 3a b (12.9)(7.2) 1 3a b (12.9)(5.6)
1 1
with a square base.
Find the slant height of the pyramid using the 2 2
Pythagorean theorem. The height of the pyra- 8 247.7 cm2
mid is 8 cm; the distance from the centre of the 11. Find the slant height of the pyramid using
base to the side is 5 cm. the Pythagorean theorem. The height of the
82 1 52 5 s2 pyramid is 4 cm; the distance from the centre of
64 1 25 5 s2 the base to the side is 2.6 cm.
89 5 s2 42 1 2.62 5 s2
16 1 6.76 5 s2
"89 5 s 22.76 5 s2
"22.76 5 s
9.4 8 s
The pyramid has a square base.
SA 5 2bs 1 b2 4.77 8 s
5 2(10) (9.4) 1 102 The slant height is the height of each of the six
triangular faces. The pyramid has a regular hexa-
5 298 cm2 gon for its base. Since the perimeter of the base
Now find the surface area of the pyramid with a is 18 cm, each side of the hexagon measures
regular octagon base. 3 cm. This is also the length of the base of each
Since the perimeter of the base is 40 cm, and triangular face. The hexagonal base can be di-
there are 8 sides, the side length is 5 cm. vided into 6 identical triangles with height
Find the slant height of the pyramid using the 2.6 cm and base 3 cm.
Pythagorean theorem. The height of the pyra- SA 5 Atriangular faces 1 Ahexagonal base
mid is 8 cm; the distance from the centre of the
5 6a b (3)(4.77) 1 6a b (3)(2.6)
base to the side is 6 cm. 1 1
82 1 62 5 s2 2 2
64 1 36 5 s2 8 66.3 cm2
100 5 s2 12. First find the slant height of the pyramid
"100 5 s using the Pythagorean theorem. The height of
10 5 s
07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:52 PM Page 19
the pyramid is 1.8 m; the distance from the The pyramid has a square base.
centre of the base to the side is 1.4 m. SA 5 2bs 1 b2
1.82 1 1.42 5 s2 5 2(230.4)(186.76) 1 230.42
3.24 1 1.96 5 s2 8 139 143.2 m2
5.20 5 s2 b) The square base does not contribute to the
"5.20 5 s outside facing of the Great Pyramid. Subtract
2.28 8 s the area of the square base from the surface
The pyramid has a square base. area to get the area of the outside facing.
SA 5 2bs 1 b2 A 5 SA 2 Abase
5 2(2.8)(2.28) 1 2.82 5 139 143.2 2 230.42
8 20.6 m2 5 86 059.04
13. The outside surface of one block is (2.3)(1.8) or
4.14 m2. So the number of blocks that make up
0.8 m the outside facing of the Great Pyramid is
2m 86 059.04 4 4.14 or about 20 788.
15. Use the height and the distance to the centre
of each side to find the height of each of the tri-
3m angular faces of pyramid A.
3m h 5 "82 1 62
The surface area of the tent includes the area 5 100
of the four triangular faces on top, the four 5 10 cm
rectangular faces on the sides, and the square
The base can be divided into eight identical tri-
base.
angles with height 6 cm and base b cm. The
First find the slant height of the pyramid on top
eight triangular faces have height 10 cm and
using the Pythagorean theorem. The height of the
base b cm.
pyramid is 0.8 m; the distance from the centre of
SA 5 Atriangular faces 1 Aoctagonal base
the base to the side is 1.5 m.
318.08 5 8a b (b)(10) 1 8a b (b)(6)
0.82 1 1.52 5 s2 1 1
0.64 1 2.25 5 s2 2 2
2.89 5 s2 318.08 5 64b
"2.89 5 s 4.97 5 b
1.7 8 s Since the base of each pyramid is a regular
Each of the four triangles has a height of 1.7 m octagon, the angles in the triangles into which
and a base of 3 m. The four rectangular side the bases are divided are similar. The side
faces have dimensions 2 m and 3 m. The base lengths must be in the same ratio as the distance
of the tent is a square with side length 3 m. from the centre to the midpoint of a side in each
SA 5 4a b (3)(1.7) 1 4(2)(3) 1 32
1 base. Use a proportion to solve for the length of
2 a side of the base of pyramid B; let this side
5 43.2 m2 length be represented by s.
14. a) First find the slant height of the pyramid s 15
using the Pythagorean theorem. The height of 5
b 6
the pyramid is 147 m; the distance from the s 15
centre of the base to the side is 115.2 m. 5
4.97 6
1472 1 115.22 5 s2 15
21 609 1 13 271.04 5 s2 s 5 4.97 3
6
34 880.04 5 s2 5 12.425 cm
"34 880.04 5 s
186.76 8 s

07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:52 PM Page 20
Now find the surface area of pyramid B. point of each side and slant height are the same
Use the height and the distance to the centre of for each pyramid. So the equation tells me that
each side to find the height of each of the trian- the pyramid with the greatest perimeter will have
gular faces of pyramid A. the greatest surface area. The perimeters seem to
h 5 "82 1 152
get bigger as the number of sides increases, so
the 20-sided pyramid should have the greatest
5 289 surface area.
5 17 cm 18. a) First find the slant height of the pyramid
The base can be divided into eight identical tri- using the Pythagorean theorem. The height of the
angles with height 15 cm and base s cm. The pyramid is 5 cm; the distance from the centre of
eight triangular faces have height 17 cm and the base to the side is 3.5 cm.
base s cm. 52 1 3.52 5 s 2
SA 5 Atriangular faces 1 Aoctagonal base 25 1 12.25 5 s 2
37.25 5 s 2
5 8a b (s)(17) 1 8a b (s)(15)
1 1
"37.25 5 s
2 2
6.1 8 s
5 8a b (12.425)(17) 1 8a b (12.425)(15)
1 1
Two of the triangular faces are joined and do
2 2
not contribute to the surface area. The surface
5 1590.4 cm2 area is composed of 6 identical triangles with
The surface area of pyramid B is about 1590 a height of 6.1 cm and a base of 7 cm and 2
cm2. identical squares with side length 7 cm.
16. SA 5 Atriangles 1 Asquares
5 6a b (7)(6.1) 1 2(72 )
1
8 cm
2
8 226 cm2
b) Four of the triangular faces are joined in
2 cm pairs and do not contribute to the surface area.
The surface area is composed of 8 identical
To determine the surface area, I can determine
triangles with a height of 6.1 cm and a base of
the area of the square base by doubling and
7 cm and 3 identical squares with side length
squaring the distance from the centre to the mid-
7 cm.
dle of a side, and then determine the area of one
SA 5 Atriangles 1 Asquares
of the triangular sides by multiplying the slant
5 8a b (7)(6.1) 1 3(72 )
height by the base side length and dividing by 1
two. I would then multiply the area of one trian- 2
gle by four and add the area of the base to deter- 8 318 cm2
mine the surface area. Alternatively, I could use c) If n pyramids are joined in the way shown,
the formula for the surface area of a pyramid. there will be n 2 1 pairs of triangular faces
17. Answers may vary. For example, I think the joined (or 2n 2 2 total triangular faces), not con-
20-sided container has the greatest surface area. I tributing to the surface area. So there will be n
looked at the equation for the surface area of a square bases with side length 7 or area of
pyramid. The variables in the equation are P for 49 cm2 and 4n 2 (2n2 2) or 2n 1 2 triangular
perimeter, a for the distance between the centre faces contributing to the surface area.
of the base and the midpoint of each side, and L SA 5 Atriangles 1 Asquares
for slant height. Since the distance between the
5 (2n 1 2)a b (7)("37.25) 1 n(72 )
1
centre of the base and the midpoint of each side
2
and height are given to be the same, then I can
determine the slant height for each pyramid and 5 (7n 1 7)("37.25) 1 49n
it will be the same too. So I know that the dis-
tance between the centre of the base and the mid-

