klxnf] kl/R5]b

zf]wkl/ro
!=! zf]wzLif{s M
k|:t't zf]wk|aGwsf] zLif{s …lx6n/ / ox"bL’ pkGof;sf]
s[ltk/s cWoogÚ /x]sf] 5 .
!=@ zf]wsfo{sf] k|of]hg M
k|:t't zf]wk|aGw lqe'jg ljZjljBfno dfgljsL tyf
;fdflhs zf:q ;ª\sfo, /fd:j?k /fd;fu/ ax'd'vL SofDk;
g]kfnL lzIf0f ljefu cGtu{t g]kfnL ljifosf] :gftsf]Q/ tx
bf];|f] jif{sf] b;f}F kq -%!)–!_ sf] k|of]hgsf nflu tof/
ul/Psf] xf] .
!=# ljifo kl/ro M
v/bf/ s[i0fk|;fb sf]O/fnf / dftf lbJof b]jL
sf]O/fnfsf ue{af6 lj=;+= !(&! efb| @$ ut]sf lbg
jf/f0f;Ldf hGd]sf ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf g]kfnL ;flxTosf
kmfF6df syfsf/, pkGof;sf/sf ?kdf ;'k|l;4 5g\ . g]kfnL,
c+u|]hL, ;+:s[t, pb"{, lxGbL, g]jf/L, d}lynL cflb cg]s efiffsf
wgL sf]O/fnfsf] cf}krfl/s lzIff aL=P=,aL=Pn= ;Dd dfq
;Lldt x'gk'u] klg logsf] k|v/ JolQmTjn] ;a}dfly k|efj
kf/]sf] 5. ax'd'vL k|ltefsf wgL sf]O/fnfn] afNosfnb]lv g}
;flxTol;h{gf ug{yfn] tfklg lj=;+= !(*^ af6 logsf /rgfx?
k|sflzt x'g yfn]sf] kfOG5 . lj=;+= !((% df ;"o{ljqmd
1jfnLsf] ;DkfbsŒjdf ;Dkflbt …syf s';'dÚ df sf]O/fnfsf
tLg syfx¿ k|sflzt ePklg k':tsfsf/ s[ltsf ¿kdf lj=;+=

1
 @))^ ;fnb]lv logsf /rgf b]vfkg{ yfn]sf x'g\ .
sf]O/fnfsf k|sflzt s[lt o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ M–
!= bf]ifL rZdf syf;ª\u|x -@))^_
@= tLg d'DtL pkGof; -@)@%_
#= g/]Gb|bfO pkGof; -@)@^_
$= ;'lDgdf pkGof; -@)@&_
%= df]lbcfOg pkGof; -@)#^_
^= Zj]te}/jL syf;ª\u|x -@)#(_
&= lx6n/ / ox"bL pkGof; -@)$)_
*= cfˆgf] syf cfTdhLjgL -@)$)_
(= afa', cfdf / 5f]/f pkGof; -@)$%_
!)= h]nhg{n cfTdhLjgL -@)%$_
!!= cfTdj[QfGt cfTdhLjgL -@)%%_
o;/L x]bf{ ^ j6f pkGof;, b'Oj6f syf;ª\u|x, tLgj6f
cfTdhLjgL afx]s y'k|} km'6s/ /rgfx¿ ljleGg k':ts tyf
kqklqsfx¿df ;ª\slnt, ;Dkflbt / k|sflzt /x]sf 5g\ .
pgsf] d[To' @)#( ;fpg ^ ut] sf7df08f}+df ePsf] lyof] .
sf]O/fnfåf/f lnlvt …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ -@)$)_
dfgjd"ns ljrf/ k|wfg pkGof; xf] . o;df bf];|f] ljZjo'4 /
To;sf] aa{/tf clg lx6n/ / s[i0fsf ;Gbe{x¿ cfPsf 5g\ .
lx6n/sf] qm"/tf / ox"bLk|ltsf] ;xfg'e"lt o;df /x]sf
ljifoa:t' x'g\ . dfG5]nfO{ c;n aGg / cfˆgf] x}l;ot ge'nL
/fd|f] sfd ug{ o; pkGof;n] ;Gb]z lbPsf] 5 . lgoltsf] bf;
dflg; h'g;'s} lg0f{o lng afWo x'G5 / dxfef/tsf] o'4 clg
o;df lx6n/sf] qm"/tf klg dfgjlgoltsf] kl/0ffd ePsf]
wf/0ff o; pkGof;df kfOG5 .
!=$ zf]w;d:of -;d:ofsyg_ M
Affr'Gh]n g]kfnL ;flxTosf] >La[l4df nflu/xg]
sf]O/fnfsf ljleGg s[ltx¿dWo] …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf]
leGg} dxŒj /x]s]f 5 . o:tf] s[ltsf] ;fdfGo ¿kdf ljleGg

2
 JolQmx¿åf/f ;+s]t, rrf{ / kl/rrf{ ul/Psf] ePklg h] h:tf]
cj:yfdf cWoog–ljZn]if0f x'g'kYof]{ Tof] ePsf] kfOFb}g . To;}n]
…lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s cWoog ug'{ o;
zf]wsfo{sf] cf}lrTo xf] .
k|:t't pkGof;sf ljifodf cWoog ug]{ lgDglnlvt
;d:ofx¿ ;jfnsf] ¿kdf pkl:yt ePsf 5g\M–
-s_ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] hLjgL, JolQmŒj / s[ltŒjsf]
af/]df yf]/} / cNksflns ;dodf v'nfpg g;lsg] x'Fbf o;sf]
j[QfGtdf w]/} ;do nfUg' / s7Lg tyf r"gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{ x'g' .
-v_ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ h:tf]
pkGof;sf] JofVof / ljZn]if0f ug{ cToGt} s7Lg sfo{sf] ¿kdf
b]lvg' .
-u_ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;n]
;fdflhs w/ftndf /x]/ ;dfhsf s] s:tf d"No / dfGotfx¿
af]s]sf] 5 < eGg] h:tf s'/fx¿nfO{ klxNofpg s7Lg ;d:ofsf]
¿kdf b]lvg' .
-3_ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof; s]
s:tf] ljifodf cfwfl/t s[lt xf] < / o;n] g]kfnL pkGof;
hut\df s] s:tf] :yfg k|fKt u/]sf] 5 egL lgSof}{n ug]{ h:tf]
s7Lg ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf b]vfkg'{ .
!=% zf]wsfo{sf p2]Zox¿ M
zf]wsfo{df ;+s]t ul/Psf zf]w;d:ofx¿sf] pQ/ jf
;dfwfg vf]Hg' g} o; zf]wsfo{sf] d"n p2]Zo /xg] x'gfn]
k|:tfljt zf]wsfo{sf] ;d:ofsf] ;'Jojl:yt Pjd\ j}1flgs
9ª\un] JofVof–ljZn]if0f / To;sf] ;dfwfg s] s;/L ug]{< eGg]
s'/fsf] kl/lwdf /x]/ cWoog ug{ / lgisif{df k'Ug lgDglnlvt
p2]Zox? /x]sf 5g\ M–
-s_ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] hLjgL, JolQmŒj / s[lQŒjsf]
af/]df j[QfGt v'nfpg' .

3
 -v_ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf]
ljleGg b[li6sf]0faf6 JofVof / ljZn]if0f ug'{ .
-u_ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;n]
af]s]sf ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotfx¿ k|:t't ug'{ .
-3_ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;nfO{
lrgfpFb} o;sf] g]kfnL pkGof; hut\df :yfg lgwf{/0f ug'{ .
!=^ k"j{sfo{sf] ;dLIff M
ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf
af/]df ljleGg JolQmx?n] rrf{ / kl/rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ . …lx6n/
/ ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf af/]df ePsf rrf{ / kl/rrf{ Pjd\ ;+s]t
lgDg k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 .
…lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof; cl:tŒjafbL b[li6sf]0f JoQm
ug{ ;kmn 5Æ eG5g\ s[i0frGb| l;+x k|wfg -g]kfnL pkGof; /
pkGof;sf/, @)#&_
g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{ ;u/dfyfem}F r'Nofpg] v]d sf]O/fnf
…lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf af/]df ;flxTosf/ …ljZj]Zj/k|;fb
sf]O/fnfÚ s[ltdf eG5g\M æh]nhLjgdf /xFbfsf] PSnf]kg, PsfGt
cj:yfdf dfG5]sf] åGånfO{ s]xL oyfy{, s]xL sNkgf, d"ntM
cg'ej / cg'e"ltnfO{ jt{dfg;Fu hf]8\g] qmddf vf;u/L
dfgjdgsf] ljZn]if0f u/]/ klg cl:tŒjjfbnfO{ hf]8 lbFb}
dfgjsf hLjgdf dfgjn] cfkm"F hGd]sf] kl/l:ylt / jftfj/0f
s'g} klg xfntdf abNg g;Sg] kIfnfO{{ lgoltsf] logsf]
pkGof; …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ df lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .Æ -;flxTosf/
ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfM k[= %, sf7df8f}+ ;]jf k|sfzg, @)$%_
To:t} …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf] af/]df zª\s/
nfld5fg] eG5g\M– …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ dfgjd"ns ljrf/k|wfg
pkGof; xf] . o;df bf];|f] ljZjo'4 / To;sf] aa{/tf clg
lx6n/ / s[i0fsf ;Gbe{x¿ cfPsf 5g\ .lx6n/sf] s|"/tf /
ox"bLk|ltsf] ;xfg'e"lt o;df /x]sf ljifoj:t' x'g\ .Æ-

4
 ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfM ;dfnf]rgf / ljrf/M k[=!@), sf7df8f}+
k|sfzg, @)%#_
;f]dk|;fb zdf{ …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;nfO{ lgofNbf
eG5g\M– æsf]O/fnf JolQmsf dgnfO{ tLa| ¿kdf k|efj kfg]{
;fdflhs ;+:sf/, ;f]rfO cflbnfO{ klg cfwf/agfO pkGof;
n]Vg kf]Vt 5g\ .Æ -ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] ;flxlTos
JolQmŒj …ul/dfÚ, @)%&, k[=!)=*=!!&_
csf{ ljåfg v]d sf]O/fnf …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf]
af/]df eG5g\– ærl/qk|wfgsf] b[li6sf]0fdf …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ
pkGof;sf kfq /]jff, gf/fo0fg, nIdL cfˆg} ljrf/ts{
k|j[lQsf sf/0fn] ljlzi6 aGg k'u]sf 5g\ .Æ -s]xL pkGof; s]xL
lrGtgM k[= @)$_
o;/L g} 8f= e"klt 9sfn …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf
af/]df eG5g\M– æpkGof;sf/ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfn] …lx6n/
/ ox"bLÚ pkGof;df cfˆgf o'4lj/f]wL cjwf/0ffx? cl:tŒjjfbL
lrGtgk|ltsf] cf:yf;lxt dfgjtfjfbL efjgfsf] ;fIf/tf /
of}gdgf]j}1flgs efjr]tgfsf] ;fy{stf ;zQm ¿kn] kl/eflift
u/fPsf 5g\ / of] dfgjtfsf kIfdf n]lvPsf] …dfgjd"nsÚ
j}rfl/s pkGof; xf] .Æ -ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf syf /
pkGof;x¿sf] ljZn]if0fM lj=kL= k|sfzg, sf7df8f} afuahf/,
@)%*, k[=(@–(#,_
!=& zf]wsfo{sf] cf}lrTo M
…lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf af/]df a]nfavt
;dLIfsx¿åf/f ;fdfGo ;dLIff gePsf xf]Ogg\ t/ k|:t't
pkGof;s} kl/lwdf /xL ljleGg b[li6sf]0faf6 lj:t[t cWoog
u/L s[ltut j}lzi6\o 7Dofpg] sfd gePsf] x'Fbf o; zf]wdf
…lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf] ljleGg b[li6sf]0faf6 cWoog u/L
s[ltut j}lzi6\o 7DofOPsf] 5 . To;}n] …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ
pkGof;sf af/]df hfGg rfxg] ;Dk"0f{ OR5's ljBfyL{, lzIfs,
lh1f;' tyf cGo ;flxlTos kf7sx¿sdf nflu o; zf]wkqn]

5
 ;xof]u ug]{5, To;}n] k|:t't zf]wkqsf] cf}lrTo o;}n]
emlNsPsf] .
!=* zf]wkqsf] ;Ldfª\sg M
k|:t't zf]wkq …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s cWoogdf
s]lGb|t /xg]5 . k|:t't zf]wkqdf sf]O/fnfåf/f /lrPsf cGo pkGof;
tyf syfx¿ / s'[g} klg /rgfsf] ljj]rgf ul/g]5}g t/ gfd
pNn]v;Dd ul/g]5 . o; pkGof;sf] ljj]rgfsf nflu cfjZos
pkGof;sf] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df k|:t't …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf]
ljj]rgf dfq k|:t't zf]wkqdf ul/Psf] 5 .
!=( ;fdu|L ;ª\sn ljlw M
k|:t't zf]wkq tof/ kfg{sf nflu k':tsfnoLo cWoog ljlwsf
cfwf/df ;DalGwt ljifosf ljleGg k':ts, kq–klqsf tyf zf]wkqsf]
cWoog u/L ;fdu|L ;ª\sng ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} cfjZos kbf{ ljleGg
ljåfgx¿;Fu cfjZos hfgsf/L tyf ;'emfj lnO zf]wsfo{ ;DkGg
ug{ ;fdu|L tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .
!=!) zf]wljlw M
k|:t't zf]wdf ljZn]if0ffTds–ljj]rgf ljlw cKgfOPsf]5 .
zf]wsf] ;Tofkgsf nflu cª\ssf cfwf/df kfbl6Kk0fL glbO ;Gbe{s}
cGTodf k|dfl0ft ;Gbe{sf] ;+s]t ul/Psf] 5 .
!=!! zf]wkqsf] ¿k/]vf M
k|:t't zf]wsfo{nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/sf] zLif{s, pkzLif{s
lbP/ ;';ª\u7gfTds ¿kdf ;ª\ul7t t'NofOg]5 .h;sf lgDgfg';f/sf]
¿k/]vf to ul/Psf] 5 .
-c_ klxnf] kl/R5]b M zf]wkl/ro
-cf_ bf];|f] kl/R5]b M ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf]
hLjgL, JolQmŒj / s[lQŒj .
-O_ t];|f] kl/R5]b M pkGof;sf] ;}4flGts :j¿k
-O{_ rf}yf] kl/R5]bM lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf]
s[ltk/s ljZn]ifgfTds ljj]rgf
-p_ kfFrf} kl/R5]bM pk;+xf/ / lgisif{ .

6
 bf];|f] kl/R5]b
;flxTosf/ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] hLjgL,
JolQmŒj / s[lQŒj
@=! hLjgL M
g]kfnL ;flxTo If]qsf Ps d"w{Go JolQmTj ljZj]Zj/k|;fb
sf]O/fnfsf] hGd lj=;+=!(&! ;fn efb| @$ ut] lktf s[i0fk|;fb
sf]O/fnf / dftf lbJof sf]O/fnfsf sf]vaf6 ef/tsf] tLy{gu/L
agf/;df ePsf] kfOG5 . pgsf] Gjf/gsf] gfd r"8fdl0f lyof] /
pgL /fhgLltdf jL=kL= sf]O/fnf, ;flxTosf] If]qdf
ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf / kl/jf/ tyf Oi6ldq /
;fyLefOx¿sf aLr ;fg'bfh' jf ;fGbfh'sf gfdn] ;'kl/lrt
ePsf kfOG5g\ . pgL ef/tsf] agf/;df hlGdPsf / ToxfF >L
ljZjgfy jfjfsf] wfd ePsfn] pgnfO{ ljZjgfysf] k|;fb 7fgL
pgsf 7"nf a'af, lktf–dftf tyf c¿ ;a}n] ljZjgfy jfjfs}
gfdaf6 pgsf] gfd ljZj]Zj/ /fv]sf / Tof] gfd g} kl5 uP/
cd/ aGg k'u]s]f kfOG5 . pgsf k'vf{x¿ ndh'Ësf] sf]O/fnf
kf6faf6 p7L k"j{ @ g+= sf] b'Dhfdf cfO a;f]jf; u/]sf / kl5
ToxfFaf6 klg pgsf a'af xfnsf] l;/fxf lhNnfsf] rGb|u~hdf
cfO a;f]jf; ug{ yfn]sf / pgsf] 3/ ToxLF ePsf] pNn]v
kfOG5 . ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf lktf s[i0fk|;fb sf]O/fnfn]
tLgj6f ljjfx u/]sf lyP . h;dWo] klxnL wd{kTgLsf] ;Gtfg}
geO klxnf g} d[To' eO;s]s]f kfOG5 . bf];|L wd{kTgLsf Ps
;'k'q dft[sfk|;fb x'g\ / pgL ;a} efOdWo] h]7f lyP eg]
s[i0fk|;fbsL t];|L kTgL cyjf sfG5L wd{kTgL lbJof

7
sf]O/fnfaf6 kfFr efO 5f]/f hlGdPsf lyP . o;/L x]bf{v]l/
ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf sfG5L cfdfkl§sf h]7f ;Gtfg
dflgG5g\ eg] tLgj} cfdfsf ;Gtfgdf bf];|f] cyjf dfOnf]
;Gtfg dflgG5g\ . lbJof sf]O/fnfaf6 ljZj]Zj/, s]zj, xl/x/,
tfl/0fL, lul/hf u/L kfFr efO 5f]/f / Pp6L 5f]/L glngL
hlGdPsf lyP .
ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf ef/tsf] k|jf;df hlGdP kZrft\
dftf–lktf;Fu} g]kfn lelqPtf klg ;dfh ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfj
lbPsf] cleof]udf ;dfh;]jL s[i0fk|;fb sf]O/fnfnfO{ tTsfnLg
/f0ff k|wfgdGqL rGb|zdz]/åf/f ;j{:j;lxt b]z lgsfnf
ul/Pkl5 k'gM cfˆgf lktf;Fu} rf/jif{sf] pd]/df ljZj]Zj/k|;fb
sf]O/fnf klg ef/tsf] jgf/;df lgjf{l;t hLjg latfpg ljjz
x'g'k/]s]f lyof] . pgsf] n]vk9 klg ToxLF ePsf] kfOG5 .
sf]O/fnfn] cg'zf;g, OdfGbf/L, ;/ntf / lgM:jfy{tf h:tf
u'0fx¿ ljBfyL{ cj:yfb]lv g} u|x0f u/]sf lyP . cfly{s
b[li6sf]0fn] s]xL sl7gfO dx;'; eP klg 3/kl/jf/, ;fyLefO,
u'?ju{ / /fhgLlts cleefjsx¿af6 pgn] cToGt dfof tyf
cfTdLotf kfPsf lyP . t;y{ pgsf] afNosfn ;'vb g} /x]s]f
lyof] eGg] kfOG5 . pgn] cfˆgf] /fhgLlts hLjgsf] cf/De
eg] ef/tsf] c+u|]h–lj/f]wL cleofgdf ;lqmo eP/ cu|0fL
e"ldsf lgjf{x s|dn] ;'? u/]s]f egL pNn]v kfOG5 .
ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf afNosfnb]lv g} ;fx;L
:jefjsf lyP . ;ef–;df/f]xdf efu lng], gf/f–h'n';df
;lDdlnt x'g], kqklqsf k9\g ljz]if ¿rL /fVg], ljleGg
k|ltof]lutfx¿df ;xefuL aGg] / ts{k"0f{ 9Ën] cfˆgf s'/f
k|:t't ug]{ :jefjn] ubf{ ;fyLefOsf dfem pgL l5§} 3'nldn
x'g ;Sy] . oxL :jefjn] ubf{ klg pgnfO{ /fhgLlts If]qdf
k|j]z ug{ ;lhnf] ePsf] lyof] . sf]O/fnf /fli6«otf, k|hftGq /
;dfhjfbsf ;dGjo stf{ dflgG5g\ . ljZjsf] nflu hd{gdf
:yfkgf ePsf] ;f];lni6 kf6L{sf stf{dWo] ljZj]Zj/k|;fb

8
sf]O/fnf Ps x'g\ / o;} w/ftndf pgsf] bz{g ljsl;t ePsf]
kfOG5 . sf]O/fnf d"ntM k|hftflGqs ;dfhjfbsf cu|0fL JolQm
dflgG5g\ . ;flxTo / /fhgLlt b'j} If]qdf pgsf] gfd cd/ 5 .
pgs} syg cg';f/ æd /fhgLltdf ;dfhjfbL x'F eg] ;flxTodf
c/fhstfjfbL x'FÆ eg]sf] kfOG5 .-sf]O/fnfM@)%*_
;flxTotkm{sf] s'/f ubf{ pgn] ;'?df lxGbL efiffdf syf
n]v]sf] kfOG5 / Tof] syf …jxfFÚ eGg] zLif{sdf -lj=;+=!(*&_,
…x+;Ú eGg] klqsfdf 5flkPsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnL efiffdf eg]
lj=;+= !((@ ;fnsf] …zf/bfÚ klqsfdf …rGb|jbgÚ gfdsf] syf
k|sflzt ePkl5 k|j]z ePsf] kfOG5 . pgn] g]kfnL syfIf]qdf
dgf]lj1fgnfO{ k|j]z u/fP/ ;flxTo If]qdf gofF df]8 lbPsf]
Oltxf;n] atfpF5 . pgs]f o; sfo{nfO{ g]kfnL syfsf] If]qdf
dxŒjk"0f{ pknlAw dflgG5 . pgsf k|d'v ;flxlTos s[ltx¿df
…bf]ifL rZdfÚ-@))^, syf;+u|x_, …Zj]te}/jLÚ -@)#( syf;+u|x_,
…tLg 3'DtLÚ-@)@%, pkGof;_, …g/]Gb| bfOÚ -@)@^,pkGof;_,
…;'lDgdfÚ-@)@&, pkGof;_, …df]lbcfOgÚ-@)#^,pkGof;_, …lx6n/
/ ox"bLÚ -@)$), pkGof;_, …cfˆgf] syfÚ-@)$),cfTdsyf_ /
…afa'–cfdf / 5f]/fÚ -@)$%, pkGof;_ /x]sf 5g\ .
ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf cª\u|]h lj/f]wL cleofgsf
qmddf lj=;+= !(*& df klxnf] k6s jgf/;df h]n k/]s]f s'/f
Oltxf;n] b;f{pF5 . Toltv]/ g]kfndf /f0ffx¿sf] hxflgofF
zf;g lyof] eg] lxGb':yfgdf c+u|]hx¿sf] pklgj]zjfbL zf;g
sfod ePsf] kfOG5 . To;a]nf b'j} b]zsf hgtf d'lQmsf] af6f]
vf]lh/x]sf lyP . vf;u/L ef/tdf …ef/t 5f]8f]Ú cfGbf]ng tLa|
ePs]f lyof] / To;df ;lqmo ePsf sf/0f pgL k6gfdf
bf];|f]k6s h]n k/]sf lyP eGg] s'/f pNn]v kfOG5 . ToxfF ltgn]
xhf/Lafu h]ndf sl/a tLgjif{ ljtfPsf lyP . To;} cj:yfdf
pgsf lktf s[i0fk|;fbsf] lgwg eof] / sf]O/fnf :jo+nfO{ klg
s]G;/n] ;dfTof], t/ ;+3if{do hLjg latfpFb} pgL g]kfnsf]
/fhgLlttkm{ clek|]l/t eO/x] eGg] s'/fsf] ;d]t pNn]v kfOG5

9
. sf]O/fnf ;flxTosf/ / /fhgLlt1 g]tf dfq lyPgg\ . pgL
;dfhjfbL bz{gsf k|0f]tf / lrGts klg lyP elgG5 . pgL
d"ntM /fhgLltzf:q, cy{zf:q / sfg'gsf ljBfyL{ lyP / pgn]
tL ljifodf aL=P=, aL=Pn=pQL0f{ u/]sf lyP .
æhgtfsf] /fHo :yflkt ug{nfO{ hgtfs} ;xfotf
rflxG5, s'g} ju{ jf ;Dk|bfo;Fu xfd|f] zq'tf sbflk 5}g .
g]kfndf a:g] jf pl;t s'g} k|sf/sf] ;DaGw x'g] ;a} JolQm
xfd|f bfh'efO x'g\ . ;Dk"0f{ b]zsf] k/f]ksf/ / pGglt g} xfd|f
ceLi6 nIo xf] . ;Dk"0f{ /fi6«sf] pGglt / cEo'bodf g} xfdL
k|oTgzLn ag]sf xf}F .Æ -sf]O/fnfM sIff–* xfd|f] g]kfnL lstfa_
ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfn] cfˆgf] cf}krfl/s efif0fdf g}
oL dfly pNn]lvt pb\uf/ JoQm u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;af6
/fli6«otf, k|hftGq / ;dfhjfbk|ltsf] pgs]f b[li6sf]0f s]xL
xb;Dd a'‰g ;lsG5 . pgL :ki6 /fhgLlts bz{gsf cfwf/df
g} g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] lxt x'g] af6f] klxNofpg rfxGy] .
To;}sf/0fn] /f0ff zf;gsf lj?4 qmflGtsf] cfJxfg /
To;k|ltsf] lhDd]af/L lgjf{x ug{ sf]O/fnf ;kmn klg ePsf]
kfOG5 . o;} k[i7e"lddf lj=;+= @))# ;fndf g]kfnL /fli6«o
sf+u|]; -jgf/;_ / g]kfnL k|hftflGqs sf+u|]; -snstf_ b'O{
;d"xnfO{ ldnfP/ g]kfnL sf+u|]; kf6L{sf] :yfkgf ug{ pgsf]
cu|0fL e"ldsf /x]s]f kfOG5. o;sf cltl/Qm @))$ ;fndf
dhb'/ cfGbf]ngsf s|ddf lj/f6gu/df ePsf] nfdf] cgzgdf
a;]s]f s'/f klg TolQs} dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 . o;/L k6s–
k6ssf] h]noftgf;d]t pgn] ef]Ug'k/]s]f lyof], t/ ltg}
ultljlw / ;lqmotfsf cfwf/df @))& ;fnsf] qmflGt ;kmn
eO{ g]kfndf k|hftGq cfof] / To;kl5 tTsfn ag]s]f cGtl/d
;/sf/df ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf u[xdGqL agfOP .
j}wflgs /fHosf] :yfkgf g} k|hftGq xf] eGg]
ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf @))& ;fnb]lv @)!% ;fn;Dd
;+ljwfg lgdf{0f / cfdlgjf{rgsf lglDt ;lqmo ePsf] kfOG5 .

10
 ToxL l;nl;nfdf lj=;+= @)!$ ;fndf æeb| cj1f cfGbf]ngÆ
tyf æ;Tofu|xÆ u/L @)!% ;fn kmfu'g ! ut] g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg hf/L u/fpg / ;f]xL ;ft ut] cfdlgjf{rg
;DkGg u/fpg klg pgL ;kmn b]lvG5g\ . To; lgjf{rgaf6
sf]O/fnf g]kfnsf] hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/sf] k|yd k|wfgdGqL aGg
;kmn ePsf] s'/f Oltxf;n] atfpF5 . t/ lj=;+=@)!& ;fn
k'; ! df dx]Gb|n] ;Qf s' u/]sf] x'gfn] ;+;bLo k|hftGq cj?4
eof] / To;sf nflu k|hftGqk|]dL hgtfn] km]l/ qmflGtsf] af6f]
ckgfpg'kg]{ l:ylt cfof] . k'gM pgn] nfdf] ;do;Dd h]nhLjg
ef]Ug'k¥of] / ToxL h]nhLjgleq}af6 ;flxlTos efjwf/fx¿sf]
d"n km'6\of] .
g]kfn cfdfsf dxfg\ ;k"t / x/]s ju{sf hgtfsf ldq
ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] d[To' @)#( ;fn ;fpg ^ ut]
sf7df08f}Fdf ePsf] lyof] . pgsf] lgwgdf :jb]z tyf ljb]zsf
hgtf Pjd\ /fhg]tfx¿n] zf]sfs'n x'Fb} ;dj]bgf JoQm u/]sf
lyP . o;/L o'ugfossf] c:taf6 g]kfnsf Ps ;kmn
/fhgLlts lrGts, s'zn ;flxTo–;|i6f tyf cfTdLo
/fhg]tfsf] cj;fg ePsf] cg'ej ul/Psf] lyof] / clxn] klg
ul/b}5, -sIff–*, xfd|f] g]kfnL lstfa_ .
To;}u/L sf]O/fnf ;flxTo If]qdf klg cfˆgf] hLjg /
;dfhdf b]v]ef]u]sf s'/fx¿nfO{ dgf]j}1flgs tl/sfn] k|:t't
ug{df cToGt} ;kmn ;flxTosf/sf] ¿kdf k|l;4 /x]sf
kfOG5g\ .
@=@ JolQmŒj M
ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf afNofj:yfdf Tolt b'Anf]
gb]lvPtf klg cln 7"nf] x'Fb} uPkl5 cUnf]–kftnf] sb, gfs
s]xL nfdf], j0f{ uf]/f] / nfDrf] df]x8fsf lyP . pgL ;fg}b]lv
ltI0f, nugzLn, ;fx;L / ldng;f/ lyP eGg] s'/f hLjgLdf
kfOG5 . sf]O/fnf JolQm Ps ePtfklg b'O{ JolQmŒj ePsf
JolQm dflgG5g\ / pgsf oL b'O{ JolQmTjnfO{ cnu–cnu

11
 pNn]v ug{ ;fGble{s 7flgPsf] 5 . h:t}M ;flxlTos JolQmŒj /
/fhgLlts JolQmŒj .
@=@=! ;flxlTos JolQmŒj M
g]kfnL ;flxTo If]qsf Ps d"w{Go JolQmŒj ljZj]Zj/k|;fb
sf]O/fnf …x'g] lj?jfsf] lrNnf] kftÚ eg] em}F ;fg}b]lv k9fOdf
¿rL /fVg], kqklqsf / ljleGg n]vsf] cWoog ug]{ :jefjsf
lyP . pgsf log} :jefjx¿n] ubf{ g} slnn} pd]/b]lv lxGbL
efiffdf …pxfFÚ -lj=;+=!(*&_ gfdsf] syfaf6 ;'? u/L qmdzM
…klysÚ -P]=P]=_, …ckgL xL t/xÚ / …e}ofbfOÚ -!(**_ lxGbL syf
/ …rGb|jbgÚ -!((@_, ljxf, zq' / l;kfxL syf, -syfs';'d ,-
!((% syf;+u|xdf k|sflzt_, …bf]ifL rZdfÚ -@))^ syf;+u|x_,
…Zj]te}/jLÚ -@)#( syf;+u|x_ s[ltsf ¿kdf b]lvPsf 5g\ .
To;}u/L pgn] pkGof;x¿ qmdzM …tLg 3'DtLÚ -@)@%_,
…g/]Gb|bfOÚ-@)@^_, …;'lDgdfÚ-@)@&_, …df]lbcfOgÚ -@)#^_,
…lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ -@)$)_ tyf …afa'–cfdf / 5f]/fÚ -@)$%_
n]vL g]kfnL pkGof;sf] If]qdf gofF xnrn g} dRrfPsf] kfOG5
. Toltdfq} geP/ sf]O/fnfn] sljtfx¿ …j;GtdfÚ -@)@@_,
…au/sf] 3f]rf]Ú -@)%)_, …6f9fsf] sNkgfÚ -@)%@_, …kf]v/fÚ -
@)@%/rgfsfn, @)#(_, …sf]zLÚ -@)@# /rgfsfn, @)$&_,
…5f]/L / 5fofÚ -sNkgf jif{ % c+s %÷^_, …jiff{n] kf]t]sf] b[ZoÚ-
@)$#_, …afbn uf]n–uf]n, sf]dn–sf]dnÚ -@)#(_, …af/Lsf] s'/f]Ú
-@)%^_, …lji6f–k'ikÚ -@)%^_, …glvlrPsf] t:jL/ ;'Gb/Ú -
@)@(_, …Ps ;lGw Ps ;Demf}tfÚ -@)@(_ / Ps lxGbL sljtf
…aDaO{ s] k|ltÚ -;g\ !(#!_ ;fy} ljleGg n]v, lgaGw /
;+:d/0fx¿M >L % sf] bz{g e]6sf d]/f cg'e"ltx¿-@)$)_,
hjfx/nfng]x?M Ps ;Demgf -h]n hg{nM @*=%=^$, #!=%=^$_,
lktfhL -;g\ !(&!_ d]/f] hLjg syf -@)!!_, zflGtlk|o
låj]bL;Fusf lbgx¿ -@)$)_, /]0f' cf}/ d}F -;g\ !(((_
sfnLbf;sf] n]vgsf ;DaGwdf -h]n hg{n !#%–#*, !$%–
!$^_, a'l4 / h]n -h]n hg{n @)%$_, cfWoflTdstf / kz'j[lQ

12
 -h]n hg{n @)%$_, cGt/f{li6«o hfltjfb-h]n hg{n @)%$_ ,
;flxTodf k|ultzLntf-@)!!_, snf, snfsf] bfloTj / dfgj–
hLjg -@)$)_, wd{, O{Zj/ / lgolt -/fi6«k'sf/ ;fKtflxs_,
hLjg zlQm lxGbL -@))@_, k|]dsf Jojxf/ lxGbL -@)#(_,
cfTdj[QfGt -@)%%_, km]l/ ;'Gb/L hn-@)^#_ n]v]sf] kfOG5 .
o;/L ;flxTosf/ sf]O/fnfn] cfˆgf ;flxlTos s[ltx¿ dfkm{t
g]kfnL ;flxTo If]qdf 7"nf] of]ubfg lbO cfˆgf] ;flxlTos
JolQmŒjnfO{ ;u/dfyfsf] pRrfOt'No ultlbg ;kmn ePsf]
kfOG5 .
@=@=!=! syfsf/ JolQmŒj M
syfsf/ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] !% jif]{ slnnf]
pd]/df lj=;+= !(*& sf] lxGbL syf …pxfFÚ af6 ;flxlTos
JolQmŒjsf] jLhfª\s'l/t ePsf] kfOG5 . syfsf/n] lj=;+=!(*&
df pQm syf n]vgsf] yfngL u/L qmdzM lxGbL syf …klysÚ -
!(*&_, …ckgL xL t/x / e}ofbfOÚ-!(**_ / To;}u/L g]kfnL
syf …rGb|jbgÚ-!((@_, laxf, zq' / l;kfxL -!((%_ df
;u|lxt, k|]d / b'nxL -!((^_, åGå k|]d -!((&_, dw]zlt/ -
!((*_, xf]8 -@))#_, bf]ifL rZdf, xl/bQ / dxf/fhsf] ;jf/L -
@))%_, k|]d …bf];|f]Ú -@))^_, sg]{nsf] 3f]8f, kljqf, syf,
k':ts, :s'n df:6/, ;vL, :j]6/, af}nfxf / l/S;f tfGg] -
@))^_, Zj]te}/jL, ;fGgfgL, /fO6/afh], Ps/ft -@)!*–@)@)
Zj]te}/jL syf ;+u|x_ ;Dd k'uL syf n]vgsf] cGTo @)@)
lt/ ePsf] kfOG5 .
k|sfzg ;dosf b[li6n] syfsf/sf] klxnf] lxGbL syf
…jxfFÚ-!(*&_ af6 ;'? eO{ g]kfnL syf Zj]te}/jL -@)#(syf
;+u|x_ ;Dd sfod /x]s]f kfOG5 . logsf xfn;Dd k|fKt s]xL
leGg / uf}0f k|j[lQsf syfx¿ b]lvPtf klg vf;u/L logn]
syfsf dfWodaf6 dfgjLo dgf]hut\sf /x:ox¿nfO{ cleJoQm
ug]{ k|oTg u/]s]f kfOG5 . dfgj dgsf r]tg / cjr]tg
efjgfnfO{ syfTds ;"qdf afFw]/ :ki6\ofpg' pgsf] ljz]iftf xf]

13
. t;y{ cfw'lgs syfdf ;j{k|yd dgf]j}1flgs oyfy{jfbL
syfsf] z'ef/De / ljsf; ug'{ syfsf/ sf]O/fnfsf]
syfn]vgsf] k|d'v k|j[lQ xf] . –zdf{M @)%)M &*_ .
afNosfnb]lv g} lxGbL syf jxfF -!(*&_ af6 syf
n]vgdf pGd'v ePsf sf]O/fnfn] aL; jif{sf] pd]/lt/
…rGb|jbgÚ -!((@_ gfds g]kfnL syf k|sflzt u/L g]kfnL
syf;flxTonfO{ Pp6f gofF o'udf k|j]z u/fPsf] kfOG5 . Tof]
gofF eg]sf] dgf]j}1flgs o'u xf] / ljZjsyf;flxTodf o;eGbf
w]/} klxn] of] k|o]fudf cfO;s]sf] ePtfklg g]kfnL syfdf eg]
…rGb|jbgÚ-!((@_ af6 dfq k|j]z ug{ df}sf kfPsfn] sf]O/fnf
g} g]kfnL syf ljwfsf klxnf dgf]j}1flgs syfsf/ ;flat
ePsf 5g\ . g]kfnL syf ;flxTonfO{ ljZjsyf ;flxTosf]
xf/fxf/Ldf k'¥ofpg] syfsf/ sf]O/fnf g} x'g\ eg]/ gfd} ;'Gg
grfxg] ljZn]ifs elgg]x¿ klg lxhf]cfh cfP/ :jLsf/ ug{
afWo ePsf b]lvG5g\ . sf]O/fnfsf k|yd r/0fs} -!(*&–(%_
!((! Kl5sf] pkr/0f cGtu{tsf] …rGb|jbgÚ klxnf] syf xf] / -
syfs';'d !((% syf ;+u|x_ df ;+u|lxt syfx¿ ljxf, zq' /
l;kfxL bf];|f] dflgG5g\ . klxnf] syf …rGb|jbgÚ df k|mfo8jfbL
dgf]ljZn]z0fsf] /fd|f] k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . pgsf syfn]vgdf
pRrju{ elgPsf 7"nf–7fn' jf ;fdGt, dWoju{sf df:6/,
;/sf/L hflu/] tyf lgDg ju{sf l;kfxL, l/S;frfns /
gf]s/gf]sgL{ cflb ljleGg ju{sf kfqx¿ ;+of]lht ePsf] kfOG5
. syfsf/n] cfˆgf syfx¿df /lt/fu, of}g / of}ghlgt
syfj:t'n] h]lnPsf] ufF7f]nfO{ dgf]ljZn]if0ffTds ¿kdf
km'sfOlbg] sfd u/]sf5g\ . h'g d"ntM k|mfo8jfbdf cfwfl/t
ePsf kfOG5g\ .
hLjgsf] clt;fwf/0f s'/f / ;dfhdf a]jf:tf ul/Psf
cltzo ;fwf/0f 36gfnfO{ 6kSs l6k]/ syfsf] ljifoj:t'
agfO syf n]Vg vlKk; sf]O/fnfsf syfsf] efiff clt ;fwf/0f
eP/ klg k|f}9¿kn] efj JoQm ePsf] kfOG5 . pgL d"ntM

14
 ;+lIfKt, ;"Id, ;f+s]lts / k|tLsfTds z}nLsf dgf]ljZn]if0fjfbL
syfsf/ ePsfn] logsf syfx¿df k|foM jftfj/0f jf :yfgLo
/+usf] plt k|uf9, lj:t[t / Jofkstf b]lvb}g . sf]O/fnfsf
syfdf dfgj–dgsf ljleGg txdf x'g] åGåsf] /fd|f] ljZn]if0f
ePsf] kfOG5 . kfqsf] cfGtl/s rl/q–lrq0f ug{ / vf;
kl/l:yltdf dflg;n] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ ;fdfGo,hl6n
kl/l:yltk|ltsf] dfgl;s k|lqmofnfO{ b]vfpg cfGtl/s åGånfO{
;jf{lws dxŒj lbg' / kfqsf dfgl;s ;+j]ux¿sf] ulx/f]
cWoog ug{' sf]O/fnfsf syfsf] ljz]iftf xf] .
syfsf/ sf]O/fnfn] kfqsf] j}olQms rl/q k|:t'ltsf
nflu dfgl;s–lj1fgsf] k|of]u ug'{sf ;fy} kfqsf] of}g
cr]tgsf] ulx/fO;Dd k'Ug dgf]j}1flgs sfo{ k4ltsf] k|of]u
;kmntfsf ;fy u/]sf] kfOG5 / oL dflysf ;Gbe{x¿ g}
pgsf syfut k|j[lQ x'g\ -zdf{M @)%)_ .
log} k|j[lQsf sf/0f sf]O/fnfsf syfn] g]kfnL ;flxTosf
;Gbe{df dfq xf]Og ljZjsyfs} kl/k|]Ifdf klg cu|:yfg k|fKt
ug{ ;kmntf kfPsf] b]lvG5 . ;fwf/0f s'/fnfO{ ykSs l6k]/
;fwf/0f k|sf/n] JofVof ub}{ dfgl;s ljZn]if0f u/]/ ;"Id / u'9
cWoog ug]{ u'0f pgsf syfdf ljz]if ¿kn] blz{g k'u]s]f
b]lvG5 .
pgsf syf of}g dgf]j}1flgs tyf dgf]j}1flgs u/L b'O{
k|sf/sf b]lvG5g\ / pgn] cfˆgf dgf]j}1flgs syfn]vgsf
nflu ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts ;Gbe{ u|x0f u/]tf klg pgL ljz]if
u/L dfgj–dgsf r]tg / cjr]tg efjgfnfO{ :k:6\ofpg]
cfVofgsf/ ePsf] kfOG5 . -9sfn @)%^_
@=@=!=@ cf}kGofl;s JolQmŒj M
g]kfnL ;flxTo If]qsf dxTjk"0f{ JolQmŒj dxfdfgj
ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf k|d'v ¿kdf x]bf{ ;flxlTos /
/fhg}lts JolQmŒjsf] ¿kdf k|l;4 ePtf klg ;flxToleq 3';]/

