Grammar

A clause is a group of words that contains a verb and its subject. (true)

There are two kinds of clauses, independent and subordinate.(true)

An independent (or main) clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. .(true)

A subordinate (or dependent) clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. .(true)

An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun. .(true)

An adjective clause always directly follows the word it modifies. .(true)

If the clause is necessary, or essential, to the meaning of the sentence, it is not set off by commas. .(true)

If the clause simply adds information and is nonessential to the meaning of the sentence, commas are used to set it off. .(true)

Identify the italicized clauses in the sentence below by writing main. for main clause or sub. for subordinate on the line before each sentence.

[1] ____main___________ Stella Kramrisch was born on May 29, 1896, in Mikulov, Moravia.

[2] _____sub__________ When she was a young girl, she and her parents moved to Vienna, Austria.

[3] ______sub_________ When she was a young student, she discovered her interest in the art and literature of India, something she

pursued all her life.

[4] ____main___________ She enrolled at the University of Vienna, where she studied Indian art and philosophy, Sanskrit, and

anthropology.

[5] ______sub_________ After she earned her doctorate in 1919, Dr. Kramrisch traveled to England to give a lecture at Oxford

University.

[6] _____sub__________ Rabindranath Tagore, who was a great Indian poet, attended her lecture.

[7] _____sub__________ He invited Dr. Kramrisch to return to India with him and teach at a university that he had founded.

[8] _______main________ She taught in India for almost thirty years; then she traveled to the United States and became a professor at

the University of Pennsylvania.

[9] _____sub__________ While she taught, she also wrote many books on Indian art and culture.

[10] __________main_____ She became the curator of the Philadelphia Museum of Art in 1954. Today, thanks to Dr. Stella Kramrisch, the
museum has one of the most
In each sentence below, identify the adjective clause and the relative pronoun or relative adverb..

___________ 1. Most people today refer to him as “Leonardo,” which was his first name.
___________ 2. Besides his famous paintings, Leonardo made many scientific drawings that
were ahead of his time.
___________ 3. He drew plans for a flying machine that is very similar to a modern
helicopter.
___________ 4. Leonardo lived in a time when such machines could not be made.
___________ 5. Leonardo was born in 1452 near Vinci, which is a village in central Italy.
___________ 6. He studied painting with a well-known painter whose name was Andrea del
Verrocchio.
___________ 7. The painting that made Leonardo most famous is known as the Mona Lisa.
___________ 8. The painting shows a woman who has a gentle, mysterious smile.
___________ 9. Francis I, who was the king of France, bought the painting from Leonardo.
__________ 10. Today, the Louvre in Paris is the place where people may see it.

Vocabulary
- The context of a word is made up of the punctuation marks, words, sentences, and paragraphs that
surround the word. (true)
- A word’s context can give you important clues about its meaning. (true)
- Sometimes you need to determine the meaning of an unfamiliar word by reading all the information in
a passage. (true)
- Sometimes writers help you understand the meanings of words by providing specific clues such as
those shown in the chart. (true)

- An idiom is a common expression whose overall meaning is different from the meaning of the individual
words. (true)

- Slang is informal language in which made-up words and ordinary words are used to mean something
different from their meanings in formal English(true).

- Figurative language is language that communicates meaning beyond the literal meaning of the words. (true)

- A base word is a word part that by itself is also a word. Other words or word parts can be added to
base words to form new words. (true)

A suffix is a word part that appears at the end of a root or base word to form a new word. (true)

Some suffixes do not change word meaning. These suffixes are: true
 - added to nouns to change the number of persons or objects.
- added to verbs to change the tense
- added to modifiers to change the degree of comparison

Use context clues to determine what the boldface vocabulary words mean in each sentence.
The Great Barrier Reef has been a perpetual source of curiosity for scientists and tourists, with hundreds of books written on it over the years
and countless trips to see it.

underwater

irregular

mediocre

constant

Use context clues to determine what the boldface vocabulary words mean in each sentence.
Modulations in the sea level have left coral exposed to the attack of waves.

changes

acidity

chemicals

impacts

Use context clues to determine what the boldface vocabulary words mean in each sentence.
Today the immutable and eternal process of growth and destruction continues.

loud

unchangeable

messy

mechanical

Use context clues to determine what the boldface vocabulary words mean in each sentence.
Under increasing pressure from new coral growing above, all of this malleable plant and animal matter gradually hardens into brown
limestone.

capable of changing shape

hardened

slimy
inherently bad

Use context clues to determine what the boldface vocabulary words mean in each sentence.
Sporadic and unpredictable storms that occur between November and February attack the underwater reefs, tearing up coral and piling up
rubble.

wind

appearing randoml

inconsequential

catastrophic

First, read the definitions of Latin and Greek roots given below. Then, use what you’ve learned to figure out if the following statements are
true or false.
The Greek root card  means “heart.”

The cardiogram showed an inflamed kidney. False

First, read the definitions of Latin and Greek roots given below. Then, use what you’ve learned to figure out if the following statements are
true or false.
The Greek root stat  means “standing.”

For a legal statute to be removed, it must be formally repealed by vote. True

First, read the definitions of Latin and Greek roots given below. Then, use what you’ve learned to figure out if the following statements are
true or false.