07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:52 PM Page 21
Mid-Chapter Review, p. 460 of a rectangle with a perimeter of 24 km is 62 or

36 km2.
1. C; for example, C is a square and I know that 4. A rectangle with a border on three sides has a
a square will maximize the area for a given minimum border length when the side without a
perimeter. border and its opposite side are half the length
2. of the other two sides. Let y represent the length
of the side that is parallel to the side of Josie’s
A store. Let x represent the length of the sides per-
9⫻8 B pendicular to Josie’s store. Then y 5 2x. So the
12 ⫻ 6 rectangular garden centre has dimensions x m
C and 2x m.
18 ⫻ 4 A 5 lw
98 5 x(2x)
98 5 2x2
49 5 x2
75x
D y 5 2x or 14
24 ⫻ 3 The minimum border length is 14 1 7 1 7 or
28 m.
5. For example,
Rectangle A has the least perimeter, since it is

closest to being a square. It has a perimeter of
2(9) 1 2(8) or 34 units. I would need the length of one side of the hexa-
3. a) The rectangle with maximum area for a gon, the side lengths of the two triangles, and
given perimeter is a square. So the desired rec- the length and width of the three rectangles.
tangle is a square with a perimeter of 100 cm. 6.
perimeter by 4. The side length of the square is
34 cm
100 4 4 or 25 cm. The maximum area of a
rectangle with a perimeter of 100 cm is 252 or
625 cm2. 16 cm
b) The rectangle with maximum area for a
given perimeter is a square. So the desired Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the length
rectangle is a square with a perimeter of 20 m. of the leg of the right triangle, which is also the
To find the side length of the square, divide side length of the square to the left.
the perimeter by 4. The side length of the a2 1 162 5 342
square is 20 4 4 or 5 m. The maximum area a2 1 256 5 1156
of a rectangle with a perimeter of 20 m is 52 a2 5 900
or 25 m2. a 5 "900
c) The rectangle with maximum area for a 5 30
given perimeter is a square. So the desired rec- The side length of the square to the left is 30 cm,
tangle is a square with a perimeter of 24 km. so the area of the square is 302 or 900 cm2.
To find the side length of the square, divide The side length of the square toward the bottom
the perimeter by 4. The side length of the is 16 cm, so the area of the square is 162 or
square is 24 4 4 or 6 km. The maximum area 256 cm2.

07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:52 PM Page 22
The side length of the square to the right is 34 2.042 1 5.002 5 c2

cm, so the area of the square is 342 or 1156 cm2. 4.1616 1 25 5 c2
1 29.1616 5 c2
The area of the triangle is (16)(30) or 240 cm2.
2 "29.1616 5 c
7. The reference chalk line is the hypotenuse of 5.40 8 c
a right triangle with legs measuring 7.0 m and The area of the roof is the area of the 4 triangu-
8.0 m. Use the Pythagorean theorem. lar faces.
7.02 1 8.02 5 c 2
A 5 4a b (10)(5.40)
1
49 1 64 5 c 2 2
113 5 c 2 5 108 m2
"113 5 c Each bundle covers 2.25 m2, so Janice will need
10.6 8 c 108 4 2.25 or 48 bundles of shingles.
The reference chalk line between the corners is b) Janice needs 48 bundles of shingles. Each
about 10.6 m. bundle of shingles costs $35.99. The total cost
8. a) of re-shingling the roof will be 48($35.99) or
14.4 cm $1727.52.
8.5 Volumes of Pyramids and Cones,

9.0 cm pp. 464–465
The formula for the surface area of a square- 1
based prism is SA 5 A4triangles 1 Abase or 1. V 5 3 area of base 3 height. In this case,
3
2bs 1 b2, where b is the base side length and the base is a square of side length 8 cm, so
s is the slant height. 1
SA 5 2(9.0)(14.4) 1 9.02 V 5 3 82 3 7
3
5 340.2 cm 2 8 149 cm3
b) 1
2. V 5 3 area of base 3 height. In this case,
3
the base is a circle of radius 3.2 m, so
1
V 5 3 p(3.2)2 3 4.2
10.8 cm 3
8 45.0 m3
3. h = 12.0 cm
7.4 cm
9.
4.36 m 2.32 m
10.00 m
10.00 m
r = 6.5 cm
a) The roof is a square pyramid with a height of
4.36 2 2.32 or 2.04 m.
To determine this volume, compute the volume
Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the slant of a cone with the given height and base radius,
height of the pyramid, which is the height of the the formula for which is
4 triangular faces. One leg of the right triangle
is the height of the pyramid, and the other is
half as long as a side of the pyramid.

07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:52 PM Page 23
1 5. The base of this cone is a circle of radius 1.6 m.

V5 3 pr 2h
3 1
V 5 3 pr 2h
1 3
5 3 p(6.5)2 3 12.0 1
3 5 3 p(1.6)2 3 4.2
8 530.9 cm3 3
8 11.3 m3
4.
6. a) The volume of this sand-pile is going to be
roughly equal to that of a cone of height 14.2 m
6.0 cm and base diameter 34.4 m. The base radius is
34.4 4 2 or 17.2 m.
1
V 5 pr 2h
3
1
5 3 p(17.2)2 3 14.2
3
4.2 cm
8 4399.2 m3
The base of the pyramid can be divided into b) From a), the volume of the sand-pile is
8 congruent triangles, each of height 4.2 cm, as 4399.2 m3, 4399.2 4 6.9 or about 637.6 sanders
follows: can be filled. More precisely, 637 sanders can be
filled completely, with some sand left over.
7.
h = 4.2 cm
V = 100 cm3
b
Abase = 40 cm2
Since the perimeter of the pyramid-base is
19.0 cm, this means that the base measure, b, of 1
V5 3 Abase 3 height
each of these triangles is 19.0 4 8 5 2.375 cm. 3
height 5 V 4 a 3 Abaseb
So the area of each triangle is 1
1 3
Atriangle 5 bh
2
5 100 4 a 3 40b
1
1 3
5 (2.375)(4.2)
2 5 7.5 cm
5 4.9875 cm2
Multiply by 8 to get the total area of the base of 8.
the pyramid.
Abase of pyramid 5 8 3 Atriangle
5 8 3 4.9875
5 39.9 cm2
h
1 h
V 5 3 Abase of pyramid 3 height h
3
1 s=5 s=5 s=5
5 3 39.9 3 6.0
3
5 79.8 cm3

07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:52 PM Page 24
Focus on the height computation of the smallest 10. 3 cm

candle, as the others are similar. The volume of
a square-based pyramid is given by
1
V 5 3 s2 3 h,
3 9 cm
where s is the side length of the base and h is
the height. For each pyramid in this problem,
s 5 5 cm. For the smallest candle, V 5 75 cm3. Compute the volume of water in one of these
cups, then multiply the result by 45 (for
hsmall 5 75 4 a 3 52b
1
3 amount consumed daily), then this result by 7
5 9 cm (for amount consumed weekly). Since the cup
Similarly, for the “middle” candle, is conical,
1
hmiddle 5 150 4 a 3 52b
1 Vcup 5 pr 2h
3 3
5 18 cm 1
5 3 p(3)2 3 9
Finally, for the “large” candle, 3
8 84.823 cm3
hlarge 5 175 4 a 3 52 b
1
3 So, the total amount of water consumed weekly is
5 21 cm V 5 7 3 45 3 Vcup
8 26 719 cm3
9. 5 26 719 mL
11. For example, I would measure the base
h h side-length of the pyramid and the base radius
of the cone. Then I would calculate the base
area for each figure. I would use the formula s2
for the base area of the pyramid, where s is the
area of each base = 64 cm2 base side-length. I would use the formula pr 2
Note that the pyramid and prism may well have for the base area of the cone, where r is the
different shaped bases, as in the figure. However, base radius. Then I would multiply the base
no matter what these shapes are, area of each figure by the height and divide
by three. I would compare the volumes to
1
Vpyramid 5 3 Abase of pyramid 3 hpyramid determine which was greater.
3
Vprism 5 3 Abase of prism 3 hprism 12.
As the pyramid and prism have the same height h h h h
and same base-area, s

s s s
1 4-sided 8-sided 12-sided 20-sided
Vpyramid 5 3 Abase of pyramid 3 hpyramid
3 a) For the first pyramid, split the base into
1 4 congruent triangles, each with height a and
5 3 Abase of prism 3 hprism
3 base length s. Then the area of each of these
1 triangles is
5 3 Vprism
3 1
Atriangle 5 3 a 3 s cm2
1 2
That is, the pyramid volume is that of the prism.
3 So the area of the base of the first pyramid is
Note that “common base-area 5 64 cm2 ” was
unnecessary information; all that was needed is
to know that these areas were equal (and that
the heights were equal).

