Dtostrf() – Turn Your Floats Into Strings

Dtostrf() Syntax

Let’s jump straight into this. Here are the parameters that dtostrf() expects:

dtostrf(float_value, min_width, num_digits_after_decimal, where_to_store_string)

Sprintf() With Arduino Print Multiple Variables To The Serial Monitor

Character Specifiers

Here are some of the common character specifiers:

d or i – signed decimal integer

u – unsigned decimal integer
s – a string of characters

For example, if you use %d, you’re telling sprintf() to format the inserted variable as a signed decimal
integer.

sprintf(buffer, "The %d burritos are %s degrees F", numBurritos, tempStr);

A QUICK SPRINTF() REVIEW

Variable Scope | Fix Error: ‘YourVariable’ Was Not Declared In This Scope? | SOLVED

VARIABLE SCOPE IN LAYMAN’S TERMS

Roughly speaking, variable scope has to do with where you can use a variable you have defined. Let’s take a look at an Arduino
program and talk about some sections.

If I define a variable inside the setup function, I can only use that variable in the setup. Trying to use that variable in the loop
would get me the error message…

void setup() {
int dogBreath; // Defined here

void loop() {

dogBreath = 7; // Error...not declared in this scope

If I define a variable inside the loop function, I can only use that variable in the loop. Trying to use that variable in the setup, I
get the error message…
void setup() {

catBreath = 5; // Error...not declared in this scope

void loop() {

int catBreath = 10; // Defined here

If I create my own function, and I define a variable inside that function, it can only be used in that function. Were I to use it in
another function, like setup or loop, I’ll get that error! Can you begin to see how variable scope is working?

void setup() {

void loop() {

giraffeBreath = 63;// Error...not declared in this scope

void myFunction() {

int giraffeBreath; // Defined here

Can you see how the curly braces sort of compartmentalize our variables? If I define a variable inside curly braces, I cannot use
that variable outside of those curly braces. Other functions can’t see the variable outside of it’s curly braces, they don’t
even know they exist!

I mean check this out. If I put curly braces around a variable declaration, and then try to use that variable outside the curly
braces, I get that error.

void setup() {

int hippoBreath; // Defined here

hippoBreath = 9; // Error...not declared in this scope

It’s kind of like the curly braces are force fields – holding in your variable. The curly braces set the scope of the variable.

Nested Variable Scope

Now here is where it gets interesting…

If you create a variable outside of and before a set of curly braces, that variable can “get into” curly braces after it…

Let’s do a little demonstration here:

void loop() {

int freshBreath = 0; // Defined here

for (int i = 0; i & lt; 3; i++) {

freshBreath += i; // used inside curly braces here

In this example, freshBreath can be used anywhere inside its scope, including the for loop.

Global Scope

Now what if we did something crazy…What if we create a variable outside of any curly braces! What is the variable scope then?

This is what we call global scope. A variable with global scope, known as a global variable can be used anywhere in your
program.

int genieBreath = 8; // Defined here

void setup() {

genieBreath = 1;

void loop() {

genieBreath = 898;

void myFunction() {

genieBreath = 21;

}
Now, you might be tempted to think that using global variables is the way to go, since you can use them everywhere – seems
to make things easier. For a really small program, yes, you can get away with a couple global variables, but as your programs
grow in complexity, you really want to limit global variable use.

There’s a bunch of reasons not to use global variables too much, but a big argument against their use is that using global
variables can make your code far more difficult to debug. So use global variables sparingly…