15
x]bf{ pgnfO{ syf, sljtf, n]v / pkGof; cflb JolQmŒjsf
¿kdf :jLsfg'{kg]{ x'G5 .
sf]O/fnfsf b'O{ k|d'v JolQmŒj ;flxlTos /
/fhgLltsdWo] klxnf] JolQmŒj cyf{t\ ;flxlTos JolQmŒj
vf;u/L cfVofg ;flxTodWo]sf] pkGof; ljwfdf pkGof;sf/
sf]O/fnf s;/L cu|uDo ultdf k'u] / sxfF;Dd k'uL o;
wtL{nfO{ ;flxlTos Gofgf]kg 5f]8\b} c:t ePsf 5g\ eGg] s'/f
a'‰g xfdLnfO{ oxfF clt ;fGble{s b]lvG5 . lj=;+=!(&! ;fn
ebf} @$ ut] hGd]/ lj=;+=@)#( ;fn ;fpg ^ ut]sf lbg
lbj+Uft ePsf pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfn] …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ gfds
pkGof; cfkm"F k|wfgdGWL x'g'eGbf klxn] / cGo kfFr j6f
pkGof;x? @)!& ;fn k'; ! ut] b'ef{jgfk"0f{ /fhgLlts
rfnafhLsf] lzsf/ eP/ ;'Gb/Lhn aGbLu[xdf h]n k/]sf]
;dodf n]v]sf x'g\ . o;/L n]lvPsf sf]O/fnfsf pkGof;x¿
k|sfzgsf cfwf/df qmdzM …tLg 3'DtLÚ-@)@%_, …g/]Gb|bfOÚ-
@)@^_, …;'DgLdfÚ-@)@&_, …df]lbcfOgÚ-@)#^_, …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ-
@)$)_ tyf …afaf–cfdf / 5f]/fÚ-@)$%_ qmdzM k|sflzt
ePsf kfOG5g\ . pgsf] cf}kGofl;s ofqf, n]vg ;dosf
cfwf/df @)!#–!$ ;fnlt/b]lv lnP/ @)@% ;fn;Ddsf] cjlw
cf}kGofl;s ;]/f]km]/f] ag]sf] b]lvG5 eg] k|sfzgsf cfwf/df
x]bf{ @)@% b]lv @)$% ;Ddsf] cjlw cf}kGofl;s w/ftn
ag]sf] b]lvG5 .
pkGof;sf/ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] cf}kGofl;s
JolQmŒjsf] kl/ro k|fKt ug]{ ;Gbe{df rrf{ ubf{ xfdLn] pgsf
log} dfly pNn]lvt 5 j6f pkGof;x¿sf] dfWodaf6 k"0f{tf
kfpg ;St5f}F .
sf]O/fnfsf oL 5 j6} pkGof;x¿ d"ntMljrf/d"ns
b]lvG5g\ / of] s'/f pkGof;sf/ :jo+n]klg JoQm u/]s]f s'/f
xfdL kfpg ;St5f}F . pgs} egfOdf æpkGof;df d}n] syf eGg
vf]h]sf] 5'Og ljrf/ lbg rfx]sf] 5' -sf]O/fnf, @)$)M#$_.Æ

16
 sf]O/fnfsf pkGof;x¿df dgf]ljZn]if0ffTds,
cl:tŒjd"ns, dfgjtfjfbL, lgotLjfbL, ;dGjojfbL h:tf
ljrf/x¿nfO{ s]Gb|ljGb' agfP/ k|:t't u/]s]f kfOG5 .
sf]O/fnfsf] cf}kGofl;s k|:t'ltsf] ;}4flGts k[i7e"ld
cl:tŒjjfb / k|mfo8jfbdf clenlIft aGb} ljsl;t ePsf]
b]lvG5 tfklg logsf cltl/Qm k"jL{o / df}lns lrGtgsf
;fy;fy} /fhg}lts / ;flxlTos JolQmŒjn] ;d]t ;dGjofTds
¿kdf cxd\ e"ldsf v]n]sf] tYo logsf pkGof;x¿sf]
cWoog– ljZn]if0f ubf{ yfxf x'G5 -9sfnM @)%*_
pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfåf/f ;fdflhs oyfy{tfnfO{ k"j{jtL{
pkGof;sf/x¿sf] lhDdf nufO{ k/Dk/fut ¿l9u|:t d"No /
dfGotfx¿nfO{ etfe'Ë kf/]/ gjLgtd ;Defjgfx¿sf] cGj]if0f
ub}{ ljZn]if0ffTds ¿kdf g]kfnL pkGof;hut\nfO{ ultzLn
agfpFb} dgf]ljZn]if0f / cl:tŒjjfbL ljrf/sf] Ps} 7fpFdf
;xh¿kdf k|:t't ug'{ pgsf cf}kGofl;s ljz]iftf x'g\ /
k|mfG;]nL pkGof;sf/x¿af6 k|efljt sf]O/fnfsf] l;4fGt
cg'?k dfgj–dgsf bldt of}g efjgfnfO{ pbfª\u kf/]/
b]vfpg'sf ;fy} k/Dk/f ¿l9u|:t ;fdflhs d"No, dfGotf /
cj:yfx¿nfO{ ;dfKt kf/]/ gfo{–cgfo{aLr dfgjLo ;Dks{
:yflkt ug'{ / dfgjLo efjgfnfO{ ;–;Ddfg ljrf/k/s ¿kdf
ljZn]if0f ug'{ pkGof;sf/sf ljifoj:t' x'g\ -9sfnM@)%*_
pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfsf pkGof;x¿ j}rfl/s cfwf/af6
x]bf{ dfgjd"ns -df]lbcfOg\, lx6n/ / ox"bL_, ;+:s[ltd"ns -
;'lDgfdf _ / gf/Ld"ns -tLg 3'DtL, g/]Gb|bfO, afa'–cfdf /
5f]/f _ b]lvG5g\ . pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnf syfx¿df h:t}
pkGof;x¿df klg k|mfo8jfbL of}g–l;4fGttsf] k|of]u ug]{
pkGof;sf/sf ¿kdf ;'kl/lrt 5g\ . pgsf pkGof;sf/sf]
cWoogaf6 pgL 3'dLlkm/L of}gs} rrf{ ug{ k'u]s]f cg'ej x'G5 .
pkGof;sf/n] g]kfnL ;dfhdf cf8Da/ / kfv08k"0f{ 9ª\un]

17
 lt/:s[t of}gnfO{ cfˆgf s[ltx¿df s]Gb|Lo tŒj :jLsf/]/ Ps
dxŒjk"0f{ ;Tosf] pb\3f6g u/]s]f kfOG5 .
@=@=@ /fhg}lts JolQmŒj M
ef/tsf] k|jf;df hGd]sf lj=kL= sf]O/fnf s]xL dlxgf jf
jif{d} lktf s[i0fk|;fb;Fu} g]kfn lelqPsf ePtf klg /fhgLlts
k|ltzf]wsf sf/0f >L # rGb|zdz]/åf/f s[i0fk|;fbnfO{ b]z
lgsfnf u/]sf] sf/0fn] sf]O/fnf klg cfˆgf lktf;Fu} rf/jif{sf]
pd]/df k'gM ef/tdf lgjf{l;t x'g afWo x'g'k/]sf] pNn]v kfOG5
. g]kfnL /fhgLlts If]qsf dxfg x:tL ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf,
hlt ;flxTosf] If]qdf rlr{t 5g\, /fhgLltssf] If]qdf klg
Tolts} kl/lrt / rlr{t JolQmŒj dflgG5g\ . sf]O/fnf
;flxTosf] If]qdf ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf / /fhgLltsf] If]qdf
lj=kL=sf]O/fnfsf gfdn] k|l;4 5g\ . sf]O/fnfsf] k9fO–n]vfO
agf/;d} ePsf] kfOG5 . pgL :s""n txsf] k9fO–n]vfO
ubf{v]l/b]lv g} ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿df efu lng] /
gf/fh'n';x¿df ;lDdlnt x'g] h:tf sfo{ uy]{ eGg] kfOG5 .
sf]O/fnf ;fg}b]lv hf]lznf, ;fx;L / qmflGtsf/L ljrf/ af]s]sf]
JolQmŒj ePsf] kfOG5 . To;a]nf ef/tdf …c+u|]h 5f]8f]Ú
cfGbf]ngn] tLa|¿kdf qmflGt 5]l8/x]s]f lyof] eg] csf{lt/
g]kfndf g]kfnL hgtf !)$ jif]{ qm"/ hxfgLof /f0ffzf;gaf6
d'lQm k|flKtsf nflu 56\k6fO/x]sf lyP . sf]O/fnf c+u|]h lj/f]wL
cleofgsf qmddf lj=;+=!(*& df klxnf]kN6 agf/;df h]n k/]
eg] To;}qmddf ;g\ !($@ df k6gfdf bf];|f]kN6 h]nk/]sf lyP
. ToxfFsf] xhf/Lafu h]ndf tLgjif{sf] h]nhLjg Joltt u/]sf
lyP eGg] s'/f Oltxf;n] atfpF5 . o;/L ;fg} pd]/b]lv
ef/tsf] c+u|]h lj/f]wL cleofgdf ;lqmo eP/ /fhgLltdf k|j]z
u/]sf sf]O/fnfn] g]kfn kms]{/ lj=;+=@))# ;fndf g]kfnL sf+u|];
kf6L{sf] :yfkgf pgs} g]t[Œjdf ug{ ;kmn ePsf] kfOG5 .
To;}a]nf lj/f6gu/sf] h'6ldnsf] dhb"/ / cfGbf]ngnfO{ klg
sf]O/fnfn] cufl8 a9fPsf lyP . To; cfGbf]ngsf] g]t[Tj

18
sf]O/fnf :jo+sf sfG5f efO lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf u/]sf lyP .
To; cfGbf]ngdf sDo'lgi6 ljrf/wf/f /fVg] dgdf]xg
clwsf/Ln] ;d]t ;dy{g hgfPsf lyP lsgeg] lul/hfk|;fb
sf]O/fnf / dgdf]xg clwsf/L klg To; ldnsf sd{rf/L lyP /
pgLx¿ ;a}hgf ToxfFsf dhb"/dflysf] lyrf]ldrf]af6 c;Gt'i6
lyP eGg] s'/f Oltxf;n] atfpF5 . To; ;dodf ;dfhjfbsf
cu|0fL ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf ef/td} lyP . pgn] ToxLF a;L–
a;L g]kfnsf] cfGbf]ngnfO{ pTsif{lt/ a9fO/x]sf lyP eGg]
kfOG5 . To;a]nfsf] /fhgLlts sf/0fn] ubf{ /fhf lqe'jg klg
ef/tsf] lbNnLdf lyP . ToxfF 5Fbf /fhf / lj=kL=sf] klg k6s–
k6s e]63f6 eO/xGYof] / g]kfnsf] /fhgLltaf/] /fhf /
k|hf;a} ldn]/ lgsf; lgsfNg] h:tf s'/fx¿ ToxfF ePsf lyP
eGg] s'/f kfOG5 . To;} cg'?k g} ef/taf6 lqe'jg / lj=kL=
nufot y'k|} /fhg]tfx¿ Ps}lbg g]kfn kmls{Psf] s'/f Oltxf;n]
atfpF5 . pgLx¿ g]kfn cfO;s]kl5 lj=;+=@))& ;fndf /fhf
/ hgtfsf] k|of;af6 !)$ jif]{ hxfgLof /f0ffzf;gsf] cGTo
eO k|hftGqsf] ljhf/f]k0f eof] . To;}a]nfsf] cGtl/d ;/sf/df
lj=kL= sf]O/fnf u[xdGqL ag]sf lyP egL Oltxf;n] b]vfpF5 -
hLjg j[QfGt @)%^, kf]v/]n_
lj=;++= @)!! ;fndf lqe'jgsf] b]xfGt ePkZrft km]l/
g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts cj:yf vNalng yfNof] . lj=;+=!)!$
;fndf lj=kL= sf] g]t[Œjdf b]zel/ …eb|cj1fÚ cfGbf]ngn]
5]8\of] eg] csf{lt/ /fhf dx]Gb| cfˆg} bfpk]rdf lyP .
h;cg';f/ lj=;+=@))! ;fn k'; ! ut]sf lbg /fhf dx]Gb|n]
slnnf] k|hftGqnfO{ ;dfKt kf/L tfgfzfxL k~rfotL Joj:yf
nfb] / hgtfsf lk|o tyf ;dfhjfbL g]tf hggfos
lj=kL=sf]O/fnf /fhg}lts k"jf{u|xL b'3{6gfsf] lzsf/ agL cf7
jif{sf nflu ;'Gb/Lhn aGbLu[xdf aGbL agfOPsf] s'/f
Oltxf;df pNn]v kfOG5 . o;/L cf7 jif{;Ddsf] aGbL
hLjgaf6 d'Qm ePkl5 pgL k'gM ef/t lgjf{l;t eP . ToxfF

19
 /xFbf klg hgtf tyf b]zsf vflt/ sfo{x¿ ul/g} /x] . s]xL
jif{sf] ef/t lgjf{;gkl5 sf]O/fnf km]l/ @)## ;fndf
xjfOhxfhaf6 g]kfn kmls{b} ubf{ g]kfnsf] -sf7df08f}Fsf]_
Po/kf]6{sf] u]6}af6 lj=kL= tyf pgsf s]xL ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;d]t
g]kfnsf] tfgfzfxL ;/sf/n] kqmfp u/L k'gM ;'Gb/Lhn
aGbLu[xdf g} nu]/ aGbL agfof] . t/ jL/ / ;fx;L hggfos
lj=kL= sf]O/fnfn] sbflk klg lxDdt xf/]gg\ . pgn] h]ndf
a;]/ klg g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtfsf nflu ;bf nl8g} /x] /
tLgjif{kl5 km]l/ pgL h]naf6 d'Qm eP/ b]z / hgtfsf nflu
;+3if{/t /lxg} /x] . b]z / hgtfsf dxfg\ /fhgLlts cleefjs
lj=kL=sf]O/fnfsf] s]G;/ /f]us]f sf/0fn] ubf{ lj=;+=@)#( ;fn
>fj0f ^ ut]sf lbg c;fdlos lgwg ePs]f s'/f Oltxf;df
pNn]v kfOG5 . o;/L lg8/, ;fx;L tyf b]z, hgtf /
k|hftGqsf nflu cfkm}F aGb's af]s]/ zq'sf] k|ltsf/ ug]{ Kof/f
g]tf u'dfpg' k/]s]fdf ;f/f b]z, hgtf / ljZjn] g} :tAw
x'g'k/]sf] s'/f pNn]v kfOG5 . o:tf /fhgLls If]qsf
hfHjNodfg tf/fsf] c:tn] g]kfnLn] ck"/0fLo Iflt a]xf]g'{ k/]s]f
s'/f Oltxf;n] atfpFF5 .
@=# s[lQŒj M
dxfg\ ;flxTosf/ ljZj]Z/k|;fb sf]O/fnf ax'd'vL
k|ltefzfnL JolQmŒj x'g\ . sltko dflg; cfˆgf] k|ltefnfO{
k|bz{g ub}{ PseGbf a9L If]qdf ;dfg ¿kn] cu|0fL e"ldsf
lgefPsf] kfOG5 . ToxL lsl;dsf e"ldsf lgefpg] dWo] Ps
ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf klg x'g\ . ltg} sd}dfq dflg;x¿sf]
gfd lng'kbf{ g]kfnL wtL{df dxfdfgj ljZj]Zj/k|;fb
sf]O/fnfsf] gfd cu|k+lQmdf cfpF5 . sf]O/fnf h;/L /fhgLlts
If]qdf k|hftflGqs ;dfhjfbsf k|v/ k|0f]tfsf ¿kdf ;'kl/lrt
5g\ . To;/L g} g]kfnL ;flxTosf] If]qdf cyjf vf;u/L g]kfnL
cfVofg ;flxTosf] If]qdf cu|0fL ;flxTosf/sf] ¿kdf k|ltli7t
aGg ;kmn b]lvG5g\ . sf]O/fnfn] ;flxTosf ljleGg ljwfdf

20
 xft xfn]sf ePtf klg pgsf] cGo ljwfsf t'ngfdf syf /
pkGof;sf] If]qg} ljz]if df}nfPsf] b]lvG5 . sf]O/fnfsf syf
tyf pkGof;df dgf]lj1fgsf] ;zQm¿kdf k|o]fu ePsf] kfOG5
.
k|l;4 syfsf/ tyf pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfn] cfˆgf]
/fhgLlts / ;flxlTos ofqfnfO{ ;Fu;Fu} cufl8 xfFSg] qmddf
;j{k|yd !% jif{s} slnnf] pd]/df lxGbLdf n]lvPsf] …jxfFÚ -
!(*&,x+;_ gfds syfaf6 ;'?jft u/]s]f kfOG5 . To;kl5
!((@ df g]kfnLdf …rGb|jbgÚ-o'ujf0fL_ gfdsf] syf n]v]/
;flxTo n]vgnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] sfd u/]s]f kfOG5 . pgsf
k|d'v ;flxlTos s[ltx¿sf] rrf{ tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 ;
!= syfsf/ JolQmŒj_
-s_ rGb|jbg -!((@_ M
sf]O/fnfsf] of] klxnf] syf s[lt xf] . pgsf] of] g]kfnL
efiffdf n]lvPs]f klxnf] k|mfo8jfbL syf xf] . kfZrfTo
;flxTosf] k|efjnfO{ u|x0f u/]/ g]kfnL syfsf] cfw'lgs
k|j[lQnfO{ lj:tf/ ug'{ / ;fdflhs ;+:sf/ tyf dfgjLo
k|j[lQsf aLrsf] åGånfO{ b]vfpg' g} o;sf] k|d'v ljz]iftf /
dxŒj ePsf] kfOG5 .
-v_ bf]ifL rZdf -@))^, syf ;+u|x_ M
bf]ifL rZdf syf ;+u|xsf] k|sfzgn] g]kfnL syf If]qdf
gofF dgf]j}1flgs cfofd yk]s]f kfOG5 . o; syf ;+u|xdf
sf]O/fnfsf ;f]x«j6f syfx¿ ;+u|lxt ePsf kfOG5g\ . pQm
syf ;+u|xdf ;+u|lxt ;Dk"0f{ syfx¿sf] cyjf Pp6f l;ª\uf]
bf]ifL rZdf syf ;+u|xsf] cWoog u/]/ x]bf{ ;dfhsf ljleGg
lj;+ultx¿nfO{ phfu/ u/L b;f{pg] sfd ePsf] kfOG5 .
afnljjfxaf6 ljleGg 36gf 36]sf] b]vfpg', cr]tgsf] vf]h
u/L dfgl;s sdhf]/Lx¿sf] ;zQm ¿kdf /x:of]b\3f6g ug'{,
rfs/Ljfhsf] bogLo cj:yfnfO{ b]vfpg', afFRgsf nflu
of}gs'07f geO{ of}gt[lKtsf] ckl/xfo{tf b]vfpg', cfly{s

21
 ljkGgtfn] dfgj hLjg cl:tTjljxLg aGg k'u]sf s'/fnfO{
k:6\ofpg', dfgl;s tGt'x¿nfO{ ;"Idflt;"Id t/Lsfn] s]nfOg',
dgf]ljZn]if0faf6} ;fdflhs kl/j]znfO{ b]vfpg' g} o; syf
;+u|xsf] cyjf o; syf ;+u|xdf ;+u|lxt syfx¿sf ljz]iftf
kfOG5g\ .
-u_ Zj]te}/jL -@)#(, syf ;+u|x_ M
syfsf/ sf]O/fnfsf syfx¿ ;+u|lxt /x]s]f of] bf];|f] /
pTs[i6 syf ;+u|x xf] . o;df sf]O/fnfsf Zj]te}/jL, ;fGgfgL,
/fO6/afh] / Ps/ft u/L rf/j6f syfx¿ ;+u|lxt ePsf
kfOG5g\ . sf]O/fnfsf] pQm syf ;+u|x cyjf dfly k|:t't
rf/j6} syfx¿df ufpF / ;x/sf] lje]b b]vfpg', afn;'ne
lh1f;f / pT;'stfleq of}gefjgfn] ul//x]s]f s'/fnfO{ b]vfOg',
gf/Lsf] hLjgleq bldt cGtd{gsf s'i7fx¿nfO{ dgf]j}1flgs
oyfy{tf k|:t't ug'{, gf/Lx¿sf] cGt/ dgnfO{ s]nfpg ;Sg',
lxGb" wd{ / g]kfnL ;+:s[ltsf] ;kmn lrq0f ug'{ h:tf k|d'v
ljz]iftf /x]s]f kfOG5g\.
@= pkGof;sf/ JolQmŒj M
-c_ tLg 3'DtL -@)@%_ M
k|:t't pkGof; sf]O/fnf /fhgLlts sf/0faf6 aGbLu[xdf
/xFbfsf] ;dodf n]lvPsf] gf/L ;d:ofdf cfwfl/t / klxnf]
pkGof; xf] . o; pkGof;df hLjgnfO{ ofqfsf] ¿k lbP/ gf/L
hLjgnfO{ ulx/f] cGtå{Gåo'Qm ;fu/;Fu t'ngf ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
dft[Œjsf] k"0f{tf ljgf gf/L hLjg cw'/} /xG5 eGg] b;f{pFb} gf/L
dgsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{ / cl:tŒjjfbnfO{ cFufNg' o;sf ljz]iftf
kfOG5g\ . ;/n efiffz}nLdf pkGof; n]lvPsf] x'g', k|d'vkfq
OGb|dfofsf] rl/qsf] ;fdfGo lsl;dn] lrlqt ul/g' klg o;
pkGof;sf] cf}kGofl;s ljz]iftf /x]s]f kfOG5 .

22
-cf_ g/]Gb|bfO -@)@^_ M
of] pkGof; gf/Ld"ns pkGof; dflgG5 . zf/Ll/s /
cflTdsk|]dsf k|tLs g/]Gb|, d'g/Lof / uf}/Lsf dfWodaf6
lqsf]0ffTds k|]dsf] cleJoQm ug]{ qmddf lgolt / kl/l:yltsf]
rqmdf lkl;Psf kfqx¿ k|:t't ub}{ cl:tŒjfbL ljrf/ /
lgoltjfbL ljrf/sf] cfˆg} df}lns efj e"lddf k|of]u ul/g' o;
pkGof;sf] ljz]iftf b]lvG5 . To;}u/L dfgj hLjg eg]sf]
c;+ut, lg/y{s, lg?kfo -pkfoxLg_, lj;+ut} lj;+ult;lxtsf]
lgoltsf] b'irqmdf RoflkPsf] 5 eGg] j:t'tYonfO{ snfTds
z}nLdf k|:t't ug'{ o; pkGof;sf] bf];|f] k|d'v ljz]iftf ePsf]
kfOG5 .
-O_ ;'lDgdf-@)@&_ M
;'lDgdf pkGof; ;+:s[ltd"ns pkGof; dflgG5 . of]
cWofTdjfb / ef}ltsjfbsf] uxg bfz{lgs kIfdf cfwfl/t
ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnL–g]kfnLaLr ;f+:s[lts ;xefj hufpFb}
oyfy{af]w u/fpg'sf ;fy} cWofTdjfb / ef}ltsjfbsf] ;d'lrt
;dGjodf ;d:t dfgjhfltsf] pGglt tyf k|ult x'g;Sg]
tYonfO{ b]vfpg' o; pkGof;sf] p2]Zo b]lvG5 . g]kfnL
hghLjg tyf g]kfnL ;+:s[lt,cfo{ / ls/fFtLx¿sf] cfk;L
;b\efjk"0f{ ;+ld>0faf6 hlGdPsf] xf] eGg] b]vfpg' g}
pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnf / pgs]f pQm pkGof;sf] ljz]iftf ePsf]
kfOG5 .
-O{_ df]lbcfOg-@)#^_ M
of] pkGof; sf]O/fnfsf] h]nhLjgdf n]lvPsf] rf}yf] /
uLtfbz{gdf cfwfl/t dfgjd"ns pkGof; dflgG5 . k|:t't
pkGof; kmfO8jfbsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t e'O /rgf ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . pkGof;df ;a} gf/Lsf] dgf]bzfnfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf /fv]/
x]/fpg', dfgjLo d"No, cfbz{ / cl:tŒjsf] :yfkgf ug]{ ;Gb]z
lbg', gf/Lg} ;[li6rqmsL ;~rflnsf / ;+/lIfsf x'g\ eGg] b]vfpg'
o;sf ljz]iftf kfOG5g\ . To;}u/L dfflg;n] cfˆgf] x}l;ot

23
 lal;{lbFbf dfgj cl:tŒjg} vt/fdf kg{;Sg] ePsfn] cfk"mnfO{
dflg;s} x}l;otdf /fVb} csf{sf] cl:tŒjsf] ;d]t Vofn
/fVg'kg]{ h:tf ljz]iftf klg o; pkGof;df kfOG5g\ .
-p_ lx6n/ / ox"bL -@)$)_ M
dgf]ljZn]if0ffTds t/Lsfn] dfgjtfsf kIfdf jsfnt
ul/Psf] pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfsf] k|:t't lx6n/ / ox"bL
pkGof; dfgjd"ns pkGof; dflgG5 . pQm pkGof; pgL
/fhgLlts sf/0faf6 aGbL x'g'eGbf klxnfg} n]lvPsf] pNn]v
kfOG5 . -9sfnM@)%*_
o; o;Gof;df ljleGg bz{gx¿sf] k|:t'lt, :jR5Gb
of}gfrf/sf s'/fx¿sf ;fy} låtLo ljZjo'4åf/f ;+q:t
dfgjhLjgsf] oyfy{tf k|:t't ub}{ dfgjtfjfbL ljrf/ k|:t't
ug'{ pQm pkGof;sf] ljz]iftf /x]s]f kfOG5 . To;}u/L
pkGof;df k"jL{o / kfZrfTo lrGtgsf] ;+ud u/fO dfS;{jfbL,
cl:tŒjjfbL, cWofTdjfbL, ef]ujfbL cflb bfz{lgs ljifox¿nfO{
b]vfpFb} wfld{s–;f+:s[lts åGåsf] cGTo ug{ / dfgjlgoltsf]
;]/f]km]/f]df dfgjLo ;xfg'e"lt k|s6 ub}{ lx6n/ / ox"bLsf]
k|;ª\u b]vfO dflg;nfO{ ljWj+;s geO c;n aGg] k|]/0ff k|bfg
ug'{ pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnf k|:t't pkGof;sf] bf];|f] k|d'v
ljz]iftf ePsf] kfOG5 .
-pm_ afa''–cfdf / 5f]/f -@)$%_ M
pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfsf] k|:t't pkGof; tLg3'DtL /
g/]Gb|bfO h:t} gf/Ld"ns pkGof; ePsf] kfOG5 . o;df
dfgjhLjg cy{ljxLg, c;+ut / lj>[ª\vlnt 5 eGg] b]vfpg'sf
;fy} h;/L klg lhpg' g} kg]{ gf/L hfltsf] afWofTds
kl/l:yltsf] oyfy{tfnfO{ b;f{Psf] kfOG5 . gf/L–;d:ofnfO{
b]vfO gf/LhLjgsf sxfnL nfUbf psfnL–cf]/fnLnfO{ sf6]/
cGTodf k|]dnfO{ g} clGtd ;xf/f dfGb} s'g} Ps k'?ifsf]
;xf/fdf ;kmn u[lx0fL aGg'kg]{ oyfy{tfnfO{ o;df b]vfOPsf]
kfOG5 . gf/L dgsf u|lGyx¿nfO{ Ps–Ps u/L km'sfP/ cGTodf

24
Pp6f ;dembf/Ldf 6'ª\ofOg' / gf/LŒjsf] ;fy{stf dft[Œjdf
k'u]/ k"/f x'G5 eGg] b]vfpg' g} k|:t't pkGof;sf] ljz]iftf
kfOG5 .
@=$ lgisif{ M
g]kfnL /fhgLlts tyf ;flxTo If]qsf Ps ;ZfQm
JolQmŒjsf] ¿kdf k|l;4 dxfdfgj ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfn]
o; wtL{df clt g} dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbP/ uPsf] s'/fdf
Oltxf;x¿ ;fIfL 5g\ . sf]O/fnfn] /fhgLltsf] If]qdf hlt
k|l;l4 k|fKt u/]sf 5g\, ;flxTosf] If]qdf klg Tolts} k|fKt
u/]sf] kfOG5 . /fhgLlt / ;flxTosf] ;+udsf] ¿kdf :yflkt
sf]O/fnfsf] /fhgLlteGbf klxnf ;flxlTos aLhsf] cª\s'/0f
ePsf] kfOG5 . ;flxToeGbf /fhgLlt kl5 cª\s'l/t ePsf]
ePtf klg ;flxTosf] If]qdf eGbf /fhgLlts If]qdf g} pgn]
a9L k|l;l4 k|fKt u/]sf s'/f Oltxf;x¿n] atfpF5g\ .
dgf]j}1flgs syf;|i6fsf] ¿kdf :yflkt sf]O/fnfn]
afNosfnb]lv g} syf ;[hgfnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] sfd u/]s]f
b]lvG5 . pgs]f klxnf] g]kfnL syf rGb|jbg -!((@_ n] g]kfnL
syf ;flxTos]f If]qdf gjLgtf leœofO 7"n]f xnrn dRrfPsf]
kfOG5 . To;kl5sf lbgdf pgsf] bf]ifLrZdf -@))^,s=;+u|x_,
Zj]te}/jL -@)#(,s=;+u|x_ h:tf pTs[i6 syf ;+u|x / To;leq
;+u|lxt syfx¿n] g]kfnL syf ;flxTos]f If]qdf c¿ gf}nf]
cfofd ylkPsf] kfOG5 .
syfsf] If]qdf h:t} u/L pkGof;sf] If]qdf klg
dgf]j}1flgstfnfO{ cfTd;fy ub}{ tyf o; k|j[lQnfO{ cem a9L
kl/is[t / ;zQm agfpFb} cufl8 a9fPsf] kfOG5 . pgn]
tLg3'DtL, g/]Gb|bfO, ;'lDgdf , df]lbcfOg, lx6n/ / ox"bL, afa'–
cfdf / 5f]/fh:tf pTs[i6 pkGof; n]v]/ g]kfnL pkGof;
;flxTosf] If]qdf dfq} geP/ k"/} g]kfnL ;flxTosf] If]qnfO{
;d[4zfnL agfPsf] kfOG5 .

25
 o;/L /fhgLlt / ;flxTosf] If]qdf ;Fu;Fu} b]z tyf
ljb]zdf rlr{t aGg ;kmn ePsf sf]O/fnf cfhLjg g]kfn /
g]kfnLx¿sf nflu ;dlk{t eO ;flxTosf] dfWodaf6 ;dfhsf
s'/Llt, s's[lt / lj;+ult cflb h:tf s'/fx¿ zAb lrqdf
ptfg{ ;kmn ePsf] kfOG5 .

26
 t]];|f] kl/R5]b
pkGof;sf] ;}4flGts :j¿k
#=! pkGof;sf] kl/ro M
;+:s[t Pjd\ c+u|]hL ;flxTodf pkGof;sf] cjwf/0ff
klxn]b]lv /x]s]f kfOG5 . ;flxTo bk{0fdf æpkGof;Mk|;fbgd\Æ -
ljZjgfy, ;flxTo bk{0f, ;+:s/0f !((* O{=;+=_ eg]/ ;+:s[t
;flxTodf pkGof;nfO{ p;sf] ljwfut l;4fGt hlGdg'eGbf
klxn] g} pkGof; zAbsf] k|of]u ePs]f kfOG5 . cd/sf]zdf
æpkGof;:t' jfª\d'vd\Æ -jf0ff, cd/sf]zM k]h ^^, ;g\ @))#,
;+:s/0f klxnf]_ elgPsf] 5 eg] ;+:s[tsf dxfslj sflnbf;n]
…cfTdg pkGof; k"j{d\Ú -sflnbf;, clegj zfs'Gtnd\, ;+:s/0f
;g\ !(*%_ eg]/ pkGof; zAbsf ljleGg tfTko{d"ns cy{ ub{f
o; zAbsf] k|of]u u/]]sf] kfOG5 . pkGof;sf] ;}4flGts
cjwf/0ffsf b[li6n] x]bf{ kfZrfTo ;flxTodf g} o;sf]
cWoogsf] / k|of]usf] yfngL ePsf] kfOG5 . To;}n] o;sf] ;|f]t
d"ntM kfZrfTo ;flxTod} vf]lhg'kb{5 .
pkGof; cfVofg ;flxTo xf] . kfZrfTo ;flxTodf
…pkGof;Ú nfO{ lkmS;g -Fiction_ elgG5 . æg36]sf
s'/fx¿sf] uBfTds n]vfO g} cfVofg xf], t/ lxhf]cfh lkmS;g
-Fiction_ sf] cy{ …lgdf{0f ul/Psf] syfsfÚ ?kdf k|rlnt 5
/ o;n] c;Lldt If]q ;d]6\g ;Sg] ePsf] x'Fbf O{:ffOx?sf]
wfld{s u|Gy …afOanÚ / …ldN6gÚ sf] …Kof/f8fOh n:6Ú nfO{ klg
lkmS;g elgG5 . Jofks cy{df pkGof; zAbn] uB / kB b'j}
k|sf/sf ;flxlTos / j0f{gfTds syfnfO{ a'emfpFYof] eg] xfn
cfP/ uBdf n]lvPsf j0f{gx?nfO{ dfq a'emfpF5 . h; cGtu{t

27
 syf / pkGof;dfq pkGof;leq /fv]sf] kfOG5 . c? kBfTds
;flxTo cfVofgaf6 cnluPsf] kfOG5 . o;af6 s] k|i6 x'G5
eg] …pkGof;Ú cfVofgs} Ps j[xt ?k xf] / k|aGwfTds snf
ePsf] cfglGbt kfg]{ / lzIff k|bfg ug]{ Ps ljwf ljz]if g}
pkGof; xf] . -k|wfg, @)$@_
;flxTo ;dfhsf] P]gf xf] eGg] sygnfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L
pkGof;n] k|dfl0ft u5{ Tolt c? s'g} ;flxlTos ljwfn] ug{
;Sb}g . lgisif{df eGg'kbf{ 36gf, b[Zo, :yfg, rl/q, p2]Zo,
cflb pkGof;sf dxTjk"0f{ cª\ux?sf] ;+of]hgaf6 kl/k"0f{,
dgf]/~hgfTdstf, Jofks kl/j]z, aGwgxLgtf, hLjg /
hut\sf] lgs6td, a9L oyfy{, k|ultwdL{ ;Defjgfn] ubf{ ;w}F
gjLg, cltuxg / ;"Id, lrGtgo'Qm ;flxlTos ljwf g}
pkGof;xf] . -j8{ OG;fOnf]lkl8of, ef]n'd !#_
#=!=!=pkGof;sf] Jo'TklQut cy{ M
;+:s[t efiffsf] tT;d zAb …pkGof;Ú xf] . pkGof; cfh
c+u|]hL efiffsf] gf]e]n -Novel_ zAbsf] kof{ojfrL ag]sf] 5 .
t;y{, …pkGof;Ú zAbsf] Jo'Tkltut cy{ :ki6 ug{ ;+:s[t /
c+u|]hL efiff ;flxTodf o;sf] s] s:tf] k|o]fu kfOG5 To;nfO{
x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . pkGof;sf] Jo'Tkltut cy{ a'em\g k"jL{o /
kfZrfTo ;flxTodf k|o'Qm wf/0ffx?nfO{ 5'§f5'§} /fvL cWoog
ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
#=!=!=! k"jL{o dfGotf cg';f/ pkGof;sf] Jo'Tkltut cy{ M
…pkGof;Ú zAb tT;d zAb xf] -pk+lg+c;\+3`\_
cyf{t\ …c;\Ú wft'df pk, lg, pk;u{ / 3`\ k|Too hf]l8P/
…pkGof;Ú zAbsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] kfOG5 . o0f\ ;lGw eO
pk+Gof;sf] of]uaf6 ag]sf] of] zAbdf …pkÚ sf] cy{ glhs /
…Gof;Ú sf] cy{ /fVg' eGg] x'gcfpF5 . -k|wfg, k"j{jt\ k[=@_
glhs /fVg eGg] zflAbs cy{sf ;fy} ÏoF“Sg, bf];|f] gf;f] h:tf
cy{ klg ul/Psf] kfOG5 . of] pkGof;sf] ;+/rgf / Jo'Tkfbgsf]
;fdfGo cy{ xf] . dflys} Jo'Tkltut cy{n] dfq pkGof;sf] cy{

28
 :ki6 x'Fb}g . pkGof;sf] Jo'Tklt ;DaGwdf ljleGg ljåfgx?n]
k|s6 u/]sf wf/0ffx?nfO{ oxfF ;d]l6Ps]f 5 . -ltjf/L, j[xt
kof{ojfrLsf]z _ .
k"jL{o ;flxTodf pkGof;sf] cy{ k|;Gg u/fpg' xf] . pk-
c;Ld_ Gof; -/fVg'_ cyf{t o'lQmo'Qm snfTds 9ª\un] s'g}
j:t'nfO{ uBdf ;/; agfP/ /fVg' pkGof;sf] k|fof]lus :j?k
xf] .
;+:s[t ;flxTodf …pkGof;Ú nfO{ ljleGg cy{df k|of]u
ul/Psf] 5 . e/td'lgn] s'g} cy{nfO{ o'lQmo'Qm ?kdf k|:t't
ul/g] gf6ssf] k|ltd'v ;lGwsf] Pp6f pke]bsf ?kdf lnPsf
5g\ . -k|wfg _ . …cd/sf]zÚ df pkGof;nfO{ jfª\dosf] ?kdf
k|of]u ul/Psf] kfOG5 . sfJonª\sf/df ljGof; tyf :yfkgf,
sfJo bk{0fdf :yfkgf jf 1fkg, dxfefiodf syg,
ls/ftfh'{gLodf pbfx/0f / cle1fg zs'Gtnd\df slNkt
sygsf] cy{df k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . cf}kGofl;s k|of]usf b[li6n]
cfw'lgs pkGof;sf] zf:qLo¿kdf k|lti7fkg geO~h]n;Dd
k"jL{o ;flxTodf pkGof; Ps k|sf/sf] 36gf / ljifoj:t'sf]
lgof]hg ePsf] cg'ej x'G5 .
o;/L k"jL{o ;flxTodf …pkGof;Ú zAbsf] h] h:tf] cy{ /
k|of]u kfOG5 To;af6 zflAbs / cfly{s Ps ?ktf gePsf]
:ki6 x'G5 . ;flxTosf] ljwf ljz]ifsf] ¿kdf k"jL{o ;flxTodf
cy{ u/]sf] kfOFb}g . o;af6 s] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 eg] cfhsf]
pkGof;sf] cy{nfO{ lxhf]sf kl/efiffn] ;Dj/0f ug{ ;s]sf]
kfOFb}g . -a/fn / P6d @)%! k|sflzt_ . pkGof;n] cfh
uB;flxTosf] Pp6f 5'§} ljwfnfO{ a'emfPsf] kfOG5 . -a/fn /
P6d, @)%!_
#=!=!=@ kfZrfTo dfGotfdf pkGof;sf] Jo'Tkltut cy{ M
g]kfnLdf k|rlnt ;+:s[t efiffsf] …pkGof;Ú zAbnfO{
lrgfpg c+u|]hLdf -Novel_ gf]j]n zAb k|rlnt 5 . c+u|]hLdf
k|of]u x'g] -Novel_ gf]j]n zAb u|L;]nL efiffdf -Noves_

29
gf]e];, O6fnLdf -Novella_ gf]j]nf pRrf/0f ul/GYof] .
O6fnLsf] gf]j]nf zAbsf] cy{ sflNkgs n3'syf eg]sf] kfOG5 .
ToxL gf]j]nf zAb k|mfG;df cfOk'u]kl5 -Novelle_ gf]e]n] eof]
/ o;sf] cy{ syf x'g cfof] . h;cg';f/ cr]n b]lvg]
pkGof;cg';f/ hLjg / hut\sf 36gfx¿ a6'n]/ k|rlnt
efiffdf n]lvPsf] rl/q / 36gfx?sf] ;ªsng eGg] efj JoQm
x'gcfpF5 .
…pkGof;Ú nfO{ c+u|]hL zAb gf]j]n-Novel_ sf]
kof{ojfrL cy{df lnOG5 . c+u|]hLsf] gf]j]n -Novel_ sf] cy{
vf]Hg' cfjZos x'G5 . O6fnLsf] gf]j]nf -Novella_ af6 ag]sf]
gf]jn
] -Novel_ sf] cy{ clnslt gofF j:t' eGg] x'G5 . o:t}
s]xL dfqfdf oyfy{sf] k|of]u ul/Psf /dfOnf 5f]6f uB
/rgfnfO{ O6fnLdf gf]j]nf -Novella_ elgGYof] eg] k|mfG;df
klg ;f]xL k|sf/sf /rgfnfO{ gf]j]n -Novelle_ elgGYof] .
O6fn]nL gf]j]nf -Novella_ x? uBfVofgsf s]xL ?k;lxt
cfPsf /rgfx? lyP h;nfO{ /f]dfG; -Romance_ :jR5Gb
sNkgf k|of]u ePsf cfVofg /rgfsf] ?kdf lnOGYof] . -
ljlnod Pr x\ofl/; P08, h'l8y Pr=dLn] b Go" sf]nlDaof
OgLOSnf]lkl8of -kmf]y{ Pl8;g_ .
;flxlTos k'ghf{u/0fsfnLg s]xL O6fn]nL, s]xL oyfy{ /
s]xL 76\of}nLkgf ePsf gofF lsl;dsf 5f]6f kB /rgfx?nfO{
klg g]j]n elgPsf] kfOG5 .
cfVofgsf cflb k'vf{sf ?kdf hfkfgL n]vs d'/f;fsL
l;lsa'sf] …u]GhLsf] syfÚ bzf}F ztflAbsf] cGTolt/sf] /rgfnfO{
klg gf]j]n gfd lbOPsf] 5 .
luof]jfgL af]sfl;of]sf] …8]sfdf]/fFÚ -Decameron_ sf
;+slnt syfx?nfO{ klg gf]j]nL jf gf]j]n -Novel_ elgPsf]
5.