07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:52 PM Page 25
1 3. The formula for surface area of a sphere is

Abase 5 4 3 3 a 3 s cm2
2 SA 5 4pr 2. So the surface area of a soccer ball
1 with radius 12 cm is 4(p)(12)2, which is
V4#sided pyramid 5 3 Abase 3 h approximately 1810 cm2.
3
4. The amount of water needed to fill a water
5 3 a4 3 3 a 3 sb 3 h
1 1
3 2 balloon is the volume of the water balloon. The
1 radius of the water balloon is 5 cm.
5 4ash cm3 4
6 V 5 pr 3
The only difference for the 8-sided pyramid is 3
4
that 8 congruent triangle are formeds rather 5 p(5)3
than 4, and so 3
1 8 524 cm3 or 524 mL
V8#sided pyramid 5 8ash cm3 5. a) Since the diameter of each ball bearing is
6
0.96 cm, the radius is 0.48 cm. So, each ball
So, in general, for an n-sided pyramid
4
1 bearing has a volume of p(0.48)3 cm3. The
Vn#sided pyramid 5 nash cm3 3
6
b) Let n be the number of sides of the pyramid- capacity of each box is 8000 cm3. The total
base, as in a). Note that ns is the perimeter of number of ball bearings that can fit into a box
the base of the n-sided pyramid. As n gets large, is (box capacity) 4 (ball bearing volume), or
4
this base gets ever closer to a circle of radius a. 8000 4 p(0.483 ), which is approximately
Hence, as n gets large, the base-perimeter ns 3
will approach the circumference of a circle with 17 269 ball bearings.
radius a, which is given by 2pa. That is, we b) The mass of each box is the number of ball
have for large n, ns 8 2pa. So, for large bearings times each individual ball bearing’s
values of n, and using the result from part a) mass. So the mass of the box is (17 269)(0.95),
1 which is 16 405.55 g.
Vn#sided pyramid 5 nash cm3 c) The mass of each box is 16 405.55 g, which
6
1 is 16.4055 5 kg. The maximum number of
8 (2pa)ah cm3 boxes that can be fit into a truck is (total
6
1 capacity of truck) 4 (mass of each box), which
5 pa2h cm3 is 11 000 4 16.4055 5 or 670 boxes.
3
5 Vcone w> radius a, height h. d) Jim must consider the shape, size, and mass
So it makes sense to guess that the volume of a of each box.
cone with height 10 cm and radius a cm is 6. a) The formula for volume of a cylinder is
10 Vcylinder 5 pr2h . The formula for volume of a
given by V 5 pa 2 cm 3. 4
3 sphere is Vsphere 5 pr3. The radius of each scoop
3
8.6 Volume and Surface Area of is 2.1 cm, since the diameter is 4.2 cm. The
a Sphere, pp. 470–472 number of scoops of ice cream in each container
is (volume of container) 4 (volume of scoop),
1. SA 5 4pr 2
which is p(10)2 (21) 4 a a b (p)(2.1)3 b or
4
5 4p(3.0)2 3
8 113.1 cm2 about 170 scoops.
2. The diameter of the beach ball is 11 cm, so b) The amount the ice cream store will charge
the radius is 5.5 cm. is the amount of scoops times the price per
4 scoop, which is 170($0.86), or $146.20.
V 5 pr 3
3
4
5 (p)(5.5)3
3
8 697 cm3
07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:52 PM Page 26
10 cm
4.2 cm
21 cm
Aleft 5 Arectangle – SAball
5 2p(3.4) 3 p(3.4) 2 4p(3.4)2
8 82.9 cm2
10. C 5 2pr, so if the circumference is 23 cm,
7. a) Circumference is 2pr . So, radius is 23
circumference 4 2p. Therefore, the radius then the radius is r 5 cm.
2p
of the earth is 40 000 4 2p , which is approxi-
SA 5 4pr2
mately 6366.2 km. Since SA 5 4pr 2 , the
5 4pa b
23 2
surface area of the Earth is 4p(6366.2)2 or
2p
about 509 296 200 km2.
b) Since SA 5 4pr 2 , the radius of Mars can be 8 168.4 cm2
found by dividing the surface area by 4p , then If the circumference is 23.5 cm, then the radius
taking the square root of the result. So the 23.5
is r 5 cm.
144 800 000 2p
Å
radius of Mars is , which is
4p
approximately 3394.5 km. SA 5 4pr2
5 4p(23.52p)2
C 5 2pr 8 175.8 cm2
5 2p(3394.5) The surface area must fall between 168.4 cm2
8 21 300 km and 175.8 cm2.
8. a) The difference in volume of two 11. The radius of the cylinder is 5 cm, and the
spheres with radius 10 cm and 20 cm is height is 10 cm. So, the surface area of the
4 4 cylinder is 2p(5)2 1 2p(5)(10) or about
p(20)3 2 p(10)3, which is approximately
3 3 471 cm2. The surface area of the box is
29 322 cm3 of clay. 6(10)(10), which is 600 cm2. So the box has
b) SA 5 4pr 2 greater surface area.
5 4p(20)2 12. a) The surface area of a square-based pyra-
8 5027 cm2 mid is given by the equation SA 5 2s2 1 4sh.
9. a) The volume of the cylinder that is empty 1000 5 2(10)2 1 4(10)h
is (total volume of the cylinder) 2 (volume 1000 5 200 1 40h
of three tennis balls). The radius of the cylinder 800 5 40h
is equal to one tennis ball radius, 3.4 cm, and 20 5 h
the height is equal to 3 tennis balls stacked V 5 s2h
on top of each other, that is, 6 tennis ball radii, 5 (10)2 (20)
or 20.4 cm. So the empty space is equal to 5 2000 cm3
The surface area of a cylinder is given by the
(p(3.4)2 (20.4)) 2 3a a b (p)(3.4)3 b , or about
4
equation SA 5 2pr2 1 2prh.
3
1000 5 2p(10)2 1 2p(10)h
247.0 cm3. 1000 5 200p 1 20ph
b) The amount of material left over is (area of 1000 2 200p 5 20ph
rectangle) 2 (surface area of tennis ball).
The area of the rectangle is length times width. 1000 2 200p
5h
The width is the half the circumference of the 20p
tennis ball, and the length is the circumference 5.92 8 h
of the tennis ball.

