FACULTY OF EDUCATION

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

BIO 511: GENETICS

PRATICAL 3: DIHYBRID CROSS

SUBMITTED TO:
PUAN ERNIE EILEEN BINTI RIZLAN ROSS

NAME: NURDINA AFINI BINTI IZAMUDIN (2015100805)

NURHARIZATUL AINUN BT MISPAN (2015162303)
NOR AISYAH BT NOR AZMI (201514869)

CLASS: ED 247/6A

DATE OF SUBMITTED: 2ND DECEMBER 2018

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 RESULT

PHENOTYPES
EAR Purple & Purple & Yellow & Yellow &
Smooth Wrinkled Smooth Wrinkled
Group 1 248 80 89 36
Group 2 345 130 133 32
Group 3 263 89 98 31
Group 4 247 103 97 34
TOTAL 1103 396 417 133

Phenotypic ratio:

Purple & Smooth __9/16__: Purple & Wrinkled _3/16___: Yellow & Smooth __3/16__:
Yellow & Wrinkled __1/16__

3. Show the inheritance pattern for these traits. Use Punnett square to show your work.

R-Purple

r-Yellow

S-Smooth

s-Wrinkled

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 RrSs x RrSs

RS Rs rS rs

RS RRSS RRSs RrSS RrSs

RRSs RRss RrSs Rrss

Rs RrSS RrSs rrSS rrSs

RrSs Rrss rrSs rrss

rS
Phenotype ratio: 9:3:3:1

Purple & Smooth – 9/16

rs
Purple & Wrinkled -3/16

Yellow & Smooth – 3/16

Yellow & Wrinkled – 1/16

Genotype Ratio: 1:2:2:4:1:2:1:2:1

RRSS – 1/16; RRSs - 2/16; RrSS - 2/16

RrSs - 4/16; RRss - 1/16; Rrss - 2/16

rrSS - 1/16; rrSs - 2/1; rrss - 1/16

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 4. Using the expected phenotypic ratio in Question 3, determine the expected number of

individuals of each phenotypes.

Phenotypes Purple Purple & Yellow & Yellow & Total

&Smooth Wrinkled Smooth Wrinkled
Observed number 1103 396 417 133 2049
of individuals
Expected 9/16 3/16 3/16 1/16 1
phenotypic ratio
Expected number 1153 384 384 128 2049
of individuals

Questions

1. What is the phenotype for these genotypes:

Rr ____Purple&Smooth__
___
Ss

rrS ___Yellow&Smooth__
S ____

rrss ___Yellow&Wrinkled_
_____

____Purple&Wrinkled_
RRs ____
s

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 2. What is the expected genotype and phenotype of the offspring for this cross: RrSS X
rrSs

RrSS x rrSs

RS RS rS rS

RrSS RrSS rrSS rrSS

rS

RrSs RrSs rrSs rrSs

rs RrSS RrSS rrSS rrSS

RrSs RrSs rrSs rrSs

rS

rs

Phenotype ratio: 8:8

Purple & Smooth – 8/16

Yellow & Smooth – 8/16

Genotype ratio: 4:4:4:4

RrSS – 4/16

RrSs - 4/16

rrSS - 4/16

rrSs - 4/16

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 DISCUSSION

A dihybrid cross is a breeding experiment between P generation (parental generation)

organisms that differ in two traits. The individuals in this type of cross are homozygous for a

specific trait. Traits are characteristics that are determined by segment of DNA called genes.

Diploid organisms inherit two alleles for each gene. An allele is an alternate version of a gene

that is inherited (one from each parent) during sexual reproduction.

In a dihybrid cross, the parent organisms have different pairs of alleles for each trait

being studied. One parent possesses homozygous dominant alleles and the other possesses

homozygous recessive alleles. The offspring or F1 generation. Produced from the genetic

cross of such individuals are all heterozygous for the specific traits. This means that all of the

F1 individuals possess a hybrid genotype and express the dominants phenotypes for each

trait.

The two different phenotypes in the dihybrid cross are ear of corn color and ear of

corn shape. One plant is homozygous for the dominant traits of purple ear of corn color (RR)

and smooth shape (SS). The genotype can be expressed as (RRSS). The other corn displays

the homozygous recessive traits of yellow ear of corn color and wrinkled ear of corn shape

(rrss).

When a true-breeding corn with purple ear of corn color and smooth ear of corn shape

(RRSS) is cross-pollinated with yellow ear of corn color and wrinkled ear of corn shape

(rrss), the resulting offspring (F1 generation) are all heterozygous for purple ear of corn color

and smooth ear of corn shape (RrSs).

Self-pollinating in the F1 generation corn results in offspring (F2 generation) that

exhibit a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio in variations of ear of corn color and ear of corn shape. In

the experiment, the total number of corn have purple ear corn with smooth shaped is 1103

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 while 396 (purple ear corn with wrinkled shape), 417 (yellow ear of corn with smooth shape)

and 133 (yellow ear of corn with wrinkled shape). This ratio can be predicted by using

Punnett squares to reveal the possible outcomes of a genetic cross based on probability. In the

F2 generation, about 9/16 (1103) of the corn have purple ear of corn and with smooth shapes,

3/16 (396) of the corn have purple ear of cone and wrinkled shape, 3/16 (417) of the corn

have yellow ear of corn and smooth shape) and 1/16 (133) of the corn have yellow ear of corn

and wrinkled shape. The F2 progeny exhibit four different phenotypes and nine different

genotypes. It is the inherited genotypes that determines the phenotype of the individual. For

example, corn with genotypes (RRSS, RRSs, RrSs) have purple ear of corn with smooth

shapes. Corn with genotypes (RRss or Rrss) have purple ear of corn and wrinkled shapes.

Corn with genotypes (rrSS or rrSs) have yellow ear of corn and smooth shapes, while plants

with genotype (rrss) have yellow ear of corn and wrinkled shapes.

CONCLUSION

As the conclusion, Self-pollinating in the F1 generation corn results in offspring (F2

generation) that exhibit a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio in variations of ear of corn color and ear of

corn shape. Means that, each parent is heterozygous at two loci and one allele is dominant at

each loci.

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