Surge Impedance of Concrete Pole Due To Effect of The Electrical Properties of Concrete

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Surge impedance of concrete pole due to effect of the electrical properties of

concrete
Conference Paper · December 2004

DOI: 10.1109/TENCON.2004.1414791 · Source: IEEE Xplore
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DISSERTRATION
LIGHTNING SURGE IMPEDANCE OF CONCRETE POLE DUE TO THE EFFECT OF

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
By
Mr. Samroeng Hintamai
Submitted to
The Graduate School Kasetsart University

For Completion of the doctoral of Engineering (Electrical Engineering)
2005
ISBN 974-9837-97-5
2
Samroeng Hintamai 2005: Lightning Surge Impedance of Concrete Pole due to

Effect of the Electrical Properties of Concrete. Doctoral of Engineering (Electrical
Engineering), Major Field: Electrical Engineering. Thesis Advisor: Associate Professor
Jamnarn Hokierti, Ph.D. 86 pages.
ISBN 974-9837-97-5
This research analyzed lightning surge impedance of concrete pole due to effect of the
electrical properties of concrete based on the electromagnetic field theory. In the measurement
of the electrical properties of concrete, the concrete sample was mixed according to a
construction standard of electrical distribution pole of Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA)
and measured over the frequency of range from 100 Hz to 40 MHz using impedance/gain-phase
analyzer. The electrical properties and lightning surge response of concrete were considered
over the frequency of range from 25 kHz to 1 MHz in accordance with IEC 61024-1 and IEC
61312-1. The lightning current of the first stroke has the wave shape of 10/350 μs that
correspond to 25 kHz and the subsequent strokes have the wave shape of 0.25/100 μs that
correspond to 1 MHz. The results showed that the relative dielectric constant of concrete was
9.25 and electrical conductivity was 0.00463 mS/m at the frequency of 25 kHz and the relative
dielectric constant was 5.94 and the electrical conductivity was 0.0413 mS/m at the frequency of
1 MHz. Speed of the electromagnetic wave propagated through concrete medium was in the
range of 96 to 123 m/μs at the frequency of 25 kHz and 1 MHz, respectively. Finally, surge
impedance of concrete pole which had a cross section area of concrete medium 0.345x0.345 m
was in the range of 126 to 161 ohms at the frequency of 25 kHz and 1 MHz, respectively.
/ /
Student’s signature Thesis Advisor’s signature
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank my advisor Associate Professor Dr. Jamnarn Hokierti his support
and encouragement during the duration of my study. This work would not have been possible
without his guidance and input. I would also like to thank my committee members, Associate
Professor Santi Asawasripongtornfor and Dr. Winai Plueksawan for their advice and assistance
during the completion of this work.
Special thanks are due to Provincial Electricity Authority, Chantaburi for the
composition ration of reinforced concrete pole and the National Metal and Materials Technology
Center,Thailand for testing service the electrical properties of concrete.
We thank you my father, mother and my family to help encourage and support the thesis
and attain success.
Samroeng Hintamai
May, 2005
A
Contents
Page
CONTENT A
CONTENT OF TABLE B
CONTENT OF FIGURE D
INTRODUCTION 1
OBJECTIVE1 2
LITERATURE REVIEW 3
Analysis of serge impedance of concrete power pole 7
MATERIALS AND METHODS 41
Materials 41
Methods 41
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 47
Electrical properties of concrete 47
Propagation velocity of electromagnetic wave 52
Surge impedance of concrete pole 54
The analysis of overvoltage on the top of the concrete pole 55
CONCLUSION 58
REFERENCE 59
APPENDIX 62
Appendix A Composition Ratio of Reinforce Concrete Pole 63
Appendix B Test Results of Electrical Properties of Concrete 65
B
CONTENT OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Comparison between electrical resistivity with electrical conductivity of a
material 25
2 Relationship Between Resistivity and Corrosion Rate for Steel in
Concrete 25
3 Influence of Water/cement Ratio and Length of Moist Curing on
Resistivity of Cement Paste 27
4 Typical electrical properties of concrete 28
5 The electrical properties of concrete testing 42
6 Parameters and conditions of model in simulation analysis by ATP-EMTP 46
7 Change of the relative dielectric constant and electrical conductivity of
concrete with the frequency 51
8 Change of the propagation velocity of wave through concrete with the
frequency 53
9 Change of surge impedance of concrete pole that height is 22 meter and
radius is 0.345x0.345 meter with the curing time 54
Appendix table
A1 Composition ration of reinforced concrete pole 63
B1 The electrical properties of concrete at age of 1 day, water/cement ratio is 0.3 66
C
B14 Guidance on Radar Testing of Concrete Structures (GPR) 79
D
CONTENT OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 Plane traveling wave
2 Filed components of plane wave with relation to coordinate system
3 Loss angle of a lossy medium
4 Charge on capacitor plates with vacuum between them
5 Increase in charge storing capacity due to polarization of a dielectric
material between the plates
6 Dielectric properties of concrete represented as resistor and capacitor
7 Typed of Polarization 23
8 Measurement of electrical resistivity of a material 24
9 Relation between electrical resistivity and water/cement ration for
concrete with a maximum size of aggregate of 40 mm (1.5 in.) made with
ordinary (Type I) Portland cement, tested at the age of 28 days 26
10 Geometry for the calculation of electric filed components of a vertical
conductor above a perfectly conducting ground 33
11 Multiconductor concrete electric pole as an equivalent cylinder 37
12 Arrangement of the supplemental steel reinforced inside of concrete pole 38
13 Instrument of dielectric constant and electrical conductivity 42
14 Configuration of concrete pole 43
15 Arrangement of the grounding lead wire and supplemental steel reinforced
inside the concrete pole 43
16 Cross section area of concrete pole 43
17 equivalent of grounding resistance due to the lightning current 45
18 Measurement of the electrical properties of concrete 47
19 Change of the relative dielectric constant of concrete with curing time 48
20 Change of the conductivity of concrete with curing time 49
21 Change of the relative dielectric constant of concrete with frequency 50
22 Change of the electrical conductivity of concrete with frequency 50
E
23 Change of the propagation velocity of wave through concrete with curing

time 52
24 Change of the propagation velocity of wave through concrete with
frequency 53
25 Surge impedance of concrete pole that height is 22 meter and radius is
0.1416 meter 54
26 Comparison of the overvoltage on the top of the pole between the surge
propagation velocity due to the effect of the electrical properties of
concrete and the surge propagation velocity of speed of light at the
frequency 1 MHz 55
concrete and the surge propagation velocity of speed of light at the
frequency 25 kHz 56
concrete at the frequency of 25 kHz and 1 MHz 57
1
LIGHTNING SURGE IMPEDANCE OF CONCRETE POLE DUE TO THE EFFECT OF