07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:52 PM Page 27
V 5 pr2h 15. For example, the formula for the volume of

5 p(10)2 a b
1000 2 200p 4
a sphere with radius r is pr 3. The volume is
20p 3
8 1858 cm3 a fraction of the volume of the cylinder with
The surface area of a sphere is given by the base radius r and height 2r. You can see this by
equation SA 5 4pr2. placing an orange in a cylindrical glass of the
1000 5 4pr2 same height full of water, then measuring how
250 much water spills out when you put the orange
5 r2 inside. The formula for surface area of a sphere
p
250
with radius r is 4pr 2. The surface area is equal
Å p
5r to the area of 4 circles with radius r. You can
see this by taking the peel of an orange and
98r
placing it on 4 circles that have radius equal to
4 3
V 5 pr the orange’s radius. One sphere from my
3 experience is a basketball with radius 12.1 cm.
b
4 250 3
Å p
5 pa
3
d = 24.2 cm
8 2974 cm3
h = 24.2 cm
Surface Maximum
Dimensions r = 12.1 cm
Shape Area Volume
(cm)
(cm2) (cm3)
rectangular s 5 10, SA 5 4pr2
1000 2000
prism h 5 20 5 4p(12.1)2
8 1839.8 cm2
cylinder r 5 10, 1862.02
1000 4
h 5 5.93 V 5 pr3
3
sphere 1000 r89 2974 4
8 p(12.1)3
b) The sphere has the greatest volume. 3
13. The radius of a sphere in terms of its. 8 7420.7 cm3
16. A cube with side length 2r has volume (2r)3
volume is the cube root of Va b a b .
3 1
4 p 4
or 8r3. A sphere with radius r has volume pr 3.
3
6.75a b a b 8 1.1724 cm. Since SA 5 4pr 2,
3 1 4
Å
3
4 p Since 8 . p, the cube has a greater volume.
3
the surface area of this sphere is 4p(1.1724)2, A cube with side length 2r has surface area of
or about 17.27 cm2. 6s2, or 24r 2. A sphere of radius r has surface
14. 1.3 cm area 4pr 2. Since 24 . 4p, the cube has greater
0.5 cm surface area.
17. The volume of air in a balloon of radius 10 cm
4
is p(10)3, which is about 4188.8 cm3.
3
0.5 cm If 1 L (1000 cm3) is added, the new volume is
5188.8 cm3. The radius of this new sphere is the
Since there are two hemispheres, and two hemi-
cube root of 5188.8a b a b , which is about
spheres equal a sphere, the total volume of the 3 1
pill is the volume of a sphere with radius 4 p
0.5 cm plus the volume of a cylinder with 10.7 cm, an increase of 0.7 cm from the original
radius 0.5 cm and height 1.3 cm. radius.
4
V 5 p(0.5)3 1 p(0.5)2 (1.3)
3
8 1.5 cm3
07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:52 PM Page 28
8.7 Exploring Optimum Volume 8.8 Optimum Volume and Surface

and Surface Area, p. 475 Area, pp. 480–481
1. Answers may vary. For example, I chose a 1. a) A cube is the square-based prism with the
square based prism with a fixed volume of least surface area for a given volume. The
1000 cm3. surface area of the prism is 325 cm2.
2. a) Answers may vary. For example, What is SA 5 6s 2
the minimum amount of cellophane packaging 325 5 6s 2
needed to wrap a piece of chocolate in the 325
5 s2
shape of a prism if its volume is 1000 cm3? 6
(See table below.) 325
Å 6
5s
Surface Area vs.
Length of Square Base 3
The volume of the prism is ° ¢ or about

900 325
Ä 6
399 cm3.
Surface Area (cm2)
800
b) A cylinder with equal height and diameter is
the cylinder with the least surface area for a
700 given volume. The surface area of the cylinder
is 325 cm2. Since the height and the diameter
600 are equal, h 5 2r.
SA 5 2pr 2 1 2prh
500 325 5 2pr 2 1 2pr(2r)
10 12 14 16 18 20 325 5 2pr 2 1 4pr 2
Length of Square Base (cm) 325 5 6pr 2
325
The minimum amount of cellophane needed is 5 r2
6p
about 572 square centimeters when the base of
the piece of chocolate is a 13 cm 3 13 cm 325
Å 6p
5r
square.
V 5 pr 2h
5 pr 2 (2r)
5 2pr 3
3
5 2p ° ¢
325
Å 6p
8 450 cm3
Volume 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000
(cm3)
Length 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
of
square
base
(cm)
Height 30.00 24.79 20.83 17.75 15.31 13.33 11.72 10.38 9.26 8.31 7.50
(cm)
Surface 632.46 596.73 577.01 572.07 580.81 602.08 634.64 677.24 728.71 788.04 854.40
Area
(cm2)

07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:52 PM Page 29
2. a) A prism with the least amount of surface 5. a) A cylinder with greatest volume for a
area for a given volume is a cube. given surface area has a diameter equal to its
s 3 5 28 000 height, so let h 5 2r.
s 5 "28 000 2pr 2 1 2prh 5 900
3
s 8 30 cm 2pr 2 1 2pr(2r) 5 900

The box should be 30 cm by 30 cm by 30 cm. 2pr 2 1 4pr 2 5 900
b) Since each box of rice has a volume of 6pr 2 5 900
28 000 cm3 and each scoop holds 1275 cm3, 900
r2 5
there are 28 000 4 1275 or 22 scoops in a full 6p
box of rice. 900
Å 6p
3. For each volume, the square-based prism r5
with the least possible surface area is a 8 6.9 cm
cube. h 5 2r, so h 5 2(6.9) or 13.8 cm.
a) s 3 5 125 V 5 pr 2h
s 5 "125
3
5 p(6.9)2 (13.8)
55m The volume is about 2064.1 cm3.
The dimensions should be 5 m by 5 m by 5 m. b) A square-based prism with the maximum
b) s 3 5 3375 volume for a given surface area is a cube.
s 5 "3375 6s 2 5 900
3
5 15 cm s 2 5 150
The dimensions should be 15 cm by 15 cm by s 5 "150
15 cm. V 5 s3
c) s 3 5 21.952 5 ("150)3
s 5 "21.952
3
8 1837.1
5 2.800 cm The volume is about 1837.1 cm3.
The dimensions should be 2.800 cm by 6. Given a fixed volume, a cylinder with
2.800 cm by 2.800 cm. diameter equal to its height has less surface
d) s 3 5 3112.136 area than a cube. So h 5 2r.
s5" pr 2h 5 8200
3
3112.136 2
pr (2r) 5 8200
5 14.600 cm
2pr 3 5 8200
The dimensions should be 14.600 cm by
14.600 cm by 14.600 cm. 8200
r3 5
4. a) s 3 5 3.376 2p
s5" 3
3.376 8200
Å 2p
r5
s 8 1.5 cm
The dimensions of the cube are 1.5 cm by 8 10. 9 cm
1.5 cm by 1.5 cm.
h 5 2° ¢
8200
b) 64 3 3.376 5 216 cm3
Å 2p
The volume of 64 cubes is 216 cm3.
c) The square-based prism that will hold 64 cubes 8 21.9 cm
with the least amount of material is a cube. The cylinder has radius 10.9 cm and height
s 3 5 216 21.9 cm.
s5" 3
216 SA 5 2pr 2 1 2prh
5 6 cm 5 2p(10.9)2 1 2p(10.9)(21.9)
The dimensions are 6 cm by 6 cm by 6 cm. 8 2246.4 cm2
7. For each surface area, the square-based prism
with the greatest possible volume is a cube.