The Latin root gen means “race” or “kind,” while the prefix en means “to cause.”

Our summer block party helps to engender a sense of pride and community in our community. True

First, read the definitions of Latin and Greek roots given below. Then, use what you’ve learned to figure out if the following statements are
true or false.
The Latin root loc means “place.”

Many families had to relocate their homes after the disastrous hurricane. True

First, read the definitions of Latin and Greek roots given below. Then, use what you’ve learned to figure out if the following statements are
true or false.
The Latin root mend  means “to fix.”

Amendments to the U.S. Constitution help to make our fundamental laws better. True

Select the answer option that best describes the meaning of the boldface prefix as it is used in each set of words.
synapse

synchronize 

synonym

together

around

brainy
the opposite of

Select the answer option that best describes the meaning of the boldface prefix as it is used in each set of words.
geographic

geoscience

geometry

in a state of

shapes

earth

excess

Select the answer option that best describes the meaning of the boldface prefix as it is used in each set of words.
transfer

translucent

transpose

far away

across

change

movement

Select the answer option that best describes the meaning of the boldface prefix as it is used in each set of words.
dissuade

discover

distant

before

superior

after
not

Select the answer option that best describes the meaning of the boldface prefix as it is used in each set of words.
protect

proffer

propose

forward

to make

not; unlike

very

Select the answer option that best describes the meaning of the boldface suffix as it is used in each set of words.
assistant
immigrant

merchant

state or quality

act of

belief in

one who

Select the answer option that best describes the meaning of the boldface suffix as it is used in each set of words.
freedom
boredom

martyrdom

position held

state or quality of

like

action of

Select the answer option that best describes the meaning of the boldface suffix as it is used in each set of words.
goddess
heiress

princess
 like

full of

female

act; practice of

Select the answer option that best describes the meaning of the boldface suffix as it is used in each set of words.
marriage
pilgrimage

voyage

action or process

without

become

resembling

Select the answer option that best describes the meaning of the boldface suffix as it is used in each set of words.
censorship
relationship

ownership

through

around

state or quality of being

full of

Reading
The reason why an author composed a text is called the author’s purpose. (true)
The purpose of an argumentative text is to persuade the audience to believe in or do
something.(true)
As you read, note that the structure of Lincoln’s argument supports his desire to
convince his audience to take action. true)
An author may use rhetorical devices to help achieve his or her purpose. true)
Rhetorical devices are techniques that influence the way a text is understood by the
audience. true)
Lincoln uses the following rhetorical devices in his speech:
 Diction: the words the writer chooses to include true)
 Parallelism: the use of similar grammatical constructions to express ideas that are related. true)
 Allusion: quotations or references to a familiar person, place, event, or literary work. true)

What did Lincoln view as the primary reason for the war?

A To punish the South

B To preserve the Union

C To divide the nation

D To protect slavery

What does Lincoln say the North and South have in common?

F Both expected the war to go on for a long time.

G Both were determined to unite the country.

H Both were looking to restrict slavery.

J Both shared some of the same values.

What did Lincoln hope would happen when the war ended?

A He hoped for healing and long-lasting peace.

B He hoped the South would form its own nation.

C He hoped that more territories would join the Union.

D He hoped that more states would secede.

Letters are formal or informal communications that convey information to an individual or group.

Letters have several structural characteristics, including a date; an addressee; a salutation, or
greeting; a body; a closing word or phrase; and a signature. (true)
They are generally written as private correspondence, though letters can become public. (true)
the letters of well-known figures may be published, typically after their deaths, due to interest in the
life and ideas of the sender. (true)
Some letters are published as historical artifacts that provide context on a period or culture. (true)
Tone is a writer’s attitude toward his or her subject. (true)
 A writer can communicate tone through diction, details, and direct statements of his or her
position. (true)
Writers may also use literary devices to convey their attitude on a subject. (true)
One such device is verbal irony—a contrast between what is stated and what is meant. (true)
Sometimes irony can produce understatement, which creates emphasis by saying less than is
actually true. (true)
These devices may be used to create a humorous or restrained tone. (true)

What message does Anderson send in paragraph 1 when explaining his worries for his former master’s safety?

A The former master is fortunate not to have been punished.

B The former master is a hothead who always gets into trouble.

C Anderson wants to have nothing to do with the former master.

D Anderson will only return if the former master apologizes for shooting at him.

What does Anderson ask for to test the Colonel’s sincerity?

F Freedom for himself and his family

G Wages earned while they were enslaved

H A role in the Nashville Hospital

J Greetings to his old friends

What does Anderson wish for his daughters?

A A return to their childhood homes

B Good marriages and jobs

C Safety and an education

D Good relations with the former master

The Civil War photographs produced by Mathew Brady and others were intended to reveal the
terrible realities of the conflict to an audience that tended to romanticize war. . (true)
The photos were important to soldiers, who did not want to burden family members with battlefield
descriptions in their letters, and to families, who desperately wanted information about their loved
ones. . (true)

The photographs printed in newspapers and magazines motivated civilian efforts to send relief
supplies to those who were fighting. . (true)