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
INTRODUCTION
Thailand is in a tropical zone and has the number of thunderstorm days in the range of 50-
120 days per year, so that the ground flash density was obtained rather high. A lightning stroke
terminated on the distribution pole, phase conductors, and over head ground wire may cause the
overvoltage on the insulators. If the overvoltage rose more than critical flashover, it may lead
insulation flashover and interruption of continuous power transmission. Therefore, the prediction
of lightning surges of equipment is very important for the electric power systems design. In
particularly, tower surge impedance is an important factor for insulation coordination design. In
the previous studies, a number of experimental and theoretical studies on tower surge impedance
have been carried out, meanwhile a few of surge impedance of concrete pole had been studied.
However, the surge impedance of concrete pole has usually been studied in Japan for hollow steel
reinforced concrete pole; meanwhile the distribution line in Thailand used the solid reinforced
concrete pole, which is embedded single grounding lead wire at the center and supplemental steel
reinforced at square inside of the taper pole.
This paper presents the lightning surge impedance of reinforced concrete pole due to the
electrical properties of concrete based on the electromagnetic field theory, which was never
considered in the previous lightning surge analysis. The electrical properties of concrete that
composted concrete with aggregates specimen for construction of electrical distribution pole of
Provincial Electricity Authority were measured over the frequency range from 25 kHz to 1 MHz
using Impedance/Gain-Phase Analyzer with an accuracy of 0.17 percent during 100 days after
pouring. Capacitance and dissipation factor were measured by impedance analyzer. Dielectric
constant and electrical conductivity were calculated from the measured values. Thus, the surge
impedance of concrete pole can be calculated. This surge impedance is a very benefit for
economical insulation coordination in distribution line design.
2
The objectives of this study of lightning surge impedance of concrete pole due to the effect
of the electrical properties of concrete based on the electromagnetic filed theory are:
1. To determine the electrical properties of concrete.

2. To determine the propagation velocity of electromagnetic wave in concrete medium.
3. To determine the formula of surge impedance of concrete pole.
4. To analyze the effect of propagation velocity of electromagnetic wave along concrete
pole to overvoltage on the top of the pole.
3
LITERATURE REVIEW
Representative methods to investigate the tower surge characteristics include

measurement on real towers, measurement on reduced-scale models, analytical study on
simplified geometry and numerical analysis based on the electromagnetic theory. Furthermore, a
lossy dielectric will be considered a medium in which an EM wave loses power and attenuated as
it propagates. Therefore, this literature will be separated into 3 items as the tower surge
impedance, the surge impedance of concrete pole, and the electrical properties of concrete.
1. The tower surge impedance
Experimental value for actual transmission towers was reported by Kawai (1964). He used
a direct method to measure tower surge impedance whose heights vary from 26 to 214 meters.
The results showed that the surge impedance of a transmission tower very with time from an
initial value of 20 ohms or 50 ohms to a final 100 ohms, due to the effects of crossarms and other
phenomena and the velocity of surge propagation in the tower about 70-80% of speed of light
(210-240 m/μs).
Scale-model measurements were reported by Chisholm (1983). Chisholm used the time-
domain reflectometry (TDR) method to measure tower surge impedance and travel time using
500 kV double-circuit tower. These results showed that the surge impedance of phase A, B, and C
is 102.5, 87.2, and 70.4 ohms and the travel time is 240, 240, and 160 ms respectively. In
addition, the crossarms will divert and delay some stroke current. This will reduce the tower
impedance and increase the tower travel time.
Field measurement of full-scale tower impedance using the direct method was reported by
Ishii et al.(1991). The tower under measurement was a 500 kV double circuit suspension steel
tower of 62.8m in overall height and 10.8m in base width. The results showed that the tower
surge impedance, taking into account the coupling between the ground wires and the phase wires,
was 125 ohms and the surge propagation velocity was very close to the speed of light (300 m/μs).
4
The surge impedance of a vertical multiconductor system above an imperfectly conducting

earth based on the Neumann’s inductance formula and Deri’s complex penetration depth was
proposed by Ametani et al (1994). The results showed that surge impedances calculated by the
proposed formula and model showed a satisfactory accuracy compared with a number of
experimental and filed test results of vertical conductors and actual towers. In addition, an
imperfectly conducting earth caused no significant effect on the characteristic impedance of a
tower, and the wave propagation velocity was nearly the light velocity (300 m/μs) in free space in
the entire frequency range.
Measurement of surge impedance of a UHV transmission tower using the direct method
was reported by Yamada et al (1995). They measured the surge impedance for a UHV tower of
140.5m in overall height equipped with ground wires and power lines. The results showed that the
surge impedance for a UHV tower was approximately 130 ohms and the surge propagation
velocity was very close to the speed of light (300 m/μs).
Theoretical study of transmission tower was proposed by Hara and Yamamoto (1996).
They analyzed the surge-response characteristics from the previous experimental in vertical
conductors, a vertical conductor with a crossarm, and multiconductor systems. Theses analysis
had developed to empirical formulas of their surge impedance. The results showed that the
empirical formula of surge impedance was derived for vertical cylinders as well as conductor
systems consisting of several cylinders. The surge response characteristic was measured wave
shape of the current I and the voltage V of a steel-pipe pole 15m in height. The surge impedance
was calculated as 320 ohms and the surge propagation velocity along the tower was nearly the
light velocity (300 m/μs).
Theoretical work was reported by Ishii and Baba (1997). They estimated the surge
response of a UHV tower that is 120m in height by numerical electromagnetic field analysis. This
analysis showed that the surge impedance was calculated by replacing the tower to the vertical
conductor as 186 ohms, by adding horizontal elements as 180 ohms and by adding slant element
as 149 ohms. In addition, this analysis found that horizontal elements little influence the tower
5
surge impedance, whereas slant elements little influence the tower surge impedance for more than
10%. Crossarms distort the waveform of tower top voltage, but if the slant elements exist, the
oscillation in the waveform is smoothed. The surge impedance of a UHV tower that is 120m in
height was estimated to be about 150 ohms which correspond to the case when a vertical
lightning stroke directly hits the tower top.
Theoretical analysis of the effects of the measuring methods was studied by Baba and Ishii
(1999). They studied the surge impedance of a UHV tower that is 120 m in height by numerical
electromagnetic field analysis. The results showed that the surge impedance of tower was 203
ohms by the arrangement of the current lead wire vertical whereas the voltage measuring wire in
horizontal plane, 168 ohms by the arrangement of the current lead wire horizontal and
perpendicular to a horizontal voltage measuring wire, and 250 ohms in the case of a return stroke
to the tower. In the case of a downward traveling current, surge impedance was 270 ohms. Theses
values are higher than those evaluated by the direct method for more than 20%. Also in case of a
stroke to mid-span calculating, the tower surge impedance was about 180 ohms, which was about
10% lower than that by the direct method.
Theoretical formula of tower surge impedance based on the electromagnetic field theory
was proposed by Motoyama and Matsubara (2000). They analyzed a UHV tower in the 500 kV
based on the electromagnetic field theory by taking the effects of return stroke current. The results
showed that the tower surge response calculated by the proposed method agreed well with the
measured tower surge response obtained from scale model tests and field tests. The propagation
velocity of vertical return stroke current was 260 m/μs, the measured and calculated values of the
tower surge impedance was about 151 ohms and the propagation velocity along the tower was
about 240 m/μs. In addition, the propagation velocity of horizontal return stroke current was 300
m/μs, the measured and calculated values of the tower surge impedance was 121 m/μs and the
propagation velocity along the tower was 240 m/μs.
Another theoretical formula of the transmission tower and distribution pole using an
electromagnetic filed was approached by Dawalibi et al (2001). This study considered the
6
influence of the soil resistivity and different grounding system configuration. The results showed
that the surge impedance of a lattice steel tower decreased only slightly from 206 to 199 ohms,
when the soil resistivity was increased from 0.1 Ω-m to 500 Ω-m. In addition, the surge
impedance of single wood pole was 555, 567, and 575 ohms for grounding electrode as 1, 2, and
4 rods. When the grounding electrode was replaced by the double and single counterpoise, the
surge impedance was 583 and 551 ohms, respectively. Furthermore, the footing resistance was
held constant, the surge impedance of a single pole changed by about 5%, when a counterpoise
instead of rod cluster was used.
A new approach to model a transmission tower was studied by Gutierrez et al (2004). This
study was considered the mutual coupling between any two parallel vertical transmission lines.
The model was particularly suited to model complex tower structures with horizontal, inclined,
and vertical sections. The results showed that the simulation results was very similar to the
measurements only during the first 42 ns, the surge impedance was about 59 ohms.
2. Surge impedance of concrete pole
Scale-model measurement of the surge impedance of a hollow reinforced concrete pole