07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:52 PM Page 30
a) 6s 2 5 150 The prism with minimum surface area has a

s 2 5 25 base with side length 3.6 cm and height 1.9 cm.
s 5 "25 10.
55m Radius Height Surface Area
The dimensions are 5 m by 5 m by 5 m, and the (cm) (cm) (cm2)
volume is 53 or 125 m3. 1.6 39.0 400
b) 6s 2 5 864 2.6 14.8 263
s 2 5 144 3.6 7.7 215
s 5 "144 4.6 4.7 203
5 12 cm 5.6 3.2 211
The dimensions are 12 cm by 12 cm by 12 cm, 6.6 2.3 232
and the volume is 123 or 1728 cm3. A cylinder with radius 4.6 cm, height 4.7 cm
c) 6s 2 5 541.5 will have the least surface area, 203 cm2.
s2 5 90.25 11. Find the volume of a cylinder with radius
s 5 9.5 cm 12 cm and height 29 cm.
The dimensions are 9.5 cm by 9.5 cm by V 5 pr 2h
9.5 cm, and the volume is 857.4 cm3. 5 p(12)2 (29)
d) 6s 2 5 4873.5 8 13 119.3 cm3
s 2 5 812.25 If a cube with side length s has the same volume,
s 5 "812.25 then s satisfies the following equation.
5 28.5 cm s 3 5 13 119.3
The dimensions are 28.5 cm by 28.5 cm by s5" 3
13 119.3
28.5 cm, and the volume is 28.53 or about 8 24 cm
23 149.1 cm3. A cube with side length 24 cm has the same
8. volume as a cylinder with radius 12 cm and
Radius Height Surface Area height 29 cm.
(cm) (cm) (cm2) 12.
1 318 2006 Radius (cm) Height (cm) Volume (cm3)
2 80 1025 0.5 7.7 6
3 35 724 1 3.5 11
4 20 601 1.5 1.9 13
5 13 556 2 1.0 12
6 9 558 2.5 0.3 6
7 7 594
8 5 653 The greatest volume is 13 cm3.
9 4 729 13. For examples, the cue cards read:
10 3 829 • “Case 1: You know the surface area or
volume.”
The cylinder with radius of 5 cm and height of • “For cylinders, create a chart of different
13 cm uses the least material, 556 cm2. heights and radii satisfying the surface area or
9. volume then determine the dimensions that
Side Length Height Surface Area minimize surface area and maximize volume.”
(cm) (cm) (cm2) • “The height should be twice the radius.” With
1.6 9.4 63 visual of cylinder with height twice the radius.
2.6 3.6 44 • “For prisms, create a chart of different heights
3.6 1.9 40 and base lengths satisfying the surface area or
4.6 1.1 41 volume then determine the dimensions that
5.6 0.8 49 minimize surface area and maximize volume.”
6.6 0.6 59

07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:52 PM Page 31
• “The height should equal the base length so a square with a perimeter of 20 m. To find the
the prism should be a cube.” side length of the square, divide the perimeter
• “Case 2: You know one dimension of the by 4. The side length of the square is 20 4 4 or
cylinder or prism.” 5 m. So the rectangle with greatest area has
• “For cylinders, if you know the radius, set the dimensions 5 m by 5 m.
height equal to twice the radius.” 4. Let x represent the length of the roped-off
• “If you know the height, set the radius to half side parallel to the beach. Let y represent the
the height.” length of the roped-off sides perpendicular to
• “For prisms, if you know the base side length, the beach. A rectangle with a border on three
set the height equal to it. The prism is a cube.” sides has a minimum border length when the
• “If you know the height, set the base side side without a border and its opposite side are
length equal to it. The prism is a cube.” half the length of the other two sides.
14. a) Using a square-based prism, possible So y 5 2x.
dimensions are: A 5 lw
800 5 2x(x)
Base Length Height Surface Area
800 5 2x2
(cm) (cm) (cm2)
400 5 x2
10 120 5000
20 30 3200 "400 5 x
30 20 4200 20 5 x
y 5 2x
5 2(20) or 40 m
The least amount of cardboard used would be
when the dimensions are 20 cm by 20 cm by 30 The dimensions of the rectangle should be 20 m
cm. by 40 m.
b) No, packaging them in 8 would be more 5. 2 cm
economical because it would create a perfect
cube if they were arranged in 2 layers of 9 cm
4 cans.
6 cm
Chapter Review, pp. 484-485 A 5 Arectangle 1 Atriangles
1. Fencing costs $15.25 per meter, and Arianna 1
5 (6) (9) 1 2 3 (3) (2)
has $145 to spend. Arianna can buy 145 4 15.25 2
or about 9.5 m of fence. The rectangular garden 5 60 cm2
with the greatest area will be a square. The side 6.
length of the square garden should be 9.5 4 4
or about 2.4 m. So the garden should be 2.4 m
by 2.4 m. x 10 cm
2. The rectangle with minimum perimeter for a
given area is a square. So the desired rectangle y
is a square with an area of 500 cm2. To find the
side length of the square, take the square root The side length of the square is 10 cm.
of the area. The side length of the square Michelle cuts off triangles with legs
is "500 cm. The minimum perimeter measuring 2.9 cm. So the side of the
possible for a rectangle with an area of 500 cm2 octagon labeled x measures 10⫺2.9⫺2.9
is 4"500 or about 89 cm. or 4.2 cm. The horizontal and vertical sides
3. The rectangle with maximum area for a given of the octagon measure 4.2 cm. Use the
perimeter is a square. So the desired rectangle is Pythagorean theorem to find the length of

07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:52 PM Page 32
the side labeled y. Each leg of the right The regular hexagon can be divided into 6 con-
triangle is 2.9 cm. gruent triangles, each with a height of 6 cm and
2.92 1 2.92 5 y2 a base of 5.5 cm.
8.41 1 8.41 5 y2 1
A 5 6 3 (5.5)(6)
16.82 5 y2 2
"16.82 5 y 5 99 cm2
4.1 8 y b) The figure is a regular pentagon with side
Each of the four slanted sides of the octagon length 8 cm.
measures 4.1 cm. Each of the triangles has P 5 5(8)
height and base equal to 2.9 cm. 5 40 cm
P 5 4(4.1) 1 4(4.2) The regular pentagon can be divided into 5
congruent triangles, each with a height of 6 cm
5 33.2 cm
and a base of 8 cm.
The area of the octagonal quilt piece is the
1
area of the square minus the area of the four A 5 5 3 (8) (6)
2
triangles that Michelle cut off.
A 5 A square 2 A triangles 5 120 cm2
1 9. The segment from first base to third base is
5 102 2 4 3 (2.9) (2.9) the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs
2
8 83.2 cm 2
both measuring 27.4 m. Use the Pythagorean
7. theorem.
27.42 1 27.42 5 c2
22.8 m
750.76 1 750.76 5 c2
1501.52 5 c2
"1501.52 5 c
49.2 m
a) The length of one lap of the track is the sum
38.7 8 c
of the lengths of the 2 segments and the 2 semi-
The direct distance from first base to third base
circles. The length of each semicircle is half the
is about 38.7 m.
circumference of the circle with diameter of 22.8
m. So the length of the 2 semicircles is the same 10.
as the circumference of the circle.
length 5 2(49.2) 1 2(p 3 22.8) x 12.5 cm
8 170 m
b) If Amanda ran 625 m, then she ran 625 4 170
or about 3.7 laps.
c) The field can be divided into a rectangle 10 cm 6 cm
with dimensions 22.8 m and 49.2 m and
2 semicircles with diameter 22.8 m. Since the
diameter is 22.8 m, the radius of the First find the length of the dashed segment
semicircles is 11.4 m. using the Pythagorean theorem. The dashed
A field 5 A rectangle 1 A semicircles segment is one leg of a right triangle with
hypotenuse 10 cm and the other leg 6 cm.
1
5 lw 1 2 3 pr2 62 1 b2 5 102
2
1 36 1 b2 5 100
5 49.2(22.8) 1 2 3 p 3 11.42 b2 5 64
2
8 1530 m 2 b 5 "64
8. a) The figure is a regular hexagon with side 58
length 5.5 cm. The side labeled x is one leg of a right triangle
P 5 6(5.5) with hypotenuse 12.5 cm and the other leg 8 cm.
5 33 cm Use the Pythagorean theorem.