30
 ;g\ !&!( df …8oflgon l8kmf]n] …/ljG;g qm"zf]Ú / ;g\
!(@@ df df]n kmNofG8;{ gfds b'O{ cf}kGofl;s s[ltx?
n]v]kl5 g} kfZrfTo ;flxTodf pkGof;sf] hu a;]sf] kfOG5 .
-a/fn / P6d,k"j{jt\_ . logsf pkGof;df oyfy{k/s sNkgf
;Dk"0f{ j0f{g zlQm / ;dsfnLg hLjgsf] ?lr ePsfn] logsf
s[ltnfO{ pkGof;sf] husf] ?kdf lnOPsf] xf] .
o;/L kfZrfTo ;flxTodf gf]j]n -Novel_ zAbn]
lxhf]cfh k|l;l4 kfPklg c+u|]hLdf o;nfO{ …lkmS;gÚ -Fiction_
sf] k|of]u pkGof;s} nflu cToflws ?kdf k|of]u ul/Psf]
kfOG5 .
#=!=@ pkGof;sf kl/efiffx? M c?sf]
k"jL{o ;flxTodf pkGof;sf] Jo'Tkltut cy{ s'g} j:t'nfO{
glhs /fVg' …1fkgÚ, …pbfx/0fÚ, …c¿sf] gf;f]Ú cflb ul/of] eg]
kfZrfTo ;flxTodf To;sf] …gofF ;dfrf/Ú …clnslt gofF j:t'Ú
cflb h:tf cy{ ul/of] . g]kfnL ;flxTodf k"jL{o zAbn] hgfpg]
/ kfZrfTo ;flxTosf] Ps nf]slk|o ljwfnfO{ a'emfpg]
pkGof;sf af/]df k"jL{o / kfZrfTo b'j} ;flxTodf cg';Gwfg
w]/} klxn]b]lv g} ;'? ePsf] xf] . o; qmddf b'j}lt/sf
;flxTosf/ Pj+ ;dfnf]rsx?n] pkGof;sf af/]df cf–cfkm\gf
ljrf/x?sf dfWodaf6 kl/eflift ug]{ sfo{ yfn]sf] kfOG5 .
pkGof; af/] ljåfgx?sf leGgf leGg} kl/efiffx? kfOG5g\ .
Pd=kmf]:6/n] ljljw ;+:sf/åf/f kLl8t dfgj hfltsf]
k|ltlglwd"ns cleJolQm g} pkGof; xf] eGb} o:tf] kl/efiff
u/]sf 5g\M …xfnsf] hl6n Pj+ ;+s6u|:t ;fdflhs, wfld{s,
/fhgLlts, cfly{s cflb ;+:sf/åf/f kLl8t dfgj hfltsf]
Pp6f k|ltlglwd"ns cleJolQm g} pkGof; xf] . o; kl/efiffdf
ljleGg ;+:sf/df x's]{ a9]sf JolQmx?sf] k|ltlglwd"ns
cg'ejnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] s[ltnfO{ pkGof; elgPsf] 5 . -b
cd]l/sg x]l/6]h l8S;g/L, ;]s]08 sn]h Pl8;g, -xo'6/
ldkmlnh sDkgL af]:6g, !(&^, k[=*%) _ .

31
 æcfjZos nDafOdf km}lnPsf] / ;n{Ss k/]sf], pko'Qm
syf ePsf], kfqx?sf] sfo{, syg / ljrf/x?åf/f ;hfOPsf]
uB cfVofgdf j0f{g ul/Psf] s[lt ljz]ifnfO{ pkGof; elgG5
.ÚÚ
æpkGof;sf] ?lr / cl:tTj hxfF klg gf/L / k'?ifsf
hLjgsf ;fy} dfgjLo sfo{ / efjgfsf] eJolrq0f ug{df /x]sf]
x'G5 .Æ x8\;gsf] pko'{Qm kl/efiffn] pkGof;sf] :j¿k /
;+/rgfaf/] :ki6 gu/] klg hLjgsf] sfo{ / efjgfsf] lrq0f
x'g] s'/fnfO{ eg] ;+s]t u/]s]f 5 .
æk|foM n3'–syfeGbf nfdf sfNklgs rl/q Pj+
cleJolQmsf] lrq0f ug]{ j0f{gfTds uBdf j0f{g ul/Psf]
ljwfnfO{ pkGof; elgG5 .Æ o; kl/efiffn] pkGof;sf] cfsf/
/ sygnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . -8L=Pr=n/]G;, jfO b gf]j]n
d]6;{,@)%*_ .
æpkGof;n] dfgj hLjgsf] ;Dk"0f{tfsf] cWoog ug]{
ePsfn] p;sf] dxQf cGo snf / ;flxToeGbf :jefljs ?kn]
a9L 5 .Æ n/]G;sf] of] kl/efiffn] pkGof;nfO{ ;flxTosf cGo
ljwfx¿eGbf leGg hLjgsf] k"0f{ cWoogsf] ;flxlTos ljifo
dfg]sf] b]lvG5 .ÚÚ
æn]vsåf/f 36fOPsf / kfq tyf 36gfx¿sf af/]df
n]lvPsf nfdf syfnfO{ pkGof; elgG5 .ÚÚ eGg] kl/efiffn]
pkGof;sf] ljifoj:t' sfNklgs x'g] / kfq tyf 36gfsf]
tf/tDo /xg] s'/fsf] ;+s]t u/]sf] kfOG5 . -;'j]bL, @)%&_ .
o:t} ljleGg OG;fOSnf]k]l8ofx?df pkGof;af/] kl/efiff
ul/Psf] 5 – æuBdf n]lvPsf] cfVofgfTds nfdf] syfnfO{
pkGof; elgG5 / of] ;flxTosf cGo ljwfx¿eGbf w]/} nf]slk|o
ag]s]f 5 . Æ o; kl/efiffdf uBdf n]lvPsf] cfVofTds nfdf
syfnfO{ pkGof; elgPsf] 5 .
jN8{ a's OG;fOSnf]k]l8ofsf cg';f/– æsfNklgs
dfG5]sf jf:tljs hLjgsf 36gfx¿sf af/]df atfpg]

32
cfVofgsf] nfdf] sfo{nfO{ pkGof; elgG5 .Æ eg]/ pkGof;
jf:tljs jf sfNklgs hLjgsf] nfdf] syf elgPsf] 5 .
æd pkGof;nfO{ dfgj hLjgsf] lrq dfGb5' . dfgj
rl/qdfly k|sfz kfg'{ / hLjgsf /x:onfO{ pb\3f6g ul/lbg'
pkGof;sf] d"n sfd xf] .Æ o; kl/efiffn] pkGof;nfO{ dfgj
hLjgsf] /x:osf] pb\3f6g ug]{ ;flxlTos ljwf dfg]sf] b]lvG5 .
-;'j]bL, @)%&_ .
æpkGof;n] sNkgfsf cfwf/df Pp6f ;+;f/ v8f
ul/lbG5 . slxn]sfxLF t pkGof;df olt ;an e|d k|fKt x'G5,
xfdL To;leq} x/fP/ ;Gtf]if k|fKt ug{ k'Ub5f}F .Æ
g]kfnL ;flxTosf ljleGg ljåfgx?n] klg pkGof;
;DaGwL ljleGg kl/efiffx? lbPsf 5g\– æpkGof; :jod\
dg'iosf] Ps hLljt laDj xf] .Æ of] 5f]6f] kl/efiffn]
pkGof;nfO{ dfgjhLjgs} lrq ePsf] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . -k|wfg,
@)%#_ .
æpkGof; uBdf n]lvPsf] Tof] ljBf xf] h;df dfgj
hLjgs]f lj:t[t kIf / ;Da4 kl/j]zsf] k|:t'lt /x]s]f x'G5 .Æ
o; kl/efiffn] uBdf dfgjhLjgsf] ljleGgtfdf k|sfz
kfl/Psf] /rgf eGg] cy{ u/]sf] 5 .
;dfnf]rs …OGb|axfb'/ /fO{Ún] …oyfy{;Fu kl/rog ;Tosf]
;Gwfg, d"Nosf] ;+/If0f hLjg j}ljWodfly Ps?ktf k|bfg,
hLjg lzIf0f, JolQmTjsf] k'g/Gj]if0f, dfgjtfsf] k|flKt
pkGof;sf k|d'v pQ/bfloTjsf ?kdf kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\ .Ú
;dfnf]rs jf;'b]j lqkf7Ln] pkGof;sf] kl/efiff ub}{
eg]sf 5g\M ……s'g} ;fZjt dfgjLosd{sf] clj:d/0fLo
snfTdstfn] g} pkGof;nfO{ dxfg\ agfpF5 . ÚÚ -yfkf, @)%!_
. o:t} afnrGb| zdf{sf cg';f/– æpkGof; eg]sf] w]/} cWofo
jf d"n v08x?df n]lvPsf] nfdf] ;flxTo syf xf] .Æ o;/L
pkGof;sf] cfofd / ;+/rgfaf/] klg s'/f u/]sf 5g\ . bof/fd
>]i7sf cg';f/– æax'ljw ;+/rgfTds PsfOåf/f x/]s cª\u

33
 k/Dk/fdf >[+vnfa4 eO{ lglZrt d"No k|fKt u/]sf tyf Jofks
kl/lwleqsf] ;do / :yfgleq lj:tfl/t ePsf] snf ;f}Gbo{o'Qm
syfTds uBnfO{ pkGof; elgG5 . -/fO{, @)%&_ .
;dfnf]rs ;'j]bLn] – æk"jf{k/ tf/tDodf ;';Da4 u/]/
n]lvPsf cfVofgfTds /rgfnfO{ pkGof; elgG5 . -a/fn,
@)##,bf];|f] ;+:s/0f _Æ . a/fnn] pkGof;nfO{ k|f/lDes
cEof;kl5 n]lvPsf] ;';Da4 cfVofg /rgf dfg]sf 5g\ .
#=@= pkGof;sf tTjx? M
pkGof;sf] lgdf{0fdf cfjZos kg]{ cfwf/e"t kIfnfO{
tŒj elgG5 . logsf] ;d'lrt k|of]un] g} pkGof;n] :ki6 ¿k
lngk'U5 . pkGof;sf tŒjnfO{ lxhf]cfh pks/0fsf] ¿kdf
JofVof ul/Ps]f kfOG5 . tŒj jf pks/0f h] elgP klg s]xL
cfwf/e"t kIfx¿nfO{ pkGof;sf] lglDt cfjZos cª\u elgG5
. ltgLx¿sf] ;+Vof / gfdfs/0faf/] klg dgfGt/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
cfw'lgs dfGotf cg';f/sf lgDglnlvt tŒjx¿sf] j0f{g
o;k|sf/ /x]s]f 5M–
#=@=!=ljifoj:t' M
ljifoj:t' eg]s]f pkGof;df 36\g] 36gfx¿sf] qmda4
9fFrf xf] . pkGof;df cfpg] 36gfx? sfo{sf/0fdf cfj4 /x]sf
x'G5g\ . syfgsn] g} pkGof;sf] d"n 9fFrf lgdf{0f ug]{ k|fylds
tŒjsf] sfd ub{5 . 36gfx¿nfO{ Ps csf]{l;t pg]/ ;DaGw
hf]8\g] / ;';+ul7ttf k|bfg ug]{ sfd syfgsn] ug]{ ub{5 . -
a/fn / P6d,k"j{jt k[= @@_ .
ljifoj:t'df rl/q, ljrf/, j'l4, sNkgfh:tf ljz]iftf
/x]sf x'G5g\ . ljifoj:t' a'¿g syf / syfgssf] leGgtf a'¿g
cfjZos x'G5 . Pd= kmf]:6/n] syf / syfsygdf leGgtf
b]vfpFb} pkGof; ug{ cfjZos kg]{ cfwf/nfO{ syf /
sf/0f;d]t ePsf] 36gfqmdsf] j0f{gnfO{ ljifoj:t' eg]sf 5g\ .
-k|wfg k"j{jt\=,k[=*_ .

34
 ljifoj:t' lgdf{0fsf Oltxf;, oyfy{, cg'ej, lzIfs,
/fudfg, :j}/sNkgf cflb ;|f]tx¿ x'g;S5g\ . ljifoj:t'df
leGg cª\u pkf+usf] ;dfof]hg x'g cfjZos dflgG5 . cflb,
dWo / cGTo cj:yfdf /xg] ljifoj:t'df cf/De, ;ª\3if{ljsf;,
pTsif{, pTsif{x|f; / pk;+xf/ u/L kfFr r/0f x'g ;S5g\ . -
;'j]bL,k"j{jt,k[=!&_. To;}u/L ljifoj:t'nfO{ cflb, dWo /
cGTonfO{ hf]8\g ;/n /]vfsf] 9fFrf cFuflnPsf] 5 eg] To;nfO{
/}lvs 9fFrf elgG5 eg] ljifoj:t'nfO{ k"j{bLlKt z}nLdf 3'dfP/
qmda4tfdf ljrng NofOG5 eg] To;nfO{ j[Qfsf/Lo 9fFrf
elgG5 . ljifoj:t'nfO{ d'Vo / ;xfos, ;';+ul7t / ;'Jojl:yt,
;/n / ;+o'Qm ;'vfGt, b'MvfGt, Joª\UofTds / /fufTds u/L
w]/} k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . o;}nfO{ :yfgdf /fvL pkGof;n]
kfqx¿nfO{ :jtGq jftfj/0fdf x'ls{g] / a9\g] cj;/ k|bfg
ug'{k5{ . -a/fn / P6d, k"j{jt\ k[= #@_ .
#=@=@ rl/q jf kfqljwfg M
pkGof;leq s'g} ljz]iftf a'emfpg Jojl:yt ¿kn]
k|of]u ul/g] dfgj jf dfgj]t/ k|f0fLnfO{ rl/q elgG5 .
ljutnfO{ / cfutnfO{ jt{dfg;Dd tfg]/ Nofpg] tŒj rl/q xf]
. To;/L tfg]/ NofOPsf] j:t' kf7s;Dd ;Dk|]if0f ug{ hfFu/
b]vfpg] j:t' klg pkGof;leq rl/q g} k|d'v /x]s]f x'G5 . -
8f=yfkf, k"j{jt,k[=!@*_ . pkGof;df kfq :jtGq, ;lqmo /
;hLjg x'g cfjZos 5 . o;}nfO{ :yfgdf /fvL pkGof;n]
kfqx?nfO{ :jtGq jftfj/0fdf x'ls{g] / a9\g] cj;/ k|bfg
ug'{k5{ .
#=@=# ;+jfb jf syf]ksyg M
kfqx? aLrsf] s'/fsfgL g} ;+jfb jf syf]ksyg xf] .
o;sf] k|d'v sfo{ cf}kGofl;s rl/qsf] lrq0f ug'{ /
36gfx?nfO{ gf6sLs/0f u/]/ cufl8 n}hfg' xf] . pkGof;df
gjLgtf, /f]rstf / sf}t"xnk"0f{ l:ylt / jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf
ug{sf] nflu ;+jfbsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . syf]ksyg

35
 pkGof;sf] Ps gf6sLo tŒj xf] . gf6sdf clegoåf/f atfOg]
s'/f pkGof;df ;+jfbåf/f lrlqt ul/G5 eGg] syg ;j{yf ;To
xf] . ;+jfbsf dfWodaf6 g} kfqx?, cg's"n jf k|lts"n s] x'g\ <
5'6\ofpg ;lsG5 . ljleGg 36gfx?sf] ;Dafxs ag]sf
kfqx?sf aLrsf] syf]ksyg jf ;+jfbn] g} pkGof;df /f]rstf
/ sf}t"xntfsf] l;h{gf ePsf] xG5 . ljleGg k|;ª\u /
;Gbe{x?df ul/g] leGg–leGg} lsl;dsf] ;+jfbn] pkGof;nfO{
k"0f{tftkm{ clek|]l/t ul//x]sf] x'G5 .pkGof;df ;+jfbsf]
dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg /x]sf] 5 . -;'j]bL, k"j{jt=, k[=!*_ .
#=@=$ b[li6laGb' M
æpkGof;df sylotfn] syfgssf nflu pleg jf a:g
/f]h]s]f 7fpF g} b[li6laGb' xf] . Æ pkGof;sf kfqx¿sf] :yfg,
sfo{Jofkf/sf] j0f{g ubf{ cFufNg] k4ltnfO{ b[li6laGb' elgG5 .
b[li6laGb' afx\o jf t[tLo k'?if / cfGtl/s jf k|yd k'?if u/L
b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . afXo b[li6laGb'df sylotf g} ;Dk"0f{
s'/fsf] 1ftf x'G5 eg] cfGtl/s b[li6laGbdf sylotfn] 36gf /
kfqsf] j0f{g ubf{ cfk"mnfO{ klg pkGof;leq ;+nUg u5{ .
pkGof;sf nflu rflxg] cf}kGofl;s tŒjdWo] b[li6laGb' klg
Ps dxŒjk"0f{ tŒj xf] . k|yd jf t[tLo k'?if b[li6laGb'dWo] s'g}
PsnfO{ gcFufnL n]vsn] cfÏgf] s'/f JoQm ug{ g;Sg] ePsfn]
b[li6laGb' geO gx'g] tŒj cGtu{t kb{5 . -a/fn / P6d,
@)%^_ .
#=@=% ;f/a:t' M
;f/j:t'nfO{ p2]Zo klg elgG5 . p2]Zo eGg' jf ;f/j:t'
eGg' tflŒjs ?kdf Ps} xf] . æpkGof;df ;dflji6 /xg] s]Gb|Lo
jf cfwf/e"t ljrf/nfO{ ;f/j:t' elgG5 .pkGof;sf] pbejsf]
aLr p2]Zo jf kl/0fltklg ;f/j:t' g} xf] . o;n] g} n]vsf]
hLjgsf] bz{gsf] ef/ klg jxg u/]sf] x'G5 .Æ s;}n] o;nfO{
ljrf/kIf klg eg]sf] kfOG5 . ;f/j:t', p2]Zo, ljrf/
cGtj{:t', sYo cflb h] eg] klg pkGof;sf] ;du| cWoogaf6

36
 lg:sg] lgrf]8n] Pj+ n]vsf] ljrf/kIfnfO{ ;d]6\g] cleJolQmnfO{
;f/j:t' elgPsf] xf] . æpkGof;df n]vssf] hLjgk|ltsf] b[li6
k|ToIf / k/f]If u/L b'O{ k|sf/af6 JoQm ePsf] x'G5 . k|ToIf
ljlwdf n]vsn] cf}kGofl;s syf, 36gf, kfq / sYok|lt
ljleGg l6sf–l6Kk0fL / ljZn]if0f u/]s]f x'G5 eg] k/f]Io ljlwdf
k|ToIf pkGof;sf/n] s'g} kfq, 36gf cflbsf af/]df j0f{g
u/]sf] x'Fb}g . Æ
æpkGof;df vf; u/L ;fdflhs ;d:of / j}olQms
hLjgsf ljleGg kIfx?sf] lj:t[t cWoog x'gfn] To;df lrlqt
hLjg / ;d:ofx? oyftYo j0f{gdfq geP/ ltgLx¿n]
hLjgk|lt pkGof;sf/sf] s'g} ljlzi6 b[li6sf]0fnfO{ g} k|s6
ul//x]sf x'G5g\ .Æ cfkm"n] ef]u]sf o'u, hLjg / hut\sf] oyfy{
kl/ro g} pkGof;sf] p2]Zo cyf{t\ ;f/j:t' xf] . To;}n]
pkGof;df ;f/j:t' dxŒjk"0f{ tŒjsf ¿kdf /x]s]f x'G5 . -
a/fn / P6d, @)%^_ .
#=@=^ efiff– z}nL M
æpkGof; efiffåf/f d"t{¿kdf k|s6 x'g] ;flxlTos snf
xf] / of] efiffs} ¿kdf zlQmzfnL aGb5 . oyfy{nfO{ j/0f ug]{
;flxlTos ljwf ePsfn] o;df uB efiffsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
o;df sYo / n]Vo b'j} efiffsf] k|of]u cfjZostf cg'¿k x'g]
ub{5 .-;'j]bL,k"j{jt,k[- @)_ . cGo ;flxlTos ljwf eGbf
hLjgsf] lj:t[t cfofdnfO{ ;d]6\g] x'Fbf o;df efiffsf] ;Dk"0f{
zlQmsf] k|of]u klg ul/G5 . Æ
æpkGof;df k|o]fu ePs]f efiff ljrngo'Qm klg x'G5 .
pkGof;df eflifsfx¿sf] klg k|of]u x'g;S5 . ;dfhsf] :t/
cg';f/ pkGof;dfklg pRr,dWo / lgDg :t/sf] efiff k|of]u
x'g;S5 . Æ efiffsf] dfWodåf/f ljleGg efj jf ljrf/
cleJoQm ug]{ ljleGg 9ª\u / ljlw g} z}nL xf] . pkGof;df
ljleGg cnª\sf/x¿sf] k|of]u klg kfqx¿sf] ;+jfbaf6 ePsf]
x'G5 .pkGof;df efiff–z}nL / ;df; z}nL u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf]

37
 z}nL k|of]u x'G5 .jfSou7gsf b[li6n] z}nL ;/n / u'lDkmt u/L
b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'G5 / oL b'j} z}nLsf] k|of]u pkGof;df ul/Psf]
x'G5 . efiff cleJolQmsf] clgjfo{ tŒj ePsf] / z}nL efiffaf6
g} cleJol~ht x'g] x'Fbf efiff / z}nL pkGof;sf clgjfo{ tŒj
x'g\ . -yfkf, k"j{jt\, k[=!$)–!%)_ .
#=@=& k|tLs / laDa M
s'g} d"t{ j:t'sf] k|of]uåf/f cd"t{ u'0f jf efjsf] pNn]v
ug{ k|of]u ul/g] j:t' jf 36gf h;n] ;fdfGo jf ;f]emf] cy{
ga'emfP/ To;eGbf lgSs} k/sf] cy{ a'emfpF5 eg] To:tf] j:t'
jf 36gfnfO{ k|tLs elgG5 . pkGof; cfkm}Fdf eflifs k|tLs xf]
. sltko pkGof;df 36gf jf j:t' klg k|tLssf ¿kdf JoQm
ePsf x'G5g\ . -k|wfg,k"j{jt\, k[=!!_ .
laDa eg]sf] s'g} j:t'sf] dl:tisdf kg]{ 5fofF xf] .
pkGof;df o:tf] 5fofF a;fpg] dfWod efiff x'G5 . æzAbsf
dfWodaf6 kf7ssf dl:tisdf s'g} l:ylt, :yfg, 36gf /
kfqsf] oyfy{ ;fb[Zo 5fofF kfl/lbg] k4ltnfO{ laDa ljwfg
elgG5 . laDan] efiff / sYonfO{ Psfsf/ kf5{ . ÆpkGof;df
k|o'Qm k|tLs / laDa a9L b[Zo x'G5g\ . pkGof;sf cf}krfl/s
tŒjdWo] k|tLs / laDa klg dxŒjk"0f{ tŒj x'g\ . -a/fn /
P6d,k"j{jt\, k[=$)–$!_ .
#=# g]kfnL pkGof;sf] ljsf;qmd
#=#=!= k[i7e"ld M
g]kfnL efiffdf cfh;Dd ePsf] vf]h / cg';Gwfgn]
ljqmdsf] rf}wf}F ztflAbsf] k|f/Delt/ /fhf …czf]s dNnÚ sf]
/fHosfndf k|zf;lgs clen]vsf ¿kdf k|fKt ePsf] !#!@ sf]
tfd|kqnfO{ ;j{k|frLg g]kfnL clen]v dflgG5 . To:t} u|Gysf
¿kdf k|fKt ePsf] /rgf lj=;+= !^$( df n]lvPsf] a]gfdL d"n
…v08vfBÚ, !^%* sf] …:j:yfgL a|tsyfÚ / !&)) lt/sf]
…afhk/LIffÚ g} cfh;Ddsdf klxnf k|dfl0fs s[ltx¿ x'g\ .
n]vssf] gfd v'Ng cfPsf] /rgf eg] !&&# df jf0fL ljnf;

38
 Hof]ltlj{bn] n]v]sf] …Hj/f]Tklt lrlsT;fÚ / k|]dlglw kGtsf]
…k|folzrt k|bLkÚ, !**) df u/]s]f g]kfnL cg'jfbnfO{ dflgPsf]
5 .->]i7,@)$(,k[=!))_ . ;j{k|yd clen]v To;kl5 a]gfdL
/rgf / gfd v'NgcfPsf ljlw ljwfsf uB /rgfx? n]lvb}
cfPsf] kfOG5 . zfxsfnsf] k|f/De ePkl5 g]kfnL efiffdf
nfdf cfVofgx? lnlka4 x'g yfn]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnL
pkGof;sf] P]ltxfl;stf klg lj=;+=!*@& sf] zlQmaNne
cof{nsf] …dxfef/t lj/f6kj{Ú af6 ;'? ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . g]kfnL
pkGof;sf] k|f¿k k}Nofpg] qmddf k|frLg uBfVofg k/Dk/fnfO{
g]kfnL pkGof;sf] k[i7e"ld :jLsfb}{ g]kfnL pkGof;sf]
sfnljefhg ljleGg ljåfgx?af6ePsf] 5 .
sfnljefhg ;DaGwL ;doljGb'df s]xL ljjfb /
gfdfs/0fdf klg s]xL leGgtf kfOG5 . oxfF 8f=bof/fd >]i7n]
u/]sf] sfnljefhg / gfdfs/0fnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL g]kfnL
pkGof;sf] ljsf;qmd b]vfOPsf] 5 .
8f= >]i7åf/f g]kfnL pkGof;sf] sfn ljefhg o;/L
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5–
!= k[i7e"ldsfn÷k|fylds sfnM lj=;+=!(@& b]lv lj=;+=!($%
;Dd .
@= lgdf{0fsfn÷dfWolds sfnM lj=;+=!($^ b]lv lj=;+=!(()
;Dd .
#= ljsf;sfn÷cfw'lgs sfnM lj=;+=!((! b]lv xfn;Dd .
#=#=!=! k[i7e"ldsfn÷k|fyldssfn lj=;+=!*@& b]lv lj=;+=!($% ;Dd
g]kfnL pkGof;sf] k[i7e"ld sfn jf k|fylds sfn eg]sf]
ljwfut ;}4flGts pkGof; n]vgsf] b[li6n] z"Go pkGof;
n]vgsf] sfn klg elgPsf] 5 . ->]i7, k"j{jt\, k[=!)$–!)%_ .
Oltxf;lt/ Wofg lbFbf zlQmjNne cof{nsf] …dxfef/t
lj/f6kj{Ú, -!*@&_ / cof{ns} gf6\os[lt …xf:osbDaÚ-!*%%_
nfO{ cfVofg lzNk k|of]u ePsf /rgf dflgPsf] 5 . o;kl5
efg'bQsf] … lxtf]kb]z ldqnfeÚ -!*##_ b]vfk5{ / oL ;a}

39
 /rgf ;+:s[taf6 cg'lbt cfVofg /rgf b]lvG5g\ . –a/fn /
P6d, k"j{jt\, k[=&#_ . dxfef/taf6} p4t ul/Psf] …nIdL wd{Ú -
!*%!_ åf/f /fdeb| pkfWofon] cfVofgnfO{ s]xL cl3 a9fPsf]
kfOG5 eg] !*&@ df lnlvt …lkgf;sf] syfÚ -!*&%_, d'G;Lsf
…tLg cfxfgÚ -!**@_, k"j{ cg'jfb ul/Psf] …d'b|/fIf;Ú, ;'Gb/f
afF8fsf] …lq/Tg ;f}Gbo{ufyfÚ, …cWofTd /fdfo0fÚ, …axq ;'ufsf]
syfÚ, !*(# cflb /rgfn] g]kfnL cfVofgsf] ultzLntfnfO{
yk an k|bfg u/]sf] kfOG5 . d"ntMg]kfnL cfVofg k/Dk/fdf
pko'{Qm s]xL /rgf afx]s pNn]Vo cf}kGofl;s s[lt o;
cjlwdf k|fKt x'g;s]s]f b]lvb}g . oL dWo] …bzs'df/ rl/tÚ,
…cWofTd /fdfo0fÚ n] g]kfnL pkGof;sf] k[i7e"ld tof/ kf/]sf]
b]lvG5 . -;'j]bL, k"j{jt\, k[=#$_ .
o;/L !*@& b]lv !($% ;Ddsf] Ps ;o c7f/ jif{sf]
nfdf] cjlwn] g]kfnL pkGof;sf] k|fylds sfn jf k[i7e"ldsf]
sfd u/]s]f 5 . oL s[lt / of] ;don] g]kfnL pkGof;sf]
ljsf;df d2t u/]s]f kfOG5 .
#=#=!=@ lgdf{0f sfn÷dfWolds sfn lj=;+= !($^ b]lv lj=;+=!(()
;Dd M
…jL/l;SsfÚ lj=;+= -!($^_b]lv …¿kdtLÚ -!(()_ k"j{sf]
cjlwnfO{ g]kfnL pkGof;sf] lgdf{0f jf dfWolds sfn elgPsf]
5 . …jL/l;SsfÚ -!($^_ s[ltaf6 g]kfnL cfVofgsf] If]qdf gofF
k|lqmofsf] yfngL ePsf] kfOG5 . of] s[lt pkGof; g} t xf]Og
t/ o;sf] cfVofgn] pkGof;sf] lgdf{0fsfnLg k[i7e"ld tof/
kf/]s]f b]lvG5 .
o;kl5 ;+=-!(%(+ df ;bflzj zdf{åf/f ;Dkflbt
…pkGof; t/lË0fLÚ eGg] pkGof; k|wfg klqsfn] eg]
lgdf{0fsfnsf] Oltxf; g} tof/ u/]s]f kfOG5 . o;} klqsfdf
k|sflzt zdf{s} …dx]b|k|efÚ -!(%(_ nfO{ klxnf] df}lns pkGof;
dflgG5 . o;} sfndf a]gfdLsf] …cb\e"t ldnfkÚ -!(%*_,
k+=g/b]jaf6 cg'lbt …d]l/gf rl/qÚ -!(%(_, Cifeb]j zdf{sf]

40
ls:;f …;'s;fl/sfÚ-!(%(_ k|sfzdf cfPklg …dx]Gb|k|efÚ g}
pTs[i7 b]lvG5 .
lu/Lz jNne hf]zLsf] …jL/rl/qÚ -!(^)_ n]
dfWoldssfnLg pkGof;sf] ljsf;df dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbPsf]
kfOG5 eg] dfWoldssfnLg pkGof;sf] ljsf;df ljleGg
klqsfx?n] klg dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbPsf] b]lvG5 . …uf]/vfkqÚ-
!(%*_, …;'Gb/LhnÚ-!(*#_, …uf]vf{nLÚ-!(&(_, …uf]/vf ;+;f/Ú-
!(^#_ nufotsf kqklqsfx?df k|sflzt /rgf / wf/fjflxs
pkGof;n] pkGof;sf] ljsf;df dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbPsf 5g\ .
-k|wfg k"j{jt\, k[=($_ .
kf}/fl0fs, wfld{s, /f]df~rs / cf}kb]lzs cfVofg If]qsf
pkGof;x? o; cjlwdf b]lvG5g\ .o; ;dosf cfVofg u|Gyx?
bL3{dfgsf] …;Togf/fo0f a|tsyfÚ-!($*_, xl/x/ zdf{sf]
…b'uf{;Kt;tLÚ-!($*_, lr/~hLjL zdf{sf] …;'vf0f{jÚ-!(%)_,
…PsfbzL dxfTDoÚ-!(%@_, /fds[i0f zdf{sf] …uf]vf{ xf:o
d~h/LÚ-!(%@_, lzj bQ zdf{sf] …jL/l;SsfÚ-bf];|f] efub]lv
;Dk"0f{ !(%@_, u+ufw/ zf:qLsf] …;j{;+u|xÚ-!(%#_, b]jsL
gGbgsf] …rGb|sfGtfÚ-!(%^_, g/]Gb| df]lxgL -!(%*_ dxŒjk"0f{
5g\ .
g]kfnL pkGof; k/Dk/fdf hf;";L, ltn:dL, P]of/L
pkGof;x?sf] k|j]zn] cg'jfb, cg's/0f / ¿kfGt/0f ljlwnfO{
a9L dxŒj lbPsf] kfOG5 . To;f] eP klg …dx]Gb|k|efÚ,
…jL/rl/qÚ, …8f=;"o{k|;fbÚ h:tf pkGof;df df}lnstf /
;dsfnLg kl/j]zsf] k|:t'lt klg kfOG5 . ;dfhdf g}lts
lzIff lbg', dgf]/~hg k|bfg ug'{, ;'wf/sf] ;+s]t ug'{ o;
sfnsf pkGof;sf] p2]Zo /x]s]f b]lvG5 . ->]i7 / zdf{, k"j{jt\,
k[=!)(_ .
o; sfndf g]kfnL pkGof;n] ljsf; ofqfsf] 7"nf] kmGsf]
df/]s]f kfOG5 . 5f]6f] cjlwdf ePsf] pkGof; n]vgsf] of]
cefjn] cfw'lgs pkGof; n]vgdf 7"nf] 6]jf k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .

41
 k"0f{?kn] cf}kGofl;s l;4fGt;Fu ldNg] s[lt gkfOPklg
dfWolds sfnsf] g]kfnL cfVofg k/Dk/fnfO{ cfw'lgs g]kfnL
pkGof; n]vgsf] alnof] k[i7e"ld dfGg ;lsG5 .
#=#=!=# ljsf;sfn÷cfw'lgs sfn lj=;+=!((! b]lv xfn;Dd M
lj=;+= !((! Dff k|sflzt ePsf] ¿b|/fh kf08]sf]
…¿kdtLÚ df ;fdflhs oyfy{jfbsf] k|of]u kfOg' g} g]kfnL
pkGof;df cfw'lgstfsf] nIf0f lyof] . o;} s[ltaf6 g]kfnL
pkGof;df cfw'lgstfsf] k|f/De ePsf] lyof] . z}nLut ljljwtf
kfOg'sf] ;fy} kfZrfTo ;flxTosf k|efjx? kfOg' g]kfnL
pkGof;df cfw'lgstfs]f k|j]zsf] dxŒjk"0f{ cfwf/ xf] .
ljsf;sf] qmlds Oltxf;leq cg]s k|j[lQ tyf k/Dk/fsf]
:yfkgf x'g' :jefljs} xf] . …¿kdtLÚ n] aLhf/f]k0f u/]sf] g]kfnL
pkGof;sf] cfw'lgs sfn;Fu cfbzf]{Gd'v oyfy{jfb lelqG5 . -
a/fn / P6d,k[=(!_ .
g]kfnL pkGof;sf] cfw'lgs sfnnfO{ cWoog ubf{
pkGof; ljwf ljleGg ljifo, z}nLjfb ljrf/wf/f / k|j[lQaf6
k|jflxt b]lvG5 . o; sfnnfO{ oyfy{jfbL wf/f, cfbzf]{Gd'v
oyfy{jfbL wf/f, :jR5GbtfjfbL wf/f, ;fdflhs oyfy{jfbL wf/f,
P]ltxfl;s oyf{yjfbL wf/f, cltoyfy{jfbL wf/f, cfnf]rgfTds
oyfy{jfbL wf/f, gf/LjfbL wf/f, dgf]ljZn]if0fjfbL wf/f,
k|s[ltjfbL wf/f, lj;+ultjfbL wf/f, cl:tŒjjfbL wf/f, ldysLo
wf/fsf] ¿ksf] qmdzM cWoog ub}{ hfg' j}1flgstf xf] lsgeg]
clxn];Dd s'g} k|j[lQ 6'ª\luPsf] 5}g / s'g} k|j[lQsf] Psnf}6L
k|efj k/]s]f klg b]lvb}g . logLx¿sf] ;+lIfKt kl/ro o;k|sf/
5g\M–
#=#=!=#=! cfbzf]{Gd'v oyfy{jfbL wf/f M
g]kfnL pkGof;sf] cfw'lgs sfn ¿b|/fh kf08]sf]
…¿kdltÚ-!((!_ k|sflzt eP kZrft o; wf/fsf] k|f/De ePsf]
xf] . cfbz{ / dof{bfsf kf7x¿ k9fpg] p2]Zo /fvL oyfy{jfbL
lrq0fsf] k4lt cFufn]/ lgs} pkGof;x¿ n]lvPsf 5g\ . o;

42
 wf/fsf s]xL s[ltsf/ / s[ltx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\M– ¿b|/fh kf08]s}
…rKkfsfhLÚ-!((#_, …k|folZrtÚ-!((#_, …x]/km]/Ú-@)$(_ / …k|]dÚ-
@))%_, 6's/fh ld>sf …/haGwsLÚ-!(&^_, …/fds[i0f s'Fj/
/f0ffÚ-!(((_, df]xg dNnsf] …;dosf] x'/LÚ-@)!%_ cflb .
#=#=!=#=@ :jR5GbtfjfbL wf/f M
cfbzf]{Gd'v oyfy{jfbL wf/f;Fu} g]kfnL pkGof;df
:jR5GbjfbL wf/fsf] klg k|j]z x'G5 .xflb{stf,efj'stf,
sf}t'xntf,k|0fod"nstf cflbsf] lrq0f g} :jR5GbjfbL
pkGof;sf k|j[ltx¿ x'g\ . ¿kgf/fo0f l;+xsf] …e|d/Ú-!((#_
k|sflzt ePkl5 cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;df o; wf/fsf] k|f/De
ePsf] xf] . -/fO{, k"j{jt\,k[=@(^_ .
o; wf/fsf cGo s]xL pkGof;x¿ ¿kgf/fo0f l;+xs}
…lah'nLÚ, -ck"0f{ @))^_, cR5f/fO{ /l;ssf] …nugÚ-@)!@_,
lzjs'df/ /fOsf] …8fs aª\unfÚ-@)!#_, lx/0oef]hk'/]sf] …l56]gÚ-
@)%$_, xf]d/fh cfrfo{sf] …lgbf]{if s}bLÚ-@)%$_ cflb d'Vo
/x]sf 5g\ .
#=#=!=#=# ;fdflhs oyfy{jfbL wf/f M
n}gl;+x jfªb]nsf] …d'n's aflx/Ú-@))$_ ;Fu} cfw'lgs
g]kfnL pkGof;df ;fdflhs oyfy{jfbL wf/fsf] k|f/De ePsf]
kfOG5 . o;n] pkGof; hut\df oyfy{jfbL dfu{ k|z:t
ul/lbPsf] 5 / ;dos]f ;flxlTos cfjZostf oyfy{jfb ePsf]
k'li6 u/]s]f kfOG5 . cfbzf]{Gd'v ;fdflhs pkGof;sf] k|rlnt
;Ldf / k/Dk/f Tofu]/ jfª\b]nn] clgb]{lzt kmFFf6sf] aGbaf6f]
vf]lnlbG5g\ . o; wf/fsf cGo n]vs Pj+ s[ltx¿ x'g\ M
jfª\b]ns} …dfOtL3/Ú-@))%_, …nª\u8fsf] ;fyLÚ-@))*_,
…/]Da|fG6Ú-@)@#_, nLnaxfb'/ If]qLsf] …a;fOFÚ-@)!$_, …ct[KtÚ -
@)@^_, a|Xdk'qsf] …5]p5fpÚ-@)$#_, nLnfWjh yfkfsf] …dgÚ-
@)!%_, bf}ntljqmd lji6sf] …d~h/LÚ-@)!^_, zª\s/
sf]O/fnfsf] …v}/gL 3f6Ú-@)!)_, ejfgL leIf'sf] …cfutÚ-@)#@_,

43
 w'=r= uf}tdsf] …3fdsf kfOnfx¿Ú-@)#%_, …oxfFb]lv oxfF;DdÚ-
@)$#_ cflb d'Vo 5g\ . -a/fn / P6d, k"j{jt[, k[=(&_ .
#=#=!=#=$ P]ltxfl;s oyfy{jfbL wf/f M
cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof; k/Dk/fdf ;fdflhs
oyfy{jfbLkl5 P]ltxfl;s oyfy{jfbsf] yfngL x'G5 . Oltxf;
ljifoj:t';+u ;DalGwt pkGof;x¿ P]ltxfl;s x'G5g\ .
P]ltxfl;s xf];\ rfx] Tof] Oltxf;;Ddt oyfy{ xf];\ rfx]
P]ltxfl;s sfnsf] s'g} JolQm ljz]ifnfO{ k|d'v kfq agfP/
n]lvPsf] oyfy{jfbL pkGof;n] P]ltxfl;stfsf] ;Dk"0f{
kl/k|]IfnfO{ hLjGt k|bfg u/]/ To;sfnsf] d"ne"t ;fdflhs,
/fli6«o kl/l:ylt, hLjgsf jf:tljs k|jfx afXo / cfGtl/s
åGåsf sflns ;TonfO{ pb\3f6g ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofPsf] 5 .
o; wf/fsf] k|f/De 8fodG8 zdz]/n] u/]sf x'g\ . pgsf
…j;GtLÚ-!($(_, …;]tf] af3Ú-@)#)_, …k|lta4Ú-@)#%_, /
…clgtfÚ-@)$#_ s]zj/fh lk+8fnLsf] …Psfb]zsL dxf/fgLÚ-
@)$^_, bf}ntljqmd lji6sf] …kmfF;Lsf] kmGbfÚ-@)%#_ cflb k|d'v
5g\ .
#=#=!=#=% cltoyfy{jfbL wf/f M
cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;df o;kl5 cltoyfy{jfbL
wf/fsf] k|j]z x'G5 . oyfy{sf] cltqmd0f ug]{ / cfGtl/s kIfnfO{
pbfª\uf] kfg]{ ;flxlTos l;4fGtnfO{ cltoyfy{jfb elgG5 .
g]kfnL pkGof;df jfª\b]nsf] …nª\u8fsf] ;fyLÚ-@))*_ nfO{
k|yd k|of]u dflgPsf] 5 eg] uf]7fn]sf] …kNnf] 3/sf] emofnÚ-
@)!^_ / …ck0ff{Ú-@)%@_, ch'{g lg/f}nfsf] …3fd 8'a]kl5Ú-@)##_,
lx/0o ef]hk'/]sf] …uf]6LÚ-@)%$_, cflbdf klg o;wf/fsf] cf+lzs
k|of]u ePsf] 5 . -k|wfg, k"j{jt\,k[=!$*_.
#=#=!=#=^ cfnf]rgfTds oyfy{jfbL wf/f M
cltoyfy{jfbL wf/fkl5 cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;
k/Dk/fsf] ljsf; ofqfdf cfnf]rgfTds oyfy{jfbL wf/fsf]
k|f/De x'G5 . kl5 uP/ k|ultjfbL wf/fdf ;dflxt x'gk'u]sf]