was reported by Yamamoto et al (1997). The reinforced concrete pole was composed of two
parts; iron reinforced cage that treated as a grounding lead wire and concrete part of about 2 mm
in thickness. The results showed that the surge impedance of grounding lead wire alone was 477
ohms, when iron reinforced cage was treated as grounding lead wire. The surge impedance of
reinforced concrete pole alone was 242 ohms, when reinforced concrete was treated as grounding
lead wire. Thus, the reinforced concrete pole influenced the surge impedance of the grounding
lead wire.
3. The electrical properties of concrete
An experimental measurement of some mechanisms which control the conductivity and

dielectric constant of concrete over the frequency range 1-100 MHz was reported by Wilson and
7
Whittington (1990). The results showed that the electrical measurement of concretes can be
explained by a viscous conduction mechanism for higher frequency. Electrode polarization can be
accounted, in part, for the increase in dielectric constant with reduction in frequency. Maxwell-
Wagner effects were evident as the mechanical structure of the material was formed, but the
response was more complex than the simple models normally used.
Measurement of a dielectric constant and electrical conductivity of concrete specimen

during the 35th days after pouring based on time-domain reflectometry was proposed by Qiwei et
al (2002). The results showed that in the first 2 days, relative dielectric constant and electrical
conductivity decreased rapidly. After 7 days, their changed become very slow. These changed
show good consistency with the chemical change and water content in the hardening period of
concrete. The 35th days of concrete specimen showed relative dielectric constant of pure concrete
was about 5.6 and the electrical conductivity was 0.025 S/m. For the concrete with aggregates, the
relative dielectric constant was about 6.5 and electrical conductivity was 0.022 S/m.
Lightning surge impedance of concrete pole
In this analysis of surge impedance of concrete pole considered the electromagnetic wave
motion in the various medium, the electrical properties of dielectric material and concrete, the
electromagnetic field from lightning current, and lightning surge impedance of concrete pole.
1. Electromagnetic Waves
The generation of electromagnetic waves depends on the relationship between the

electric and magnetic fields. A changing magnetic field will induce an electric field and a
changing electric field will induce a magnetic field. In general, waves are means of transporting
energy or information. Typical examples of EM waves include radio waves, TV signal, radar
beams, and light rays. All forms of EM energy share three fundamental characteristics: they all
travel at high velocity; in traveling, they assume the properties of waves; and they radiate outward
from a source, without benefit of any discernible physical vehicles (Sadiku, 1995).
8
Figure 1 Plane traveling wave
In uniform plane wave E and H lie in a plane and have the same value everywhere in
that plane as shown in Figure 1. A wave of this type with both E and H transverse to the direction
of propagation is called a Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) wave.
Direction of
propagation
HY y
EX
x
Figure 2. Filed components of plane wave with relation to coordinate system
In Figure 2, assume that a plane wave is traveling in the direction of the z axis. The
electric field E has only a component Ex in the x direction and the magnetic field H only a
component H y in the y direction. It is said that this wave is polarized in the x direction
(vertically polarized).
Dealing with a nonconducting medium, the conduction current density is zero. Thus
Maxwell’s equation from Ampere’s law reduces to (Kraus, 1973: 364)
9
∂D
∇× H = (1)
∂t
when D = Electric flux density, C/m2

H = Magnetic filed intensity, A/m
or in rectangular coordinates
⎛ ∂H z ∂H y ⎞ ⎛ ∂H x ∂H z ⎞ ⎛ ∂H y ∂H x ⎞ ∂
aˆ x ⎜ − ⎟ + aˆ y ⎜ − ⎟ + aˆ z ⎜ − ⎟ = ( aˆ x Dx + aˆ y Dy + aˆ z Dz ) (2)
⎝ ∂y ∂z ⎠ ⎝ ∂z ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠ ∂t
For a plane wave traveling in z direction the only components of (1.2) that contribute are
∂H y ∂Dx
− aˆ x = aˆ x (3)
∂z ∂t
Therefore
∂H y ∂Ex
= −ε (4)
∂z ∂t
where ε = Dielectric constant or permittivity, F/m

Maxwell’s equation from Faraday’s law is
∂B
∇× E = − (5)
∂t
where B = Magnetic flux density, T or Wb/m2