07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:52 PM Page 33
x2 1 82 5 12.52 Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the length

x2 1 64 5 156.25 of the hypotenuse.
x2 5 92.25 202 1 482 5 c 2
x 5 "92.25 400 1 2304 5 c 2
8 9.6 2704 5 c 2
To the nearest tenth, the length of x is 9.6 cm. "2704 5 c
11. 3m 52 5 c
w 12 m The area of the square whose side length is
equal to the hypotenuse of the right triangle is
522 or 2704 cm2.
16 m x y z
13. Find the slant height of the pyramid using
the Pythagorean theorem. The height of the
24 m pyramid is 12.5 cm; the distance from the
centre of the base to the side is 10 cm.
Since the segment labeled w is one side of 12.52 1 102 5 s2
a rectangle and the opposite side measures 156.25 1 100 5 s2
24 m, the length of the segment labeled 256.25 5 s2
"256.25 5 s
w is 24 m.
Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the length
16.0 8 s
of the segment labeled x.
The slant height is the height of each of the
32 1 x2 5 162 seven triangular faces. The pyramid has a
9 1 x2 5 256 regular heptagon for its base; each side of the
x2 5 247 heptagon measures 9.6 cm. This is also the
x 5 "247 length of the base of each triangular face. The
Since the segments labeled x and y are opposite heptagonal base can be divided into 7 identical
sides of a rectangle, the segments have the same triangles with height 10 cm and base 9.6 cm.
length. Since x 5 "247, y 5 "247. SA 5 Atriangular faces 1 Ahexagonal base
5 7a b (9.6) (16.0) 1 7a b (9.6) (10)

The segment labeled z is the hypotenuse of a 1 1
right triangle with legs measuring 12 m and 2 2
"247 m. Use the Pythagorean theorem to find z.
8 874 cm2
14. a) The height of the pyramid that forms the
122 1 ("247)2 5 z2 roof of the house is 5.0 ⫺ 2.5 or 2.5 m. The dis-
144 1 247 5 z2 tance from the center of the base of the pyramid
391 5 z2 to a side of the square base is half the side length
"391 5 z of the base or 4.0 m. Use the Pythagorean theo-
20 8 z rem to find the slant height of the pyramid.
P 5 3 1 24 1 12 1 20 1 24 1 16 2.52 1 5.02 5 s2
5 99 m 6.25 1 16.0 5 s2
12. 2.25 5 s2
"2.25 5 s
4.7 8 s
Since the square base does not get shingled,
only the surface area of the four triangular faces
should be calculated for determining the amount
of shingles that are needed. Each triangular face
20 cm has a base of 8.0 m and a height of 4.7 m.
1
48 cm SA 5 4 3 (8.0)(4.7)
2
5 75.2 m2

07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:52 PM Page 34
Since each bundle of shingles covers 2.25 m2, is 12 cm; the distance from the centre of the base
Janice and Wilson will need 75.2 4 2.25 or 34 to the side is 4.5 cm.
bundles of shingles. 122 1 4.52 5 s2
b) Painting the exterior of the house requires 144 1 20.25 5 s2
164.25 5 s2
"164.25 5 s
painting the 4 rectangular faces, each of which
has dimensions 8.0 m by 2.5 m. The area of each
rectangular face is (8.0)(2.5) or 20.0 m2. The 12.8 8 s
total area to be painted is 4(20.0) or 80.0 m2. The pyramid has a square base.
Since each can of paint covers 35 m2, Janice and SA 5 2bs 1 b2
5 2(9)("164.25) 1 92
Wilson will need 80.0 4 35 or about 2.3 cans of
8 312 cm2
paint. Since they cannot purchase a fractional
1
number of cans, they will need 3 cans of paint. b) V 5 3 area of base 3 height. In this
c) The cost of the materials is 3($29.95) 1 3
34($35.99) or $1313.51 case, the base is a circle of diameter 25 m. So
15. The candle is a square-based pyramid with the radius is 25 4 2 or 12.5 m.
1
a slant height of 10 cm and a base side length V 5 3 p(12.5) 2 3 12
of 8 cm. 3
SA 5 2bs 1 b2 8 1963 m3
5 2(8) (10) 1 82 Use the radius and the height of the cone and the
5 224 cm2 Pythagorean theorem to find the slant height.
16. The pyramid has a square base, a base side L 5 "122 1 12.52
5 "300.25
length of 8.0 cm, and a surface area of 440.0 cm2.
SA 5 2bs 1 b2
440.0 5 2(8.0)s 1 8.02 8 17.3 cm
440.0 5 16.0s 1 64.0 SA 5 pr2 1 prL
376.0 5 16.0s 5 p(12.5)2 1 p(12.5)("300.25)
23.5 5 s
8 1171 cm2
The distance from the center of the base of
the pyramid to a side is half the side length, or 18.
4.0 cm. The slant height is 23.5 cm. The slant
height is the hypotenuse of a right triangle whose 12 cm
legs are the height of the pyramid and the dis-
tance from the center of the pyramid to a side.
Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the height.
6 cm
4.02 1 h2 5 23.52
16.0 1 h2 5 552.25
b
h2 5 536.25
h 5 "536.25
a) First find the slant height of the pyramid.
Use the Pythagorean theorem.
8 23.2 cm s2 5 62 1 122
The height of the pyramid is about 23.2 cm. s2 5 180
s 5 "180
1
17. a) V 5 3 area of base 3 height. In this
3 The distance from the center of the base to a
case, the base is a square of side length 9 cm. side of the base is 6 cm, so the base has side
1 length 12 cm.
V 5 3 92 3 12
3 SA 5 2bs 1 b2
5 324 cm3
5 2(12)("180) 1 (12)2
First find the slant height of the pyramid using the
8 466 cm2
Pythagorean theorem. The height of the pyramid

07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:52 PM Page 35
b) The base is a square with side length 12 cm, 4

V 5 pr3
so the area of the base is 122. 3
1 4
V 5 3 area of base 3 height 5 p(2.8)3
3 3
8 92 m3
1
5 3 (12) 2 3 12 SA 5 4pr2
3 5 4p(2.8) 2
5 576 cm3 8 99 m2
19. Cup 3 cm 21. a)
r
c 8 cm 2r
If a cube has side length 2r, like in the figure,
then a sphere that fits perfectly inside will have
20 cm 1.8 cm
radius r. In this case, 2r 5 8, so r 5 4. So the
h volume of a sphere (the bar of soap) with this
radius is
4
V 5 pr3
3
4
5 p(4)3
To find the volume of the “cup,” will compute 3
the volume of the whole cone, and then subtract 8 268 cm3
the volume of the smaller cone inside: b) The amount of empty space in the box is
Vcup 5 Vwhole cone 2 Vsmall cone
obtained by subtracting the volume of the soap
The outside edge of the smaller cone has length from the volume of the box it’s inside. By part a),
20 2 8 5 12 . the volume of the soap is known (8 268 cm3 ).
Let c be the height of the “cup,” and h 1 c be The volume of the box is (area of base) 3
the height of the whole cone (so h is the height height 5 (8 3 8) 3 8 5 512 cm3. So
of the smaller cone inside). Then, by the V empty space 5 V box 2 V soap
Pythagorean theorem, 8 512 2 268
(20) 2 5 (h 1 c) 2 1 (3) 2 5 244 cm 3
h 1 c 5 "(20)2 2 (3)2 5 "391 22. Each rubber ball is a sphere with diameter
d 5 20 cm, and therefore radius
(12)2 5 h2 1 (1.8)2
r 5 20 4 2 5 10 cm. The amount of rubber
h 5 "(12)2 2 (1.8)2 5 "140.76 needed per ball is the volume of the ball:
Applying the formula for volume of a cone, 4
Vball 5 pr3
Vcup 5 Vwhole cone 2 Vsmall cone 3
4
3 p(3)2 3 "391 2 3 p(1.8)2
1 1 5 p(10)3
5 3
3 3
8 4188.8 cm3
3 "140.76 On the other hand, if the ball had diameter
8 146 cm3
15 cm, and therefore radius 15 4 2 5 7.5 cm,
20. Since the sphere has diameter d 5 5.6 m, it
the amount of rubber needed would be
has radius r 5 5.6"2 or 2.8 m. So, applying 4
the formulas for volume and surface area of a V small ball 5 p (7.5) 3
3
sphere,
8 1767.1 cm 3