44
 o; wf/fn] ;dfhsf juL{o ljifdtf ;dfhsf clxts/ sfo{x¿,
cGwljZjf;, zf]if0f / ;fdflhs s'k|yfx¿sf] cfn]frgf u/]/
:j:ytfsf] cfu|x ub{5 .
g]kfnL pkGof;df o; wf/fsf] cf/De x[borGb| l;+x
k|wfgn] u/]sf x'g\ . pgsf …:jf:gL dfG5]Ú-@)!!_, …Ps lrxfgÚ
o; k|s[ltsf pkGof; x'g\ eg] cGo pkGof;x?df
bf}ntljqmdsf] …d~h/LÚ-@)!^_, …Ps kfn'jf cg]sf} ofdÚ-@)#%_,
…lalu|Psf] af6f]Ú-@)#@_ cflb, tf/fgfy zdf{sf …d]/f] syfÚ-
@)$%_, …cf]em]n kbf{Ú-@)!^_, …;'nLÚ-@)#@_ cflbdf o; wf/fsf]
k|efj kfOG5 .
#=#=!=#=& gf/LjfbL wf/f M
Psflwsf/jfbL lkt[;QfTds dfgl;stfaf6 gf/Lx¿sf]
d'lQmsf nflu eg]/ g]kfnL ;flxTodf gf/LjfbL wf/fsf] k|f/De
x'G5 . of}gsdf ¿9LnfO{ lr/]/ hLjgsf] gofF cfsfzdf ;dfg
rfxgfsf ;fy p8\g] k|j[lQ klg gf/Ljfbsf d"n tGt'sf] ¿kdf
b]vfk5{ . o; wf/fsf pkGof;x¿df s[i0frGb| l;+x k|wfgsf]
…:jf:gL dfG5]Ú-@)!!_,…Ps lrxfgÚ-@)!&_, ljho dNnsf]
…cg'/fwfÚ-@)!*_,ljZj]Zj/ k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] …tLg3'DtLÚ-@)@$_,
gs'n l;njfnsf] …t];|f] kfOnfÚ-@)$%_, ;jgd >]i7sf] …dgLiffÚ-
@)%)_, d'Vo b]lvG5g\ . -a/fn / P6d, k"j{jt\, k[=!)(_ .
#=#=!=#=* k|s[ltjfbL wf/f M
o;} qmddf cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;df k|s[ltjfbL wf/f
b]vfk5{ . k|s[ltnfO{ g} k/d ;To / k"0f{ 7fg]/ afXo x:tIf]ksf
lj?4 o;jfbn] ljb|f]x u5{ .k|s[lt :j;DkGg, :jcl:tŒjjfg,
:jJofVo]o, :j;~rflnt ePsf] x'Fbf o;nfO{ rnfpg] cGo ;Qf
5}g clg dfgjLo Jojxf/ klg k|s[lts} lgodsf cfwf/df a'‰g
;lsG5 eGg] wf/0ff k|+s[ltjfbLx¿sf] 5 .
g]kfnL pkGof;df jfª\b]nsf] …d'n's aflx/Ú df o;jfbsf]
emNsf] kfOG5 eg] uf]7fn]sf] …kNnf] 3/sf] ‰ofnÚ-@)!^_, z+s/
sf]O/fnfsf] …v}/]gL3f6Ú-@)!*_, kfl/hftsf] …cGtd'{vLÚ-@)#%_,

45
 leIf'sf] …kfOk g+=@Ú-@)#$_, OGb|axfb'/ /fO{sf] …cfh /ldtf 5Ú-
@)#!_ / w'|jrGb| uf}tdsf] …pk;+xf/Ú tyf …rf}yf] cGToÚ-@)$*_
cflbdf o; jfbsf] k|efj kfOG5 . -;'j]bL,k"j{jt=,k[=!&#_ .
#=#=!=#=( dgf]ljZn]if0fjfbL wf/f M
cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;sf] ljsf;df b]vfk/]sf]
dgf]ljZn]if0fjfbL wf/fn] dflg;sf cfGtl/s hLjgsf] lg/LIf0f,
ljZn]if0f, cjnf]sg / o;sf] j}ljWo , j}lrœox¿df gh/
nufpg] sfd ub{5 . cr]tg dgsf] c1ft /x:odo zlQmaf6
kl/lrt x'g] / To;nfO{ pb\3fl6t ug]{ d'Vo p2]Zo
dgf]ljZn]if0fjfbsf] /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnL pkGof;df o; ljlwsf] k|o]fu u/]/ n]lvPsf
k|Zf:t s[ltx¿ 5g\ . uf]ljGb uf]7fn]s]f …kNnf] 3/sf] ‰ofnÚ-
@)!^_, ljho dNnsf] …cg'/fwfÚ-@)!*_, tfl/0fLk|;fb
sf]O/fnfsf] …;k{b+zÚ-@)#^_, ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf]
…tLg3'DtLÚ-@)@$_, …;'lDgdfÚ-@)@%_, …g/]Gb| bfOÚ-@)@&_ cflb
pkGof;x¿, gs'n l;njfnsf] …t];|f] kfOnfÚ-@)$%_, ho/fh
kf08]sf] …cltl/QmÚ-@)%)_, OlGb/f k|;fOsf] …ljZjfldqÚ-@)%%_
cflb o; wf/fsf d'Vo s[ltx¿ x'g\ .
#=#=!=#=!) lj;+ultjfbL wf/f M
cfw'lgs g]kfnL pkGof;sf] ljsf;qmddf b]vfk/]sf] csf]{ wf/f
xf] lj;+ultjfbL wf/f . ljeLlifsf, ;Gqf;, cefj, cfqmd0f,
knfog, x:tIf]k Psflt/ / ;xcl:tŒj c;+nUg lgz:qLs/0f
cflbsf] gf/f csf]{lt/af6 hGd]s]f lj;+ult OR5f–clenf;fsf]
;Gbe{af6 hGd]s]f lj;+ulte"t / jt{dfg Pj+ hLjgrqmsf
cfjt{g / k|Tofjt{gsf lj;+ult dfG5]n] ef]Ub} cfPsf] 5 . o;/L
dfG5]sf lj;+ult / ljz]if cj:yf ;d]t\ o; wf/fsf ;flxTodf
b]vfk5{ . lj;+ult eg]sf] lg:;f/tf jf z"Gotf x]f . g]kfnL
pkGof;sf If]qdf lj;+ultjfbL wf/fsf] ;'?jf6 OGb|axfb'/
/fO{sf] …cfh /ldtf 5Ú-@)@!_ af6 ePsf] kfOG5 . -a/fn /
P6d, k"j{jt\,k[=!##_

46
#=#=!=#=!! cl:tŒjjfbL wf/f M
lj;+ultjfbs} k[i7e"lddf cl:tŒjjfb pkGof;x¿ klg
b]vfk/]sf 5g\ .cl:tŒjjfbsf] d"n l;4fGt JolQm ;Qf jf
cl:tŒjsf] vf]hL xf] . of] lj;+Ufltsf aLraf6 dfG5]n] cfÏgf]
cl:dtf / cl:tŒjsf] vf]hL ug'{k5{ . cfÏgf] hLjgsf] cy{ cfkm}F
vf]Hg'k5{, cfÏgf] af/]df lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ cfkm}FnfO{ g} x'G5 .
dfgjLo d"Nosf] vf]hL dflg;n] oxL lj;+ultsf aLraf6 ug'{k5{
eGg] dfGotf g} cl:tŒjjfbLsf] ;f/ lrGtg xf] .
hLjgnfO{ o; ljjz, lg?kfo, lg:;f/ cj:yfdfly
p7fpg cl:tTjk/s r]tgf cfjZos k5{ eGg] wf/0ffaf6
clek|]l/t eO pkGof;df ;j{k|yd k|of; kfl/hftn] …lz/Lifsf]
km"nÚ-@)@@_ af6 u/]sL x'g\ . o;kl5sf pkGof;x?df
ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] …tLg3'DtLÚ-@)@%_, w'|jrGb| uf}tdsf]
…cGTokl5Ú-@)@$_, …8fkLÚ-@)##_, …clnlvtÚ-@)$)_ cflb o;
wf/fsf dxŒjk"0f{ s[lt x'g\ . -/fO{,k"j{jt\,k[=@)*_ .
#=#=!=#=!@ k|ultjfbL wf/f M
cfnf]rgfTds oyfy{jfbL wf/fdf cfj4 /x]/ snd
rnfpg] clwsf+z pkGof;sf/x¿ g]kfnL pkGof;sf] cfw'lgs
sfnsf] kl5Nnf] r/0fdf k|ultjfbL wf/fdf cfa4 x'gcfPsf]
b]lvG5 . oBlk k|ultjfb cfnf]rgfTds oyfy{jfbs} pQ/jtL{
¿k eg] xf]Og . dfS;{jfbL ;flxTo lrGtdf ljZjf; ug]{ /
juL{o oyfy{sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;flxlTos wf/f g} k|ultjfbL
wf/f xf] . -k|wfg,k"j{jt\=,k[=!**_ .o; wf/fdf cfj4 /x]/
n]lvPsf s]xL s[ltx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\M– 8L=kL=clwsf/Lsf]
…cfzfdfofÚ-@)@%_, vu]Gb| ;+u|f}nfsf] …r]tgfsf] klxnf] 8fFsÚ-
@)@&_, kfl/hftsf] …a}F;sf] dfG5]-@)@(_, …kvf{nleq / aflx/Ú-
@)#%_ x'g\ .
#=#=!=#=!# ldysLo wf/f M
g]kfnL pkGof;sf] cfw'lgs sfnsf] kl5Nnf] r/0fdf ldysLo
wf/fdf n]lvPsf pkGof;x¿ klg b]vfk5{g\ . ldys eg]sf] ;Dk"0f{

47
dfgj ;+:s[ltsf] b:tfj]h / dfgj k|s[ltsf] cGj]if0f ul/Psf]
k|tLsfTds cleJolQm xf] . dfgjsf cGtd{gdf n's]sf sfNklgs
efjgfnfO{ JoQm ug]{ k'/f0f, bGTosyf Pjd cGo hg>'ltdf kfOg]
syfx¿ g} ldys lrGx x'g\ . g]kfnL pkGof;df o; wf/fdf cfj4
/x]/ /rgf ul/Psf] klxnf] pkGof; ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfs]f
…;'lDgdfÚ-@)@&_ xf] . To;kl5 sf]O/fnfsf] …df]bLcfOgÚ-@)#^_, …lx6n/
/ ox"bLÚ-@)$)_, dbgdl0f bLlIftsf] …dfwjLÚ-@)#(_/ …lqb]jLÚ-@)%!_,
w|'jrGb| uf}tdsf] …clUgbQ++clUgbQÚ-@)%@_, /fh]Zj/ b]jsf]6fsf]
…åGåsf] cj;fgÚ-@)$@_,bf}ntljqmd lji6sf] …Hof]lt Hof]lt dxfHof]ltÚ-
@)$%_ cflb o; wf/fsf k|l;4 pkGof;x¿ x'g\ . -a/fn / P6d,
k"j{jt\,k[=%^_
o;/L k/D/fut ;+:s[t syf nf]s cfVofgaf6 ;'? ePsf] g]kfnL
uBfVofgn] hf;';L / hfb'u/L cfVofg cg'jfbd"ns k|frLg
cf}kGofl;s k/Dk/fdf x'ls{b} ;"q pkGof; / gjLg pkljwfx¿sf]
;[hgf ub}{ cfÏgf] If]q Jofks agfpFb} nu]sf] 5 . cfw'lgs g]kfnL
pkGof; k/Dk/fdf oL ljleGg lsl;dsf wf/fx¿df l;lh{t
pkGof;x¿n] g]kfnL pkGof; ;flxTosf] ljsf;df lg/Gt/ 6]jf
k'¥ofpFb} cufl8 al9/x]sf 5g\ .
#=$ lgisif{M–
xfn g]kfnLdf k|o'Qm …pkGof;Ú zAb ;+:s[t efiffaf6 g]kfnLdf
cfO k|of]u ePs]f tT;d zAb dflgG5 . klZrdL ;flxTodf gf]e;af6
;'? ePs]f zAb gf]enf x'b} clxn] cfP/ gf]jn ePsf] kfOG5 .
g]kfnLdf k|of]u ul/g] pkGof; zAb c+u|]hLsf] gf]jn zAbsf]
kof{ojfrL cy{sf] ?kdf lnOPsf] kfOG5 . o;/L o; kl/R5]bsf]
pkGof;sf] ;}4flGts kl/ro cGtu{t pkGof;sf] Jo'Tkltut cy{
k"jL{o / kfZrfTo dtdtfGt/x?sf] ;fy} pkGof;sf] kl/ro / kl/efiff
;d]t k|i6ofpg] k|of; ul/Ps]f 5 . To;kl5 pkGof;sf tŒjx?nfO{
5f]6s/L ?kdf s]nfpFbf clGtd lgisif{df k'¥ofpg] k4lt cFuflnPsf] 5
. To;}n] oL dflysf d"ne"t ;Gbe{x? g} k|:t't t];|f] kl/R5]bsf
lgisiff{Tds pknAwLx? x'g\ eGg' oxfF ;fGble{s x'g]5 .

48
 rf}yf] kl/R5]b
…lx6/n/ / ox"bL Ú pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s
ljZn]if0ffTds ljj]rgf
$=! e"ldsf M
ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] @)$) ;fndf k|sflzt
…lx6n/ / ox"bL Ú -@)^^ ;+:s/0f ;ftf}{_ pkGof; pgsf
pkGof; /rgfx¿ dWo]s} cfsf/df 7"nf] -@&@ k[i7_ / ljifo
k|ltkfbgsf] b[li6n] k"jL{o uLtf sd{jfbL bz{g tyf kfZrfTo
bz{gsf ;fy} dfgj ;dfhsf ljljw kIfnfO{ ;d]6]/
To;;DaGwL j:t' tYonfO{ a9L j:t'lgi7 agfP/ k|:t't ug{
vf]lhPsf] dfgjd"ns cf}kGofl;s s[ltsf] ¿kdf dflgG5 .
k|:t't pkGof;df pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfsf o'4 lj/f]wL
cjwf/0ff, cl:tŒjjfbL lrGtgk|ltsf] cf:yf, dfgjtfjfbL
efjgfsf] ;fsf/tf / of}gdgf}j}1flgs efj r]tgfsf] ;fy{stf
;zQm ¿kn] k|li6Psf] kfOG5 . bf];|f] ljZjo'4 / To;n] 5f]8]/
uPsf] ljeT; cjz]if, dfG5]n] af]s]/ lxF8]sf] Tof] o'4sf] uDeL/
3fp / cfFz', To;df b|jLe"t x'g k'u]sf pkGof;sf/sf s]
lgisfd sd{ bz{gkIfn] g} lx6n/nfO{ To:tf] qm"/ agfPs]f xf] <
eGg] h:tf cfz+sf / egfO g} …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf]
;f/e"t k[i7e"ld ePs]f kfOG5 .
$=@ syfgs k[i7e"ld M
…lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf] syfj:t' …dÚ kfq cyjf
pkGof;sf/ :jod\ cfÏgf] pkrf/sf] l;nl;nfdf g]kfnsf]
sf7df8f}+af6 ef/tsf] aDaO uPsf] s'/fnfO{ lnP/ klxnf]
efusf] syfj:t' cufl8 a9]s]f b]lvG5 . k|:t't pkGof;sf
k|d'v …dÚ kfq ofqfsf] klxnf] lbg aDaOsf] dfgj eL8 /
ToxfFsf] c:tJo:t jftfj/0fNffO{ b]v]/ lg;fl;Psf / /fltdf
a:g] /fd|f] xf]6n;Dd gkfP/ cGTodf Pshgf 6ofS;L rfnssf]
d2tn] Pp6f ;fwf/0f xf]6nsf] ;fwf/0f sf]7f kfO af; a;]sf

49
b]lvG5g\ . To;} qmddf /flt xf]6ndf vfgf vfg a:tf Pshgf
Oh/fOnLx¿sf] p4f/df vl6Psf] 8]lj8 gfdsf] o'js / Pp6L
dfu{/]6/ gfdsL n]jgfgL o'jtL kqsf/;Fu e]6 ePsf] /
ltgLx¿aLr bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf sf/0f ljZje/sf] dfgjhLjg
tx;gx; ePsf] k|;ª\unfO{ ljifoj:t'df ;d]l6Psf] 5 .
pkGof;sf] bf];|f] efudf aDaOsf 8fS6/x¿n] …dÚ kfqsf]
pkrf/ ToxfF ;Dej gePsf] / yk pkrf/sf nflu aflx/
hfg'kg]{ egL lbOPsf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ aDaOs]f kfgLhxfhaf6
/jfgf ePsf] s'/fsf] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L t];|f] / rf}yf]
efudf pkGof;sf/ cyjf …dÚ kfq / p;sf hxfhsf] ofqfsf]
qmddf e]6 ePsf ;fyLx¿sf] ;fydf ePsf] hxfhL ofqfsf
qmddf klxnf aDaOdf e]6 ePsf] 8]lj8;Fu km]l/ e]6 eof] . pm
ox"bLx¿nfO{ ofqfdf ljbfO ug{ cfPsf] /x]5 . To;kl5 …dÚ kfq
jf pkGof;sf/;Fu lxGb':tfgsf] Pshgf gf/fo0fg gfdsf]
db|f;L a|fXd0f;Fu e]6 x'G5 . gf/fo0fg lxGb"k/Dk/fjfbL,
k9]n]v]sf] / s]xL snd rnfpg] n]vssf] ¿kdf k|:t't ePsf]
5 . To;}qmddf …dÚ kfqsf] u'h/ftL o'jtL /]jfb];fO{ / Ps
db|f;L hf]8L;Fu klg e]6 x'G5 / Ps cfk;df cf–cfÏgf]
kl/ro lbgk'Ub5g\ . o;/L pgLx¿sf] ofqf cufl8 a9\5 .
ofqf/t ;dodf k|d'v kfq;Fu km]l/ Pshgf cGt/f{li6«o ox"bL
Ph]G;Lsf] s]lGb|o ;b:o hsl/df uf]Nju{;Fu e]6 x'G5, To;}
qmddf uf]Nju{ O{Zj/n] ox"bL hfltnfO{ k|bQ ynf]df aL;
ztfAbLkl5 k'gM kmsfF{pFb}5fF} t/ ox"bLx¿sf] s:tf] lgolt<
cfÏgf] hUufdf kmsF{bf klg ;lhnf];Fu sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ s7Lg
eO/x]s]f 5 eGg] h:tf s'/f JoQm u5{ . k|d'v …dÚ kfq nufot
pgLx¿ ;a}sf] o;/L g} ofqf cufl8 a9\b} hfG5 . hxfhsf]
ofqf clt /d0fLo t/Lsfn] laTb} hfG5 . o; aLrdf gf/fo0fg
gfdsf] lxGb':tfgL o'js / db|f;L o'jtL /]jf b];fO{sf] aLrdf
ePsf] k|]d k|;ª\usf] klg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 eg] pkGof;sf]
rf}yf] efusf] clGtdlt/ k'u]/ k|d'v …dÚ kfqsf] klg ofqfsf]

50
p7a;sf] qmddf /]jf b];fO;Fu ;fdfGo k|]defj hfu[t x'Fb}
uPsf] / cGtŒjuŒjf /]vf /];fO{nfO{ s]xL ;dosf] nflu
Psnf}6L kfg{ ;kmn ePsf] / /]jfn] klg clGtd xb;Dd k'u]/
To; /ft Tof] clwsf/ …dÚ kfqnfO{ lbPsf] s'/fsf] j0f{g 5 .
o;/L …dÚ kfq jf pkGof;sf/sf] kfgLhxfhsf] ofqf Toltd}
;dfKt x'G5 / Tolta]/;Ddsf ofqfsf ;fyLx? Klg /dfOnf]
cg'ej ub}{ ToxLFaf6 cf–cfÏgf] uGtJolt/ nfUb5g\ / …dÚ kfq
klg . To;kl5 pkGof;sf] t];|f] / rf}yf] efu ;DkGg x'G5 .
pkGof;sf] kfFrf} efudf k'Ubf pkGof;sf/n] cfÏgf]
hxfhsf] P3f/lbg] /dfOnf] ofqf ;s]/ hxfhaf6 cf]n]{kl5
/]n:6]zgaf6 /]nuf8L r9L klZrdL o'/f]ksf] n08g k'Ub5g\ /
ToxfF k'u]s]f lbg Pp6f xf]6ndf a:b5g\ . cfÏgf] pkrf/sf]
nflu n08g k'u]sf pkGof;sf/ k|d'v …dÚ kfq k'u]s]f ef]lnkN6}
ToxfFsf] Pp6f c:ktfndf egf{ x'G5g\ . pgn] pkrf/sf qmddf
To; c:ktfndf tLg xKtf;Dd /xgk¥of] . ToxfF /xFbf 8fS6/n]
Ps ;ftfkl5 k'gM k/LIf0f u5'{ eg]sfn] pgL n08g / To;sf
5]p5fpsf zx/ tyf bz{gLo 7fpFx? x]/]/ ;do latfp5g\ .
pkGof;sf k|d'v …dÚ kfqn] o; kfFrf} efudf k'u]kl5 sf7df8f}+
5f]8]/ uPsL cfÏgL Kof/L nIdLnfO{ cfÏgf]] ofqfsf qmddf
kfgLhxfhsf] P3f/ lbg] /d0fLo ofqb]lv lnP/ n08gdf cfÏgf]
tLg xKtf;Ddsf] pkrf/ / :s6xf]d, a|'h cflb 7fpFaf6 kq
n]Vb} u/]sf s'/fx?sf] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . pkGof;sf/n] cfkm\gL
nIdLsf] kqdf ofqf /d0fLo /x]sf] / ofqfsf] /dfOnfs]f
sf/0fn] cfkm\gL Kof/LnfO{ kq ;d]t n]Vg lal;{Psf], k|sf08
ljåfg gf/fo0f;Fu e]6 ePsf], n08g cFWof/f] 7fpF /x]s]f, ToxfF
cfsfzdf ;"o{;d]t gePs]f / w'Fjf¿kL afbnn] el/Psf] s'/fsf]
pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .
:s6xf]ddf /xFbf Pp6L :j]8]gL a"9L cfdfsf] cGt/f{li6«o
lj>flGt u[xdf sf]7f lnP/ a:5g\ . pgnfO{ ToxfF a:bf :jL8]gL
a"9L cfdfsf] dfofn' Jojxf/af6 g]kfnsf ysfNgL a"9Lx¿sf]

51
;Demgf ePs]f s'/fsf] ;d]t lr7Ldf n]v]s]f s'/fsf] j0f{g 5 .
To;}u/L lr7Ldf cfkm" lbge/ ToxfFsf] zx/ 3'd]s]f / ToxfFsf]
uf]/fuf]/f tyf ;'gf}nf s]z ePsf g/gf/Lx?n] lrGtf/lxt eO
gf6\ozfnfdf k}tfnf l3;f/]/ gflr/x]sf] u|fdL0f b[Zolt/
nIdLsf] ;Demgfn] lj/x / sfFt/ eO …dÚ kfqn] Wofg glbPsf]
s'/fsf] ;d]t j0f{g 5 . ToxfFsf] a;fOs} qmddf …dÚ kfqsf]
hfkfgL l76f], a"9L cfdfsL 5f]/L u|]6f / 5f]/fl;t klg
pkGof;sf/sf] e]6 x'G5 . To;}qmddf …dÚ kfq / pgLx?sf
aLr, k"jL{o ;Eotf / ;+:s[lt, j}jflxs ljZjf; / lgi7f, of}g
tyf st{Jo, gf/Ln] k'?ifk|lt lgefpg'kg]{ st{Jo tyf k'?ifn]
gf/Lk|lt lgef{x ug'{kg]{ st{Jo / klZrdL ;Deotfsf cg';f/
gf/L :jtGqtf ePsf] / aGwgdf a:g' gkg]{ egL a"9Lsf] 5f]/Ln]
ts{ u/]s]f s'/fsf] j0f{g ePs]f 5 . :6«f6kmf]8{af6 Oª\uNof08sf]
cflv/L /ft z]S;lko/sf] zx/ k/Dk/f / pkfVofgnfO{ hLljt
/fVg x/ k|oTg /x]s]f egL nIdLnfO{ lr7L n]v]s]f s'/fsf] j0f{g
ul/Psf] . o; efusf] cGTolt/ pkGof;sf/ cyjf …dÚ kfqn]
o'/f]k aflx/af6 hlt–hlt leq k:b} uof] Tolt Tolt bf];|f]
ljZjo'4sf] rk]6fn] Wj:t agfOPsf] emg\–emg\ g/fd|f b[Zo
b]lvb} uPsf] cg'ej u/]s]f s'/fnfO{ b]vfPsf 5g\ .
pkGof;sf] 5}6f}F efudf klg pkGof;sf/n] aln{gaf6
nIdLnfO{ lr7L n]v]s]f k|;ª\uaf6 ljifoj:t' cufl8 a9]sf] 5 .
pkGof;sf/n] aln{gaf6 nIdLnfO{ n]v]sf] lr7L o'/f]ksf] clGtd
lr7L ePsf] pNn]v 5 . ef]lnkN6 xfgf]j/df a;fO ePs]f /
k|d'v kfqsf] ufO8 Pp6L e/v/sL rft'{o lszf]/L ePsf] j0f{g
ul/Psf] 5 . o; efudf lx6n/sf] zfxL dxfgu/ w'nf]df
cl8Psf], ToxfFsf ;Dk"0f{ 3/ tyf k"n, ;8s ;a} o'4sf sf/0f
klxnf g} Wj:t e};s]sf / ToxfFsf dfgjhflt o'4sf] cfuf]df
e:d eP/ To;a]nf cfkm" kGw|–;f]x« jif{sL aflnsf 5Fbfsf]
36gf clxn]sf] lszf]/L cj:yfdf cfP/ ;lDembf klg sxfnL
nfUbf] nfUg] / cGTodf cfÏgf] efO klg To;} o'4df dfl/Ps]f /

52
bfgj k|j[lQsf] lx6n/sf] klg To;} lbg bfx;+:sf/ ePs]f tyf
lyof]8f]/fsf] efOsf] z/L/sf 6'qmf ;8sdf 5l/Psf] lyof] egL
k|d'v …dÚ kfq;+u Pp6L lszf]/L lyof]8f]/fn] ;'gfPs]f bb{gfs
36gfsf] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .
b}ljs k|sf]k ePtfklg g]kfnsf] dxfe"sDk cfpFbf w]/}
dflg;sf] ljgfz eP/ klg b]ptfn] cfÏgf] jf;:yfg sd;]sd
aFrfP/ /fv]sf lyP t/ ToxfF t bfgj :jefjsf dflg;n] b]ptf
;DdnfO{ hLljt /fv]g5g\ egL …dÚ kfqåf/f JolQmPsf] /
o'4af6 afFr]sf dflg;x¿n] cfkm" afFr]/ klg afFr]sf] geO
d'6'df lrxfg lnP/ afFlr/x]sf] eGg] s'/fsf] ;d]t pNn]v ub}{
pkGof;sf/n] nIdLnfO{ kq k7fPsf] k|;ª\unfO{ o; efusf]
d'Vo ljifoj:t' agfOPsf] 5 .
pkGof;sf] ;ftf}F efudf …dÚ kfqsf] xfgf]j/ ofqfsf]
of]hgf gePs]f t/ aln{gaf6 kmls{bf ToxLFaf6 kms{g] /
snstf;Fu hf]8\g] hxfh 5'6]sf] sf/0fn] Pslbg xfgf]j/df
/xg'k/]sf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . pgn] ToxfF o'4sf sf/0f k"/fsf
k"/f Wj:t ePsf zx/ OR5f gx'Fbf gx'Fb} klg Pp6L ;fgL
aflnsfsf] cfu|xn] x]g{ uPsf] eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] . tL
aflnsfsf] gfd ONh] lyof] . o; efudf ONh]sf a"9f–a"9L
e};s]sf cfdf a'af 5g\ . p;sf] efO o'4df ad v;]/
dl/;s]s]f x'G5 . o'4 / 5f]/fsf] d[To'sf sf/0f cfxt ePsf
ONh]sf a'jf b]ptfsf] s'/f ubf{ b]ptf ;]ptf s]xL klg 5}gg\
dl/;s] eG5g\ eg] cfdf 5g\ ,cjZo 5g\ elG5g\ . ONh]nfO{
a'af–cfdfsf] b]jtfsf] af/]df o;/L rn]sf] ax;L emu8faf6
lbSs nfUb5 . o;/L ONh]sf a'af–cfdf a[4 eO;s]sf / cfÏgf]
efO klg o'4df dfl/O;s]sf sf/0f Pp6L ;fdfGo aflnsf
a];xf/f aGg k'U5] . cfkm"F afFRg / 3/ rnfpgsf nflu p;n]
cGo s'g} ljsNk gkfPsfn] o'4df vl6Psf ;}lgsx?nfO{ cfÏgf]
afNoof}jg n'6fP/ afFRg'k/]s]f afWotfTds / bogLo cj:yfnfO{
syfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

53
 bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf sf/0f hd{gLdf ;a} nf]Ug]dfG5]
dfl/O;s]sf sf/0f o'4sf] bb{gfs kL8f ;dg ug'{sf ;fy}
ToxfFsf xhf/f}F :jf:gL dflg;n] k|]d ug]{ df}sfaf6 jl~rt
x'g'k/]sf] afWofTds l:yltsf] ;d]t j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . o'4sf
sf/0f tx;gx; kfl/Psf o'/f]lkog d'n'ssf slnnf aflnsfb]lv
o'jtL;Ddn] hLjgnfO{ ;~rfng ug{sf nflu cfÏgf]
cl:tŒjnfO{ a]r]/ qm"/ ;]gfx?sf] of}g t[lKt u/fpg' k/]sf] b'Mvb
kl/l:yltsf] ;d]t j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . Tof] cj:yf b]Vbf …dÚ
kfqnfO{ ;d]t nIdLnfO{ lr7L n]Vg dg geO /f]O/xg dg
nfu]s]f s'/fsf] o; efudf j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .
k|:t't …lx6n/ / ox"bL Ú pkGof;sf] cf7f}F efu ONh]n]
…dÚ kfqnfO{ aGbL lzlj/sf] ofqf ug{ vf]Hbf …d/]sf dflg;x?sf]
lrxfg x]g{ ghfpmÚ eGbf cfkm"nfO{ To;n] lzlj/sf] ofqf emg\
;Dej kfl/lbPs]f eGg] k|;ª\uaf6 cufl9 a9]s]f 5 . ONh]n] g}
k|d'v kfqnfO{ cfdL{sf] 6«ssf] Joj:yf ldnfO lbG5] / km]l/ klg
pm …ltdL lsg hfG5f}F ToxfF <Ú egL k|Zg u5]{ t/ …dÚ kfq
ToxfFaf6 cfkm\gf] ofqf cufl8 a9fp5g\ . pgL ofqf ub}{ hfFbf
ufpF b]xftsf] b[Zo b]v]/ s]xL If0f cfgGb dx;'; ug{ k'Ub5g\ .
pkGof;sf/nfO{ km]l/ If0fe/d} pbfl;gtfn] el/lbG5 /
lyof]8f]/fn] c;+od eP/ /f]PsL / lx6n/sf] lrxfg b]vfPsf]
;Demg k'U5g\ . s]xL If0f cfkm"nfO{ klg k|ltzf]wn] Jofks
Jo"xleq x'n]sf] dx;'; u5{g\ . …dÚ kfq;Fu 6«sdf nª\u8f]
l;kfxL;Fu e]6 x'G5 / pm cfkm" lx6n/sf] ;fyL ePs]f pNn]v
u5{ . pgL ToxL nª\u8f] l;kfxL jf lnof]gf8f]{sf] ;xof]u kfP/
bfxu[xsf] glhs k'U5g\ / cln 6f9}af6 x]5{g\, hxfFaf6 dfG5]
kf]lnPsf] df;'sf] b'u{Gw cfO/x]s]f lyof] . ToxfF xhf/f}F
ox"bLx?sf] z/L/ hln/x]s]f lyof] eg] csf{lt/ 5]j}df vf]n]sf
h"tfsf] kxf8 b]lvGYof] . Tolts}df nª\u8fn] O{Zj/n] em'6\6f]
gaf]nfj;\ t/ dfG5]sf] df;'sf] uGw Psgfzsf] kf]lnPkl5 rfx]
cfo{ xf];\ rfx] ox"bL jf lhK;Lsf] egL dflg; ;a} ;dfg ePsf]

54
efj JoQm ub{5 . nª\u8f] l;kfxL cfÏgf] st{Jok|lt cl8s
/x]sf] / cfkm}F klg /fi6«gfos lx6n/sf] gfpFdf nª\u8f] z/L/
/fi6«nfO{ ck{0f ug{ rfx]s]f s'/f JoQm ub{5 . qm"/ lx6n/åf/f
dfl/Psf ox"bLx¿sf] /utsf] vf]nf] lyof] . ToxfF df]/L;Syf]
gfdsL Pshgf gf/L lyO{ / p;n] cfkm" a"9L ePsfn] cfÏgf]
3/df u|fxsx¿nfO{ ;Gt'li6 lbnfpg t?0fLx¿nfO{ af]nfpyL,
To;df slt ox"bL o'jtLx¿;d]t x'Gy] . pm ltgLx¿nfO{ bl/b|
abL{jfnfx¿sf] lzsf/ agfOlbGyL . o;/L o; efudf
lx6n/jfbLx¿åf/f sof}F o'jtLx¿sf] cl:dtfdfly anTsf/ ub}{
/ nfvf}F nfv afnaflnsf tyf a"9fa"9Lx¿sf] g/jnL r9fO
dfgj;+xf/ u/]sf] syfj:t' k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
pkGof;sf] gjf}F efudf pkGof;sf/ ox"bLx¿sf] cfx'tL
lbOPsf] UofF;;RrfDa/ / ToxfF Wj:t ePsf ;Dk"0f{ b[Zox¿
e/lbg cjnf]sg u/]/ k'gM l;kfxL lncf]gf8f]{sf] cf>ddf
kms]{sf] / a]n'sf tL lbp;f]sf sxfnLnfUbf b[Zox¿ ;Dem]/
cfkm"F :tAw x'Fb} oL x'g g;Sg] / Oltxf;n] g} a]xf]g{ g;Sg]
s'/fx? s;/L x'g;S5 < eGb} lrlGtt / eolet ePsf]
k|;ª\uaf6 ljifoj:t' cufl8 a9]s]f 5 . …dÚ kfqnfO{ ;''Tbf
;kgfdf;Dd tL b[Zo SofDk sdf08/, a"9L d]o/gL, df;'
kf]n]sf] / af];f]sf] uGw, h"tfsf] kxf8, lx6n/sf] t:jL/n]
t;f{O/xG5 . lx6n/n] b}jTŒjljxLgsf] wd{k|ltkflbt uLtfnfO{
lnP/ lxF8\5', oyfy{df d bofn' klg xf]Og / lgi7'/ klg xf]Og
eGb} ;kgfdf O{Zj/;Fu ts{ u/]s]f k|;ª\u o;df pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 . oxfF O{Zj/ / hd{ghflt lx6n/aLr ePs]f
jftf{nfksf ;fy} lx6n/n] OlGb|o ;'v tyf cfÏgL Kof/L Pefsf]
k|0fo lgdGq0ff ;d]t hd{g /fi6«sf] pTyfgsf nflu c:jLsf/
u/]s]f / cfkm"nfO{ bf]ifd'Qm tyf lgd{n k|f0fL x'F egL k|dfl0ft
ug{ vf]h]sf] s'/fsf] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . o;df …dÚ kfq
Uof;RofDa/af6 ;fFRrLg} d[To'nfO{ ;kgf / ljkgfsf] sNkgfsf]
5nåf/f cNdNofP/ kms{g ;kmn eP5', ddf r}tGosf] cjz]if

55
afFsL /x]5, lgtfGt hLjgz"Go ge} afFr]sf] /x]5' eGg] dx;';
ub{5g\ . To;kl5 pgL ONh]n] cfkm"nfO{ ;xof]u u/L hLljt
:jb]z kmls{g] df}sf lbPsf]df p;nfO{ wGojfb lbFb} tL ;Dk"0f{
3fpx¿ d'6'leq lnP/ 3/lt/ hxfhaf6 k|:yfg ub{5g\ / o;
gjf}F efusf] syfj:t' ;lsG5 .
pkGof;sf] bzf}F efudf …dÚ kfq n08gaf6 t cfkm"F
:jb]zsf nflu klxnf g} lkmtf{ e};s]sf] t/ To;kl5 aLrdf
s]xL xKtf hd{gdf latfpg' k/]sf] / ToxfFsf] Tof] ;do
latfpg'kbf{ pgnfO{ o'u latfPs]f cg'ej x'G5 . pkGof;sf/
cyjf k|d'v …dÚ kfq ha hd{gsf] xfgf]j/ 5f]8\5g\ tadfq
cfÏgf] k/b]zsf] ofqf ;dfKt ePsf] cg'ej u5{g\ .pgsf]
ToxfFaf6 :jb]z kmls{bfsf] ofqfsf] qmddf Pshgf 8f= ;'lgn
gfd u/]s]f aª\ufnL JolQm;Fu e]6 x'G5 . pgLx¿aLr ofqfs}
qmddf lxGb':tfgL / hd{g hfltdf ;fb[Zotf ePsf] ljifodf
s'/fsfgL x'G5g\ . pgLx¿sf aLr hd{g / lxGb':tfgLdf ;fb[Zo
ePtf klg lxGb:tfgL cWofTdjfbL / hd{gL cfb{zjfbL ePsfn]
hftLo u'0f gldNg] / ¿;, :nfe hflt t emg} aa{/ hflt xf]
eGg] h:tf ljifodf klg s'/fsfgL x'G5g\ . oxfF bf];|f] ljZjo'4
cfo{ / cgfo{aLrsf] dxfef/t ePsf] pNn]v 5 . To; o'4df
8f= ;'lgnsf] efO;d]t dfl/Psf] x'G5 . oxfF sd{jfbL bz{gsf]
dxfg u|Gy uLtfsf] rrf{–kl/rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . o; efudf …dÚ
kfqn] Oh/fon hfg] hxfh tTsfn}} gkfPsfn] afO; 306fhlt
k]l/;df /f]lsg'k/]s]f s'/f pNn]v 5 . …dÚ kfqnfO{ aª\ufnL
8f=sf] lx6n/nfO{ cfb{zjfbL g]tf 7fGg] / bz{gsf] dxn v8f
u/]/ 9'Ss x'g] k|j[lQ dg kb}{g . 6\ofS;Ldf ofqf ul//x]sf a]nf
8f=;'lgnsf] csf]{ Pshgf snstf / lbNnLsf k|d'v kqx?sf
:yfgLo k|ltlglw aª\ufnL ;fyL;Fu e]6 x'G5 / pgLx¿sf aLr
kl/rokfq x'G5 . pgLx¿ k]l/;sf] Pp6f xf]6ndf k'U5g\ . ToxfF
xf]6nsf u|fxs / cGo j'l4hLlj, kqsf/, /fhgLlt1,bfz{lgs
cflbsf] eL8 /xG5 . pkGof;df 8f=;'lgnåf/f k]l/;sf

56
 b[Zolrqcflbsf] j0f{g ul/Psf] s'/fsf] ;fy} s;}n] lx6n/, s;}n]
?;, :6flng / hd{g cflbsf ljifodf cfÏg} lsl;dsf] ts{
k|:t't u/L tftf]–tftf] ax; u/]s]f / lx6n/ / hd{gL Pp6}
tŒj ePsf tyf :6flng / lx6n/ k/:k/ lj/f]wL 36gf x'g\
eg]sf s'/fsf] j0f{g 5 . To; lbgsf] k]l/; a;fO / 3'dfOsf]
cg'ejn] …dÚ kfq clxn]sf] b'lgof ;f+;fl/s ldrfldr, bf}8fbf}8
/ efufefudf l/lªPsf] 5 eGg] 5fk af]sL cfkm" klg /Gylgb} /
l/lªb} k]l/;sf b'O{ ;x[boL aª\ufnL ldq;Fu labfO x'Fb}
Oh/fonsf nflu hxfh r9\5g\ / o; bzf}F efusf] syfj:t'
k"/f x'G5 .
o; …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf] P3f/f}F cyjf clGtd
efudf cfOk'Ubf …dÚ kfq o; efus]f ;'?df ;d'b|dfly
pl8/x]s]f hxfhsf] ofqf ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . pgL hxfhaf6
tnlt/sf ;'Gb/ b[Zox? cjnf]sg ug'{sf ;fy ;fy} cfkm"n]
k]l/; nufot cGo y'k|} 7fpFx¿sf] ofqf u/]s]f cg'ej /
;+:d/0f ub}{ ofqf/t /xG5g\ . Tolts}df pgL r9]s]f hxfh
Oh/fon k'U5 . …dÚ kfq ToxfF pq]/ eG;f/ c8\8fsf] tuf/f]
sf6]/ aflx/ cfpgf ;fy vfuL k}G6 / xfkm ;6{ nufPsf] dfG5]
:jfut ub}{ tkfO{ g]kfnaf6 cfpg'ePsf] xf]Og eGb} pgsf]
;'6s]z xftaf6 lnP/ 3/kl§sf] lzi6frf/n] tkfO{sf] ;]jfdf
Ps xKtfsf nflu tkfO{sf] ldq / ufO8, lx:6«8af6 vl8Psf] x'F,
:jfut 5 Oh/fondf eG5 . To;kl5 p;sf] Jojxf/n] …dÚ
kfqnfO{ kSs} klg aDaO{af6 hxfhdf ofqf ubf{sf] uf]N8ju{n]
cfkm"F Oh/fon cfpg] s'/fsf] va/ k7fO;s]sf] /x]5 eGg] nfU5
/ pkGof;sf] P3f/f}F efusf ;fy} o; pkGof;sf] ;Dk"0f{
syfj:t' 6'ªluG5 .
$=# rl/q lrq0f M
…lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;df ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfn]
w]/} kfqx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]]sf] ePtf klg ;a} kfqx¿nfO{
;kmntfsf ;fy k|of]u ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ .syfj:t' …dÚ kfq

57
cyjf sf]O/fnf :jo+n] ofqf ubf{sf] j0f{g ePsfn] ofqf ubf{
ofqfsf qmddf cfkm";Fu e]6 ePsf / yf]/}dfq ;'g]sf jf
sfNklg kfqx¿ o;df cfPsf 5g\ . sf]O/fnfsf o; pkGof;df
tLg txsf kfqx¿sf] ;+of]hg ePsf] kfOG5 . d"n zLif{ssf
cg';f/ pkGof;sf k|d'v kfq …lx6n/Ú :ki6¿kn] b]lvPtf klg
of] lqmofzLn kfq geO pkGof;sf/sf cf}kGofl;s p2]Zosdf
nflu dfq ;+jfxsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|:t't
pkGof;sf lqmofzLn d'Vo kfqx¿dWo] …dÚ kfq, nIdL,
gf/fo0fg, /]jf, lyof]8f]/f, ONh], lnof]gf8f]{ / 8f= ;'lgn e§rfo{
lgs} dxTjk"0f{ kfqsf ¿kdf b]vfk5{g\ . 8]lj8, ld; dfu{/]6,
lktf uf]Nju{, k'q ofs"a, d]s8f]gfN8, :j]8]gL a"9L cfdf, 5f]/L
u|]6f / cGo ljljw ljrf/s, bfz{lgs tyf To:t} ljljw b[Zo
rl/qaf6 klg n]vgLo r]tg / cr]tgsf dgf]u|GyLx¿ km'sfpg]
sfddf d2t k'¥ofPsf] kfOG5 .
pkGof;df syfgsnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg / pkGof;nfO{
hLjGt t'Nofpg kfqx¿sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . To;}n]
To;df klg a9L dxTjk"0f{ / sd dxTjk"0f{sf cfwf/df /fv]/
x]bf{ k|:t't pkGof;df ;+of]hg ePsf tLg txsf kfqx¿sf]
lgDg k|sf/n] juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M–
!= k|d'v kfq M– …dÚ kfq, lx6n/, ox"bL, nIdL, gf/fo0fg, /]jf
b];fO{, lyof]8f]/f, ONh], ;'lgn e§frfo{, lnof]gf8f]{ .
@= ;xfoq kfqM– 8]lj8, ld; dfu{/]6, a"9f] uf]Nju{, ofs'a
uf]N8ju{, :j]8]gL a"9Lcfdf, d]s8f]gfN8, u|]6f .
#= cGo kfqM– hfkfgL l76f], ?8f]Nkm, d]o/gL, Oefg, c+u|]h,
cfdf–5f]/f, 8f]l/;, O{Zj/, ljåfg, bfz{lgs / ljleGg
lrqb[Zox? .
tn pkGof;sf k|d'v kfq, ;xfos kfq / s]xL cGo
kfqx¿ ;d]tsf] rl/q lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .

58
 k|d'v kfqM
!= …dÚ kfq
o; pkGof;df pkGof;sf lqmofzLn kfqx¿dWo]sf] …dÚ
kfqnfO{ g} k|d'v kfqsf] ¿kdf pEofOPsf] 5 . k|:t't pkGof;df
cf/Deb]lv lnP/ cGTo;Dd …dÚ kfq cyjf k|d'v kfqsf] g}
lg/Gt/ pkl:yltn] ubf{ p;sf] hLjgsf] ef]ufO / cg'ejsf]
;]/f]km]/f]nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ pkGof; k"0f{ ePsf] k"0f{ ePs]f kfOG5
. …dÚ kfq o; pkGof;sf] cg's"n kfq ePsfn] pm g} pkGof;sf]
gfos ePsf] b]lvG5 .
o; pkGof;sf] k|d'v …dÚ kfq cfkm"FnfO{ s]G;/ /f]un] u|:t
agfPsf] / g]kfn tyf ef/tdf ;d]t p;sf] pkrf/ ;Dej geO{
Tof] eGbf aflx/ hfg'kg]{ ePsfn] cfÏgf] pkrf/sf] nflu g]kfnsf]
sf7df8f}af6 cfÏgL Kof/L kTgL nIdLnfO{ ;d]t sf7df8f}+d} 5f]8L
PSn} pkrf/sf] l;nl;nfdf lgl:sG5 . pm ef/tsf] aDaOaf6
;a} ofqL;+u kl/ro ub}{ ldqjt Jojxf/ u5{ . o;/L x]bf{ pm
;/n :jefj / ldng;f/ b]lvG5 . d kfq c¿sf] cg'xf/ x]/]/ g}
p;sf] b'Mv / kL8fnfO{ a'‰g ;Sg] / bofn' :jefjsf] b]lvG5 .
Psflt/ k|d'v kfq cfkm"F klg k9]n]v]sf] / ;dembf/ ePsfn]
ofqfe/ s;};Fu s'/fsfgL ubf{ klg s'/f k'¥ofP/ / ;f]r];Dem]/
s'/f ug]{ ;r]t vfnsf] JolQmŒjsf] ¿kdf b]vfk/]sf] ePtf klg
hxfhsf] ofqf ul//x]sf] a]nf /]jf;Fusf] p7a;sf] qmddf
/]jf;Fusf] d}y'lgs sfo{n] of}ghGo O{lGb|onfO{ jzdf /fVg g;Sg]
JolQmŒjsf] ¿kdf lrlgG5 . …dÚ kfq pkrf/sf nflu n08g
hfg] qmddf pm o'/f]ksf cGo ljleGg d'n'ssf] ;d]t e|d0f ug{
k'Ub5 / Oh/fondf bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] g/;+xf/ tyf ToxfFsf
eUgfjz]ifnfO{ b]v]/ cToGt} b'MvL / ddf{xt aGgk'U5 .
k|:t't pkGof;sf k|d'v …dÚ kfq clxn]sf] ;+;f/sf]
htftt}sf] efubf}8 tyf eL8 / c¿sf] b'MvnfO{ b]v]/ cfÏgf]
/f]usf] kL8fnfO{ ;d]t lal;{g k'Ub5 . …dÚ kfq cfkm"F ljb]zsf]
/demddf e'lnPtf klg cfkm"Fn] 3/d} 5f]8]/ uPsL Kof/L kTgLnfO{

59
 ;do ;dodf o'/f]ksf] j0f{g u/]/ kq k7fO/xG5 . o;/L x]bf{ …dÚ
kfq Pp6f cfÏgf] 3/sf] lhDd]jf/L, st{Jo / kTgLk/fo0f wd{
tyf k|]ddf klg Tolts} ;r]t /x]s]f b]lvG5 . o'/f]ksf]
g/;+xf/nfO{ b]v]/ cfxt ePsf] …dÚ kfq of] ;Dk"0f{ k"jL{o
uLtfbz{gsf] k|efj egL uLtfh:tf] lxGb"x¿sf] wfld{s tyf
kljq u|GynfO{ bf]ifL 7fGb5 / g/;+xf/s lx6n/nfO{ dxfef/tsf]
s[i0f;Fu t'ngf ug{ k'Ub5 . pkGof;sf] cGTodf o'4sf]
g/;+xf/sf/L b[Zo b]v]/ cToGt b'MvL x'Fb} cfkm"F a:g] sf]7fdf
kms]{/ x[bob]lv g} efj's eO ¿g k'Ub5 / cfÏgL Kof/L
nIdLnfO{ ;d]t o'/f]ksf] j0f{g u/]/ lr7L n]Vg g;Sg] cj:yfdf
k'Ub5 . o;/L x]bf{ pkGof;sf] k|d'v …dÚ kfq pm Pp6f cfÏgf]
eGbf c¿sf] b'Mvdf lrGtf /fVg], efj's / cToGt} bofn'
:jefjs]f b]lvG5 . pm bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] lhDd]jf/ k"jL{o
uLtfbz{g / qm"/ lx6n/ ePs]f 7x/ ub}{ ;+;f/df o'4 xf]Og
zflGt x'g'kb{5 / dfG5]n] dfG5]sf] g} xTof ug{ kfOb}g, o;sf]
clwsf/ s;}nfO{ 5}g eGg]df k'Ub5 .
o;/L ;du|df x]bf{v]l/ pkGof;sf] k|d'v …dÚ kfq cToGt}
r]tgzLn, efj's, bofn', st{Jok/fo0f / O{Zj/nfO{ ;d]t
g5f]8L dfgj ;+xf/ ug]{ bfgj k|j[lQ ePsf dflg;x¿k|lt 3[0ff
/ ljb|f]x ug]{ rl/q ePsf] JolQmsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 .
@= lx6n/
pkGof;sf k|d'v kfqsf ¿kdf d"n zLif{s cg'?k,
…lx6n/Ú :ki6tM b]lvPtf klg pm pkGof;sf] lqmofzLn kfq
geO{ cf}kGofl;s p2]Zosf nflu ;+jfxssf ¿kdf pkl:yt
ePsf] cyjf u/fOPsf] b]lvG5 . pkGof;df lx6n/ lgb{oL, qm"/
/ g/;+xf/ ug]{ Ps bfgjL rl/qsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ePsf] 5 .
lx6n/ bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf gfddf nfvf}–F nfv lgbf]{if ox"bLx¿sf]
ljgfz ug]{ Ps qm"/ / b'i6 rl/q ePsf] kfqsf] ¿kdf plePs]f
5 . pm s[i0fsf] j}jŒjljxLgsf] wd{ k|ltkflbt uLtnfO{ cfÏgf]
;bf;j{bfsf] ;'/Iff sjr 7fGb5 . lx6n/sf] nflu dflg; dfg'{

60
 / xTof ug'{ h:tf s'/f ;fdfGo x'G5g\ . cfkm"nfO{ g} O{Zj/ 7fGg]
lx6n/sf] ljrf/df …olb s;}n] k|]dn] of 3[0ff of lgi7'/tfn]
s;}nfO{ df5{ eg] Tof] g/xTof jf kfk xf], t/ o'4df nfvf}Fsf]
nfv k|f0fLsf] xTof klg cfzlQm/lxt / cj}olQms 5 eg] Tof]
wd{;Ddt / k'0ojfg sfo{ x'ghfG5 Ú -pkGof;sf/ @)^^, ;ftf}
;+:s/0f, k]h g+= !!!_ eGg] 5 .
lx6n/ cfkm"nfO{ cfo{ ;+:s[ltsf] kfngf ug]{ / uLtfnfO{
;fydf lnP/ lx8g] JolQmsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ub}{ wd{, st{Jo /
dfgj /Iffsf] gfddf pN6} g/;+xf/ ug]{ qm"/ / bfgjL k|j[lQ sf]
rl/q ePsf] kfqsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ePsf] b]lvG5 . hd{gdf
o'uf}b]lv a:t} cfPsf lgbf]{if ox"bLx?dfly cGofo / cTofrf/
ug]{ lx6n/ dfgjtfsf] pNnª\3g ug]{ tyf dfgj;+;f/nfO{
tx;gx; kfg]{ Ps r/d lgs[i6 rl/qsf] ¿kdf lrlgG5 .
o;sf lglDt lgbf]{if ox"bLx¿sf a"9fa"9L b]lv lnP/ slnnf
afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;d]t cfÏgf]] UofF;RofDa/sf] j]bLdf xf]dL
v/fgL kfg'{ / t¿gL jf o'jtLx¿nfO{ anTsf/sf] lzsf/ agfO
pgLx¿sf] cl:tŒjnfO{ n'6\g' / a];xf/f agfpg'h:tf lgs[i6
sfo{x¿ ;fdfGo ePsf] b]lvG5 . lx6n/ k|:t't pkGof;df
cfkm"nfO{ lxGb"x¿sf] uLtfbz{gsf] s[i0f;Fu t'ngf ub}{ cfk"m
To;a]nfsf] zlQmjfg O{Zj/ ePsf] bfjL ;d]t ug{ k'Ub5 .
o;/L cfÏgf nflu gj /fi6« / dfgjlxtsf nflu
cfkm"nfO{ ;dlk{t 7fGg] ljzf}F ztfAbLsf] tfgfzfxL lx6n/ nfvf}F
nfv lgbf]{if dflg;x¿dfly cGofo / cTofrf/ ub}{ xTof ug]{
xTof/f rl/qsf] ¿kdf b]lvPsf] 5 .
#= ox"bL
ox"bL eGgfn] k"/} ox"bL hfltnfO{ a'lemG5 . ox"bLx¿
klxnf ToxfF al;/x]sf nfvf}F nfv k]ln:6fOgx¿nfO{ ToxfFaf6
3/jf/ljxLg agfO wkfP/ cfkm" /fh u/L a;]sf hflt ePsf]
b]lvG5 . Oh/fon ox"bLx¿ cfpg'eGbf klxnfsf] c/j b]z
ePsf] b]lvG5 . kl5 lx6n/ zf;sn] cfÏgf] zf;gsfndf

61
 klxnf To;/L a;]sf k]n]:6fOgnfO{ pv]n]/ d'n'saf6} Ïo“Flslbg]
ox"bLx¿dfly Tof] eGbf a9L cGofo / cTofrtf/ u/L
ox"bLx¿sf] klg To:t} ljgfz ug{ k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . oxfF k|:t't
pkGof;s} kfq gf/fo0fgs} …oxfF s;}n] s;}nfO{ dfg{ ;Sb}g,
oxfF dg]{ egf}F of dfg]{ oL ;a} lgoltsf dfWod x'g\ Ú -
pkGof;sf/, @)^^ ;ftf} ;+:s/0f, k]h g+=@^_ eGg] egfOnfO{
b[li6ut ubf{v]l/ klg jf:tjdf ox"bLx¿ cfÏgf]] s'sd{ /
lgolts} rqmdf k/]/ o;/L pgLx¿sf] k"/} hfltsf] ljgfz
x'g'k/]sf] xf] ls eGg] klg nfUb5 . rfx] h] xf]; oxfF qm"/
lx6n/åf/f ljgfz ul/Psf ox"bLx¿ cGofo / cTofrf/sf]
k/fsfi7fdf k'u]/ lkl;Psf cb[Zo / ;fd"lxs kfqsf] ¿kdf
b]lvPsf 5g\ . pkGof;sf/åf/f of] ;d:of dfq ox"bLsf] geP/
lazf}F ztfAbLsf ox"bLx¿h:t} clxn]sf ;+;f/sf ;a}
dflg;x¿sf] Pp6} ;d:of /x]s]f s'/fnfO{ k|i6ofpFb}
ox"bLx¿nfO{ k|ltlglw kfqsf] ¿kdf pEofOPsf] b]lvG5 .
o;/L x]bf{v]l/ ox"bLx¿ lazf}F ztfAbLsf] lx6n/sf]
zf;gsfndf lx6n/åf/f ul/Psf] cGofosf] k|lt/f]w ug{ plt
g;s]sf ;/n / ;f]emf Jojxf/sf] rl/q ePsf b]lvG5g\ .
$= nIdL
nIdL k|:t't …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf y'k|}
gf/Lkfqx¿dWo]sL Ps xf] . nIdL o; pkGof;sf k|d'v …dÚ
kfqsL u[xnIdL jf u[x:jfldgLsf ¿kdf k|:t't ePsL
lxGb"gf/Lsf] pTs[i6td gf/L rl/qsf] pbfx/0f xf] . pkGof;sf]
bf];|f] efub]lv dWoefu cyjf ;ftf}F efu;Dd k|d'v …dÚ kfqsL
c;n kTgL jf u[xnIdLs]f ¿kdf k|:t't ePsL / klt;Fusf]
e]6df nuftf/ Pskl5 csf]{ ;Gtfgsf] ck]Iff /fVg] gf/L
rl/qsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ePsL 5] . pm cfÏgf] :jf:Yo nfesf
nflu ;fdflhs ;d:of;Fu h'w]/ ;Dk"0f{ Joj:yf ;Ifdtfsf
;fy ;kmn kfg{;Sg] Ps ;fx;L gf/L JolQmŒjsf] ¿kdf
lrlgG5] . …dÚ kfqs} …kTgL x'g' t nIdL h:tL xf];Ú\ eGg]

62
 egfOn] nIdL Pp6L kltk|ltsf] st{Jok/fo0f kTgLsf] ¿kdf
b]lvPsL 5] . nIdL ;dfhsf ;d:ofu|:t s'/fx¿ ;dfhnfO{
cfjZos b]lvPdf ljleGg sf]0faf6 ;'N‰ofpg ;Sg] gf/L
rl/qsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ePsL 5] . kltsf] :jf:Yo nfesf nflu
cfÏgf] ef}lts z/L/nfO{ ;d]t dxŒj glbO ;Dk"0f{ ¿kn] klts}
cl:tŒjdf cfkm"FnfO{ ljlng g} u/fpg] Ps ;xh, k|fs[t /
cfbz{doL gf/L rl/q ePsL kfqsf] ¿kdf lrlgG5] .
o;/L x]bf{v]l/ kTgL jf u[x:jfldgL nIdLh:t} rl/q
ePsL x'g'k5{ / o:tf rl/q ePsf gf/Lkfqaf6 dfq} dfgjtf
;+/lIft x'g;S5 eGg] ;Gb]z nIdLsf] rl/qaf6 kfpg ;lsG5 .
oxfF nIdLsf] rl/q s;}åf/f ;+rflnt geO :jt:km{'t ePsf] /
gf/L cl:dtfåf/f kl/rflnt ePsf] b]lvG5 .
%= gf/fo0fg
o; pkGof;sf] bf];|f] lqmofzLn k'?ifkfqsf] ¿kdf
gf/fo0fgsf] pkl:ylt ePsf] 5 . gf/fo0fg pkGof;sf] w]/}
efudf geO yf]/} efudf dfq} pkl:yt ePsf] b]lvPtf klg pm
Pp6f k9]n]v]sf] / ljleGg n]v cflb ;d]t n]Vg] n]vs,
bfz{lgs tyf ljåfgsf ¿kdf lrlgG5 . pkGof;sf] t];|f]
efuaf6 b]vfk/]s]f gf/fo0fg rf}yf] efudf g} k'u]/ p;sf] ofqf
;dfKt ePsf] b]lvG5 . p;sf] …dÚ kfq;Fusf] 5f]6f] ;dosf]
dfq} e]63f6 ePklg p;sf] pkl:yltn] pkGof;sf] ultnfO{
cufl8 a9fpdf 7"nf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] kfOG5 . gf/fo0fg
db|f;sf] lxGb':tfgL a|fDX0f lgoltjfbL / lxGb" ;+:s[lt jf
k"jL{obz{sf] s§/jfbL tyf pRrs]f6Lsf lxGb" ljrf/n] cf]tk|f]t
JolQm b]lvG5 . pm lxGb" bz{gk|lt Psf]xf]/f] cf:yf / ljZjf;
/fVg] tyf cl:tŒjjfbdf d"No / dfGotf clg lgoltsf]
e"ldsfnfO{ ;jf]{kl/ dfGg] rl/qsf] ¿kdf k|:t't b]lvG5 .
gf/fo0fg cfÏgf] hftLo ;+:s[ltsf] dof{bfnfO{ kfngf ug]{ ;xh
efjgf ePsf] / uLtfbz{gsf dd{x¿nfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ rl/qsf]
¿kdf plePsf] 5 .

63
 k|:t't pkGof;df gf/fo0fg gf/Lhfltsf] dlxdf k|]dLsf
x'gdf dfq geO dft[Œjsf] ul/dfnfO{ cufl8 a9fpgfn] a9\g
;S5 eGg] ljrf/ af]s]s]f kfqsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ePsf] b]lvG5 .
gf/fo0fg lgoltnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ a|x\df08sf] sd{of]u / O{Zj/ 7fGb5
. p;sf] ljrf/df …;f7L nfv ox"bL dfg]{ lx6n/ t lgolt dfq
xf] . oxfF s;}n] s;}nfO{ dfg{ ;Sb}g, oxfF dg]{ egf}F of dfg]{ oL
;a} lgoltsf dfWod x'g\ -pkGof;sf/ @)^^ ;ftf} ;+:s/0f,
k]h g+= @^_ eGg] 5 . o;/L x]bf{v]l/ gf/fo0fg lxGb";+:s[lt /
k/Dk/fdf c6n ljZjf; /fVg] tyf af}l4s JolQmTjsf] ¿kdf
o; pkGof;df pkl:yt ePsf] kfOG5 .
^= /]jf b];fO{
:qL–kfq dWo]sL /]jf klg Ps xf] . u'h/fFtL o'jtL /]jf
…dÚ kfqsf] hxfhsf] ofqfdf e]6 eP/ lrghfg a9fPsL /
o'/f]kdf /x]s]f cfÏgf] kltnfO{ e]6\g lxF8]sL Ps gf/L kfq xf] .
/]jfsf] pkGof;sf] rf}yf] efuaf6 kfrf}F efu;Dddf dfq}
pkl:yt ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;dosf lx;fan] /]jfsf] …dÚ kfq;Fusf]
p7a; 5f]6f] b]lvPtf klg Tolts} ;dodf pkGof;nfO{ hLjGt
t'Nofpg p;sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]s]f gf/Lkfqsf] ¿kdf lng
;lsG5 . /]jf oxfF :jefljs gf/Lof}g r]tgfsf] ¿kdf JoQm
ePsL 5] . pm :jR5Gb ufldgL, of}g Joflerfl/0fL :qLsf] ¿kdf
k|:t't b]lvG5] . p;sf] ljrf/df gf/L :jtGqtf x'g'k5{ / k"jL{o
gf/Lx¿ klg klZrdL gf/Lx¿ ;f] ;/x :jtGq x'g'kb{5 eGg]
b[li6sf]0f 5 . To;}n] pm gf/fo0fg;Fusf] ax;df …To;f]eP s]
lxGb"gf/LnfO{ klZrdL gf/L ;/x :jtGq cfr/0fsf] clwsf/
5}g<Ú-pkGof;sf/ @)^^ ;ftf} ;+:s/0f k]h g+=&@_ ;d]t eGg
k'u]sL 5] . …dÚ kfqsf] P3f/lbg] kfgL hxfhsf] ofqfel/ k|:t't
ePsL /]jfsf hlt klg lqmofsnfkx¿ 5g\, ltgn] pm Pp6L
pGd'Qm / ljsl;t rl/q ePsL gf/Lkfqsf] ¿kdf b]lvG5 .
p;n] :jtGqtf / pGd'lQmsf] cf8df cfÏgf] o'/f]kdf ePsf]
kltnfO{ e]6\g hfFbf af6fdf hxfhd} cfÏgf] kltsf] Psnf}6L

64
 clwsf/nfO{ clnslt klg c;lhnf] gdfgL k/k'?if jf …dÚ
kfqdf ;d]t af6g'n] pm :j}lR5s of}grf/L / O{lGb|onfO{ jzdf
/fVg g;s]sL gf/Lkfqsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ePsL b]lvG5] . o;/L
x]bf{v]l/ /]jf pGd'Qm, ljsl;t / gf/fo0fg;Fusf] s'/fsfgLdf
ts{k"0f{ 9ª\un] ax; ug{ ;Sg] gf/Lsf] ¿kdf k|:t't b]lvPtf
klg lxGb" ;+:sf/ cg';f/ g;'xfpFbf] / rl/qxLg gf/Lkfqsf]
¿kdf lng;lsG5 .
&= lyof]8f]/f
lyof]8f]/f o; pkGof;sL 5}6f}F efuel/df dfq} b]vfk/]sL
gf/L kfq xf] . pm k|d'v …dÚ kfqsf nflu aln{gsf] Pp6f
xf]6naf6 ufO8sf] ¿kdf vl6PsL x'G5] . lyof]8f]/f ;xof]uL,
;/n tyf efj's x[bo ePsL gf/L rl/qsf] ¿kdf k|:t't 5] .
p;sf cfdf–a'af, efO / cfÏgf] k|]dL;d]t o'4df dfl/P/
a];xf/f eO hLjgofkgsf] nflu xf]6nsf] ufO8sf] ¿kdf sfd
ug{ afWo ePsL gf/Lsf] ¿kdf b]lvPsL 5] . cfkm"F kGw| jif{sf]
pd]/sL x'Fbf cfÏgf] ;Dk"0f{ kl/jf/hg u'dfpg'k/]s]f sf/0f
p;sf] cg'xf/df pbfl;gtfn] 5fPsf] b]lvG5 . cfdf a'af dfl/P
klg !$ jif{sf] Pp6f efO lyof], Tof] klg ¿;L ;}lgsnfO{
nv]6\g egL hfFbf ToxL dfl/Psf] / cfkm"F efOnfO{ vf]Hg hfFbf
qm"/ ;}lgsåf/f efOsf nfzsf df;'sf 6'qmf / af];f] b]vfpFb}
pN6} cfkm"n] grfxbf grfxb} klg ha/h:tL n'l6P/ ljlIfKt
x'gk'u]sL gf/Lkfqsf] ¿kdf b]lvPsL5] . o; lsl;dn] o'4af6
ljlIfKt agfOPsL lyof]8f]/fn] k6s k6s anTsf/af6
u'h|g'k/]sf]n] p;nfO{ of}g eGg' s'g} To:tf] /x:ok"0f{ / cfsif{s
j:t' ePsf] b]lvb}g . lyof]8f]/f cfkm\gf] syfaf6 aln{gsf ;a}
gf/Lsf] Pp6} syf /x]sf] b]vfpb} aln{gdf O{Zj/ gePsf] 7x/
ug{ k'u]sL k|ltlglw kfqsf] ¿kdf b]lvPsL 5] . o;/L lyof]8f]/f
lx6n/åf/f rnfOPsf] bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] sf/0f gf/L c:dLtfsf
;fy} l;ª\uf] dfgjtf g} vt/fdf k/]sf] cj:yfsf] k|tLssf]
¿kdf k|:t't ePsL b]lvG5] .

65
*= ONh]
ONh] …dÚ kfqsf] …ltdL Kof/L Jof/L s]xL klg xf]Ogf} . ldL
clxn] ;fg} 5f}F -pkGof;sf/ @)^^ ;ftf} ;+:s/0f, k]h g+= *^_
eGg] egfOn] pm pkGof;sL Pp6L o'jtL e}g;s]sL lszf]/L
kfq xf] . pm Hofb} gSsn] / r+rn] :jefjsL x'G5] . o'4df efO
dfl/Psf sf/0f p;sf a'af b]ptfsf] s'/f ubf{ b]ptf;]ptf
5}gg\ eG5g\ eg] efOsf sf/0f la/fdL k/]sL cfdf b]ptf 5g\,
cjZo 5g=\ elG5g\ . ONh] a'afcfdfsf] o; lsl;dsf]
Jojxf/af6 lbSs eO;s]sL x'G5] . pm 3/sf cleefejsf]
;xof]u gkfO a];xf/f aGg k'uL hLjg / 3/ rnfpgsf nflu
o'4df vl6Psf s|"/ l;kfxLx¿sf] of}gt[Kt u/fpg] sfo{df nfUg
ljj; ePsL gf/L kfqsf] ¿kdf k|:t't 5] . ONh] :jefjn]
To:tf] gePsL t/ afWotfn] To:tf] rl/qdf plqg k'u]sL o'jtL
kfq b]lvPsL 5] . pm jf:tjdf ;xL v/fa 5'6\ofpg g;Sg] /
of}gk"0f{ e}g;s]sL x'G5] t/ klg p;nfO{ ;don] To;f] ug{ afWo
agfPsf] 5 . pm ca To;sfo{df k"/} k|j[Q eO;s]sL 5] . To;}n]
pm …dÚ kfq;Fusf] e]6df cfFvf lemDSofP/ …dÚ kfqnfO{
cfkm"lt/ cfslif{t ug{ rfxGy] / …dÚ kfqn] …ltdL sf] xf]<eGbf d
ONh] x'F, Kof/L ONh] -pkGof;sf/, @)^^ ;ftf} ;+:s/0f, k]h
g+=*^_ eG5] t/ …dÚ kfqn] p;s]f jo / sf?l0fs cj:yf b]v]/
…ltdL Kof/L Jof/L s]xL xf]Ogf} . Pp6L ;fgL s]6L xf} -
pkGof;sf/, @)^^ ;ftf} ;+:s/0f k]h g+= *^_ eGbf …lsg
rflxof] pd]/ ltdLnfO{ < dgef]usf] :jfb vfP/ a'lemG5 -
pkGof;sf/, @)^^ ;ftf} ;+:s/0f k]h g+= *^_ eGg k'U5] . pm
u|fxsx¿nfO{ cfsif{0f ug{sf nflu ;w}F >[+uf/k]6f/df nflu/xG5]
/ >[+uf/sf ;fdfg ;lsFbf klg cfkm";Fu ePsf] /ftf] sfuh
rafP/ cf]7df nfnL nufpg] rl/qsf] ¿kdf b]lvG5] .
pkGof;sf] ;ftf}F efudf dfq} b]vfk/]sL pQm gf/L kfqn] o'4df
lklN;Psf ;Dk"0f{ slnnf aflnsf / o'jtLx¿n] o:t} ef]ufO

66
 Joxf]g'{k/]sf] cj:Yffsf] bb{gfs / sf?l0fs rl/qsf] pb\3f6g
u/]s]f 5 .
(= 8f= ;'lgn e§frfo{
…dÚ kfqn] o'/f]ksf] ofqf ;sL :jb]z kmls{g] qmddf e]6
ePsf] Pp6f jf}l4s kfq xf] 8f=e§frfo{ . pm cfo{ ;+:s[ltdfly
ljZjf; /fVg] / cfo{ ;+:s[ltsf] kfngf ug]{ rl/q ePsf] kfqsf]
¿kdf pkl:yt 5 . p;sf] ljrf/df hd{g / lxGb':tfgL Ps
j+zsf b'O{ xfFuf ePsfn] b'j}df ;fb[Zotf 5 . lxGb" cWofTdjfbL
5g\ eg] hd{gx¿ To:t} cfb{zjfbL 5g\ . o;/L x]bf{v]l/ 8f=
e§frfo{ Psflt/ uLtfbz{gnfO{ xftdf lnP/ g/;+xf/ ug]{ qm"/
lx6n/sf] kIfw/ rl/qsf] ¿kdf pkl:yt ePsf] b]lvG5 eg]
csf{lt/ …dÚ kfq;Fusf] ;'?sf] e]63f6df …dxfzo cfkm"nfO{
slxNo} klg ef/tLo eGbf leGg g7fGg'xf]\; -pkGof;sf/,
k"j{jt, k]h g+=!@)_ eGg] egfOn] j;'w}j s'6'Dasd\Ú sf]
efjgfnfO{ klg Tolts} cfTd;ft ug]{ rl/qsf] ¿kdf klg
b]lvG5 .hd{g lxGb" bz{gjfbL cyjf 1fgjfbL ePsfn] c+u|]h /
k|mflG;;Lbz{gsf] j'l4jfbnfO{ pgLx¿n] g:jLsf/]s]f p;sf] ts{
5 . pgLx¿n] …ljsf;sf] qmddf zlQmtŒjnfO{ e]§fPsf 5g\,
kl5 lzj tŒjnfO{ klg e]6\6fpg] 5g\ -pkGof;sf/ @)^^ ;ftf}
;+:s/0f,k]h g+=!@#_ eGg] egfOn] lzjnfO{ g} cfÏgf] zlQm dfGg]
/ lxGb"bz{gsf] dxfTDonfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ rl/q ePsf] kfqsf]
¿kdf b]lvPsf] 5 .
!)= lnof]gf8{
lnof]gf8{ o'4sf sf/0f Pp6f v'§6f] u'dfPsf] nª\u8f] /
o'4df n8fOF ubf{ Pp6} kmf}hdf /x]/ sfd u/]s]f lx6n/sf]
l;kfxL ;fyL /xG5 . pm klxnf o'4sf] n8fs' ePklg o'4df
v'6\6f] u'dfP/ nª\u8f] ePkl5 ;}lgs SofDkdf sdf08/sf]
¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . pm cfÏgf] /fi6«sf nflu k"/} Hofg lbg'k/]
klg kl5 gx6g] / Pp6f OdfGbf/ / /fi6«;]jssf] rl/q ePsf]
;}lgs kfq b]lvG5 . cfÏgf] /fi6«sf] arfp tyf xssf nflu

67
 n8\g'nfO{ :jefljs ¿kdf lnPtf klg o'4sf gfddf dfl/Psf
dflg;x¿ rfx] h'g;'s} hfltsf x'g\, ;a} dfgj Pp6} ePsf]
dfgjLo b[li6sf]0f /x]s]f 5 . of] s'/f p;sf] …sf]xL–sf]xL eGy]–
ox"bLsf] nfz uGxfof] x} uGxfof] t/ O{Zj/n] em'6 gaf]nfj;\,
dfG5]sf] df;'sf] uGw Psgf;sf] kf]lnPkl5 Tof] rfx] cfo{ xf];\,
rfx] ox"bLsf] rfx] lhK;Lsf] -pkGof;sf/ k"j{jt\ k]h g+= (^_
eGg] egfOn] k'li6 ub{5 . lnof]gf8{ cfÏgf] 3/df cfPsf]
cltlysf] 3/kl§ / ufO8sf] x}l;otn] st{Jo k"/f ug]{ JolQmsf]
¿kdf ;d]t /x]s]f b]lvG5 . …dÚ kfqsf] kyk|bz{ssf] ¿kdf yf]/}
;dosf] nflu dfq} k|:t't ePsf] ePtfklg nª\u8f] ;}lgssf]
pkl:yltn] …dÚ kfqnfO{ bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] af/]df w]/} s'/fsf]
hfgsf/L lng ;lhnf] ePsf] / pkGof;sf] syfj:t'nfO{ klg
c¿ ;fy{stf agfpgdf cxd\ e"ldsf v]n]sf] b]lvG5 . cGTodf
eGg'kbf{ lnof]gf8{ ;a} dflg;sf] ;xcl:tŒjnfO{ Ps}
7fGg],;xof]uL b[li6sf]0f /fVg] / /fi6«jfbL rl/q ePsf] kfqsf]
¿kdf plePsf] b]lvG5 .
;xfos kfq
!= 8]lj8
8]lj8 ztfAbLcf}Fb]lv cNk;+Vos eP/ zf]lift kLl8t /
å]if tyf cGwsf/sf] lzsf/ x'Fb} bdg / cTofrf/df lklN;Psf,
si6 / nf~5gfsf] tftf] 8fd cfÏgf x[bodf wf/0f ub}{ cfPsf
ox"bL hflt ePs]f k'?if kfq xf] . p;sf] …dÚ kfq;Fu hxfhsf]
ofqfsf] qmddf pkGof;sf] k|yd efud} e]6 x'gk'Ub5 . pm
lxGb':tfgaf6 o'/f]k hfg rfxg] ox"bLx¿nfO{ 8Kkmf –8Kkmfdf
ldnfpFb} k7fpg] cGt/f{li6«o ox"bL ;+u7gsf] ;b:o x'G5 . pm
oxfF ;Dk"0f{ ox"bL hfltsf] k|ltlglw kfqsf] ¿kdf b]lvPsf] 5 .
pm ;/n, ldng;f/, ;r]t / b'MvLsf] ;]jfdf cfkm"nfO{ ;dlk{t
ug]{ rl/q ePs]f kfqsf] ¿kdf b]lvG5 . pm cfkm"dfly dfu{/]6
gfdsL o'jtLn] xTof/fsf] ;+1f lbFbf / cfk\mgf] dgdf
lt/:sf/sf] s7f]/ Wjlg pTkGg x'Fbf klg cfkm"nfO{ zfGt / ;f}Do

68
 Jojxf/df /fVg ;Sg] rl/q ePs]f b]lvG5 . …dÚ kfqsf] ;fydf
5f]6f] ;dosf] nflu pkl:yt kfqn] 5f]6} ;do ePtf klg
cfÏgf] rl/qnfO{ k|bz{g ub}{ / …dÚ kfqnfO{ ox"bLx¿sf] kL8fsf]
cjut u/fpFb} pkGof;sf] syfj:t'nfO{ cufl8 a9fpgdf
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
@= ld; dfu{/]6
dfu{/]6 …dÚ kfqsf] hxfhsf] ofqfdf e]6 ePsL Pp6L
n]jgfgL o'jtL kqsf/ xf] . pm lxGb':tfgdf eO/x]s]f ;dfhjfbL
;Dd]ng bjfpg cfPsL x'G5] . pm Oh/fonaf6 c/jLogx¿nfO{
nv]6\g] / larNgL agfO cfÏgf]] /fHo sfod ug]{ ox"bLx¿ g} x'g\
egL ltgLx¿k|lt cfqmf]if k|s6 ug]{ / ox"bLx?k|lt ljb|f]xfTds
rl/q b]vfpg] Ps gf/L kfqsf] ¿kdf k|:t't 5] . dfu{/]6
ox"bLaf6 sof}F k]n]:6fOg ty c/jLogx¿sf] 3/jf; p7fPsf]
bb{gfs syf ;d]t pkGof;sf …dÚ kfq;Fu JoQm ug{ k'u]sL 5]
. o;/L pkGof;sf] klxnf] efusf] klg s]xL c+zdf dfq
b]lvPsL dfu{/]6 gf/L kfq Pp6f lgZ5n, ;r]t, hfu?s /
cfkm"nufot ;a}dfly k/]s]f cGofosf] lj?4df ljb|f]x ug{ ;Sg]
gf/L rl/qsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ePsL 5] . p;n] pkGof;sf]
syfj:t'nfO{ ;fy{s agfpFb} cufl8 a9fpgdf d2t k'¥ofPsL 5]
.
#= a"9f] uf]N8ju{ -hsl/df uf]N8ju{_
a"9f] uf]N8ju{ Pp6f 7"nf] ox"bL Jokf/L tyf …cGt/f{li6«o
ox"bL ;+u7gÚ s]f s]Gb|Lo ;b:o x'G5 . p;sf] …dÚ kfq;Fu
hxfhL ofqfsf] qmddf e]6 ePsf] x'G5 . uf]N8ju{ ;a}df
d}qLefj /fVg], ;/n / cltlysf] ;Tsf/ ug]{ JolQmsf] ¿kdf
b]lvG5 . pm klg o'4af6 ljlIfKt kfq xf] . pm cfÏgf] O{Zj/ /
lgoltdf ljZjf; /fVg] rl/q ePsf] kfqsf] ¿kdf pkl:yt 5,
To;}n] pm …ox"bLsf] s:tf] lgolt< O{Zj/n] lbPsf] ynf]df
kmls{gklg ;lhn} sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ gkfpg] -pkGof;sf/
k"j{jt\ k]h g+=##_ eGb} cfkm\gf] O{Zj/k|ltsf] ;f+:sfl/ rl/qk|lt

69
 3[0ff ub{5 . pm oxfF cfkm"F h:tf];'s} kl/l:yltdf klg O{Zj/sf]
cf1f kfng ug{ gr'Sg] kfqsf] ¿kdf plePs]f 5 . o;/L x]bf{
uf]N8ju{ sd{ / O{Zj/ b'j}df ljZjf; /fVg] JolQmsf] ¿kdf
b]lvG5 . p;n] …dÚ kfq;Fusf] e]6df d kfqnfO{ cfltYos]f
¿kdf ;Tsf/ ug'{sf ;fy} cfkm"n] o'4df b]v]ef]u]sf s'/fx¿
sf?l0fstfsf ;fy cfFvfel/ cfF;' kfb}{ aofg ug{ k'Ub5 . o;/L
Pshgf ox"bL Jofkf/Lsf] pkl:yltn] pkGof;df o'4sfnLg
cj:yfsf] b'MvbfoL 36gfsf] pb\3f6g ug'{sf ;fy} pkGof;sf]
syfj:t'nfO{ ;fy{s agfpFb} cufl8 n}hfgdf 7"nf] d2t
k'¥ofPs]f 5 .
$= ofs"a uf]N8ju{
ofs"a uf]N8ju{ lktf hsl/df uf]N8ju{sf] 5f]/f] /xG5 .
pm klg cfÏgf]] a'afh:t} Pp6f 7"nf] Jofkf/L /xG5 . p;n]
cfÏgf] Jofkf/nfO{ c¿ cufl8 a9fpgsf nflu nf]Ug] d/]sL
Pshgf d]s8f]gfN8 gfd u/]sL ljw'jf dlxnf;Fu xft]dfnf]
ub{5 . pgLx¿ x]bf{ b'j}df cfdf / 5f]/fh:tf b]lvG5g\ t/
oyfy{df To:tf] 5}g . o'4af6 kLl8t d]s8f]gfN8 lgoltn] ubf{
pd]/df 5f]/f];dfg nfUg] o'js ofs"asf] xft ;dft]/ ;xf/f
lng vf]H5] t/ ofs"a p;nfO{ Pp6f dgf]/~hgsf] ;fwg /
Jofkfl/s ;xsdL{sf] ¿kn] dfq} x]b{5 . o;/L x]bf{ ofs"a
uf]N8ju{ o'4kLl8t dlxnfx¿nfO{ dfq ef]Uo / dgf]/~hgsf]
;fwgsf] ¿kdf x]g]{ u5{ . pm To:tf gf/Lx¿af6 pgLx¿sf]
afWotfsf] kmfObf dfq} p7fpg] Pp6f cj;/jfbL / rl/qxLg
kfqsf] ¿kdf b]vfk/]s]f 5 .
%= :j]8]gL a"9Lcfdf
o; pkGof;sL gf/L kfq…:j]8]gL a"9LcfdfÚ cToGt} ;/n
/ ;f]emf] Jojxf/ tyf cfÏgf]] cltlyu[xdf cfPsf s'g} klg
kfx'gfnfO{ cfÏg} 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ h:t} u/L dfof ug]{ / ;Ddfg
lbg] tyf vfgkfgdf ;d]t Wofg /fVg] :jefjsL b]lvlG5g\ .
a"9LcfdfnfO{ ;+:sf/L / j}jflxs ;DaGwnfO{ lgi7fsf] ljZjf;