E = Electric field intensity, V/m
or in rectangular coordinates
⎛ ∂E ∂E y ⎞ ⎛ ∂Ex ∂Ez ⎞ ⎛ ∂E y ∂Ex ⎞ ∂

aˆ x ⎜ z − ⎟ + aˆ y ⎜ − ⎟ + aˆ z ⎜ − ⎟ = − ( aˆ x Bx + aˆ y By + aˆ z Bz ) (6)
⎝ ∂y ∂z ⎠ ⎝ ∂z ∂x ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠ ∂t
For a plane wave traveling in the z direction the only components of (1.6) that contribute are
10
∂Ex ∂B
aˆ y = −aˆ y y (7)
∂z ∂t
Therefore
∂Ex ∂H y
= −μ (1.8)
∂z ∂t
where μ = Permeability, H/m
Equation (4) relates the space derivative of H y to the time derivative of Ex , while
equation (8) relates the space derivative of Ex to the time derivative of H y . By differentiating
equation (4) with respect to time t and equation (8) with respect to distance z, H y can be
eliminated and an expression obtained for Ex in term of t and z. Proceeding in this way, we
obtain, from equation (4),
∂ ⎛ ∂H y ⎞ ∂ 2 Ex
⎜ ⎟ = −ε (9)
∂t ⎝ ∂z ⎠ ∂t 2
and, from equation (8),
∂ 2 Ex ∂ ⎛ ∂H y ⎞
= −μ ⎜ ⎟ (10)
∂z 2
∂z ⎝ ∂t ⎠
Dividing equation (10) by − μ yields
1 ∂ 2 Ex ∂ ⎛ ∂H y ⎞
− = ⎜ ⎟ (11)
μ ∂z 2 ∂z ⎝ ∂t ⎠
Left hand-side of equation (9) is equal to the right-hand side of equation (11) and it follows that
∂ 2 Ex ∂ 2 Ex
− με =0 (12)
∂z 2 ∂t 2
11
Equation (12) relates the space and time variation of the scalar magnitude Ex of the electric field
intensity and is called a wave equation in Ex
Similarly, differentiate equation (4) with respect to z and equation (8) with respect to t ,
we can eliminate Ex and obtain a wave equation in H y as
∂2 H y ∂2 H y
− με =0 (13)
∂z 2 ∂t 2
In this here, our goal is to solve Maxwell’s equations and derive EM wave motion in the
following medium (Sadiku, 1995):
1.1 Free space (σ = 0, ε = ε 0 , μ = μ0 )
1.2 Lossless dielectrics (σ = 0, ε = ε 0ε r , μ = μ0 μr , or σ ωε )
1.3 Lossy dielectrics (σ ≠ 0, ε = ε 0ε r , μ = μ0 μr )
1.4 Good conductors (σ ∞, ε = ε 0 , μ = μ0 μr , or σ ωε )
where σ is the conductivity of the medium (S/m), ε 0 is the dielectric constant of vacuum (F/m),
ε r is the relative dielectric constant of the medium, μ0 is the permeability of vacuum (H/m), μ r
is the relative permeability of the medium, and ω is the angular frequency of the wave (rad/s).
1.1 Wave Propagation in Lossy Dielectrics A lossy dielectric is a medium in which an

EM wave loses power as it propagates due to poor conduction. In other words, a lossy dielectric is
a partially conducting medium (imperfect dielectric or imperfect conductor) with σ ≠ 0 , as
distinct from a lossless dielectric (perfect or good dielectric) in which σ = 0 . Consider a linear,
isotropic, homogenous, lossy dielectric medium. Assuming and suppressing the time factor e jωt ,
Maxwell’s equations become
∇.Ex = ρν = 0 (15)
∇.H y = 0 (16)
∇ × Ex = − jωμ H y (17)
∇ × H y = (σ + jωε ) Ex (18)
12
where ρν = Volume charge density, C/m3

Taking the curl of both side of eq. (17) gives
∇ × ∇ × Ex = − jωμ∇ × H y (19)
Applying the vector identity
∇ × ∇ × F = ∇ ( ∇.F ) − ∇ 2 F (20)
From equation (20) applied to the equation (19) and invoking equation (1.15), we obtain
∇ ( ∇.Ex ) − ∇ 2 Ex = − jωμ (σ + jωε ) Ex (21)

or
∇ 2 Ex − γ 2 Ex = 0 (22)
where
γ 2 = jωμ (σ + jωε ) (23)
and γ is called the propagation constant (in per meter) of the medium. By a similar procedure, it
can be shown that for the H field, we obtain
∇2 H y − γ 2 H y = 0 (24)
Equation (22) and (24) are known as homogenous vector Helmholtz’s equations or simply vector
wave equations. Since γ in equation (22) to (24) is a complex quantity, we may let
γ = α + jβ (25)
We obtain α and β form equation (23) and (25) by noting that
− Re γ 2 = β 2 − α 2 = ω 2 με (26)
and
13
γ 2 = β 2 + α 2 = ωμ σ 2 + ω 2ε 2 (27)
Using equation (26) and (27), we obtain
με ⎡ σ ⎤ ⎤
2
⎡
α =ω ⎢ 1 + ⎢ ⎥ − 1⎥ (28)
2 ⎢
⎣ ⎣ ωε ⎦ ⎥
⎦
με ⎡ σ ⎤
2
β =ω ⎢ 1 + ⎡⎢ ⎤⎥ + 1⎥ (29)
2 ⎢
⎣ ⎣ ωε ⎦ ⎥
⎦
From equation (28), we notice that if σ = 0 , as is case for a lossless medium and free space,
α = 0 and the wave is not attenuated as it propagates. The quantity β is a measure of the phase
shift per length and is called the phase constant or wave number.
For a plane wave is traveling in the direction of the z axis, the electric field E has only a
component Ex in the x direction. We obtain
Ex = E0 e−α z e − j β z (30)
Using equation (17), it is easily shown that H y is
E0
Hy = e −α z e − j β z (31)
η
where the intrinsic impedance is now a complex quantity,
jωμ μ 1
η= = (32)
σ + jωε ε 1 − j (σ / ωε )
In term of β , the wave velocity u and wavelength λ are respectively

14
ω 2π
u= , λ= (33)
β β
Thus at any time, E lead H (or H lags E ) by δ . Therefore, we notice that the ratio of the
magnitude of the conduction current density J s to that of the displacement current density J ds in
lossy medium is
Js σ Es σ
= = = tan δ (34)
J ds jωε Es ωε
or
σ
tan δ = (35)
ωε
where tan δ is known as the loss tangent and δ is the loss angle of the medium as illustrated in
Figure 3.
J ds = jωε Es
δ
J = (σ + jωε ) Es
J s = σ Es
Figure 3 Loss angle of a lossy medium.
A medium is said to be a good (lossless or perfect) dielectric if tan δ is very small ( σ ωε ) or

a good conductor if tan δ is very large ( σ ωε ). From the viewpoint of wave propagation, the
characteristic behavior of medium depends not only on its constitutive parameters σ , ε and μ
but also on the frequency of operation. A medium that is regarded as a good conductor at low
frequencies may be a good dielectric at high frequencies.
From equation (18)