07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:52 PM Page 36
So the amount of rubber saved would be The maximum volume occurs when s is about
V ball 2 V small ball 8 2422 cm 3. 6 cm, and this gives a volume for the box of
23. The volume of this square-based pyramid of roughly V 5 98 cm3.
side length s 5 13 cm and height h 5 16 cm is
1 Chapter Self-Test, p. 486
V pyramid 5 s2h
3
1 1. The rectangle with minimum perimeter for a
5 (13)2 (16) given area is a square. So the desired rectangle
3
is a square with an area of 2025 cm2. The side
8 901.3 cm3
length of a square is the square root of the area,
There are many dimensions for a cylinder that
so the side length of the desired square is
"2025, or 45 cm. The perimeter of a square is
will give this same volume. For example, if
r 5 6 cm and h 5 8 cm, the cylinder will have
about the same volume as the pyramid. 4(45), or 180 cm. So the least possible peri-
V cyclinder 5 pr2h meter for the window is 180 cm.
4.0 cm
5 p (6) 2 (8)
8 904.8 cm 3
24. a) The square-based prism with the greatest
volume for a given surface area is a cube.
210 4 6 5 35 cm2, so each side (face) of the 8.0 cm
cube has an area of 35 cm2. That means that the
side length of one side (face) is "35, which is
about 6. So the square-based prism with the
6.5 cm
greatest volume and a surface area of 210 cm2
is a cube with side length roughly 6 cm. 2. a) There are two segments marked with one
b) Using the same process as part a), the answer tick mark, two with two tick marks, and one
is a cube of side length 9 cm. measuring 6.5 cm.
25. The maximum volume will be obtained P 5 2(4.0) 1 2(8.0) 1 6.5
when the base is a square. Let’s call the side 5 30.5 cm
length of this square base s, and the height of To find the area, divide the shape into a rect-
the open box h. Then the surface area is given angle with dimensions 6.5 cm and 8.0 cm and
by an isosceles triangle with two sides measuring
SA 5 4(area of one side) 1 area of bottom 4.0 cm and a base measuring 6.5 cm. Then the
5 4sh 1 s2 area of the figure is the sum of the areas of the
But the SA is fixed equal to 101.25 cm, so rectangle and the triangle.
101.25 5 4sh 1 s2 A rectangle 5 (6.5) (8.0)
101.25 2 s2 5 52 cm2
h5
4s The area of the isosceles triangle is equal to
The volume of the box is one-half of the height h of the triangle times
V 5 (area of base) 3 height its base. The height of the triangle can by
5 s2h found by splitting it into two congruent right
triangles, each with a base of 3.25 cm and a
5 s2 3 a b
101.25 2 s2
hypotenuse of 4.0 cm. Then by the Pythagorean
4s
theorem,
s h2 5 (4.0) 2 2 (3.25) 2
5 3 (101.25 2 s2 )
4 5 5.4375
Build a table, giving V for various values of s: h 5 "5.4375
s 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 2.33
V 69.2 85.3 95.3 97.9 91.4 74.5

07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:52 PM Page 37
1 h2 5 (10.0) 2 2 (4.0) 2
Aisosceles 5 (6.5) (2.33)
2 5 84
h 5 "84
8 7.57 cm2
So the area of the original shape is 52 1 7.57,
8 9.1 cm
or 59.6 cm2.
1
b) 12 cm V 5 (64.0) (9.1)
3
5 195.5 cm2
4.
24 cm
36 cm 8.5 cm
There are four segments marked with one tick

mark, two with two tick marks, and two with
three tick marks. 10.0 cm
So P 5 4(12) 1 2(24) 1 2(36) To find the surface area of a square-based pyra-
5 168 cm mid, add the areas of the base and the four tri-
To find the area, divide the shape into three rec- angular faces.
tangles, each with dimensions 12 cm and 24 cm.
Abase 5 (10.0) 2
Then the area is the sum of the rectangles.
A 5 (12) (24) 1 (12) (24) 1 (12) (24) 5 100 cm2
5 864 cm2 To find the area of each triangular face, use the
3. Pythagorean theorem to find the slant height h:
h2 5 (5.0) 2 1 (8.5) 2
10.0 cm
5 97.25
So h 5 "97.25
8 9.86 cm
Then use h to calculate the area of each trian-
gular face:
8.0 cm 1
Aface 5 bh
1 2
The volume of a pyramid is Ah, where A is 1
3 5 (10.0) (9.86)
the area of the base of the pyramid and h is 2
the height of the pyramid. Since the base length 8 49.31 cm2
is 8.0 cm, Then the surface area of the pyramid is
A 5 (8.0) 2 4(49.31) 1 100, or about 297.2 cm2, which is
5 64.0 cm2. choice C
To find the height h, apply the Pythagorean 5. a)
theorem to the right triangle formed by the slant 4.5 cm
height, half the length of the base, and the
height.
5.0 cm
h 10.0 cm
1
The volume of a cone is pr 2h, so
3
1 2
V 5 p (5.0) (4.5)
3
4.0 cm 8 117.8 cm 3
07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:52 PM Page 38
The radius and the height of the cone are given. The surface area of a sphere is 4pr 2, so the total
Use these values and the Pythagorean theorem amount of material required to produce the toy
to find the slant height. is 4p(3.25) 2, or about 132.7 cm2.
L 5 "4.52 1 5.02 4
b) The volume of a sphere is pr 3, so the
5 "45.25 3
4
8 6.7 cm volume of air inside the toy is p(3.25)3, or
3
about 143.8 cm3.
SA 5 pr2 1 prL
7. To determine which radius minimizes the
5 p(5.0)2 1 p(5.0)("45.25) surface area of the cylinder, use a graph to
8 184.2 cm2 compare the radii and corresponding surface
b) areas:
V
8.5 cm r (cm) h 5 (cm) V (cm3) SA 5 2pr 2 1 2prh(cm2 )
pr 2
5.6 10.94 1078.0 8 582
7 7 1078.0 8 615.8
8.5 4.75 1078.0 8 707.6
10 3.4 1078.0 8 841.9
9.0 cm
So a radius of 5.6 cm, choice A, minimizes the
surface area of the cylinder.
1 8. To determine the dimensions of the package
The volume of a pyramid is Ah, where A is
3 that would require the least amount of material,
the area of the base of the pyramid. minimize the surface area of the square-based
1 prism for the given volume of 1200 cm3. A
V 5 (9.0) 2 (8.5) cube has the minimum surface area for a given
3
8 229.5 cm3 volume of some square-based prism, so find
First find the slant height of the pyramid using dimensions of a cube with volume 1200 cm3.
the Pythagorean theorem. The height of the VCube 5 1200 5 l3
pyramid is 8.5 cm; the distance from the centre l 5 " 1200
3
of the base to the side is 4.5 cm. 8 10.6 cm

8.52 1 4.52 5 s2 Since (3)(10.6) is about 32, the dimensions
72.25 1 20.25 5 s2 should by approximately 11 cm by 11 cm
92.5 5 s2
"92.5 5 s
by 10 cm.
9.6 8 s
The pyramid has a square base. Chapters 7-8 Cumulative Review,
SA 5 2bs 1 b2 p. 488-490
5 2(9)("92.5) 1 92
1. C; each vertex removed will add 180° to the
8 254.1 cm2
figure, the sum of the interior and exterior
6. a)
angles of the removed vertex.
d = 6.5 cm 2. D; Supplementary angles add up to 180°, so
the angle supplementary to 80° is 100°, and the
angle supplementary to 130° is 50°. The interior
angles of a triangle add up to 180°, so the supple-
mentary angle to x is
180° 2 (100° 1 50°) 5 30°
x 5 180° 2 30° or 150°