70
 /fVg] Pp6f lgi7fjfg rl/q ePsL gf/L kfqsf] ¿kdf x]g{
;lsG5 . lxGb"x¿n] kfltj|Todf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] dxŒj lbPs]f
s'/fsf] pNn]v ug'{ / lxGb" kTgLnfO{ d/]s]f klt;Fu kf]lng
dgnfUYof] /] ! -pkGof;sf/ k"j{jt\ k]h g+=&%_ eGg' h:tf
Jojxf/n] pgL cfbz{doL rl/q ePsL gf/L kfq ePsf] :ki6
x'G5 . pgs]f dfofn' Jojxf/af6 k|efljt ePsf …dÚ kfq ;d]t
g]kfndf ePsf dfofn' ysfNgL cfdfx¿sf] ;Demgf ug{ k'u]sf
5g\ . o;/L x]bf{ :jL8]gL a"9Lcfdf cToGt} ;xof]uL, ;/n
Jojxf/sf ;fy} uflh{ogsf] ¿kdf ;d]t st{Jo k"/f ug{ kl5
gkg]{ tyf cfÏgf] ;+:s[lt–k/Dk/f / dof{bfdf c6n /xg]
rl/qjfg gf/Lsf] ¿kdf b]lvlG5g\ . pgL Pp6L c;n /
ddtfdoL cfdf tyf ;kmn ;f;'sf] ¿kdf ;d]t lrlgPsL gf/L
rl/q x'g\ .
^= ld;]h d}s8f]gfN8
pkGof;sf] …dÚ kfq;Fu hxfhsf] ofqfdf k|ToIf¿kdf
cfkm";Fu e]63f6 / s'/fsfgL gePklg hxfhs} ofqf qmddf …dÚ
kfqsf] b[Zok6dfcfPsL Ps cwj}F;] pd]/sL ljw'jf gf/L kfq xf]
d}s8f]gfN8 . p;sf] klt klxnf g} o'4df dfl/Psf sf/0f
a];xf/f eP/ afFRg ljjz /x]sL gf/L kfq xf] d}s8f]gfN8 .
o'4af6 ljlIfKt kfq 8f]gfN8 af/Daf/ anTsdf/sf] lzsf/
;d]t eP/ AfFfRg afWo ePsL x'G5] . pm Ps Jofkf/L x'G5] . pm
Jofkf/nfO{ ;xsfo{ u/]/ cufl8 a9fpg] axfgfdf pd]/df 5f]/f]
a/fa/sf] o'js;Fu xft cufl8 a9fp5] t/ p;sf] p2]Zo
Jofkf/nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] eGbf o'jssf] ;xf/f kfP/ hLjgsf]
afFRg] cfwf/ v8f ug]{ b]lvG5 . To;}n] ofs"an] …ltdLn] dnfO{
oltsf lbg;Dd e'nfO/fVof} . xfd|f] kmd{sf] PsLs/0fsf] lglDt
clxn];Dd tof/ 5}gf}, Toqf] nf;df b]vfP/ -pkGof;sf/ k"j{jt\
k]h g+=%@_ eg]sf] ;d]t b]lvG5 . o;/L x]bf{v]l/ d}s8f]gfN8
kl/l:yltn] ;a}af6 anTsfl/t x'g'k/]s]f ePtfklg rl/qsf
lx;fan] pm cfkm" To:tL gePsL / dfq cfÏgf] ;xf/fsf] nflu

71
 Ps o'jsnfO{ Jofkf/df ;xsfo{ ug{ k|nf]eg lbO j;df Nofpg
vf]Hg] / gf/L cl:tŒjnfO{ hLjGt t'Nofpg vf]Hg] gf/L rl/qs]f
¿kdf lrlgPsL 5] .
&= u|]6f -a"9LcfdfsL 5f]/L_
u|]6f a"9LcfdfsL 5f]/L xf] . p;sf] pd]/ !^–!& jif{sf]
hlt b]lvG5 . pm Pp6L r'na'n] :jefj ePsL o'jtL x'G5] .
u|]6f …dÚ kfq / cfÏgL cfdf tyf Ps hgf hfkfgL l76f];Fusf]
s'/fsfgLsf] l;nl;nfdf k|]d / j}jflxs lgi7fsf] k|;ª\u p7\bf
…s/sf] ;DaGw gePsfn] afFlwP/ a:g s] s/ 5 < / -
pkGof;sf/ k"j{jt\ k]h g+=&$_ eGg k'U5] . o;/L x]bf{ pm Ps
r+rn] / ljjfx ePkl5 klg ljjfxsf] aGwgsf] lgi7f :jLsfg{
grfxg] tyf :jtGq ljrf/ ePsL gf/L kfq b]lvG5] . p;sf]
o; cleJolQmaf6 pm s;}s]f aGwgdf g/x]/ :jtGq?kn] k|]d
ug{ kfpg'k5{ eGg] / k'/fgf tyf k/Dk/fsf s'/fsf] ljb|f]x
hgfpg] gf/L kfq xf] . u|]6fdf p;sL cfdfsf] eGbf 7Ls pN6f]
/ ljsl;t rl/q ePsf] kfOG5 . k|]d / ljjfxdf s'g} ;DaGw
g/x]s]f / dflg;n] k|]d :jtGqk"j{s ug{ kfpg'k5{ eGg] p;sf]
b[li6sf]0f /x]s]f 5 . To;}n] pm …k|]ddf jf;gf ePg eg] w]/} s'/f
pDs]sf] yfxf x'g;Sb}gÚ-pkGof;sf/ k"j{jt\ k]h g+=&%_ eG5] .
o;/L x]bf{ u|]6f :jtGq gf/L :jefj ePsL / ljjfxnfO{
jf;gfTds geO Pp6f aGwgsf] ?kdf dfq x]g]{ gf/L rl/q
ePsL x'G5] . p;sf] ljrf/df ljjfxdf k|]d / jf;gf b'j} x'g'k5{
eGg] /x]]sf] b]lvG5 .
cGo kfq
!= ¿8f]NkmM
¿8f]Nkm lyof]8f]/fsf] k|]dL kfq x'G5 . pm n8fOFdf etL{
x'G5 . p;sf] lyof]8f]/f;Fu dfof k|]d x'G5 . lyof]8f]/f;Fusf]
e]6df pm …n8fOF t ;lsg b]pm . d 3/ cfpFnf, au}Frf agfpFnf
/ Kof/L, ltdLnfO{ 5f]/f5f]/L lbpFnf . d lkofgf] ahfpFnf, ltdL
ufpnL, 5f]/f5f]/L au}Frfdf gfRnfg\ -pkGof;sf/ k"j{jt\ k]h g+=

72
 *#_ eGg] uYof]{ t/ o'4sf] cGTo eP/ 3/ cfpg} gkfO pm
o'4df g} dfl/Psf] va/ p;sL k|]dLsf lyof]8]f/fnfO{ cfpF5 /
lyof]8f]/f cToGt} ljlIfKt x'gk'U5] . ¿8f]Nkm pkGof;df yf]/}
;dosf] nflu dfq pkl:yt ePsf] b]lvPtf klg pm Pp6f ;/n
Jojxf/ ePsf] /dfOnf] u/]/ afFRg rfxg], cfÏgL k|]ldsfsf] w]/}
Vofn /fVg] / efjL ;Gtfgsf] ;fy} ;'Gb/ ;+;f/sf] sNkgf ug]{
:jR5 / kljq x[bo ePsf] tyf Ps OdfGbf/ ;}lgssf] rl/qsf]
¿kdf b]lvPsf] 5 .
@= hfkfgL l76f]M
hfkfgL l76f] …dÚ kfq h:t} a"9Lcfdfsf] cltlyu[xdf
cltly ag]/ cfPsf] x'G5 . pm Pp6f c;n / cfÏgf]] k/Dk/f /
;+:sf/nfO{ dfGg] ;+:sfl/t kfqsf] ¿kdf b]lvG5 . pm
cleefjssf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ u/]sf] ljjfxnfO{ dfq g}lts sfo{
dfG5 . pm efu]/ jf k|]d u/]/ u/]s]f ljjfxnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug]{
ljjfxnfO{ of}g / st{Jo b'O{ tŒjsf ?kdf :jLsfg]{ rl/qsf]
¿kdf b]lvG5 . p;sf] b[li6sf]0fdf k'?ifn] cfÏgf]] st{Jo k"/f
ug'{k5{ / gf/Ln] cfÏgf], To;kl5 of}gsf] cfbfgk|bfg cfkm}F
x'G5 / k|]d To;}df x'G5 . To;}n] dflg;n] st{Jo ;Dkfbg
ug'k{ 5{, Tof] g} k|]d xf] -pkGof;sf/ k"j{jt\ k]h g+= $^_ eGg]
/x]s]f 5 . o;/L pm cfÏgf] k'vf{b]lv rln cfPsf] k/Dk/f /
/Lltl/jfh tyf ;+:s[ltnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ cg'zfl;t rl/q
ePsf] kfqsf] ?kdf b]lvG5 .
$=$ kl/j]z M
…lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ sf] …dÚ kfqsf] ofqj[QfGtnfO{ cfwf/
agfP/ kl/j]z lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . …dÚ kfq cf}ifwf]krf/
ug{sf lglDt h]naf6 5'6]kl5 aDaO uPsf] / ToxfFaf6 kms]{sf]
s]xL lbgdf /fxbfgL agfO Ps ;ftfkl5 aDaOaf6 n08g
k|:yfg u/L P3f/ lbgsf] kfgL hxfhL ofqf, n08gdf k'u]sf]
ef]lnkN6b]lv cf}iflwkrf/df sl/a Ps dlxgf lat]sf], To;kl5
hd{gL, k|mfG; / Oh/fon;Dd cfOk'Ubf g]kfnb]lv

73
Oh/fon;Ddsf] ofqfdf em08} b'O{ dlxgf nfu]sf] pkGof;sf]
kl/j]z b]lvG5 .
k|:t't pkGof;sf] cf}kGofl;s kl/j]z j}ljWok"0f{ b]lvG5
. pkGof;sf] :yflgs kl/j]znfO{ x]bf{ g]kfnb]lv ef/t, n08g,
hd{gL, k|mfG; x'Fb} tL b]zsf ljleGg 7fpFx¿df clj:d/0fLo
;'v–b'Mvsf knx¿nfO{ cg'ej ub}{ Oh/fon;Dd /x]sf] kfOG5 .
o;/L x]bf{ pkGof;sf] :yflgs kl/j]z g]kfn / ef/tsf] clt g}
yf]/} / clwsf+z g]kfn / ef/teGbf aflx/ o'/f]k;Dd km}lng'sf
;fy} Pp6f cGt/f{li6«o ;d:ofnfO{ dfgjLo w/ftndf pleP/
pkGof;sf/n] j}rfl/s w/ftnnfO{ km/flsnf] kf/]/ b]vfPsf 5g\
. af}l4s kl/j]zsf b[li6n] …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf kfqx¿
cf– cfÏgf If]qdf pTs[i6td af}l4s / pkGof;sf/sf ljrf/n]
glylrPsf b]lvG5g\ . To;}n] pkGof;sf ;a} kfqx¿ :jtGq
ljrf/ af]s]sf /fhgLlt1, bfz{lgs /l;s / hfu?s ;d]t
ePsfn] ltgLx¿df cf:yf / dfGotfx¿ ljljwk"0f{ af}l4s
kl/j]zdf lgs} :jefljs ¿kdf k|:t't ePsf 5g\ . pkGof;sf
;a} kfqx¿ cf– cfÏgf cf:yfut dfGotfx¿df cfTdljZjf;L
/ j'l4jfbL;d]t b]lvG5g\ , h;n] ubf{ pkGof;sf 7fpF–7fpFdf
ljleGg ljifox¿df Jofks 5nkmn u/]s]f kl/j]zdf k|:t't
ePsf 5g\ .o;/L ltgLx¿aLr ePsf 5nkmnsf] kl/j]z
:jefljs ¿kn] pkGof;df ;+of]lht ePsfn] pkGof; ;hLj
aGb} ultzLn ePsf] 5 .
la;f}F ztfAbLsf] lx6n/ Pp6f o:tf] JolQm xf] h;n] ;f/f
ljZjnfO{ ljjztfsf;fy o'4sf] vf8ndf 3r]8\of] /
OR5fljkl/t g} ;Dk"0f{ ljZj g} o'4sf nflu afWo eof] / of]
o:tf] dxfef/t lyof], h;df s;} g s;}sf] kIf lng' x/]s
/fi6«sf] lgolt aGg k'Uof] . k|yd ljZjo'4df kª\u' / PSnf]
kfl/Psf hd{gx¿ cgfy / cefju|:t x'Fb} uPsfn] k|To]s
hd{gleq Pp6f pu|/fi6«jfbL / hfltjfbL r]tgfn] cfFvf vf]Nb}
uO/x]s]f cj:yfdf P8f]Nkm lx6n/ ;Dk"0f{ hd{g hfltsf]

74
 Pstfsf] k|tLs aGof] . kmn:j¿k hd{gx¿n] lx6n/sf]
:j/afx]s c¿ cfjfh ;'Gg / pm afx]s c¿ b]Vg 5f]8] . pm
Pp6f cfufsf] o:tf] lemNsf] aGof], h;n] cGTodf uP/
ljZjnfO{ g} o'4sf] bnbndf k|j]z u/fof] . lx6n/sf] k|yd
l/;sf] lzsf/ ox"bLx¿ aGg k'u] . log} sxfnLnfUbf syf /
Joyfsf] k|:t'lt g} o; pkGof;sf] bf];|f] kl/j]z xf] .
ox"bLx¿leq a9\b} uO/x]s]f rl/qxLgtf, cg}ltstf / a]OdfgL
;+:sf/x¿sf sf/0fn] ox"bL hfltdfly lx6n/Lo bdg x'g k'u]sf]
;+s]t klg pkGof;df b]lvG5 .
ljb]zofqf j0f{gdf cfwfl/t k|:t't pkGof;df
pkGof;sf/n] cfÏgf]] lj/fdLsf] cf}ifwL pkrf/ u/fpg n08g
hfFbf kfgLhxfhdf e]l6Psf ;fyLx¿, ofqfdf x]/]sf ljleGg
7fpF / To; cjlwdf ljt]sf knx¿nfO{ bfz{lgs / snfTds
cleJolQm lbP/ kfq–;+of]hg / kl/j]zLo b[li6n] ;hLj
t'NofPsf 5g\ . pkGof;sf] sltko 7fpFdf bf];|f] ljZjo'4n]
5f]8]/ uPsf] ef}uf]lns kl/j]zdfq geO dfgj dgdl:tis g}
eUgfjz]if ePsf] kL8fo'Qm kl/j]z;d]t pkGof;df k|:t't
ePsf] 5 .
$=% efiff z}nL M
ljifo k|ltkfbgsf lx;fan] ;fdfGo kf7sn] pkGof;nfO{
a'‰g Tolt ;lhnf} 5}g tfklg efiffsf] k|of]u ;/n / :ki6 g}
5 . efiffdf k/af6 x]bf{ sl7gh:tf] nfUg'sf] sf/0f pkGof;sf]
;+/rgf ljljwk"0f{ ljifodf ePsfn] xf] . efiffdf s]xL :yfgLo,
k|fb]lzs / g]kfnL Ot/ efiff k|of]u v8\lsg] vfnsf] eP tfklg
k|;ª\ujz k9\b} hfFbf b'af]{Wo geO ;/n ¿kdf a'‰g ;lsg]
vfnsf] 5 . o; pkGof;df pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfn] x/]s
ljifonfO{ cToGt} ;+j]bgzLn agfP/ tL ljifox¿sf] ltg}–ltg}
kfqx¿sf] dfWodaf6 ulx/fO;Dd k'u]/ cWoog ljZn]if0f
u/fPsf] kfOG5 . log} sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ k|:t't pkGof; dfgjLo
;+j]bgf;lxtsf x/]s bfz{lgs kIfx¿ sxLF ;lj:tf/ / sxLF

75
 ;+s]t dfq u/]s]f ljifo k|ltkfbgsf] ljrf/ut k|:t'ltdf
Ps¿ktf geP/ ljljwtf kfOG5 . …dÚ kfqåf/f sltko 7fpFdf
df}g efiff jf ;+j]ufTdssf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 eg] cGo
JolQmkfq ;Fu k|ToIf jftf{nfksf] efiff k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .
o;/L x]bf{ / ;dli6df eGg'kbf{ pkGof;nfO{ k9\b} hfFbf sltko
7fpFdf c:ki6 / zAbs]f sl7gfO b]lvPh:tf] eP tfklg
;du|df pkGof;sf] efiff, ;/n, ld7f] / :jefljs b]lvG5 .
pkGof;sf/n] lx6n/nfO{ ljZjsf tfgfzfxL / g/;+xf/sf/L
o'4df k|]dL / efO dfl/Fbf / cfkm" ;}lgsx¿sf] anfTsf/df kbf{
To; h3Go clezfksL eflugL aGg k'u]sL lyof]8f]/fnfO{ ;Dk"0f{
o'4kLl8t gf/Lhflt nufot hd{g gf/Lx¿sf] x[boljbf/s /
dfld{s cg'ejsf] k|tLssf ¿kdf b]vfPsf 5g\ . To;}u/L Uof;
RofDa/df lhpFb} kf]lnPsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;d]t cfn'sf]
k|tLssf] ¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .o;/L pkGof;sf] efiffz}nL
;/n x'gsf ;fy} pkGof;df k|of]u ePsf ljleGg bfz{lgssf
ljrf/ / laDax?sf] k|of]un] pkGof;sf] efiff z}nLnfO{ cem
:t/Lotf k|bfg ub}{ k/dk/fut z}nLeGbf cnu /x]/ gjLg
z}nLsf] k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 .
$=^ ;+jfb M
Syfdf kfqn] af]Ng' jf ;f]Rg'nfO{ ;+jfb elgG5 . syfdf
Ps jf PseGbf a9L kfq x'g ;S5g\ . syfdf k|of]u ePsf
kfqx¿ af]n]sf x'g;S5g\ / gaf]lnsg klg syf k"0f{ ePsf]
x'g;S5 . kfqn] syfdf gaf]lnsg ;+j]ufTds ¿kdf klg
dgsf s'/f JoQm ug{ ;S5 . ;+jfb syfsf] ;"Id tŒj dfq xf],
cfTdf xf]Og . To;}n] ;+jfb pkGof;sf nflu clgjfo{ geP
tfklg pkGof;nfO{ ;xh / :jefljs agfpg dxŒj /x]s]f
x'G5 . syfdf ;+jfbsf] k|d'v sfo{ syfgsnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg'
/ kfqsf] lrgf/L u/fpg' xf] . ;+jfb syfsf] ;'?af6 xf];\ jf
dWo]af6 xf];\ rfx] cGTolt/, o;n] syfgsnfO{ lj:tf/ ug{df
7"nf] d2t ub{5 . k|:t't pkGof;df k|yd efusf] ;'?af6} k|d'v

76
 …dÚ kfqaf6 g} ;+j]ufTds ¿kdf ;+jfb jf syf]ksyg ;'?jft
ePsf] 5 / To;kl5 ;+jfbsf] ¿kdf klxnf]kN6 …dÚ kfq;Fu
6\ofS;L rfnssf] …;]7, ltdLn] cfpg'eGbf klxn] g} lsg s'g}
xf]6ndf Pp6f sf]7f l/hj{ u/fPgf} <-pkGof;sf/ @)^^ ;ftf}
;+:s/0f, k]=g+=@_ / …o:tf] 3'FOrf] xf]nf eGg] dnfO{ s] yfxf lyof]
/ < -pkGof;sf/ k"j{jt\ _ eGg] h:tf s'/fsfglaf6 syf cufl8
a9]s]f 5 .
o;}u/L pkGof;sf k|o'Qm c¿ s]xL ;+jfbx¿nfO{
pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf tn k|:t't ul/G5 M–
!= ;/n, ;xh / 5f]6f] ;+jfb M
O{dfgM d klg cfpg]5' gf/fo0fg;Fu} .
…dÚ kfqM tkfO{F cfpg' ePg gf/fo0fg;Fu eg] d]/f]
cfgGb cfwfeGbf klg sDtL x'g]5 -pkGof;sf/, k"j{jt\ k]h
g+= ^$_ .
@= ;+t'lnt ;+jfbM
/]vfM afx, olt l5§} sf];Fu To:tf] ldqtf eP5 /, :jf:gL
dflg; xf]nL xf]Og t, ld:6/ gf/fo0fg=============<
Gff/fo0fgM tkfO{Fsf] ldqtf klg t s]xL 306f dfqsf] g} xf]Og /,
lxhf] a]n'sL b]lvsf], / tkfO{F klg t :jf:gL dflg; xf] lg -
pkGof;sf/, k"j{jt\ k]h g+= @#_ .
#= nfdf] ;+jfbM
O{Zj/M xltof/ s] sf nflu< dfWod s'g nIo k|flKtsf
nflu P ! hd{g hftLo dfgj <
lx6n/M Tof] t s'g l:yltdf Tof] dflg; hGd u|x0f ug{ k'u]sf]
5, To;df lge{/ u5{ . To;sf] :jwd{ s] xf], To;n] lg0f{o u5{
To;sf] nIo . hf] /fhgLlt1 zlQmsf] Jofkf/L x'G5, Tof] If]qLo
xf] . p;n] cfkm"nfO{ zlQm ;~rosf vflt/, ;j{zlQmjfg
xltof/ agfpg'k5{ . st{Jo–dfkm ug'{xf]nf, uLtfsf] cy{nfO{
clt ;/n u/]/ eGg] xf] eg], cfÏgf] hGdhft k]zfsf k|lt
jkmfbf/ x'g' . g}ltstf– cfkm\gf] k]zfn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf]

77
 st{JonfO{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ x]t'n] cfkm"nfO{ ;j{zlQm;DkGg ;fwg
agfpg' -k"j{jt\, k]h g+= !!#_ .
$= ljz]if ;+jfb M
d}Fn] Psrf]6L kms]{/ x]/]F –gfËL ONh]n] 9f]sf y'gL . ;8s
cFWof/f] eof] . nIdLnfO{ lr7L n]Vg k6Ss dg nfu]g . a¿
/f]O/xg dg nfUof] . -k"j{jt\, k]h g+= ()_
%= ;+j]ufTds ;+jfbM
…p;nfO{ To:tf] vfFrf] 5 d]/f], dnfO{ x/ If0f k|fKt
ug{nfO{ eg] p;n] cfkm"nfO{ csf{sxfF aGws /fv]/ d]/f] vfFrf]
k"/f s;/L x'G5 < pm csf{sL eP/ klg dnfO{ k|]d s;/L
ul//x]sL x'G5] < -k"j{jt\, k]h g+=!%_
o;/L dflysf pNn]lvt ;+jfbx¿af6 pkGof;sf]
syfj:t'nfO{ cufl8 a9fpFb} kfqx¿sf] rl/qnfO{ pb\3fl6t
u/fOPsf] 5 . /]jf / gf/fo0fg, …dÚ kfqsf] …dÚ kfq;Fusf]
aLrdf ;+jfbx¿ pgLx¿s} kl/j]z / :t/ ;'xfpFbf 5g\ .
pkGof;df st} ;fdfGo / st} åGåfTds ;+jfbx¿ ;dfj]z
ePsf] kfOG5 . o;/L ;+jfbx¿n] k|:t't pkGof;nfO{ ;kmn
agfpgdf d2t u/]sf 5g\ .
$=& ;f/j:t' M
pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfsf] …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;
ofqfj[QfGtsf 9frfdf rl/Psf] s[lt xf] . o; pkGof;df
ljZjo'4sf] P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{nfO{ ofqf;+:d/0fsf] sYo agfP/
To;}nfO{ 36gfsf] d"n s]Gb| dflgPsf] 5 . o;df ljZn]if0ffTds
ofqf;+:d/0f cfPsf 5g\ .o; pkGof;sf] d"n cfwf/ o'4hGo
36gf 5g\ eg] k|:t'ltsf] cfwf/ ofqfj0f{g / ;xofqLl;tsf]
ljdz{ /x]s]f 5 . o; b[li6n] pQm pkGof;df /x]s]f cf}kGofl;s
;+/rgf /f]rs lsl;dsf] 5 . lx6n/sf] gfd ;+;f/df k|l;4 5 .
p;nfO{ Ps l/;fxf kfqsf] ¿kdf Joª\UofTds j0f{gsf nflu
pkGof;df /f]rstfsf ;fy k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . lx6n/sf] ljrf/
/ sfo{sf] ljZn]if0fnfO{ cf}kGofl;s ¿k lbg' …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ

78
pkGof;sf] d"n p2]Zo dflgG5 . P]ltxfl;s dfgj;+xf/s ag]s]f
lx6n/nfO{ oxfF d'Vo kfq agfOP klg p;sf] j0f{g dfq o;
s[ltdf kfOG5 . ck|ToIf ¿kdf kfq ag]sf] lx6n/ pkGof;sf]
eGbf klg o'4sfnLg ;+xf/s 36gfsf] d'Vo kfq xf] . p;n]
ox"bL hfltsf] ;+xf/ u/]s]f 36gf g} o; pkGof;sf] sYo ljifo
xf] / To;nfO{ ljZn]if0f ug'{ cf}kGofl;s dd{ xf] . ljZn]if0fdf
lx6n/sf] cTofrf/nfO{ tLvf] Joª\Uo ul/g' o; pkGof;sf]
lgisif{ b]lvG5 . To;}n] o; pkGof;sf] ;f/j:t'sf ¿kdf
lx6n/ k|j[lQsf] lj/f]w u/L tfgfzfxL s6\6/ zf;sju{k|lt /f]if
k|s6 ug'{ x]f . ;fy} lg/ª\s'z JolQmsf] xTofdf]xn] Oltxf;nfO{
sfnf] agfPsf] 36gf Joª\Uosf] lg;fgf agfpg' / gf/L ;d:of
tyf dfgjtfjfbL ljrf/ cleJoQm ug'{ g} k|:t't pkGof;sf]
d"n p2]Zo b]lvG5 . lx6n/n] ;Ldf gf3]/ ox"bL hfltsf] ;+xf/
u/]sf] / p;n] uLtfbz{gsf] cfwf/df dfgj;+xf/ u/]s]f s'/fnfO{
o; pkGof;df JoQm ul/Psf] 5 . To; cg';f/ lx6n/nfO{
O{Zj/Œj k|fKt x'g'kg]{ xf] eGg] ts{klg o;df b]lvG5 . dfG5]
dfg'{ /dfOnf] v]nsf ¿kdf lng'nfO{ uLtfbz{gsf] k|efj
x'g;S5 eGg] ts{sf] Jofks ax; x'g' cfjZos b]lvG5 .
jf:tjdf o; pkGof;sf] d"n ts{ ox"bLdfly lx6n/n]
;fd"lxs xTofsf] of]hgf agfpg] cfwf/sf] vf]hL xf] . ;f7L
xhf/ dflg;nfO{ Ps} lrxfgdf kfl/Psf] 36gfdf 7"n} bfz{lgs
;+xf/s x'g'k5{ eGg] pkGof;sf] ;f/j:t' dflgG5 . xfd|f] g]kfnL
;dfh nufot ljZjsf ;a} lxGb" ;dfhn] dfGb} cfPsf] wfld{s
u|Gy dxfef/tdf nfvf}Fnfv dfG5] dg'{ / ptf lx6n/n] TolQs}
;+Vofdf dfG5]sf] Hofg lng' cyjf xTof ug'{n] bz{g / 36gfsf]
;dfg k|s[ltnfO{ cl3 ;f/]sf] ts{ klg o; pkGof;df s]nfpg
vf]lhPsf] 5 . oyfy{df h:tf];'s} sf/0f / bz{gsf] cfwf/ eP
klg lx6n/ dfgj/Qmsf] ef]sf] l;+x ePsf] / p;n] ljZjo'4sf]
sfnf] afbn v8f u/]sf] tYonfO{ d"n efjsf] ¿kdf o;
pkGof;df b]vfOPsf] 5 . o;/L pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfn] wd{sf]

79
 gfddf xTof u/fpg] uLtfsf] lj/f]w / ;f7L xhf/ ox"bLx¿sf]
xTof u/]s]f sf?l0fs cj:yfnfO{ pkGof;df b]vfPsf 5g\ .
cGTodf s] eGg ;lsG5 eg] s;}sf] klg Hofg lnP/ jf
xTof u/]/ kfk gi6 x'g] cyjf wd{ x'g] eGg] ¿9LjfbL dfGotf
dfq /x]sf] / jf:tljs ¿kdf wd{ / k'0o sdfpg] xf] eg]
b'Mlv/x]sf] 3fpdf dnd nufpg'k5{ eGg] ;fdflhs tyf wfld{s
;Gb]z lbg vf]h]sf] 5 . ;fy} lx6n/n] ox"bLnfO{ u/]sf] xTof
wfld{s nfe geP/ kfksf] v]tL xf] eGg] d"n ;Gb]z g} k|:t't
pkGof;sf] ;f/j:t' dflgG5 .
$=* b[li6ljGb' M
pkGof;sf/ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ
pkGof; P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld / ofqf;+:d/0ffTds z}nL clg
dfgjtfjfb / dgf]j}1flgs efjwf/fdf JoQm k|l;4 s[lt xf] .
pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfn] …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf] ;+/rgfdf
ljleGg ¿k, ;Lk / j0f{g s'zntf k|b{zg u/]sf 5g\ .
pkGof;df b[li6ljGb'sf] k|of]un] kfqsf] :yfg lgwf{/0f x'g] x'gfn]
o;sf] k|of]usf] dxŒj pNn]vgLo /x]sf] x'G5 . sf]O/fnfsf]
j0f{gz}nLsf b[li6n] klg of] pkGof; pNn]vgLo 5 . ljljw kfq
/ ltgsf] kf7s;Fusf] ;Dk|]if0fLo ;DaGwnfO{ :yflkt u/fpg
cfVofg s[ltdf b[li6ljGb'sf] e"ldsf clt g} dxTjk"0f{ /x]s]f
x'G5 .k|:t't pkGof; ax'¿k b[li6ljGb'x¿sf] k|of]u ePsf] s[lt
xf] . o;df ;+:d/0f, lr7L, j0f{g, ts{ / k|tLsfTds efiffsf]
k|of]u ug]{ qmddf w]/} lsl;dsf b[li6ljGb'x¿sf] k|of]u x'gk'u]s]f
5.
…lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;df afXo / cfGtl/s
b[li6ljGb'sf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . k|:t't pkGof;df cfGtl/s
b[li6ljGb'af6 ;'?jft eO ljljw v08df k'Ubf afXo b[li6ljGb'
;d]tsf] k|of]u x'g k'u]sf] 5 . pkGof;sf] cf/De …dÚ kfqsf]
j0f{gaf6 ePsf] 5 . To;}n] ;'?df cfGtl/s b[li6ljGb'sf] k|of]u
b]lvG5 . oxfF … h]naf6 5'6]/ d cf]vtL u/fpg aDaO{ cfPsf]

80
lyPF, -pkGof;sf/, k"j{jt\ k]h g+= !!_ elgPsfn] …dÚ kfqsf]
e"ldsf :ki6 b]lvPsf] 5 . o;df …dÚ kfqn] cfÏgf]] af/]df j0f{g
u/]sfn] k|yd k'?if b[li6ljGb'sf] k|of]u b]lvG5 . o; pkGof;sf]
ultsf] qmddf …dÚ kfq cfÏgf] j0f{gdf dfq ;Lldt geO p;sf]
dfWodaf6 c¿ kfq / kl/j]zsf] j0f{gnfO{ klg d'Vo :yfg
lbg'sf ;fy} pkGof; ofqfj0f{gdf cfwfl/t ;+/rgfdf lgdf{0f
ePsfn] …dÚ kfqsf] ef]ufOj0f{g cfkm}Fn] u/]s]f b]lvG5 . o;/L
x]bf{ o;df k|yd k'?if b[li6ljGb' /x]s]f 5 . pkGof; ofqfj[tfGt
z}nLdf ePsfn] ofqfsf qmddf sltko :yfgdf pkGof;sf/n]
…dÚ kfqsf] dfWodaf6 cfkm}Fdf d'Vo j0f{gsf] ¿k lbP/ cfGtl/s
s]Gb|Lo b[li6ljGb'sf] k|of]u u/]sf 5g\ . sltko 7fpFdf …dÚ kfqn]
cfk"mnfO{ uf}0f agfP/ c¿ kfqsf] af/]df j0f{g u/]sfn]
cfGtl/s kl/wLo b[li6ljGb'sf] k|of]u kfOG5 . pkGof;sf] ;'?lt/
cfGtl/s s]Gb|Lo b[li6ljGb' / kl5Nnf v08x?df eg] cfGtl/s
kl/wLo b[li6ljGb'sf] k|of]u k|:t't pkGof;df ePsf] 5 . …lx6n/
/ ox"bLÚ pkGof;df cfGtl/s b[li6ljGb'sf ;fy} afxo
b[li6ljGb'sf] klg k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . k|yd k'?if …dÚ sf]
k|of]usf ;fy} t[tLo k'?ifsf gfd zAbfjnL / pm, Tof], pgLx¿,
p;n], To;sf] cflb t[tLo k'?ifsf ;j{gfdsf] k|of]un] afXo
b[li6ljGb'sf] k|of]u kfOG5 . pkGof;df afXo b[li6ljGb' cGtu{t
afXo ;j{bzL{ b[li6ljGb'sf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 . oxfF w]/} kfqsf]
af/]df elgPsf] / w]/} :yfg tyf kl/j]zsf] af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf]
5 .pkGof;sf] cf/De / cGo s]xL v08df afx]s afXo
b[li6ljGb'sf] lgs} k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . …Oh/fon, cgluGtL
c/ax¿sf] nf;df ;fd|fHojfbLx¿n] cfÏgf] b'i6 p2]Zosf] nflu
:yflkt ul/Psf] . k]n]:6fOg h;nfO{ cfh pgLx¿ Oh/fon
eG5g\– c/a b]z xf] . ljb]zLx¿ x'g\ ox"bLx? ToxfF, Pp6f
ljb]zL hfltn] c/ax¿nfO{ cfÏgf]] :jb]zaf6 pvf8]/ aflx/
Ïo“FlslbPsf 5g\ =============Ú -sf]O/fnf k"j{jt\ k]h g+= %_ .
o;df …dÚ kfqsf] rrf{ 5}g clg cGo kfq / kl/j]zdf klg

81
 ;a}lt/ lkmFhfl/Psf] cj:yf /x]s]f 5 . To;}n] o;df
;j{b[li6ljGb' /x]s]f 5 . o; pkGof;df st} /]jfsf] rrf{, st}
gf/fo0fg, st} ONh], st} lx6n/ , st} O{Zj/, st} nIdL, st}
b]z / ToxfFsf] o'4hGo eofgs v08x/x¿sf] rrf{ /x]sfn]
afXo ;j{bzL{ b[li6ljGb'sf] k|of]u kfOG5 . pkGof;sf] sltko
v08 cfGtl/s b[li6ljGb'af6 ;'? eP/ afXo b[li6ljGb'sf] k|of]u
klg /x]s]f kfOG5 eg] sltdf rflxF afXo b[li6ljGb'af6 ;'?
eP/ aLr–aLrdf cfGtl/s b[li6ljGb'sf] k|of]u b]lvG5 . o;/L
x]bf{v]l/ k|:t't pkGof;df cfGtl/s / afXo b[li6ljGb'sf] k|of]u
ePsf] kfOG5 .
$=(=! k|tLs M
pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfsf] k|:t't …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;
k"/} k|tLsfTds b]lvG5 . pkGof;sf/n] pkGof;df ljleGg
kfqx¿åf/f ljleGg k|tLsx¿sf] k|of]u u/L clxn]sf ;+;f/sf
ljleGg ultljlw ePsf JolQmx¿ / kl/j]zk|lt Joª\UofTds
tl/sfn] ;+s]t u/]sf 5g\ . sf]O/fnfsf] k|:t't …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ
pkGof;sf] zLif{s g} k|tLsfTds 5 . la;f}F ztfAbLsf] hd{g
zf;s …lx6n/Ú clxn]sf g]kfn nufot ;+;f/s} dfgjdfly
zf]if0f / bdg ug]{ tfgfzfxfsf] k|tLs xf] eg] k|:t't
pkGof;sf ox"bLx¿ tfgfzfxåf/f cGofo / lyrf]ldrf]df k/]sf
;f]emf–;Lwf dfgjhfltsf k|tLs x'g\ . …lx6n/ / ox"bL Ú o'4sf
k|tLs ePh:t} pkGof;sL lyof]8f]/f, ONh] / nª\u8f] ;}lgs
bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf sf/0f b'Mv / kL8fdf cfÏgf] hLjg Joltt
ul//x]sf kL8s kfqsf] k|tLssf] ¿kdf k|:t't ePsf 5g\ .
$=(=@ laDa M
sf]O/fnfn] k|:t't pkGof;df o;}u/L ljleGg kl/j]zdf
ljleGg kfqx¿nfO{ laDasf] ¿kdf k|:t't u/L pkGof;nfO{
cem a9L ;hLj t'Nofpg sfo{ u/]sf 5g\ . pQm pkGof;df
lx6n/nfO{ la;f}F ztfAbLsf] o'4sf] gfossf] ¿kdf /
ox"bLx¿nfO{ To; ;dosf cGofodf k/]sf ;f]emf–;Lwf

82
 gful/ssf] ¿kdf k|:t't u/]h:t} u/L k|:t't pkGof;df
pkl:yt u/fOPsf gf/L kfqx¿ lyof]8f]/f / ONh] nufot
o'4af6 ljlIfKt ePsf To:tf xhf/f}F gf/Lx¿åf/f clxn]sf
;+;f/e/sf nfvf}F nfv gf/Lx¿sf] kL8f / JoyfnfO{ laDafTds
tl/sfn] pkGof;sf/n] ;a}sf cufl8 k|i6ofpg] sfd u/]sf 5g\
. To;}u/L pkGof;sf/] ljleGg 7fpF, kl/j]z, e]ife"iff, ef]hg–
efG;f, ljleGg ljåfg / bfz{lgs tyf b[Zolrqx¿nfO{ ;d]t
ljleGg s'/fsf] laDssf ¿kdf k|of]u u/L pkGof;sf]
syfj:t'nfO{ cem k|i6 kfg]{ sfd u/]sf 5g\ .
$=!)=! dfgjtfjfbL b[li6sf]0fsf cfwf/df …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ M
…lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof; ljleGg kfqx¿sf] lgdf{0f u/]/
ltgLx¿sf] dfWodaf6 dfgjtfsf kIfdf n]lvPsf] dfgjtfd"ns
ljrf/k|wfg pkGof; xf] . o; pkGof;df c¿ ljifox¿ ;lxt
lx6n/n] ox"bLx¿k|lt u/]sf] r/dqm"/tfsf] k|:t'lt cToGt}
;+j]bgzLn agfP/ JoQm ul/Psf] 5, h'g dfgjtfsf kIfdf
k"0f{tM kl/nlIft 5 . oxfF pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnf bf];|f] ljZjo'4
/ To;n] 5f]8]/ uPsf] kL8fk|lt b|jLe"t x'gk'u]sf 5g\ . To;}n]
pgn] dfgjtfjfbL ljrf/nfO{ k|:t't pkGof;df k|d'v rf;f] /
k|fyldstfsf ;fy /fv]sf 5g\ / dfgjtfsf] kIfdf uxg
cleJolQm k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ . dflg;–dflg;df pTkGg ePsf]
3[0ff / zq'tfn] dfgjtf htftt} cfqmfGt x'g k'u]sf h:tf
ljifon] pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnf cfxt eO dfgjLotfk|lt
;+j]bgzLn aGg k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] pgsf] pQm pkGof;df
klg ltg} dfgjLo ;+j]bgzlntf k|blz{t b]lvG5g\ . SofG;/
/f]usf] pkrf/fy{ o'/f]k k'u]sf] …dÚ kfq cfÏgf] /f]usf] eGbf klg
a9L dfgjtfdfly ePsf] aa{/tfn] ddf{xt aGb} lrlGtt ePsf]
kfOG5 . ox"bLx¿sf] dfld{s xTof Pj+ ltgLx¿sf] syf / Joyf
8]lj8af6 / ox"bLx¿åf/f k]lnl:6gLx¿dfly ePsf] cGofosf]
JofVof kqsf/ dfu{/]6af6 ;'g]kl5 ;xL ¿kdf s] xf] t< eGg]
eO ljrf/åf/f pR5flnt x'Fb} clgl0f{t aGg k'u]sf] …dÚ kfq To;}