15
⎡ jσ ⎤
∇ × H y = (σ + jωε ) Ex = jωε ⎢1 − Ex
⎣ ωε ⎥⎦ (36)
= jωε c Ex
where
⎛ σ ⎞
ε c = ε ⎜1 − j (37)
⎝ ωε ⎟⎠
When an external time-varying field is applied to a material, displacement of bound

charges occurs; giving rise to volume polarization varies at the same frequency as the applied
field. At low frequency, polarization is also in phase with electric field, both quantities reaching
their maxima and minima at the same points in the radio-frequency cycle. As the frequency is
increased, however, the inertia of the charge particles tends to prevent the polarization from
keeping in phase with the applied field. The work that must be done against the frictional
damping forces causes the applied field to lose power, and this power is deposited in the medium
as heat. This condition of out-phase polarization that occurs at higher frequencies can be
characterized by a complex electric susceptibility χ e , and hence a complex permittivity ε c . In
such cases, both the frictional damping and any other ohmic losses (due to nonzero
conductivity σ ) are included in the imaginary part of the complex dielectric constant ε c :
ε c = ε ′ − jε ′′ (38)
and ε ′ = ε = ε 0ε r , ε ′′ = σ / ω ; ε c is called the complex permittivity of the medium. We observe

that the ratio of ε ′′ to ε ′ is the loss tangent of the medium; that is,
ε ′′ σ
tan δ = = (39)
ε ′ ωε
1.2 Plane Waves in Lossless Dielectrics In a lossless dielectric, σ ωε , we obtain
σ 0, ε = ε 0ε r , μ = μ0 μr (40)
Substituting these into equation (28) and (29) gives
α = 0, β = ω με (41)
16
ω 1 2π
u= = , λ= (42)
β με β
Also
μ D
η= ∠0 (43)
ε
and thus E and H are in time phase with each other.
1.3 Plane Waves in Free Space In this case,
σ = 0, ε = ε 0 , μ = μ0 (44)
Thus we simply replace ε by ε0 and μ by μ0 into equation (39), we obtain

ω
α = 0, β = ω μ0ε 0 = (45)
c
1 2π
u= = c, λ = (46)
μ 0ε 0 β
where c 3 ×108 m / s , the speed of light in a vacuum. We obtain
μ0 D
η= ∠0 (47)
ε0
and thus E and H are in time phase with each other.
1.4 Plane Waves in Good Conductors A perfect, or good conductor, is one in which
σ ωε so that σ / ωε → ∞ ; that is,
σ ∞, ε = ε 0 , μ = μ 0 μ r (48)
Hence, equation (28) and (29) become
ωμσ
α =β = = π f μσ (49)
2
17
ω 2ω 2π
u= = , λ= (50)
β μσ β
Also,
ωμ
η= ∠45D (51)
σ
and thus E lead H by 45D .
2. The Electrical Properties of Dielectric Materials and Concrete
2.1 The Electrical Properties of Dielectric Materials In a conductor the outer

electrons of an atom are easily detached and migrate readily from atom to atom under the
influence of an electric field. In a dielectric, on the other hand, the electrons are so well bound or
held near their equilibrium positions that they cannot be detached by the application of ordinary
electric fields. Hence, an electric field produces no migration of charge in a dielectric, and this
property makes dielectrics act as good insulators (Kraus, 1973).
The ability of a dielectric material to a store a charge can be explained using a parallel
plate capacitor. When the space between the plates is filled with vacuum, the capacitance, C0 ,
which is the ratio of the charge on either plate to the potential difference between the plates, is
directly proportional to the area of the plates, A , and inversely proportional to the distance
between the plates, d . Therefore, the relationship can be given by (Kiran, 1998):
⎛ A⎞
C0 = ε 0 ⎜ ⎟ (52)
⎝d⎠
where ε 0 is the dielectric constant or permittivity of vacuum, and has a value of 8.854x10-12 F/m.
18
ε0 d
Figure 4 Charge on capacitor plates with vacuum between them.
When the space between the plates is filled up with a dielectric material and an electric
field applied, the dielectric material becomes polarized. While the interior of the dielectric
material remains neutral, there is concentration of charges on the ends. This results in an increase
in charges on the plates that is due to the polarization as shown in Figure 5. This increased
capacitance is given by:
Figure 5 Increase in charge storing capacity due to polarization of a dielectric material between
the plates.
⎛ A⎞
C =ε ⎜ ⎟ (53)
⎝d⎠
19
An important characteristic of the dielectric material is its dielectric constant or

permittivity, ε . Since the dielectric constant of a dielectric material is always greater than the
dielectric constant of vacuum, it is often convenient to use the relative dielectric constant ε r of the
dielectric material, the ratio of its dielectric constant to that of vacuum (Kraus, 1973: 57). Thus
ε
εr = (54)
ε0
where
ε r = relative dielectric constant of the dielectric material
ε = dielectric constant of the dielectric material
-12
ε 0 = dielectric constant of vacuum=8.854x10 F/m
Whereas ε or ε 0 is expressed in farads per meter (F/m), the relative dielectric constant ε r is a
dimensionless ratio.
The dielectric constant, ε r , is a complex number where the real part represents the actual
insulating behavior of the material and the imaginary part represents the lossy behavior of the
material to an external electric field. The dielectric constant represents the electrical polarisation
of a material, whereas the electrical conductivity represents the amount of electrical current that
propagates through it. The conductivity is represented as a resistor, and the dielectric constant as a
capacitor (Beek et al, 1999) as shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6 Dielectric properties of concrete represented as resistor and capacitor.