07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:52 PM Page 39
F 50 cm
100° 50 cm 35 cm 50 cm
E 50° 30° X
D 120 cm
50 cm 50 cm
50 cm 50 cm
50 cm
3. D; the diagonals of a parallelogram are not Atrapezoid 5 2Atriangle 1 Arectangle
always congruent. 5 (35)(35) 1 (50)(35)
4. D; the midsegments of a rectangle form a
8 3000 cm2
parallelogram, not necessarily a rectangle.
Arectangle 5 (50)(120)
5 6000 cm2
Aoctagon 5 2Atrapezoid 1 Arectangle
5 2(3000) 1 6000
5 12 000 cm2
5. C 43 cm D 4 3
8. A; the volume of a sphere is pr .
3
E F 4
117.00 5 pr 3
3
A 27 cm B 117.00
r3 5
4p
AB 1 CD 3
EF 5
2 8 27.93
r 5 "27.93
27 1 43 3
5
2
8 3.03 cm
5 35 cm
1
6. C; the rectangle with maximum area for a 9. A; the volume of a pyramid is Ah.
given perimeter is a square. Since all sides of a 3
square are equal, each side of the square with 1
Abase 5 bh
300 2
perimeter 300 m is , or 75 m. h2 5 (3) 22 (1.5) 2
4
7. B; the area of the octagon is equal to the 5 6.75
area of the shapes inside of it: two trapezoids h 5 "6.75
(each consisting of two right triangles and one 8 2.6 cm
rectangle) and one rectangle. 1
Abase 5 (3) (2.6)
2
5 3.9
1
Vpyramid 5 (3.9) (18)
3
5 23.4 cm2
10. D; the sum of the interior angles of a
polygon with n sides is (n –2)(180°).
1800° 5 (n 2 2)(180°)

07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:52 PM Page 40
1800° 1
n225 Atriangle 5 bh
180° 2
5 10 1
5 (12) (10)
n 5 12 2
11. C; figure C is not a convex polygon, since it 5 60 cm2
has an interior angle that is greater than 180°. 1
Ahalf#circle 5 pr 2
2
1
5 p(3) 2
.180° 2
8 14.14 cm2
Ashaded region 5 Atriangle 2 Ahalf#circle
5 60 2 14.14
12. A; the sum of the exterior angles of a con-
5 45.86 cm2
vex polygon is 360°. Since all the angles of a
8 46 cm2
regular 12-gon have the same measure, each
360° 20. C;
angle is , or 30°. 4 3
12 Vsphere 5 pr
13. B; the interior and exterior angles at any 3
vertex of a polygon form a straight angle, or 4
5 p(5) 3
180°. 3
14. D; if the diagonals of a quadrilateral are 8 523.6 cm3
perpendicular, equal in length, and bisect each VCube 5 l3
other, then the shape is a square. 5 (10) 3
15. A; only one counterexample is needed to 5 1000 cm3
disprove a conjecture. 1
16. D; the midsegments of a rhombus, a trape- VCone 5 pr 2h
3
zoid, and a rectangle form a parallogram. 1
5 p(5) 2 (10)
3
8 261.8 cm3
1
Vpyramid 5 Ah
17. B; the centroid of a quadrilateral is located 3
at the intersection of its bimedians. 1
5 (100) (10)
18. C; the rectangle with maximum area for a 3
given perimeter is a square. Since all sides of a 8 333.3 cm3
100 21. B and C; the cylinder whose height equals
square are equal, each side will measure , or
4 its diameter has the minimum surface area for a
25 m.
given volume. Since diameter is equal to 2 times
Asquare 5 (25)2 the radius, answers B and C are equivalent.
5 625 m2
19. B; the area of the shaded region is equal to
the area of the triangle minus the area of the
half-circle inside it.

07-301_CH08_pp3.qxd 8/1/07 3:52 PM Page 41
22. a) Then the diagonal of the new base, d, can be

determined as follows:
d 2 5 (10.6) 2 2 (10) 2
H 5 12.36 cm
d 5 "12.36
20 cm E 20 cm
G
F
8 3.52 cm
D D
The hypotenuse of the triangle formed by half
A A of the length of the new base, half of the width
of the new base, and the diagonal of the new
C C
base will equal 3.52 cm, so by the Pythagorean
10 cm 10 cm
B B theorem, each of the other sides will be about
2.48 cm, making the full new base length about
1 4.96 cm.
Volume of a pyramid is equal to Ah.
3 Anew base 5 (4.96)2
Abase 5 (10) 2 8 25 cm2
5 100 cm 2 1
1 Vnew pyramid 5 (25) (10)
V 5 (100) (20) 3
3 250
5 cm3
2000 3
5 cm3
3 c) In terms of volume, the fraction of the amount
b) The height of the section removed is 10 cm. 250
The length of the lateral edge of the removed 3 1
removed from the pyramid is , or .
section is about 10.6 cm, determined in the 2000 8
following way: by the Pythagorean theorem, 3
the hypotenuse of the triangle formed by the d) Yes; this fraction would be the same because
height of the pyramid, half of the diagonal of the ratio of the size of the previous rectangular
the base, and the lateral edge height is equal base to the new rectangular base will be the
to about 21.21 cm. Half of that is about same as the ration of the previous square base
10.6 cm. to the new square base.

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07-301_CH08_pp3.

qxd 8/1/07 3:51 PM Page 1

Nelson Principles of Mathematics 9 Solutions Manual 8-1

SA 5 2(area of base) 1 area of By the Pythagorean theorem, c2 5 a2 1 b2.

8-2 Chapter 8: Measurement

b) Since the cube has a volume of 64 mL, the

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pyramid: definition: a shape with a base in the

8-4 Chapter 8: Measurement

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8. The rectangle with greatest possible area for a x

with each of the pieces of string are a b and

8-6 Chapter 8: Measurement

Nelson Principles of Mathematics 9 Solutions Manual 8-7

8-8 Chapter 8: Measurement

The area of the shaded part of the figure is the 41 mm

Nelson Principles of Mathematics 9 Solutions Manual 8-9

6. a) Here is an example of a way to divide the 1

Use the Pythagorean theorem with c 5 14 and

a 5 7. Solve for b to find the distance from the

8-10 Chapter 8: Measurement

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Nelson Principles of Mathematics 9 Solutions Manual 8-11

8-12 Chapter 8: Measurement

4. The path is the hypotenuse of a right triangle 6.

Nelson Principles of Mathematics 9 Solutions Manual 8-13

8-14 Chapter 8: Measurement

dimensions, find values of a and b that satisfy 2.

Nelson Principles of Mathematics 9 Solutions Manual 8-15

3. a) 4. The pyramid has a square base with an area

8-16 Chapter 8: Measurement

Find the slant height of the pyramid using the b)

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Nelson Principles of Mathematics 9 Solutions Manual 8-19

8-20 Chapter 8: Measurement

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Rectangle A has the least perimeter, since it is

Nelson Principles of Mathematics 9 Solutions Manual 8-21

The side length of the square to the right is 34 2.042 1 5.002 5 c2

8.5 Volumes of Pyramids and Cones,

8-22 Chapter 8: Measurement

1 5. The base of this cone is a circle of radius 1.6 m.

Nelson Principles of Mathematics 9 Solutions Manual 8-23

Focus on the height computation of the smallest 10. 3 cm

and same base-area, s

8-24 Chapter 8: Measurement

1 3. The formula for surface area of a sphere is

8-26 Chapter 8: Measurement

V 5 pr2h 15. For example, the formula for the volume of

8.7 Exploring Optimum Volume 8.8 Optimum Volume and Surface

The volume of the prism is ° ¢ or about

8-28 Chapter 8: Measurement

s 8 30 cm 2pr 2 1 2pr(2r) 5 900

Nelson Principles of Mathematics 9 Solutions Manual 8-29

a) 6s 2 5 150 The prism with minimum surface area has a

8-30 Chapter 8: Measurement

Nelson Principles of Mathematics 9 Solutions Manual 8-31

8-32 Chapter 8: Measurement

x2 1 82 5 12.52 Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the length

5 7a b (9.6) (16.0) 1 7a b (9.6) (10)

Nelson Principles of Mathematics 9 Solutions Manual 8-33

8-34 Chapter 8: Measurement

b) The base is a square with side length 12 cm, 4