83
hxfhL ofqfsf] P3f/ lbgdf a]nfot k'u]/ :jf:Yo k/LIf0f
u/fpFbf /f]uaf/] 9'Ss x'g] cfZjf;g 8fS6/åf/f k|fKt u/]kl5
p;sf] a]nfot ofqfsf] p2]Zo ;dfKt x'G5 . ToxL cj:yfaf6
k|:t't pkGof;df ljrf/sf kxf8}–kxf8 Pskl5 csf]{ v8f x'Fb}
hfG5g\ . o;/L x]bf{ d'Vo ¿kdf k|:t't pkGof; ;zQm j}rfl/s
b[li6sf]0fsf] :df/sf] ¿kdf v8f ePsf] kfOG5 .
bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] gfos lx6n/ / p;n] Uof;RofDa/df
hnfP/ df/]sf ox"bLx¿sf] lgbf]{liftfsf] åGånfO{ pkGof;df
:ki6;Fu k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . wd{ / hfltsf cf8df ;do–
;dodf dfgjtfdfly x'g] u/]sf lx+;f / ljgfzx¿ h'g;'s}
¿kdf eP klg pkGof;sf/sf] b[li6sf]0fdf dfgj Oltxf;d}
cIfDo sfo{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . sf]O/fnfsf] k|:t't dfgjtfjfbL
b[li6sf]0fn] ubf{ bf];|f] ljZjo'4 / dxfef/tsf] o'4nfO{ pgn] Ps}
¿kdf k|:t't u/L uLtf–bz{gsf] ;Totf / Jojxfl/stfsf]
k'gd"{Nofª\sg ug{ vf]h]sf] alnof] cfwf/ …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ sf]
ljZn]if0f ubf{ :ki6 x'G5, h;df cfw'lgs dfgjtfjfbL ljrf/n]
cx+ e"ldsf v]n]sf] kfOG5 . h;/L dxfef/tsf] o'4 sf}/j–
kf08jaLrsf] kfl/jfl/s ljjfbsf sf/0fn] eof] / To;df
To;o'usf ;a} zlQm / xltof/x¿ k|of]u eP . Pp6f b'of]{wgsf
lj?4 / Pp6L b|f}kbLsf ;dy{gsf nflu sof}F dxfg of]4f /
;Dk"0f{ ;DklQsf] ljgfz eof], To;}u/L x]bf{x]b}{ ToxfF Pp6f csf]{
o'usf] ;'?jft eof] / ToxfF hd{gleqsf ox"bLx¿n] hd{g
hfltdfly g} u/]sf cGofo, cTofrf/ / zf]if0fsf] lj?4 ;'?
ePsf] u[xo'4n] ljZj;dy{g h'6fpFb} hfFbf dfgjtfsf]
dxfljgfz / Uof;RofDa/sf] cdfgjLo ljgfz dfgjhfltn]
ef]Ug'k¥of] . dxfef/tsf] o'4df k'uL knfog x'g nfu]sf
ch'{gnfO{ o'4 d}bfgd} s[i0fn] o'4lt/ cfslif{t ug{ h'g o'4f]lrt
ljrf/ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\, To;n] dxfef/tsf] Tof] ljgfznfO{
:jefljs / ts{o'Qm agfPsf] ePtf klg sf]O/fnfsf ljrf/df

84
Tof] :jefljs / ts{o'Qm o'4af]wnnfO{ dfgjtf lj/f]wL / Pp6f
pkxf;sf] ¿kdf cleJoQm ePsf] b]vfOPsf] 5 .
dxfef/tsf] o'4 To;kl5sf ;a} o'unfO{ o'4 ug{sf nflu
k|]/0ffsf] ;|f]t ag]sf] sf]O/fnfsf] lgrf]8 cleJolQm b]vfkb{5 .
To;}n] lx6n/nfO{ s[i0f;Fu t'ngf ub}{ uLtfbz{gsf] k/Dk/fut
cf:yf / dfGotf ljk/Lt pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnf pleg k'u]sf
5g\ .oyfy{df k|:t't pkGof; lx6n/ / ox"bLx¿aLrsf]
;d:ofaf6 ;'? eP tfklg o;n] p7fPsf] k|Zg lxGb"x¿sf] d"n
u|Gy uLtf–bz{gk|lt klg TolQs} kl/nlIft 5, lsgeg] lx6n/ /
hd{g cfkm"nfO{ cfo{ eG5g\ / lxGb"–bz{g;Fu ;DalGwt ;flxTosf]
hd{gLdf cToGt} ;Ddfg tyf k|rf/k|;f/ ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
lx6n/n] uLtf k9]s]f jf gk9]s]f / p;n] cfkm"nfO{ dxfef/tsf]
s[i0f 7fg]sf] jf g7fg]sf] h] eP klg p;af6 x'g uPsf]
g/;+xf/ / p;leq dfgjtfk|lt plAhg g;s]s]f dfgjLo
;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ eg] s[i0f;Fu t'ngf u/]/ pkGof;sf/n] k|:t't
pkGof;df cledt JoQm u/]s]f b]lvG5 -w/fjf;LM@)$*,^(–
&%,e"klt 9sfnM ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf pkGof;x¿df
ljrf/kIf, @)%$_ .
k|:t't …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ubf{
uLtfdf s[i0fsf] ¿k / bf];|f] ljZjo'4df lx6n/sf] ¿k Ps}
ePsf] ljrf/ pkGof;sf/sf] b]lvG5 . hd{gLx¿nfO{ gi6 ug]{
ox"bLx¿ g} x'g\ / ltgLx¿nfO{ ;dfKt ul/o]f eg] hd{g /fi6«sf]
enfOF x'G5 eGg] wf/0ff ePsf] lx6n/n] cfÏgf]] g/;+xf/sf/L
s's[TonfO{ /fi6«jflbtf, st{Jok/fo0ftf / :jwd{sf] gfd lbOPsf]
s[To pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfnfO{ :jLsfo{ 5}g .pgL ;+j]bgxLg
eP/ lgisfd sd{ ug]{ bz{gnfO{ dfgjtfsf] w/ftndf pleP/
c:jLsf/ ug]{ ePsfn] g} k|:t't pkGof; uLtfs]f lgisfd
sd{of]usf] bz{gsf] lj?4df n]lvPsf] kfOG5 .t;y{ pkGof;sf/
dfgj]t/zlQmsf lj/f]wL / dfgj–;+j]bgf tyf dfgj cl:QTjsf
kIfkftL b]lvPsf 5g\.-zdf{M!((@,$!–$@_ .oyfy{df log} cf:yf,

85
 dfGotf / ljrf/df pgsf] dfgjtfjfbsf] :df/s v8f x'g
k'u]sf] 5 .To;}n] ox"bLx¿;lxt ;Dk"0f{ dfgj hfltn] ef]Ug'k/]sf
låtLo ljZjo'4åf/f l;lh{t 3f]/ cdfgjLo s[Tox¿sf] cleJolQm
o; pkGof;df k|:t't u/]/ sf]O/fnfn] cfÏgf o'4lj/f]wL
ljrf/x¿, ljZjjGw'Œjsf efjgfx¿ / dfgjtfjfbL efjr]tgfsf]
k"0f{ kl/ro lbPsf 5g\ .-rfkfufO{ / ;'j]bL, @)%!, !#)_.
jf:tjdf pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfn] …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ
pkGof;df dfgjLo ;d:of, dfgj–cl:tŒj, dfgjLo ;+j]bgf /
dfgjtfjfbL ljrf/ ljleGg dfWodaf6 cleJoQm u/]sf 5g\ .
d'Vo ¿kn] uLtf–bz{gs} k[i7 –e"lddf l;lh{t k|:t't pkGof;df
dfgjlgolt / lg:;f/tfnfO{ JofVof u/]/ k|i6ofpg] sfd u/]sf
5g\ . k|:t't pkGof;sf] cWoog ubf{ låtLo ljZjo'4n]
leœofPsf Wj+; / g/;+xf/aLr o'/f]kLo b]zsf nufot cGo
;Dk"0f{ d'n'ssf dflg;x¿n] kL8fk"0f{ / cfwf//lxt hLjg s'g
¿kdf / s;/L Joltt ul//x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f cToGt} efj's
eP/ JoQm u/]sf tYox¿ pkGof;sf] cWoogaf6 :ki6 x'G5, -
zdf{M ;g\ !((@,%(–^)_ .
$=!)=@ dgf]j}1flgssf cfwf/df …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ M
pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnf vf;u/L dgf]j}1flgs pkGof;sf/sf
¿kdf lrlgG5g\ . pgsf pkGof;df ljz]iftM dgf]j}1flgs
oyfy{jfbL wf/0ff cleJoQm ePsf] kfOG5 . sf]O/fnfn] k|:t't
…lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;df k|mfo8, P8n/ / o'ª\usf
dgf]ljZn]if0fjfbL l;4fGtnfO{ ;dflxt ug]{ sfo{ u/]sf 5g\ .
pgn] cfÏgf pkGof;df afXo hgtsf] eGbf cfGtl/s hutsf]
;d:ofnfO{ dgf]j}1flgs tl/sfn] k|i6ofpg] sfd u/]sf 5g\ .
pgn] cfGtl/s hutsf] ;d:ofnfO{ syfgs eGbf kfqsf]
cfGtl/s rl/qdf cr]tgsf ptf/r9fj, of}gs'07f, cfj]u–
;+j]u, cGb{å{Gå / To;af6 ;dfhdf l;lh{t dfgl;s ljs[lt /
lj;+ultsf] ljZn]if0f tyf cjnf]sg u/]sf 5g\ . dfG5]sf]
cGtd{gsf] cj:yfn] g} p;sf x/]s lqmofsnfkx¿ lgb]{lzt /

86
lgolGqt x'g] ub{5g\ . dfgj OR5f g} hLjgsf] ;an kIf xf],
h;n] ;Dk"0f{ hLjgnfO{ k|efljt kfb{5 . dfG5]sf cGtd{gdf
ba]sf rfxfgfsf] kl/k"lt{ x'g ;s]g eg] ToxL g} dfgjhLjgsf
ljs[lt / lj;ª\ltsf] sf/s aGb5 . dgsf ljleGg cfj]ux¿sf]
:j¿knfO{ ;dGjo ug{ ;lsPg eg] hLjgnfO{ To;n]
gsf/fTds af6f]df k'¥ofOlbG5 . To;}n] hLjgsf cfGtl/s
oyfy{nfO{ vf]tn]/ To;sf j}1flgs ¿ksf tYox¿
l;h{gfdfkm{t pb\3f6g ug'{ g} dgf]j}1flgstf xf] . sf]O/fnfn]
pkGof;sf kfqx¿sf cGtd{gsf r]tg tyf cr]tgtfsf
efjgfnfO{ dgf]ljZn]if0ffTds tyf of}gdgf]ljZn]if0ffTds
tl/sfn] ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\, h;nfO{ pbfx/0fdf x]g{ ;lsG5M
p;n] egL– s:tf] cgf8L xft ==================== . d]/f]
d2t / cWoj;fosf] kl/0ffd olt dfq eof], p;sf] h'/f] /
:sfkm{sf] ufF7f] Psbd k'mSof] . …p;n] dlt/ kms]{/ egLÚ–
Nofpg, Tolt klg g;Sg] ============= . -pkGof;sf/Mk"j{jt, k]h
g+= #)_ .
sf]O/fnfn] o;/L cfkm\gf] hxfhsf] ofqfsf] p7a;sf]
qmddf …dÚ kfqk|lt cfslif{t eO cfkm\gf] of}g s'07f km'sfpg]
p2]Zon] ljleGg axfgfn] glhsLg vf]h]sL / …dÚ kfqsf]
tTsfn}sf] c;Ifdtf cyjf l9nf;':tLsf sf/0fn] cfxt x'g
k'u]sL /]jf gfdsL o'jtLn] s:tf] cgf8L egL :sfkm{sf] ufF7f]
vf]Ng g;s]sf] eGg] axfgfdf …dÚ kfqn] p;sf] cr]tg tyf
cGt/dgsf] OR5f k"/f ug{ g;s]s]f egL ;+s]t u/]sf] s'/fnfO{
of}gdgf] ljZn]if0ffTds t/Lsfn] b]vfPsf 5g\ . To;}u/L,
…cfFvf p3f/]/ egL ;':t/L– a|XdfGbsf] . of] o:tf] cg'ej
xf], h;af6 u'h|]kl5 dflg; k]ml/ pxL dflg; /xFb}g . cs]{f eP/
lgl:sG5 . -k"j{jt, k]h g+= !)_ eGg] egfOn] sf]O/fnf gf/L
tyf ;Dk"0f{ dfgj cGtd{gsf s'/fnfO{ cfkm\gf pkGof;df dgf]
ljZn]if0ffTds lsl;d] JoQm ug{ k'u]sf 5g\ eGg] :ki6 x'G5 .

87
 pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfn] …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;df bf];|f]
ljZjo'4sf sf/0f sf]xL klt u'dfP/ / sf]xL k'?ifhflts} ljgfz
e};s]sf]] k|0fo;"qdf afFlwg gkfPsf ONh], lyof]8f]/f, d]o/gL,
ld;]h d]s8f]gfN8, bfz{lgs, gf/fo0fg, uf]N8ju{, lnof]gf8{
cflb h:tf ljleGg kfqsf] dgf]bzfnfO{ dgf]j}1flgs t/Lsfn]
pb\3f6g u/fO k|:t't kfqx¿nfO{ hd{g tyf hd{gh:tf]
ljZjsf ;Dk"0f{ kLl8t dfgjhfltsf] k|ltlglwkfqsf] ¿kdf
pEofPsf 5g\ . pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfn] klt e]6\g egL o'/f]k
lxF8]sL /]jf gfdsL o'jtLsf] / …dÚ kfq;Fusf] of}g;Dks{sf]
k|;ª\usf ;fy} lyof]8f]/fsf cfdfa'af o'4df dfl/Psf, k|]dL;Fusf]
k|]d / k|]dL u'dfpg'kbf{sf] kL8f]sf] k|;ª\u, ONh]sf a'jfcfdf
o'4sf sf/0f s]xL ug{ g;Sg] ePsfn] ONh]n] hLjg wfGgsf
nflu afNoof}g n'6fpg'k/]sf] sf?l0fs k|;ª\u p7fPsf 5g\ .
;fy} nª\u8f] ;}lgssf] cfk"m o'4df nª\u8f] ePsf sf/0f g}
cfÏgL] >LdtLn]] ;d]t lt/:sf/ u/L 5f]8]/ uPsfn] hLjg
lg:;f/ ePsf] eGg] h:tf k|;ª\u p7fO pkGof;sf o:tf
ljleGg kfqx¿sf dfWodaf6 dfgj cGt/dgsf of}ghGo
s'/fb]lv lnP/ hLjgsf ;Dk"0f{ kIfsf] dgf]ljZn]if0ffTds
t/Lsfn] k|i6ofpg] sfd u/]sf 5g\ .
$=!)=# cl:tŒjjfbsf cfwf/df …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ M
sf]O/fnf ljz]if u/L cl:tŒjjfbL b[li6sf]0f /fVg]
pkGof;sf/ x'g\ . pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfn] pkGof;df ljljw
¿kn] cl:tŒjjfbsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{sf ;fy} cl:tŒjjfbsf]
kl/ro klg lbPsf 5g\ . pgsf] cl:tŒjjfb ljz]iftM lgolt;Fu
hf]l8P/ cfPsf] kfOG5 . sf]O/fnfsf pkGof;df k|of]u ePsf]
cl:tŒjjfb st} k|]d;Fu, st} dfgjtfjfb;Fu, st} ljb|f]x;Fu,
st} JolQmjfb;Fu, st} :jR5Gb rfxfgf / st} cx+;Fu cfPsf]
5 . rfxfgf / of}gjfbL k[i7e"lddf cfwfl/t eP/ x]bf{ …dÚ
kfq;Fu hxfhdf ofqf ubf{ e]6 ePsL /]jf gfdsL o'jtLsf] …dÚ
kfq;Fusf] :j]lR5s rfxgf / of}g ;Dks{nfO{ cl:tŒjs} ¿kdf

88
lng;lsG5 . To;}u/L pkGof;sf k|d'v …dÚ kfq bf];|f]
ljZjo'4af6 ;f/f ljZj tx;gx; x'g k'u]sf] 36gfnfO{ lnP/
clt g} ddf{xt x'g k'u]s]f s'/fnfO{ dfgjtfjfb cyjf dfgj
cl:tŒjsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . a"9L cfdfsL 5f]/L u|]6fn]
cfdfa'jfn] ul/lbPsf] j}jflxs k4lt / lgi7fnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug]{
/ cfkm"n] rfx]sf] o'js;Fu dfq cfkm\gf] bfDkTo hLjg hf]8\g]
eGg] k|;ª\un] / n]jgfgL o'jtL kqsf/n] ox"bLx¿k|lt
ljb|f]xfTds cleJolQm lbg'h:tf sfo{n] klg pkGof;df k|:t't
ljleGg kfqx¿sf] dfWodaf6 dfgjsf] cfÏgf] 5'§} cl:tŒj
x'g'kg]{ / s;}sf] aGwg, bdg / cGofodf a:g g;lsg] eGg]
s''/fnfO{ pkGof;sf/n] cl:tŒjsf] ¿kdf b]vfPsf 5g\ .
k|:t't …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;df gf/L cl:tŒjsf
;DaGwdf klg :jR5GbufldgL /]jf / k"jL{o bz{gsf] s§/
kIfkftL gf/fo0fgsf aLr bfz{lgs ax; …/]jf hL, tkfO{Fn] of]
sbflk lal;{g' x'Gg ls tkfO{F lxGb" gf/L xf] . ef/tLo ;+:s[ltdf
gf/Lsf] ¿k hlxn] klg cfdfsf] 5 . cfdfsf] k|tLssf] xf], yfxf
5}g < k[YjL . r~rntfsf] cfu|x s] k[YjLnfO{ ;'xfpF5 <
ljnf;sf] k/fsfi7fdf klg lxGb" lzNkL–snfsf/–pj{/f
dft[Œjsf] gf/L Wo]onfO{ lal;{b}g, of] kf] xf] To;sf] cy{ .lxGb"
gf/Lsf] x[bonfO{ ;f]Wof] eg] ljnf;sf] x]t' s] < p;n] lgZro g}
eGg] 5] dft[Œj . klZrdL gf/Ln] k|Zgsf] x]t' g} u|x0f ug{ ;Sg]
5}g, / eGg]5– ljnf; ljnf;sf nflu =================== -k"j{jt,
k]=g+=@&–@*_ u/fP/ tL b'a}sf dfWodaf6 cfkm\gf To;;DaGwL
ljrf/x¿ ;zQm¿kdf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . tL k|:t'ltx¿df
pkGof;sf/sf gf/Lhflt k|ltsf ljrf/x¿ :ki6¿kn] JoQm
x'g'sf ;fy} gf/L cl:tŒjsf] ;DaGwdf ;d]t oyfy{ wf/0ff
k|:t't ePsf 5g\ / gf/L cl:tŒjsf] k|d'v :j¿k dfQ[Œj xf]
eGg] cl:tŒjjfbL ljrf/ cleJoQm ePsf 5g\ . k|:t't
pkGof;df pkGof;sf/sf] lxGb"bz{gsf] jf:tljstf k|ltsf]
b[li6sf]0f ;d]t k|:t't ePs]f 5 .pgn] gf/fo0fgsf] dfWodaf6

89
 wfld{s d"No, dfGotf / cl:tŒjsf] af/]df ;d]t :ki6 kf/]sf
5g\ . pQm pkGof;sf gf/L kfqx¿n] gf/Ldgsf ljleGg
kIfnfO{ k|ltlglwTj u/]sf 5g\, h'g sf]O/fnfsf cf:yf /
dfGotf x'g\ . To;}n] o; pkGof;sf kfqx¿ k"0f{¿kn] pGd'Qm,
:jtGq, :jR5Gb 5g\ . …dÚ kfqsf] kTgLsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ePsL
nIdLn] of}ghlgt ;Gbe{df ;Def]u ;'vnfO{ a|XdfgGb;Fu t'ngf
u5]{ eg] /]jfs]f of}ghlgt k|;ª\u nIdLsf] eGbf leGg} vfns]f
b]vfOPsf] 5 . nIdLsf] x/t/xsf] ;xof]u kfP/ cf}ifwf]krf/ ug{
lxF8]sf] …dÚ kfq / klt ePsf] 7fpFdf uO/x]sL /]jfsf aLrdf
;Def]u u/fPsf] sfo{ k/Dkl/t g}lts ;LdfeGbf 6f9f nuL
pkGof;sf/n] of}ghlgt :jtGqtf / To;sf] rfxgfnfO{
cl:tŒjjfbs} ¿kdf lnPsf] kfOG5 . pkGof;df ONh]nfO{
of}ghlgt ¿kdf g} pkl:yt u/fP/ p;sf] afWotfsf] kmfObf
gp7fpg] dfgjtfjfbL JolQmŒjsf ¿kdf …dÚ kfqnfO{ k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 . ONh]sf] ;Def]usf] rfxgf :j}lR5s geO
afWotfk"0f{ ePsfn] cl:tŒj s;}sf] bafa Pj+ afWotfdf geO
:j]lR5s / :jtGqtfdf dfq /xg ;s5 eGg] ;f]Rb}
pkGof;sf/n] …dÚ kfqnfO{ ;fawfg agfPsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L
x]bf{ pkGof;sf gf/L–kfq /]jf, u|]6f, nIdL, a"9Lcfdfsf kIfaf6
gf/LŒj jf kTgLŒj Pj+ dft[Œjdf cfwfl/t k|]d, of}g, ;Def]u /
dft[ddtf ;DaGwL h'g efjgf, wf/0ff / ljrf/ …lx6n/ /
ox"bLÚ pkGof;df JoQm ePsf 5g\, tL oyfy{df pkGof;s}
of}ghlgt dgf]ljZn]if / cl:tŒjk/s efjr]tsf] k|tLssf]
¿kdf cleJol~ht ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 .
$=!)=$ clx+;fjfbsf] cfwf/df …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ M
la;f}F ztfAbLdf ePsf] bf];|f] ljZjo'4 / To;af6 hd{g
nufot ljZjsf ;a} d'n'sdf ePsf] dfgj;+xf/nfO{ cfwf/
agfP/ pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfn] k|:t't …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ
pkGof;df ljifo k|ltkfbg u/]sf 5g\ . vf; u/]/ bf];|f]

90
ljZjo'4sf sf/0f lx6n/ zf;såf/f hd{gdf ul/Psf] dfgj
xTof / ljgfzsf] 36gfnfO{ lnP/ k|:t't pkGof; n]lvPsf] 5 .
k|:t't pkGof;df o'4 / wd{kfngsf gfddf ;f7L xhf/
ox"bLx¿nfO{ lhpFb} cfuf]df hnfP/ eid agfOPsf] /
dfgjhLjg tx;gx; u/fOPsf] qm"/ tyf cdfgjLo s[Tos]f
j0f{g pkGof;sf/n] u/]sf 5g\ .pgL k|:t't pkGof;df k"0f{tM
o'4lj/f]wL b]lvPsf 5g\ / lj;f}F ztflAbsf] ljZjo'4sf sf/0f
dfgjtfjfbL ljrf/n] clek|]l/t ePsf] b]lvG5g\ . pkGof;sf/n]
dfgjtfjfbL b[li6df s[i0f / lx6n/nfO{ dfgjLo ;+j]boz"Go
JolQmŒj eg]/ Pp6} >]0fLdf /fv]sf] kfOG5 . oyfy{df dfgj–
hutdf dfgjtfjfbsf] ;+:yfkgf / ;Da4{gsf nflu ;+xf/
x]fOg ;++/rgf, dte]b / ;3if{ xf]Og ;dGjo cfjZos 5,
lsgeg] ;+xf/kl5sf] ;+/rgf lg/y{s / lg:;f/;d]t x'G5 eGg]
oyfy{tf k|:t't ug'{ pkGof;sf] d"ne"t ljrf/ xf] . dflg;nfO{
s]Gb|ljGb' agfP/ ;f]lrg] dfgjtfjfb g} sf]O/fnfnfO{ lk|o 5 /
oxL cledt pgsf] k|:t't pkGof;df JoQm ePsf] 5 . pgsf
pkGof;df o'4 s'g} klg xfntdf dfgj–lxtdf 5}g / x'Fb}g klg
eGg] ljrf/ k|s6 ePsf] 5 . pkGof;df O{Zj/ / lx6n/sf]
ax;df lx6n/n] …dxfk|e', ;j{;fdYo{jfg xltof/ aGg' eGbf
csf]{ g}ltstf s]xL 5}g, -k"j{jt\, k]=g+=!!#_ eGbf xltof/ s] sf
nflu < dfWod s'g nIo k|flKtsf nflu P . hd{g hftLo
dfgj< -k"j{jt\_ egL O{Zj/åf/f lx6n/k|lt u/fOPsf] k|Zgsf]
cfwf/df klg pkGof;sf/n] xltof/ p7fpg] / lx+;f–xTof ug]{
h:tf cdfgjLo sfo{k|lt pkGof;df 3f]/ lj/f]w u/]sf 5g\ .
dxfef/tsfnLg ;Eotf–;+:s[lt / ltgs} kl/k|]Iodf kl/eflift
dfgjLo d"No / dfGotfsf] k'gJof{Vof x'g'kg]{ ;f]rfO ePsf
sf]O/fnfsf k|:t't ljrf/n] ubf{ g} s[i0f / lx6n/nfO{ Pp6}
>]0fLdf /fvL pgn] t'ngf u/]sf] :ki6 b]lvG5 . pgn] uLtfsf]
;To hlt;'s} eP klg Tof] hLjgd'vL 5}g eGg] j}rfl/s lgisif{
k|:t't …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;df JoQm u/]sf] kfOG5 .

91
 dxfef/tdf h'g s[i0fsf] ;xof]u lnP/ Toqf] dfgj;+xf/ ePsf]
36gf 5, ltg} s[i0fsf] j0f{g ul/Psf] lxGb"bz{gsf] uLtfnfO{
cfTd;ft u/L k'gM o'/f]k tyf hd{gdf ToxL k|sf/sf] 36gf
36fP/ nfvf}–F nfv ox"bLx¿nfO{ clUgs'08df xf]dL dfgj xTof
ug]{ h:tf] h3Go s's[Tosf] pkGof;sf/n] v'n]/ k|:t't
pkGof;df cledt JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . o;/L hd{gsf] dfgj
xTof / ToxfFsf gf/Lx¿sf] kL8fdo syfnfO{ pkGof;sf/n]
;+j]bgzLn t/Lsfn] k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] P]ltxfl;s
;dodf 36]sf 36gf / To;dfsf kfqx¿nfO{ pkl:yt u/fP/
clxn]sf ljZjdfgj ;dfhsf JolQmx¿sf] k|ltlglw kfqsf]
¿kdf pEofPsf 5g\ / lx+;f tyf xTofaf6 s;}nfO{ klg kmfObf
gx'g] a? pN6} a]kmfObf x'g] ePsfn] ;Dk"0f{ dfgj ;+;f/nfO{
lx+;f / xTof TofuL c;n aGb} zflGtsf] af6f] cFufNg'kg]{ h:tf]
clx+;fjfbL ljrf/ pkGof;sf/n] k|:t't pkGof;df k|s6 u/]sf
5g\ .
$=!)=% k"jL{obz{gsf cfwf/df …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ M
…lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ sf] lx6n/nfO{ uLtfdf s[i0fnfO{ k|:t't
ul/Psf] h:tf] JolQmsf] ¿kdf b]vfOPsf] 5 . bf];|f] ljZjo'4s]f
gfos lx6n/n] Uof;RofDa/df hnfP/ df/]sf ox"bLx¿sf]
dfld{s d[To'sf] j0f{g pkGof;df :ki6;Fu k|:t't ePsf] 5 .
lx6n/sf] uLtfjfbL JofVof / ox"bLx¿sf] lgoltjfbL d[To'nfO{
pkGof;sf/n] h'g ¿kdf k|:t't pkGof;df JoQm u/]sf 5g\,
ltgn] k"jL{o bz{gsf] k/Dkl/t dfGotf, cf:yf / ljrf/k|lt
Pp6f 7"nf] k|Zg lrGx g} nufOlbPsf 5g\ . wd{ / hfltsf
cf8fdf x'g] lx+;f / ljgfz sf]O/fnfsf ljrf/df dfgjOltxf;d}
dfkm x'g g;Sg] ck/fwk"0f{ sn+s ePsf] b]lvG5 . pgsf log}
dfgjtfjfbL ljrf/n] ubf{ wd{ / hfltsf cf8df nl8Psf]
dxfef/tsf] o'4 / bf];|f] ljZjo'4nfO{ pkGof;sf/n] cfw'lgs
dfgjtfjbL ljrf/sf cfwf/df Pp6} ¿kdf k|:t't uLtfz{g
cyjf k"jL{obz{gsf] ;Totf / Jojxfl/stfsf] k'gd"{Nofª\sg ug{

92
vf]h]s]f alnof] cfwf/ …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ sf] cWoog / ljZn]if0f
ubf{ :ki6;Fu b]lvG5 . oyfy{df dxfef/tsf] o'4 To;kl5sf
;a} o'unfO{ o'4 ug{sf nflu k|]/0ffsf] ;|f]t aGg k'u]s]f
lgisif{df pkGof;sf/ k'u]s]f b]lvG5 . To;}n] lx6n/nfO{
s[i0f;Fu t'ngf ub}{ k"jL{o bz{gn] :yfkgf u/]sf] k/Dk/fut
d"No, dfGotf / cf:yfsf ljk/Lt pkGof;sf/ plePsf] b]lvG5
. pkGof;df …dÚ kfqåf/f …lgisfd sd{sf] dxfTDo, -k"j{jt\,
k]=g+= !@$_ eg]/ k"jL{obz{g uLtfsf] lgGbf u/fOg'n] klg pQm
s'/fsf] k'li6 x'G5 .
hd{gx¿ cfkm"nfO{ cfo{ eG5g\ / lxGb"bz{g;Fu ;DalGwt
s'/fs]f cToGt} ;Ddfg u5{g\ . pkGof;df lx6n/nfO{
uLtfbz{gsf] s§/ cg'ofoLsf] ¿kdf b]vfOPsf] 5 , -sf]O/fnfM
@)$^, !#)–#@_ . pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfn] …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ
pkGof; uLtfnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ n]v]sf] kfOG5 . lx6n/åf/f
ul/Psf] cIfDo g/;+xf/nfO{ s[i0fn] dxfef/tdf u/fPsf] o'4 jf
g/;+xf/nfO{ :jst{Jo jf k[YjLef/x/0f ;Dem] em}F :jst{Jo
;lDemPsf]n] k|:t't pkGof;df lx6n/nfO{ klg sf]O/fnfn]
uLtfsf] s[i0fsf] ¿k lbPsf] b]lvG5 . s[i0f / lx6n/ b'j} cb\e"t
ePsf] / b'j}df dfgj ljgfzsf] s'g} cy{ g'x'g' tyf
;+j]bgzLntf b'j}df k6Ss} gkfOg'h:tf s'/fn] pkGof;sf/n]
b'j}nfO{ Pp6} ¿kn] x]/]s]f kfOG5 . o;/L x]bf{v]l/ pkGof;sf/sf]
Psflt/ k"jL{obz{gåf/f k|ltkflbt ePsf k/Dkl/t d"No, dfGotf
/ cf:yfk|lt c;xdlt /x]s]f b]lvG5 eg] csf{lt/ lxGb"bz{gsf
s§/ kIfkftL gf/fo0fgsf] /]jf;Fusf] ;+:sfl/s ax;df
gf/fo0fgåf/f JoQm u/fOsf …n'ufsf] k|lt d]/f] ;DaGwg x]fOg .
d}n] tkfO{Fsf] cfu|xsf k|lt kf] eg]sf] . lxGb" gf/Ln] :s6{
nufpg vf]Hg'df h'g r~rntfsf] cfu|x 5, To;nfO{ kf] t d}n]
dg k/]g eg]sf],Ú -k"j{jt\, k]=g+=@&_ .
============csf]{ s'/f klg Wofg /fVg'kb{5 . lxGb" –;+:s[lt
dfgj ljsf;sf] pRrtd lzv/df k'u]/ ul7t ePsf] Joj:yf

93
 xf] eGg] h:tf cleJolQmn] pkGof;sf/sf] lxGb" ;+:s[ltk|ltsf]
b[9 cf:yf / ljZjf; /x]s]f klg b]lvG5 .o;/L x]bf{
pkGof;sf/sf] lxGb"bz{gsf] ljifodf st}–st} cfkm}Fdf åGåfTds
ljrf/ /x]s]f klg b]lvG5 . oyfy{df eGg'kbf{ lxGb" ;+:s[lt /
lxGb"bz{gleq hf] o:tf s'/f 5g\, ltgn] ;+;f/df df/sf6 /
lx+;f–xTof dRrfO dfgj cl:tŒjnfO{ g} ;+s6df kf5{, To;}n]
To:tf s'/fsf] Tofu ub}}{ lxGb" ;+:s[lt / bz{gleqsf klg c;n
/ dfgjlxtsf nflu j/bfg aGg] h:tf s'/fnfO{ dfq cfTd;ft
ug'{kb{5 eGg] b[li6sf]0f pkGof;sf/sf] /x]s]f :ki6 x'G5 .
$=!)=^ lgoltjfbsf cfwf/df …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ M
pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfn] k|:t't …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ
pkGof;df lgoltjfbL bfz{lgs ljrf/nfO{ ;jf{lws dxŒj
lbPsf 5g\ . Tof] dxŒj lbg] sfd ef/tLo bz{gsf kIfkftLsf
¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf gf/fo0fgsf] /]jf / …dÚ kfql;tsf] e]6df
p;n] lgoltjfbL bz{gsf] JofVof ug]{ qmddf lgoltnfO{ k|Zg
gu/ / k|To]s dflg; / k|To]s hflt lgoltsf] 5fk nufP/
hlGdG5 eGg] s'/f pkGof;sf/n] JoQm u/fP/ cfÏgf
lgoltjfbL ljrf/ k|:t't u/fPsf 5g\ -ltdl;gfM @)$),#(_ .
o; pkGof;df uLtfbz{gaf6 k|]l/t lx6n/n] :jst{Jo,
/fli6«iotf / /fli6«o:jfeLdfgsf] gfddf 7"nf] jL/ / jLhoL aGg]
clenfiffn] Toqf] 7"nf] g/;+xf/s o'4 n8\of], ;f7L nfv
ox"bLx¿sf] Uof;RofDa/df y'g]/ xTof u¥of], h'g oyfy{df
dfgj Oltxf;d} ;j{gfs s[Tosf] ddf{Gts l:ylt pkGof;df
JoQm 5 . pkGof;sf/n] uLtfbz{gsf] wd{ lg/k]If lrGtg u/]/
…lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof; n]v]sf] pgsf] k|:t't pkGof;sf]
cWoog / ljZn]if0f ubf{ yfxf x'G5 .
sf]O/fnfsf] hLjg g} oyfy{df …st{Jok/fo0fÚ jf
…sd{0o]jflwsf/:t]Ú eGg] uLtfbz{gsf d"ndGqåf/f clek|]l/t
b]vfk5{ . ToxL clek|]l/0ffnfO{ k|:t't pkGof;df wd{jfb,
sd{jfb / st{Jojfbsf] ;a}n] :jLsfb}{ cfPsf] cy{df geO

94
 lgoltjfbsf] ;a}n] :jLsfb}{ cfPsf] cy{df geO lgoltjfbsf]
oyfy{ cy{df pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
lgoltsf] bf; dflg; rfx] v/fa xf];\ jf c;n h'g;'s} lg0f{o
lng afWo x'G5 eGg] pgsf] ljrf/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 -zdf{M @)$(,
!#_ . o;/L x]bf{ sf]O/fnfn] k|:t't pkGof;df s]Gb|Lo ljrf/
k|:t't ug]{ qmddf pgsf] dfgjtfjfb lgolt lglb{i6 b[li6r]tsf]
dfWodåf/f cleJoQm ePsf] k|dfl0ft x'G5 .
k|:t't pkGof;df …lx6n/ t lgolt xf] . s;n] s;nfO{
df5{< lgoltsf ;a} dfWod x'g\, b'j} dg]{ egfF} rfx] dfg]{ -
pkGof;sf/, ;ftf} ;+:s/0f, k]=g+= @&_ eGg] gf/fo0fsf] …dÚ kfq
/ /]jf;Fusf] ax;åf/f pkGof;sf/n] sd{of]unfO{ l;ª\uf]
a|Xdf08sf] O{Zj/Lo lgolt dfg]sf] b]lvG5 . k|:t't pkGof;df
;+;f/ lgoltdf rn]sf] / To;nfO{ g} dflg;x¿n] O{Zj/ dfGg]
ub{5g\ eGg] ljrf/ JoQm ePsf] kfOG5 . gf/fo0fgn] O{Zj/sf]
v]nsf] ¿kdf ;+;f/sf lqmof–k|ltlqmofnfO{ JofVof u/]sf] b]lvG5
. pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfn] o; pkGof;df lgoltjfbL bz{gnfO{
cl3 ;f/]/ lx6n/sf] g/;+xf/sf] JofVof ug{ rfx]sf] s'/fsf]
gf/fo0fgåf/f u/fOPsf] pQm sygaf6 k|dfl0ft ug{ ;lsG5 .
$=!)=& åGåsf cfwf/df …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ M
sf]O/fnfn] …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;df k|d'v ¿kdf
la;f}F ztfAbLsf] bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] k|d'v–kfq lx6n/ /
ox"bLx¿aLrsf] hftLo åGå / k"jL{obz{g tyf
kfZrfTobz{gaLrsf] wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts åGånfO{ cfwf/
agfP/ cfkm\gf] j}rfl/s åGånfO{ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . d'Vo ¿kdf
pQm åGåx¿ pkGof;df b]lvPtf klg ;"Id¿kn] pkGof;sf]
cWoog / ljZn]if0f ub}{ hfFbf k"/} pkGof; g} åGå}–åGån] l;lh{t
ePsf] kfOG5 . pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfn] la;f}F ztfAbLsf] qm"/
zf;s lhK;L hflt lx6n/ / ox"bL hfltaLr cf– cfÏgf]
cl:tŒj / jr{:j :yflkt ug{sf nflu ePsf] n8fOFsf] åGånfO{
ljifoj:t' agfP/ pkGof;df k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . sf]O/fnfn]

95
 vf; u/]/ To;a]nf hd{g / o'/f]kdf ePsf] g/;+xf/ / n8fOFsf]
åGånfO{ k|d'v ljifoj:t' agfP/ cfÏgf]] pkGof; k|:t't
u/]tfklg Tof] ;dodf ljZje/ d} wfld{s / hftLo o'4
eO/x]s]f lyof] h;nfO{ pkGof;sf/n] lx6n/ / ox"bLx¿nfO{
cufl8 ;f/]/ ljZjo'4sf] k|ltlglwTj u/fP/ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .
hd{gdf lx6n/åf/f ;f7L nfv ox"bLx¿nfO{ Uof;RofDa/df
lhpb} hnfP/ df/]sf] / sof}F dlxnf tyf o"jtLx¿ dfly
ul/Psf] 3[l0ft tyf cdfgjLo sfo{sf] pb\3f6g k|:t't
pkGof;df ePsf] 5 . o;/L hftLo tyf wd{sf cf8df cfo{ /
cgfo{aLrsf] åGåfTds o'4n] hd{g dfq} geP/ ljZjnfO{ g}
tx;gx; / cfxt agfPsf] ljrf/ sf]O/fnfn] cfÏgf] pkGof;df
k|:t't u/]sf] 5 .
pkGof;sf/n] k|:t't …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;df
pkGof;sf kfqx¿nfO{ kl/j]z cg';f/ 7Ls–7Ls 7fpFdf
;dfj]z u/fP/ åGåsf] pb\3f6g u/fPsf 5g\ . pkGof;df
…lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ aLrsf] åGå, O{Zj/ / lx6n/ aLrsf] åGå, /]jf
/ gf/fo0fgaLrsf] åGå, lxGb"bz{g / kfZrfTo bz{gaLrsf] åGå,
hfkfgL l76f] / u|]6fsfaLrsf] åGå, ofs"a / d]s8f]gfN8aLrsf]
åGå / ljleGg a'l4hLjL tyf bfz{lgs cflb aLrsf] åGå b]vfP/
pkGof;sf/n] ;+;f/ åGå g} åGåsf] vf8ndf efl;Psf] 5 eGg]
cfÏgf] dt JoQm u/]sf 5g\ .o;/L sf]O/fnfn] hftLo tyf
wfld{s åGåsf ;fy} ljleGg kfqx¿sf aLr ljleGg ljifodf
j}rfl/s åGå;d]t v8f u/L cfÏgf åGåfTds ljrf/ k|:t't
u/]sf 5g\ .
$=!)=* kfZrfTo bz{gsf cfwf/df …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ M
pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnf pkGof;df k|mfo8jfbL of}g–
l;4fGtsf] k|of]u ug]{ klxnf] g]kfnL pkGof;sf/sf ¿kdf
kl/lrt 5g\ . sf]O/fnfn] …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf] cWoog
ljZn]if0f ubf{ pkGof;sf] y'k|} efudf of}g;DaGwL rrf{ u/]s]f
kfOG5 . oyfy{df sf]O/fnf :jo+ of}gdo b]lvG5g\ . sf]O/fnfsf]

96
JolQmhLjgnfO{ lgofNbf klg of}gsf ;DaGwdf lg:k[o aGg
g;s]s]f kfOG5 . pgn] xfd|f] ;dfhdf cf8Da/ / kfv08k"0f{
9ª\un] lt/:s[t of}gnfO{ cfkm\gf] k|:t't pkGof;df dxŒjk"0f{
tŒj dfg]/ pb\3f6g u/]sf 5g\ . dfgj hLjgdf of}g dxŒjk"0f{
ljifo x'Fbfx'Fb} klg To; ;DaGwdf ljs[t wf/0ff lng yflnof]
eg] ;dfh g} lau|G5, To;}n] o;nfO{ 5f]k]/ /fVg] sf]l;;
x'g'x'Fb}g eGg] pkGof;sf/sf] b[li6sf]0f /x]s]f kfOG5 . pgsf]
pQm pkGof; k|mfo8jfbL of}g–ljZn]if0fdf cfwfl/t eP klg
pgn] cfÏg} lsl;dsf df}lns ljrf/ k|:t't u/]s]f kfOG5 .
sf]O/fnfsf] k|:t't …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ sf kfqx¿ pGd'Qm /
ljsl;t b]lvG5g\ . pkGof;sL gf/L–kfq /]jf lxGb':tfgL gf/L
eP/ klg pm kfZrfTo wd{ / ;+:s[lt cg';f/ lxF8\g] /
klZrd]nL gf/Lx¿h:t} :j]lR5s of}gfrf/sf] OR5f /fVg] / 5f]6f]
j:q nufpg ¿rfpg] :jefjsL b]lvG5] . To;}u/L klZrd]nL
;+:s[ltdf g} x's]{sL u|]6f gfdsL kfq lxGb" ;+:s[lt /
k/Dk/fcg';f/sf] ljjfx k4lt tyf j}jflxs lgi7fsf] s'/f ubf{
pm cfkm" To:tf] ljjfx g:jLsfg]{ / klZrd]nL ;+:s[lt /
k/Dk/fcg';f/ g} cfkm"n] rfx]sf] s]6f;Fu /f]h]/ ljjfx ug]{ /
ljjfxnfO{ aGwgsf] ¿kdf klg g:jLsfg]{ Ps :j]lR5s /
ljsl;t o'jtLsf] ¿kdf b]lvG5] . o;/L pkGof;sf/n] cfkm\gf]
k|:t't …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;df cfkm\gf] :jtGq cl:tŒj
:jLsfg]{ / s;}sf] bjfjdf lxF8\g grfxg] vfnsf ljleGg
kfqx¿sf] pkl:ylt u/fP/ cfkm\gf] kfZrfTo–bz{gk|ltsf] ljrf/
/ b[li6sf]0f k|:t't u/]s]f kfOG5 . lxGb"gf/Lx¿n] cfkm\gf] ;+:s[lt
cg';f/ kfngf u/]s]f cfr/0f / Jojxf/ eGbf klZrdL ;+:s[lt
cg';f/ rNg] klZrd]nL gf/Lx¿sf] rfnrng tyf Jojxf/k|lt
pkGof;sf/sf] em'sfj a9L /x]s]f s'/f o;af6 :ki6 b]lvG5 .
o;/L x]bf{ gf/L jf k'?if hf];'s} eP klg p;n] :jtGq /
:jcl:tŒjsf ;fy afFRg kfpg'kb{5 eGg] ljrf/ sf]O/fnfn]
JoQm u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

97
$=!! lgisif{ M
lgisif{df eGg'kbf{ …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;n] P]ltxfl;s
;dodf ePsf] bf];|f] ljZjo'4af6 x'g uPsf] dfgj ;+xf/ /
To;af6 ePsf] Iflt tyf dfgjtf xggsf] oyfy{ lrq0f u/]s]f
5 . bf];|f] ljZjo'4df qm"/ lx6n/ zf;såf/f ;f]emf–;Lwf /
lgbf]{if ox"bLx¿sf] nfvf}F–nfvsf] ;+Vofdf xTof u/]/ dfgjtfsf]
k/fsfi7nfO{ g} gf3]sf] bb{gfs l:yltnfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 / of]
b]vfpg' g} k|:t't pkGof;sf] d"n p2]Zo klg xf] . To; ;dodf
hd{gaf6 p7]sf] o'4sf] cfuf]n] ;+;f/sf ;a} d'n'snfO{ Hjfnfsf]
rk]6fdf kf/]s]f lyof] . To;}n] bf];|f] ljZjo['4sf sf/0f hd{g
nufot ljZj tx;gx; ePsf] / To;af6 7"nf] dfgj Iflt
ePsf] ljifoj:t'nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfn]
k|:'tt …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof; n]v]s]f b]lvG5 .
pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfn] ljZjo'4sf] sf/0f To;a]nfsf
hd{g gful/sn] ef]Ug'k/]sf] bb{gfs kL8f / si6nfO{ ljleGg
kfq / kl/j]zdfk{mt :ki6;Fu bzf{Psf 5g\ . k|:t't pkGof;df
kl/j]z cg';f/sf ljleGg kfqx¿sf] ;dfj]z u/L pgLx¿sf]
dfWodaf6 ljZjo'4sf] 36gf / kL8fnfO{ aflx/ NofO ;a}sf
;fd' :ki6 kfl/lbg] h:tf] dxŒjk"0f{ sfd ePsf] 5 .