20
Any dielectric material will dissipate part of the energy from an electromagnetic wave
propagating though it. The source of these losses may be investigated by considering Maxwell’s
equations for steady state sinusoidal dependence are given by:
∇ × E = − jω B (55)
∇ × H = J + jω D (56)
∇.D = ρ (57)
∇.B = 0 (58)
2
where J = σ E = Electric current density (A/m ), and
2
ρ = Electric charge density (C/m )
The two constitutive relations that relate the flux densities to the field intensities for a given
material are:
D = ε0E + P (59)
B = μ0 ( H + M ) (60)
where P = Dipole moment per unit volume, C/m2

M = Magnetic dipole polarization per unit volume, A/m
For an isotropic material, the relationship between E and P is liner and is given by:
P = ε 0 χe E (61)
where χ e is the electrical susceptibility and is given by:
ε ′ − jε ′′
χe = −1 (62)
ε0
and,
D = ( ε ′ − jε ′′ ) E (63)
For non magnetic materials, the relationship between H and M is given by:
21
M = χm H (64)
where χ m is the magnetic susceptibility and is given by:
μ ′ − j μ ′′
χm = −1 (65)
μ0
and,
B = ( μ ′ − j μ ′′ ) H (66)
Substituting equation (63) into equation (56), it changes to:
∇ × H = (ωε ′′ + σ ) E + jωε ′E (67)
The loss tangent of a dielectric medium is the ration of the loss part to the real part of equation
(67) and is given by:
ωε ′′ + σ
tan δ = (68)
ωε ′
Thus, the loss of charge in a dielectric medium is due to finite conductivity and damping
effects of the dielectric material. Measurements of the loss tangent do not separate the
contributions of the dielectric damping effects and conductivity.
The molecules in a dielectric material can be characterized by dipole moment, p , which
is the product of the charge, q , and the distance between the two charges, d . For a dielectric
material of volume ΔV , containing n dipoles per unit volume, the total dipole moment, ptotal , is
given by the vector sum:
nΔV
ptotal = ∑ pi (69)
i =1
Polarization, P , is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume and is given by:
22
nΔV
1
P = lim
ΔV → 0 ΔV
∑p
i =1
i (1.70)
Polarization is also defined as the alignment of the dipoles with the electric field.
Polarization results in an increase in the charge that can be stored in the material. There are four
main types of polarization in the microwave range: electronic, ionic, molecular, and interfacial.
Electronic polarization occurs when an electric field is applied to a material and the electrons in
the atom shift away from the positively charged nucleus. Thus, the atom acts as a dipole. This
polarization is only temporary and disappears when the external electric field is removed. Ionic
polarization occurs when there is displacement of anions and cations in crystals relative to their
normal positions. Due to the application of the electric field, the cations move towards the
negative electrode and the anions move toward the positive electrode. It is also called atomic
polarization. When the application of an external electric field results in the alignment of the
permanent dipole in the direction of the electric field, it is called molecular polarization. The
removal of the electric field does not reverse the polarization effect in this case. Mobile charge
carriers are accelerated by an external electric field and on being stopped by a physical barrier,
accumulate at that place. This results in interfacial polarization, which is predominant in the low
frequency range of 10-3 to 103 Hz as shown in Figure 7.
23
a) Electronic;
b) Ionic;
c) Molecular;
d) Interfacial.
Figure 7 Typed of Polarization (Kiran, 1998).
2.2 Electrical Properties of Concrete Electrical properties of concrete dependent on

many factors (Bentur et al, 1977, Buenfeld and Newman, 1984, Bredenkamp et al, 1993, Bryant,
2001, ) such as the proportional of aggregate present, the concrete pore structure, the amount of
free water and humidity within the concrete, the composition of pore solution, the degree of
saturation, the temperature, the resistivity of the pore solution, the w/c ratio, and the hydration
process.
24
2.2.1 Definition of electrical resistivity Electrical resistivity may be defined as

the electrical resistance of a conductor of unit volume and constant cross section in which current
is continuously and uniformly distributed. Or, it can be viewed more simply as the electrical
between opposing faces of a 1 cm (or 1 m) cube of material. Electrical conduction through
concrete is almost entirely due to electrolytic conduction through the pore water, electronic
conduction through the solid cement matrix and aggregate being negligible (Buenfeld and
Newman, 1984). On the other hand, concrete resistivity is a geometry-independent material
property that describes the electrical resistance that is the ratio between applied voltage and
resulting current in a unit cell (Bryant, 2001). Illustration of electrical resistivity principles as
shown in Figure 8 and comparison electrical resistivity with electrical conductivity of a material
as shown in table 1. Additionally, the dc resistivity will be only considered in this review. In
general, electrical properties of materials vary with frequency. However, McNeill(1980) notes
that over the range of resistivity generally exhibited by concrete (100 to 100,000 ohm-cm), the
electrical properties are relatively independent of frequency. Measurements carried out on
concretes at frequencies less than 1,000 Hz have been found to be equivalent to dc results
(Hammond and Robson, 1955).
Figure 8 Measurement of electrical resistivity of a material.

25
Table 1 Comparison between electrical resistivity with electrical conductivity of a

material(Whiting and Nagi, 2003).
Resistivity Conductivity
RA GL
ρ= Ωm σ= / m ( S / m)
L A
V I
where R= Ω where G= mhos ( S )
I V
A cross section of area (m2) A cross section of area (m2)
L length of a material (m.) L length of a material (m.)
2.2.2 Electrical resistivity of concrete Electrical resistivity is an important

physical property of portland cement concrete that affects a variety of application. Electrical
resistivity ( or its inverse, conductivity) is important as a measure of the ability of concrete to
resist the passage of electrical current.
The electrical resistivity of concrete is an important component of reinforcing
steel corrosion cells, as high resistivity of the electrolyte (in this case concrete) will reduce
corrosion currents and slow the rate of corrosion. Electrical resistivity is fundamentally related to
the permeability of fluids and diffusivity of ions through porous materials such as concrete.
Therefore, electrical resistivity also can be used as an indirect measure of the ability of concrete
to prevent penetration of chloride salt solutions that may cause corrosion of the reinforcing steel
as shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Relationship Between Resistivity and Corrosion Rate for Steel in Concrete
Resistivity, (Ω-m) Corrosion Rate

> 1000 – 2000 Negligible
500 – 1000 Low
100 – 500 Moderate to high
< 100 High
26
It can therefore be expected that any increase in the volume of water and in
concentration of ions present in the pore water decreases the resistivity of cement paste, and
indeed resistivity decreases sharply withan increase in the water/cement ratio. This is shown in
Figure 9 for concrete and Table 3 for hydrated cement paste. A decrease in the cement content of
the concrete also results in an increased resistivity because, at a constant water/cement ratio but
lower cement content, there are fewer electrolytes available for the current to pass.
Figure 9 Relation between electrical resistivity and water/cement ration for concrete with a
maximum size of aggregate of 40 mm (1.5 in.) made with ordinary (Type I) Portland
cement, tested at the age of 28 days (Neville, 1997).
A relation between resistivity of concrete and volume faction occupied by water

can be derived from the laws of conductivity of heterogeneous conductors. However, for the
range of the usual concrete mixes, the water content varies comparatively little for a given
aggregate grading and workability, and the resistivity becomes more dependent on the cement
used because the chemical composition of the cement controls the quality of ions present in the
evaporable water. Some idea of the influence of cement on resistivity can be obtained from Table
4, from which it can be seen that the resistivity of concrete made with high-alumina cement is 10
to 15 times higher than when Portland cement in the same proportional is used.
27
Admixtures generally do not reduce the resistivity of concrete. However, special

additions can be used to very the resistivity. For instance, the addition to concrete of finely
divided bituminous material, with subsequent heat treatment at 138 °C, increases the resistivity,
especially under wet conditions. Conversely, in case where static electricity is undesirable and a
decrease in the insulation resistance of concrete is required, satisfactory results can be achieved
by the addition of acetylene carbon black (2 to 3 per cent by mass of cement). Electrically
conductive concrete can be obtained by replacing fine aggregate with a granulated conductive
aggregate consisting of almost pure crystalline carbon prepared as a proprietary product.
Resistivity is between 0.005 and 0.2 ohm-m.
The majority of values quoted in this section are given for alternative
current(a.c.). The resistivity to direct current (d.c.) may be different because it has a polarizing
effect, but at 50 Hz there is no significant difference between resistivity to a.c. and d.c. In general,
for concrete matured in air, the d.c. resistance is approximately equal to the a.c. impedance.
Hammond and Robson (1995) interpreted this to mean that the capacitive reactance of concrete is
so much large than its resistance that decreases with age and with an increase in frequency as
shown in Table 4.
Table 3 Influence of Water/cement Ratio and Length of Moist Curing on Resistivity of Cement
Paste (Neville, 1997).
Cement Water/cement Resistivity (at 1 kHz, 4 V) Ω-m at the age of:

% Na2O
type ratio 7 days 28 days 90 days
0.4 10.3 11.7 15.7
Ordinary
0.19 0.5 7.9 8.8 10.9
Portland
0.6 5.3 7.0 7.6
0.4 12.3 13.6 16.6
Ordinary
1.01 0.5 8.2 9.5 12.0
Portland
0.6 5.7 7.3 7.9
28
Table 4 Typical electrical properties of concrete(Neville, 1997)
Period of
Mix and Resistivity (103Ωm) Capacitive reactance (103Ω ) Capacitance(μF)
air
water/cement Type of cement Frequency(Hz) Frequency(Hz) Frequency(Hz)
drying
ratio
days dc 50 500 25000 50 500 25000 50 500 25000
7 10 9 9 9 159 159 32 0.02 0.002 0.0002
Ordinary
42 31 31 30 637 455 64 0.005 0.0007 0.0001
Portland
113 90 82 80 73 1061 398 64 0.003 0.0008 0.0001
1:2:4* Rapid-hardening
39 28 27 27 796 398 64 0.004 0.0008 0.0001
0.49 Portland
5 189 173 139 398 228 106 0.008 0.0014 0.00006
High-alumina 18 390 351 275 664 398 127 0.005 0.0008 0.00005
40 652 577 441 910 569 159 0.003 0.0006 0.00004
1:2:4** Ordinary
126 59 58 58 118 228 127 0.027 0.0014 0.00005
0.49 Portland
Rapid-hardening
123 47 47 46 118 212 32 0.027 0.0015 0.0002
Portland
29
Period of
Mix and Resistivity (103Ωm) Capacitive reactance (103Ω ) Capacitance(μF)
air
water/cement Type of cement Frequency(Hz) Frequency(Hz) Frequency(Hz)
drying
ratio
days dc 50 500 25000 50 500 25000 50 500 25000
138 1236 1080 840 531 398 106 0.006 0.0008 0.00006
High-alumina
182 1578 1380 1059 692 424 127 0.005 0.007 0.00005
Ordinary
9 7 6 6 6 9 10 3 0.35 0.03 0.002
Cement Portland
paste*** Rapid-hardening
9 5 5 5 5 6 6 2 0.5 0.054 0.0026
0.23 Portland
High-alumina 13 240 220 192 128 80 41 21 0.04 0.0077 0.0003
Note: * 102 mm cube ; external electrodes

** 152 mm cube ; embedded electrodes
*** 25 mm thick prism; external electrodes
30
3. Electromagnetic Fields from Lightning Current (Cooray, 2003)
Lightning discharge is a thin channel when compared with its overall length. Usually we
are interested in the electromagnetic fields created by lightning several tens of meters or
kilometers away. Therefore to calculate electric and magnetic fields from lightning, it is modeled
as a linear antenna which has some current distribution or which has a certain line charge density
distribution that charges with time. Besides, lightning discharge is self propagating and its length
extends at great speeds, sometimes at a significant fraction of the speed of light. In this here the
analytical expressions for calculating the electric and magnetic fields from lightning are
presented.
3.1 Calculating the Electric and Magnetic Fields Expression for electric and
magnetic fields from an electric dipole in the frequency domain can be found in most books on
electromagnetics. However, time-domain expressions are the most suitable for lightning discharge
since it is a transient event that charges its current and charge distribution in space and time in a
nonperiodic manner. Besides, the lightning discharge propagates and hence the linear dimensions
of the discharge increase with time, often at speeds one third to one half the speed of light.
There are two equivalent approaches to calculating the electric and magnetic
fields produced by a specified source (Cooray, 2003).
3.1.1 Dipole Technique or Lorentz Condition Technique, involves:
a) the specification of current density J
b) the use of J to find the vector potential A
c) the use of A and the Lorentz condition to find the scalar potential φ
d) the computation of electric field E using A and φ
e) the computation of magnetic field B using A .
In this technique, the source is described only in terms of current density, and the
field equations are expressed only in terms of current. The use of the Lorentz condition eliminates
the need for the specification of the line charge density along with the current density and assures
that the current continuity equation, which is not explicitly used in this technique, is satisfied.
3.1.2 Monopole Technique or the Continuity Equation Technique, involves:
31
a) the specification of current density J (or line charge density ρl )

b) the use of J (or ρl ) and the continuity equation to find ρl (or J )
c) the use of J to find A and ρl to find φ
d) the computation of electric field E using A and φ
e) the computation of magnetic field B using A .
In this technique, the source is described in term of both current density and line
charge density, and the field equations are expressed in terms of both charge density and current.
The current continuity equation is needed to relate the current density and charge density. There is
no need for the explicit use of the Lorentz condition in this technique, although properly specified
scalar and vector potentials do satisfy the Lorentz condition.
3.2 Fields in terms of current (the Lorentz condition approach)

In fact, the lightning channel can be considered to be composed of many of electric dipoles of
length dz′ . An electric dipole is a linear current element whose length is vanishingly small
composed with the distance at which the fields are to be calculated. Also, the current is assumed
to be a constant over the length of the dipole.
From Maxwell’s equation, relating the magnetic and electric fields at a point in space as
follow(Plonus, 1988)
∂B
∇× E = − (71)
∂t
and
μH = ∇× A (72)
where A = Vector magnetic potential, Wb/m