98
 kfFrf} kl/R5]b
pk;+xf/ / lgisif{
%=! pk;+xf/ M
k|:t't zf]wkqnfO{ ;d]6]/ lgisif{lt/ pGd'v x'g' o; ;Gbe{sf]
d"n nIo xf] . k|:t't zf]wkq ;d]6]/ cufl8 a9\g] qmddf klxnf]
kl/R5]bdf zf]w k|:tfjsf] d"n zLif{s cGtu{t ljleGg pkzLif{sx¿
/fvL To;nfO{ zf]w k|aGwsf] ¿k/]vfsf] :j?k k|:t't ub}{ kl/R5]b
6'ª\UofOPsf] 5 . bf];|f] kl/R5]b cGtu{t ;flxTosf/ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb
sf]O/fnfsf] hLjgL, JolQmŒj / s[lQŒj d"n zLif{s /fv]/ sf]O/fnfsf]
hGd, hGd:yfg, kfl/jfl/s kl/ro, afNosfn, lzIffbLIff, ljjfx tyf
;Gtfg, a;f]jf;, ¿rL / :jefjsf kIfnfO{ @=! …hLjgLÚ pkzLif{sdf
k|i6\ofpg] sf]lz; ul/Psf] 5 . pkzLif{s @=@ df JolQmŒj cGtu{t
s]fO/fnfsf] ;flxlTos / /fhgLlts JolQmŒjsf] af/]df cnu–cnu
/fv]/ k|i6\ofpg] sfd ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L @=# …s[lQŒjÚ pkzLif{sdf
;flxTosf/ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf vf]h / cg';Gwfg ubf{ yfxf
eP;Ddsf s[ltx¿sf] 5f]6s/Ldf kl/ro lbO k|i6\ofpg] k|of;
ul/Psf] 5 . cGTodf lgisif{sf ;fy g]kfnL /fhgLlts / ;flxTo
If]qsf Ps ;zQm JolQmŒjsf] ¿kdf k|l;l4 kfPsf ljZj]Zj/k|;fb
sf]O/fnfn] g]kfnL /fhgLlt / ;flxTonfO{ ;Fu;Fu} cufl8 a9fpFb}
nuL ;dfhsf s's[lt, lj;+ult / cGofosf] e08fkmf]/ ub}{ cfhLjg
g]kfn / g]kfnLx¿sf lglDt ;dlk{t eO sfd u/] eGg] s'/f k|:t't
pkzLif{sdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
t];|f] kl/R5]b cGtu{t …pkGof;sf] ;}4flGts :j?kÚ
d"n zLif{s /flvPsf] 5, h;df #=!, @=#, pkzLif{s lbFb} #=$
pkzLif{sdf …lgisif{Ú k'u]s]f 5 / oL pkzLif{s cGtu{t
klg cfjZostf cg';f/ pkzLif{ssf] k|pkzLif{s /fVb} k|:t't d"n
zLif{s cg';f/ ljifoj:t'nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] sfd ul/Psf] 5 . pQm
kl/R5]bdf pkGof;sf] ;}4flGts :j?ksf] kl/ro lbg]
;Gbe{df pkGof;sf] kl/ro / kl/efiffsf ;fy} pkGof; zAbsf]

99
Jo'Tklt / agf}6 ;d]tnfO{ k|i6\ofpg] sfd ul/Psf] 5 .
pkGof;sf] ;}4flGts :j?k d"n zLif{s cGtu{t /x]/ x]bf{ #=!
sf] pkzLif{s cg';f/ pkGof; cfVofg ;flxTo dflgG5 /
o;nfO{ ;flxTodf lkmS;g elgG5 . g]kfnLdf k|rlnt pkGof;
zAb ;+:s[taf6 cfPsf] tT;d zAb xf] / pQm zAb …c;\Ú
wft'df pk, lg, pk;u{ / …3`\Ú k|Too hf]l8P/ lgdf{0f ePsf] xf]
egL pkGof;sf] Jo'Tklt / agf}6sf] af/]df k|i6 kfg]{ sfd
ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnLdf k|of]u x'g] pkGof; zAb kfZrfTo
;flxTodf gf]e;af6 ;'? eP/ gf]enf x'Fb} lxhf]–cfh gf]j]n
ePsf] s'/f k|:t't kl/R5]bdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . klxnf–klxnf
uB cfVofg / kB cfVofg b'j}nfO{ pkGof; dfGb} cfOPsf] t/
lxhf]cfh cfP/ uBfVofgnfO{ dfq pkGof; dflgPs]f 5 eGg]
k|;ª\u pNn]v ug'{sf ;fy} pkGof;sf] kl/ro / pkGof;sf
cfjZos tŒjx?nfO{ ;d]t k|:t't u/L k|i6\ofpg] sf]lz;
ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't kl/R5]bdf ;+:s[taf6 g]kfnLdf cfO xfn
g]kfnLdf k|o'Qm pkGof; zAbnfO{ ljsf;qmdsf cfwf/df sfn
ljefhg u/L To;sf ljleGg wf/fx¿nfO{ ;d]t ljleGg
pkzLif{s cGtu{t /fVb} k|i6 kfg]{ sfd ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnL
pkGof;sf] ;}4flGts pkGof; n]vgsf] b[li6n] zlQmjNne
cof{nsf] …dxfef/t lj/f6kj{Ú -!*@&_ af6 ;'? eO …lkgf;sf]
syfÚ-!*&%_, d'G;Lsf] …tLg cfxfgÚ-!**@_, ;'Gb/fgGbsf]
…lg/Gt/ ;f}Gbo{ ufyf, cWofTd /fdfo0f, axQ/ ;'ufsf] syf
cflb x'Fb} !($% ;Dd k|fylds sfn /x]sf] / lj=;+= !($&
jL/l;Ssf b]lv ¿b|/fh kf08]sf] ¿kdtL -!(()_ k"j{sf]
cjlwnfO{ dfWoldssfn dflgPsf] / ¿b|/fh kf08]sf] ¿kdtL -
!((!_ sf] k|sfzgb]lv lnP/ xfn;DdnfO{ cfw'lgssfndf /fvL
pkGof;nfO{ sfnqmdsf cfwf/df 5'6\ofP/ /flvPsf] s'/fnfO{
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . cGTodf pkGof; zAbsf] Jo'Tklt ;dob]lv
lnP/ hlt cufl8 a9\b} uof] Tolt ljleGg k"jL{o / kfZrfTo
;}4flGts dtdtfGt/, ptf/r9fjsf ;fy aLrsf oltsf

100
;dofjlwx¿ kf/ ub}{ clxn];Dd cfOk'u]sf] s'/fnfO{ k|:t't ug]{
hdsf]{ o; kl/R5]bdf ul/Psf] 5 .
k|:t't zf]w k|aGwsf] rf}yf] kl/R5]b …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ
pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s ljZn]if0ffTds, ljj]rgf, d"n zLif{s
cGtu{t ljleGg pkzLif{sx¿ / cfjZos 7fpFdf pkzLif{sf]
klg k|pkzLif{s /fv]/ ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfo{ ul/Psf] 5 .
pkzLif{snfO{ qmdzM!,@, #, $, %, ^, &, *, (, !) / !! u/L
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 eg] pkzLif{s ( df pkzLif{ssf] k|pkzLif{s
!,@ /flvPsf] 5 / pkzLif{s !) cGtu{t pkzLif{ssf]
k|pkzLif{s !–* ;Dd /fvL ljifoj:t'sf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 /
o;} pkzLif{ssf] !! df cWofout lgisif{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
zf]wk|aGwsf] zLif{s $ sf] pkzLif{s!,@,#,$,%,^,&,*,(,!),!!
Dff e"ldsf, syg,kfq–kl/ro, kl/j]z, efiffz}nL, ;+jfb,;f/j:t',
b[li6ljGb', k|tLs, laDa / ljleGg cfwf/df …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ sf]
ljZn]if0ffTds ljj]rgf / cGTodf cWofout lgisif{ k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't zf]wk|aGwsf] $ d"n zLif{s cGtu{tsf] !
pkzLif{sdf ;fdfGo e"ldsf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . pQm e"ldsfdf
k|:t't …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf] cfsf/, k[i7 ;+Vof,
;+:d/0fsf ;fy} pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfsf] k|:t't pkGof;
dfgjd"ns pkGof; ePsf] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy}
pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnf pQm pkGof;df bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] ljeT;
cjz]ifaf6 b|jLe"t eO of] k"jL{o uLtfbz{gsf] k|efj x'g;S5
eGg] ;f]rL o'4–lj/f]wL x'g k'u]sf 5g\ eGg] k|;ª\unfO{ k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L d"n zLif{ssf] pkzLif{s @ df pkGof;sf]
;Dk"0f{ syfgs k[i7e"ld k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 eg] # df
kfqx¿nfO{ k|d'v kfq, ;xfos kfq / cGo kfq u/L tLg txdf
juL{s/0f u/]/ pgLx¿sf] rfl/lqs kl/ro lbg] sfo{ ePsf] 5,
h;df efjL zf]wstf{ tyf k|:t't zf]w k9\g] kf7sx¿sf nflu
klg …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof; k9\bf To;sf] ulx/fO;Dd k'Ug /
a'em\g ;lhnf] / ;xo]fuL aGg k'uf];\ eGg] x]t'n] k|d'v /

101
;xfos kfqsf cnfjf s]xL cGo kfqx¿sf] ;d]t rfl/lqs
kl/ro lbg] sf]lz; ul/Psf] 5 .
pkzLif{s $ df kl/j]z / o; cGtu{t pkGof;
pkGof;sf/sf] ofqfj0f{gdf cfwfl/t ePsfn] g]kfnsf]
sf7df8f}Fb]lv ef/t x'Fb} ef/tsf] aDaOaf6 kfgLxhfhåf/f
ul/Psf] ofqf, n08g tyf o'/f]ksf ljleGg d'n's nufot
hd{g;Ddsf] kl/j]z v'nfpg] sfo{ ul/Psf] 5 / pkzLif{s %
df pkGof;sf] efiffz}nL ;/n ;'jf]4o /x]s]f s'/f k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L $=^ df pkGof;sf kfqx¿sf] ;+jfb
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 / k|:t't ;Gbe{df pkGof;sf ljleGg
kfqx¿sf] dfWodaf6 k|:t't ePsf ;/n, ;+jfbx¿sf] k|:t'lt 5
. pkzLif{s & df k|:t't …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf] ;f/a:t'
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5, h;df wd{sf] gfddf xTof u/fpg k|]l/t ug]{
uLtfsf] pkGof;sf/åf/f lj/f]w, ;f7L xhf/ ox"bLx¿sf]
sf?l0fs xTof cflbsf] ;+If]kdf rrf{ ub}{ xTof u/]/ wd{ gx'g] /
wd{ ug{nfO{ b'MvLsf] ;]jfdf /dfpg'kg]{ ;fdflhs ;Gb]z lbFb}
lx6n/n] u/]sf] xTof wfld{s nfesf] geP/ kfksf] v]tL dfq
ePsf] eGg] ;f/a:t' k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . pkzLif{s * df
b[li6ljGb' /x]s]f 5 / To;df pkGof;df k|o'Qm ePsf cfGtl/s
tyf afXo b[li6ljGb'sf] pNn]v ul/Ps]f 5 . To;}u/L d"n zLif{s
$ sf] pkzLif{s ( cGtu{t pkzLif{ssf] klg k|pkzLif{s !,@
/fvL ! k|pkzLif{sdf k|tLs / @ k|pkzLif{sdf laDa /flvPsf]
5 . k|tLs k|pkzLif{s cGtu{t k|:t't pkGof;df kfqsf] ¿kdf
b]vfOPsf ljleGg kfqx¿nfO{ clxn]sf dfgjhflt / kl/j]z
k|tLssf ¿kdf k|of]u u/L Jofª\UofTdstf k|:t't ul/Psf]
s'/fsf] pNn]v 5 eg] laDa k|pkzLif{s cGtu{t klg pkGof;sf
kfq tyf ljleGg kmf]6f], lrq, b[Zolrq, ef]hg, efG;f–3/
cflbnfO{ laDasf] ¿kdf k|of]u u/L cfw'lgs dfgjhfltdfly
Joª\Uo ub}{ pkGof;sf/n] pkGof;sf] syfj:t'nfO{ cem k|i6
kfg]{ sfd u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

102
 k|:t't zf]wk|aGwsf] $ d"n zLif{s cGtu{t k|:t't ljleGg
!! j6f pkzLif{sdWo] !) pkzLif{sdf ! b]lv * ;Dd
pkzLif{ssf] klg k|pkzLif{s /fvL k|:t't …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ
pkGof;sf] ljleGg cfwf/df cfwfl/t /x]/ ljZn]if0ffTds
ljj]rgf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . $=!) sf] k|pkzLif{s ! df
dfgjtfjfbL b[li6sf]0fsf cfwf/df …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf]
ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . o; k|pkzLif{s cGtu{t lx6n/n]
ox"bLx¿dfly u/]sf] xTof, lx+;f, cGofo / dfgjtfxggsf]
k/fsfi7f gf3]sfn] s;}n] klg s;}sf] dfgjclwsf/ xgg x'g]
sfo{ ug'{x'Fb}g eGg] dfgjtfjfbL b[li6sf]0f pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnf
/ …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;df /x]s]f 5 eGg] s'/f k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 . $=!)=@ k|pkzLif{sdf dgf]lj1fgsf] cfwf/df
…lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ sf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 / k|:t't k|pkzLif{s
cGtu{t pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfsf] k|:t't pkGof; k|mfo8jfbsf]
l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t /xL dgf]j}1flgs cfwf/df /lrt s[lt
ePsfn] pkGof;sf/n] pkGof;df ljleGg kfqx¿sf] dfWodaf6
dfgj–cGtd{gdf /x]sf ljifoj:t' nufot ;Dk"0f{ s'/fnfO{
dgf]j1 } flgs t/Lsfn] aflx/ NofP/ v'n:t /flvlbPsf 5g\ eGg]
s'/fsf] k|:t'lt ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L $=!)=# df cl:tŒjjfbsf
cfwf/df …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ k|pkzLif{s cGtu{t ;Gbe{df
pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfsf] k|:t't pkGof; cl:tŒjjfbdf
cfwfl/t pkGof; xf] / o;df pkl:yt gf/L–kfq nufot k'?if–
kfq ;a}n] cf–cfkm\gf] cl:tŒjsf] vf]hL ub}{ cfkm\gf] hLjgnfO{
cl:tŒjd"ns agfP/ cufl8 a9\g rfx]sf 5g\ . To;}n] ;+;f/df
dfgj cl:tŒjjfbnfO{ s;}n] d]6\g ;St}g / d]6fpg] b'i;fx;
klg ug'{x'Fb}g, cl:tŒj s;}sf] clwg, v6g / aGwgdf g/xL
cfkm}F :jtGq lsl;dn] km'Nb} / kmNb} cufl8 a9\g kfpg'kb{5
eGg] k|;ª\u pQm k|pkzLif{sdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . pQm zLif{s
cGtu{t …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkgof;sf] cl:tŒjfbsf] cfwf/df
ljZn]if0f ubf{ pkGof;df k|of]u ePsf] cl:tŒjjfb st}

103
lgolt;Fu, st} k|]d;Fu, st} dfgjtfjfb;Fu, st} ljb|f]x;Fu, st}
:jR5Gb rfxgf;Fu, st} JolQm / st} cx+;Fu hf]l8P/ cfPsf]
s'/f k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . /]jfsf] …dÚ kfq;Fusf] :j]lR5s of}g
;Dks{, ONh]sf] afnof}g zf]if0f x'g', lx6n/åf/f ox"bLx¿ dfl/g',
u|]6fåf/f cleefjssf] /f]hfOn] u/fOPsf] j}jflxs ;DaGwnfO{
c:jLsf/ ug'{ h:tf s'/fnfO{ g} cl:tŒjsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] s'/f
o; k|pkzLif{s cGtu{t k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
d"n zLif{s $ sf] pkzLif{s !) sf] k|pkzLif{s $ df
clx+;f;fjfbsf] cfwf/df …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ /x]s]f 5 . o; zLif{s
cGtu{t la;f}F ztfAbLdf ePsf] bf];|f] o'4 / To;df vf; u/]/
tfTsfnLg hd{g zf;s lx6n/åf/f lgbf]{if ox"bLx¿sf] lgdd{
t/Lsfn] Uof;RofDa/df hnfP/ df/]sf] 36gfsf] j0f{g 5 /
pQm 36gf s;}af6 / slxNo} klg IfDo x'g g;Sg] vfnsf]
ePsfn] pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfn] ltg} cl:tŒjjfbleq /x]/
pgsf] …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf] /rgf u/]sf 5g\ / pQm
pkGof;dfkm{t lx+;fn] s;}nfO{ klg kmfObf gx'g] ePsfn]
lx+;fsf] af6f] 5f]8L zflGtnfO{ cFufNb} clx+;fjfbL aGg'kg]{ ;Gb]z
lbPsf] k|;ª\unfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . pkzLif{s !) sf]
k|pkzLif{s % df la;f}F ztfAblsf] lx6n/ Pp6f qm"/ / xTof/f
zf;s ePsfn] kSs} klg pm k"jL{o bz{g uLtfaf6 k|efljt
ePsf] x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;f]rL pkGof;sf/n] …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ
pkGof;df k"jL{obz{gsf] o:tf] sfo{k|lt c;Gt'li6 JoQm ub}{
dflg;åf/f g} dflg;sf] xTof ug{ k|]/0ff k|bfg ug]{ k"jL{obz{gsf]
ulx/fO;Dd k'u]/ /x:o vf]Hg'kg]{ efj JoQm u/]s]f s'/f pQm
k|pkzLif{sdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . bf];|f] ljZjo'4df uLtf xftdf
lnP/ lxF8]sf] lx6n/åf/f ;f7L xhf/ ox"bLx¿nfO{ cfuf]df
hnfP/ df/]sf] 36gfnfO{ k"jL{obz{g dxfef/t tyf uLtfsf
s[i0fn] ch'{gnfO{ o'4 ug{ k|]l/t u/]/ sof}F dfgj;+xf/ ePsf]
36gf;Fu t'ngf ub}{ dxfef/tsf] s[i0f;Fu bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf]

104
gfos dfgj;+xf/sf/L lx6n/nfO{ klg Ps} bhf{n] x]l/Psf] s'/f
;d]t pQm zLif{s cGtu{t k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
d"n zLif{s $=!) sf] ^ df lgoltjfbsf cfwf/df
…lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ k|pkzLif{s k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 / pQm zLif{s
cGtu{t pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfåf/f cfkm\gf] k|:t't pkGo;fdf
hd{gdf lx6n/åf/f ox"bLx¿ dfl/g'nfO{ lgoltsf] v]n ePsf]
egL ljleGg kfqx¿åf/f JoSTofOPsf] s'/f k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
pQm k|pkzLif{sdf hd{gdf lx6n/n] ;f7L xhf/ eGbf a9L
dflg; df/]s]f / pgLx¿ lx6n/åf/f dfl/Psf ePtf klg
jf:tjdf tL ;a} cf–cfÏgf] sd{ / lgoltsf sf/0fn] dfl/Psf
x'g\ . ;+;f/df s;}n] klg ;s}nfO{ dfg{ ;Sb}g / dfg{ klg
;Sb}t, oxfF lx6n/ lgolt xf] / lgoltsf] bf; dflg;n] h'g;'s}
lg0f{o lng ;S5 egL k"jL{obz{gsf] s6\6/jfbL gf/fo0fgåf/f
ul/Psf] pQm sygnfO{ cufl8 ;f/L pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfn]
lgoltjfbL bz{gnfO{ cl3 ;f/]/ lx6n/åf/f ul/Psf]
dfgj;+xf/sf] JofVof ug{ vf]h]sf] k|;ª\u pQm k|pkzLif{s
cGtu{t k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . d"n zLif{s $=!) sf] k|pkzLif{s &
df åGåsf cfwf/df …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkzLif{s cGtu{t la;f}F
ztfAbLdf ePsf] bf];|f] ljZjo'4 vf;u/L hftLo / wfld{s
åGåsf sf/0fn] ePs]f eGg] s'/fsf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfn] k|:t't pkGof;df log} åGåsf sf/0f
hd{gaf6 p7]sf] hftLo åGåsf] cfuf]n] cGTodf hd{gnfO{ g}
v/fgL agfof] / To;sf] c;/ ;a}lt/ km}lngk'Uof], o;/L
hftLotf / wd{–wd{aLrsf] åGån] dfgj ljgfz ug'{sf ;fy}
;f/f ;+;f/nfO{ g} ;dfKt kf5{ . To;}n] hftLo / wfld{s
åGånfO{ ;dfKt u/L Ps cfk;df ;dGjo u/]/ cufl8 a9\gfn]
g} dfgjhfltsf] /Iff x'g;S5 / ;+;f/df zflGt :yflkt x'g;S5
egL pkGof;såf/f pkGof;df JoQm ePsf ljrf/x¿ pQm
k|pkzLif{s cGtu{t k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . pkGof;sf/n] lx6n/ /
ox"bLx¿aLrsf] hftLo åGå / k"jL{obz{g tyf

105
kfZrfTobz{gaLrsf] wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts åGånfO{ cfwf/
agfP/ cfÏgf] j}rfl/s åGånfO{ …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;df
k|:t't u/]sf] s'/fx¿ pQm pkzLif{sdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
$=!) sf] k|pkzLif{s * df kfZrfTo bz{gsf cfwf/df …lx6n/
/ ox"bLÚ pkzLif{snfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . pQm pkzLif{s
cGtu{t pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnf kfZrfTo ;flxTosf/ k|mfo8af6
k|efljt ePsfn] sf]O/fnfn] k|mfo8sf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t eP/
pgsf] k|:t't …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof; n]v]sf] / pgsf] pQm
pkGof;df k|mfo8jfbL of}g l;4fGtsf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 egL
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . sf]O/fnf k|mfo8jfbL of}g l;4fGtsf] k|of]u
ug]{ klxnf] g]kfnL pkGof;sf/ ePsf] / pgn] k|:t't
pkGof;sf] y'k|} efudf of}g;DaGwL rrf{ u/]sf] s'/fsf] ;d]t
pQm k|pkzLif{sdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . sf]O/fnfsf k|:t't
pkGof;sf kfqx¿ pGd'Qm / ljsl;t vfnsf /x]sf / lxGb"gf/L
eP/ klg /]jf gfdsL o'jtL kfqn] klZrdL ;Eotf / ;+:s[lt
cg';f/sf] e]ife"iff / :j]lR5s of}grf/sf] OR5f /fv]sf] s'/fsf]
j0f{g 5 . To;}u/L u|]6f gfdsL kfqn] a'jf–cfdfn] /f]h]sf]
s]6f;Fu ljjfx gug]{ / cfkm"n] rfx]sf] s]6f;Fu /f]h]/ ljjfx ug]{
tyf ljjfxsf] aGwgnfO{ klg g:jLsfg]{ :j]lR5s / cl:tŒjjfbL
ljrf/ ePsf kfqx¿sf] ;+of]hg u/L kfZrfTo ;Eotf /
;+:s[ltsf] kl/ro pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfn] …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ
pkGof;df u/fOPsf] s'/f / pkGof;sf/ :jo+sf] klg kfZrfTo
bz{gk|lt e'msfj /x]s]f s'/f pQm k|pkzLif{s cGtu{t k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 .
d"n zLif{s $ sf] pkzLif{s !! cGtu{t cWofout
lgisif{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 / pQm pkzLif{sdf d"n zLif{s $ sf
afFsL ;a} pkzLif{s / pkzLif{ssf klg k|pkzLif{sx¿df
pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfsf] k|:t't …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;nfO{
cWoog–ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] lgrf]8 / pQm pkGof;af6 k|fKt
;Gb]zsf] ;fy lgisif{ 6'ª\UofOPsf] 5 . log} dflysf d"ne"t

106
 ;Gbe{x¿sf ;fy cGTodf g]kfnL ;flxTosf dxfg\ ;flxTosf/
ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] rlr{t k|:t't …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ
pkGof;nfO{ cfkm\gf] zf]wk|aGwdf …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf]
s[ltk/s cWoog d"n zLif{s /fvL To;}leq /x]/ cfkm\gf] j'l4 /
ljj]sn] EofP;Dd cWoog / ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] s'/fsf] ;d]t
pNn]v ul/G5 .
%=@ lgisif{ M
pkGof;sf/ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfn] k|:t't …lx6n/ /
ox"bLÚ pkGof;df of}g dgf]lj1fgsf] leqL txaf6 cl:tŒjd"ns
g}lts d"No, dfGotf / dof{bf;DaGwL cfr/0fnfO{ ;fdflhs
cfwf/df d"No, dfGotf / dof{bfsf] k'gd"{Nofª\sg u/]sf 5g\ .
To;}n] g]kfnL ;flxTosf] pkGof; ljwfdf gofF ljrf/ k|:t't
ug]{ pkGof;sf/x¿sf] k+lQmdf pgL cu|:yfgdf b]vfkfb{5g\ .
sf]O/fnfsf] k|:t't …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf] cWoog–
ljZn]if0f ubf{ dfgj hLjg d'VotM Pp6f cGj]ifsLo ljifo,
Pp6f v]n / Pp6f k|of]u xf] eGg] lgisif{ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
To;sf/0f ljZjdfgjtf / dfgjLo ;dfgtfsf] cjwf/0ffx¿ g}
sf]O/fnfsf] k|:t't pkGof;sf] d"n ;Gb]z xf] . pgsf] k|:t't
pkGof;df uDeL/ ¿kdf /x]sf] d"n cfjfh g} dfgj
cl:tŒjsf] xf] . pgL pQm pkGof;df OdfGbf/Lk"j{s g}ltstf /
lgoltjfbsf] w/ftndf pleP/ g]kfnL pkGof; ljwfnfO{ hLjg
cg's'n agfpgdf k|of;/t /x]sf b]lvG5g\ .
ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] dfgjd"ns …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ
pkGof; uLtfsf] lgisfd sd{of]usf] bz{g lj?4df /rgf
ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't pkGof;sf /rgfsf/ sf]O/fnfnfO{ uLtfsf]
k/Dk/fut JofVofdf ljZjf; gePsf] / 5'§} df}lns JofVof
u/]sf] pQm pkGof;sf cleJolQmx¿n] :ki6 x'G5 . pgsf
cfTdljZjf;, cGwljZjf;, sd{jL/tf, sd{of]u, wfld{s
cl:tŒjjfb, ef}lts cl:tŒjjfb cflb ljifox¿ uLtfsf
cfwf/df JofVof ul/Psf x'g\ . k|:t't …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ df

107
ljz]if u/L gf/L ;d:of / dfgjtfjfbL j}rfl/s w/ftndf k|v/
¿kn] cleJoQm x'gk'u]s]f 5 . sf]O/fnf pQm pkGof;df
k"0f{¿kn] o'4lj/f]wL b]lvPsf 5g\ . pgL la;f}F ztfAblsf]
;dosf] dfgjtfjfbL ljrf/n] k"0f{tM k|]l/t b]lvG5g\ . pgsf]
dfgjtfjfbL b[li6df s[i0f / lx6n/ b'j}nfO{ dfgjLo ;+j]bgz"Go
JolQmŒj ePsf eg]/ Pp6} txdf /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . oyfy{df
eGg'kbf{ dfgjhut\df dfgjtfjfbsf] ;+:yfkgf / ;Da4{gsf
nflu ;+xf/ geO ;+/rgf / dte]b tyf ;+3if{ geO ;dGjo
cfjZos 5, o;sf] cefjdf ;+/rgf lg/y{s / lg:;f/ x'G5
eGg] jf:tljstf pQm pkGof;sf] d'Vo ljrf/ xf] . pgn] oL
ljrf/nfO{ o; …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;df cToGt ;+j]bgzLn
ultdf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .
dflg;–dflg;df ha;Dd Ps–csf{aLr O{iof{, 8fx,
k|lt/f]w, 3[0ff / zq'tf pTkGg x'G5g\, ta;Dd dfgjtf htftt}
cfqmfGt x'gk'U5 eGg] h:tf ljifon] sf]O/fnfsf] JolQmŒj
cfxft aGg k'u]sf] 5 . pgsf] cfxt x'gk'u]s]f dfgjLo
;+j]bgzLntf k|:t't pkGof;df ljljw cj:yf / k|;ª\udf
;jf{lws k|:t't x'gk'u]s]f 5 . To;}n] pgn] k|:t't
pkGof;dfkm{t olb dfgjn] dfgj aGg] xf] eg] c;n aGgsf
nflu cfÏgf] x}l;ot / st{Jo ge'nL sfd ug'{kb{5, clg dfq
dfgj;dfhdf zflGt Pj+ ;'Joj:yf sfod ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]
dfgjLo efjgf af]s]sf] ljrf/ pkGof;df Joqm u/]sf 5g\ .
oyfy{df eGg'kbf{ dxŒjsf+IfL ljrf/ / cx+tfn] dfgj;dfhnfO{
ljWj+;fTds agfpF5 / cGTodf dfgj cl:tŒjg} ;+;f/af6
ljlng eP/ hfG5, To;}n] h'g;'s} zf;s xf];\ jf ;j{;fwf/0f
JolQm, ;a}n] pQm s'/fnfO{ Tofu ub}{ cufl8 a9\g ;Sg'kb{5 /
o;af6 g} dfgjhut\sf] sNof0f x'g;S5 eGg] g} k|:t't …lx6n/
/ ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf] d"n ;Gb]z / lgisif{ /x]s]f 5 . ctM log}
dflysf d"ne"t ;Gbe{x¿nfO{ g} k|:t't k|;ª\usf lgisif{x¿
7flgPsf] 5 .

108
%=# ;DefJo zf]w zLif{sx¿ M
g]kfnL ;flxTosf] If]qdf vf; u/]/ syf / pkGof;sf]
dfWodaf6 rrf{sf] lzv/df k'u]sf pkGof;sf/ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb
sf]O/fnfsf / pgsf] k|:t't …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf af/]df
eljiodf cWoog cg';Gwfg x'g] y'k|} ;Defjgfx? ePsfn] efjL
zf]wfyL{x¿sf nflu sf]O/fnf / pgsf] k|:t't …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ
pkGof;sf af/]df lgDg zLif{sx¿df zf]wsfo{ ug{ ;lsg]
;Defjgf b]lvG5M
!= clxn]sf tfgfzfxsf k|tLssf] ¿kdf …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ
@= dfgjtfjfbsf cfwf/df …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;sf] ljZn]if0f
#= …lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;df j}rfl/s kIf

109
 ;Gbe{ u|Gy ;"rL
 cfrfo{ xl/k|;fb, – cg';Gwfg k|sfz, k|sfzs dx]Gb|
uf}td yfg]Zj/,@)$@M lj=lj=, ;+:s/0f @)^) bf];|f]
 P6d g]q, a/fn s[00fxl/,
@)%! –pkGof;–l;4fGt / g]kfnL pkGof;,
;femf k|= bf];|f] ;+= @)%*
 sflnbf;M –cle1fg zfs'Gtnd\ , ;+:s/0f
dxfnIdL k|=cfu/f ;+:s/0f
O{=;++=!(*%
 sf]O/fnf v]d,@)$% – ;flxTosf/ ljZj]Zj/k|;fb
sf]O/fnf, sf7df8f}F ;]jf k|sfzg
 sf]O/fnf hLjgrGb,@)%* – lj=kL=sf]O/fnfsf 5l/Psf ;fdu|L
;+:s/0f bf];|f]
 sf]O/fnf ljZj]Zj/k|;fb,
@)$) –…lx6n/ / ox"bLÚ pkGof;,
;femf k|sfzg, @)^^
 sf]O/fnf ljZj]Zj/k|;fb,
@)$) – cfÏgf]] syf, r]tgf ;flxTo
k|sfzg, sf7df8f}F,
bf];|f] ;+:s/0f@)%),;femf k|sfzg
 sf]O/fnf ljZj]Zj/k|;fb,
@)^# – km]l/ ;'Gb/Lhn,hubDaf k|sfzg
 sf]O/fnf ljZj]Zj/k|;fb,
@))! O{=;+= – h]n hg{n, hubDaf k|sfzg
 uLl/ k|bLk, @)^^M – ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf,/fhgLlts
clen]v, ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/,
ef]6flx6L, sf7df8f}{

110
 u}/] O{Zj/Lk|;fb,@)^# – cfw'lgs g]kfnL cfVofg,
lIflth k|sfzg
 9sfn e"klt,@)%^ – ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf
pkGof;x¿df ljrf/ kIf
 gu]Gb|, ;g\ !(^&M – zf]w cf}/ l;4fGt, cfu/f,
/jLGb| k|sfzg
 kf]v/]n efg'eQm,@)$)M – ;flxTo / l;4fGt, s'nrGb| zdf{
Zofd k':ts e08f/, lj/f6gu/
 kf]v/]n /fdrGb|,@)$)M – hLjg j[QfGt, lj=kL=k|sfzg,
;+:s/0f, @)%^
 kf}8]n e"kxl/, @)^)M – zf]w / l;h{gf l;4fGt, ljBfyL{
k':ts e08f/, ef]6flx6L, sf7df8f}F
 k|wfg s[i0frGb| l;+x,@)#& M–g]kfnL pkGof; / pkGof;sf/
;femf k|sfzg
 aGw' r"8fdl0f,@)%@ – cg';Gwfg tyf k|ltj]bg n]vg,
/Tg k':ts e08f/, ef]6flx6L,
sf7df8f}F
 aGw' r"8fdl0f,@)#$ – cg';Gwfgsf] ¿k / z}nL,
k|sfzg kf7oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|,
lq=lj=lj=
 a/fn O{Zj/,@)## – ‰ofnaf6, ;femf k|sfzg
bf];|f] ;+:s/0f
 e§/fO{ lgns07,@)^#M – dxfdfgj dxfsfJo w/0fLw/
k'/:sf/ k|lti7fg, lj/f6gu/

 nfld5fg] zª\s/,@)%#M – ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf

;dfnf]rgf / ljrf/df
sf7df8f}F k|sfzg

111
 jf0ff cd/l;+x,@))# O{=;+= – cd/sf]z, /fli6«o ;+:s[t ;+:yfg
gofF lbNnL
 ljZjgfy,!(&^ O{=;+= – ;flxTobk{0f, ;+:s/0f O{=;++=!(&^
rf}vDaf ljBf ejg, rf}yf ;:s/0f
 zdf{ u0f]z/fh, @)%%M – ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf]
cfTdj[QfGt, hubDaf k|sfzg
 zdf{ df]xg/fh, n'O6]n
vu]Gb|,@)^@M – zf]w ljlw, t];|f] ;+:s/0f
;femf k|sfzg nlntk'/
 zdf{ df]xg/fh / >]i7
bof/fd,@)$(M – g]kfnL ;flxTos]f ;+lIfKt Oltxf;,
;femf k|sfzg, rf}yf] ;+:s/0f

112
 kq–klqsf ;"rL
 clwsf/ lgZrn, @)^^M – lx6n/ / ox"bLsL cfbz{ gf/L–
nIdL, dxfd08n q}dfl;s jif{ @,
k"0ff{ª\s %, >fj0f–c;f]h, k]=g + =
@!!–@!#,g'jfsf]6 ;flxTo k|lti7fg
 uf}td gf/b, @)^*M – /fhgLlt / hgtfnfO{ hf]8\g ;Sg]
g]tf jL=kL= uf]/vfkq >f=^jif{ !!!
c+s &), k]=g+= !
 b]j /fdgf/fo0fM – jL=kL= sfª\u|]; / t/fO{jf;L,
uf]=k=jif{ !!!, c+s &), k[=&
 g]kfnL /fh]Zj/, @)^*M – jL=kL= lrGtg / xfd|f] nf]stGq
uf]=k=jif{ !!!, c+s &), k[= &
 k|sfz ltsn, @)^*M – jL=kL=sf] /fli6«o d]nldnfksf]
af6f], uf]=k= !!!, c+s &), k[= &
 k|wfg k|tfkrGb|,@)^^ – lx6n/ / ox"bL pkGof;df
ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf]
cf}kGofl;s bz{g, dxfd08n, >f–
c;f]h, k[=@@*–@#%, g'jfsf]6
;flxTo k|lti7fg
 jL=kL=sf]O/fnfsf efif0fx¿– ho g]kfn k|sfzg
 zdf{ ;f]dk|;fb,@)%&M – ljZj]Zj/ k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf]
;flxlTos JolQmŒj,ul/df ljz]iff+s
 ;'j]bL nf]sgf/fo0f, @)^* – jL=kL= / k'iknfnnfO{ ;+emFbf,
>fj0f & uf]/vfkq, jif{ !!!,
c+s &*, k[= ^

113
 ;Gbe{ zf]wk|aGwx¿
 9sfn e"klt, @)%$ –…ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf
pkGof;x¿df ljrf/kIfÚ
 b]jsf]6f ;'lhtf,@)^^ –…d'n's aflx/ pkGof;sf] s[ltk/s
cWoog
 kf}8]n O{Zj/Lk|;fb,@)^^ – …g]kfnL ;flxTosf] kl/qmdf
;dfnf]rgfsf] s[ltk/s cWoogÚ
 ld> sGx}of,@)^% –…kl/eflift cfFvfx¿Ú pkGof;sf]
s[ltk/s cWoog

114