Substituting equation (72) into (71), the electrical field intensity at any point is defined as
∂A
E = −∇φ − (73)
∂t
32
From second Maxwell’s equation, ∇.D = ρ , substituted E into equation (73), we obtain
∂
∇ 2φ +
∂t
( ∇. A ) = − ρ / ε (74)
and from third Maxwell’s equation
∂D
∇× H = J + (75)
∂t
Substituting equation (72) and (73) into equation (74), we obtain
⎛ ∂φ ⎞ ∂2 A
∇ A − ∇ ⎜ ∇. A + με
2
⎟ = − μ J + με 2 (76)
⎝ ∂t ⎠ ∂t
∂φ
From the Lorentz condition, ∇. A + με =0 , then equation (74) and (76), we obtain
∂t
∂2 A
∇ A − με 2 = − μ J
2
(77)
∂t
and
∂ 2φ
∇ 2φ − με = −ρ / ε (78)
∂t 2
It can be shown that solutions are
1
s
ρ L (r ′, t − R / c)
(79)
4πε ∫
φ ( R, t ) = ds
0
R
μ I (r ′, t − R / c)
s
(80)
4π ∫0
A( R, t ) = ds
R
By solving the Lorentz condition, we obtain the scalar electric potential as

33
∂φ
∇. A + με =0
∂t
t
1
φ ( R, t ) = − ∫ ∇. Adt + φ ( t = −∞ ) (81)
με −∞
Substituting equation (81) into equation (73), therefore we obtain the electrical field intensity in
term of the vector magnetic potential as
∂A
t
∇ ( ∇. A ) dt −
1
E ( R, t ) =
με ∫ ∂t
0
(82)
∂A
t
= c 2 ∫ ∇ ( ∇. A ) dt −
0
∂t
4. Lightning surge impedance of concrete pole
4.1 Electric Field Produced by Lightning Current
(r, φ, z)
R
dz' i(z',t)
h
z' Rl
Perfectly Conducting ground
aˆ z aˆ rs
âφ
-z'
âθ
θ rs
aˆ y
φ aˆ z
r âφ
image aˆ x
aˆ r
Figure 10 Geometry for the calculation of electric filed components

of a vertical conductor above a perfectly conducting ground.
The geometry adopted for the calculation of electromagnetic filed as shown in Figure 10.
When the return stroke travel up along grounding lead wire with a propagation velocity ν R in
34
lossy dielectric medium of the vertical structure that have relative dielectric constant, ε r and
conductivity, σ from the earth while removing negative charge from the channel previously
formed by a downward moving, negative charged, cloud-to-ground leader.
A step current of magnitude I 0 is traveling up in the positive direction +Z inside the
concrete pole at velocity ν r . It is convenient to use a mathematical expression describing both
the real current distribution and its image at the same time as (Rubinstein and Uman, 1989).
I ( z ′, t ) = I 0u ( t − z ′ /ν r ) (83)
where u (ξ ) is called the Heaviside function and is defined as
⎧0, ξ < 0
u (ξ ) = ⎨ (84)
⎩1, ξ > 0
Using equation (80) calculate the vector potential Az at any point ( r , φ , z ) from both the real
current and its image at the same time as
⎛ ⎞
μ I0 h ⎜ 1 1 ⎟ dz ′
4π ∫0 ⎜
Az = +
2 ⎟
⎝ ( z′ − z ) + r ( z′ + z ) + r ⎠
2 2 2
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
μ I0 ⎜ ( h − z ) + ( h − z ) + r ⎟ μ I0 ⎜ ( h + z ) + ( h + z ) + r
2 2 2
= ⎟ (85)
⎟ + 4π ln ⎜
( ) ( )
ln
4π ⎜⎜ −z + z2 + r2 ⎟ ⎜ z + z2 + r2
⎟
⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
The height h can be found by setting the argument of the Heaviside function to zero.
h
t− =0
νr
h =ν rt (86)
Substituting equation (86) into equation (85), we obtained

35
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
μ I 0 ⎜ (ν r t − z ) + (ν r t − z ) + r ⎟ + μ I 0 ln ⎜ (ν r t + z ) + (ν r t + z ) + r
22 2 2
Az = ⎟ (87)
( ) ( )
ln
4π ⎜⎜ −z + z2 + r2
⎟ 4π ⎜
⎟ ⎜ z + z2 + r2
⎟
⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Differentiate equation (87) with respect to t , we obtained
⎛ ⎞
∂Az μ I 0 ⎜ νr νr ⎟
= + (88)
∂t 4π ⎜ (ν r t − z )
2
+r 2 2 ⎟
(ν r t + z ) + r ⎠
2
⎝
Taking the divergent of equation (87), we obtain
⎛ ⎞
∂Az μ I 0 ⎜ 1 1 1 1 ⎟
∇. A = = − + −
∂z 4π ⎜ ⎟
z +r (ν r t − z ) + r (ν r t + z ) + r z + r2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
⎝ ⎠
⎛ ⎞
μI 1 1
(89)
∇. Az = 0 ⎜ − ⎟
4π ⎜ (ν t + z )2 + r 2 (ν r t − z ) + r ⎠
2 2 ⎟
⎝ r
Taking the gradient of equation (89) as
∂ ( ∇. Az ) μ I0 ∂ ⎜
⎛ ⎞
∇ ( ∇. Az ) =
1 ⎟ 1
= −
∂z 4π ∂z ⎜ (ν r t − z ) + r 2 ⎠⎟
⎝ (ν r t + z ) + r
2 2 2
⎛ ⎞
∇ ( ∇. A ) z =
μ I0 ⎜
−
(ν rt + z )
−
(ν rt − z ) ⎟ (90)
⎜ 3/ 2 ⎟
(
4π ⎜ (ν t + z ) + r 2
) ( )
3/ 2
(ν r t − z ) + r 2 ⎟⎠
2 2
⎝ r
Substituting equation (88) and (90) into equation (82), we obtain

36
⎛ ⎞
μ I0 t ⎜ (ν r t + z ) (ν r t − z ) ⎟
Ez = c ∫ − −
2
dt
4π 0 ⎜⎜ (ν t + z )2 + r 2 3/ 2 ⎟
( ) ((ν rt − z ) + r ) ⎟⎠
3/ 2 2 2
⎝
r
(91)
⎛ ⎞
μ I0 ⎜ νr νr ⎟
− +
4π ⎜ (ν r t − z ) + r
2 2 2 ⎟
(ν r t + z ) + r ⎠
2
⎝
where c =ν r ,
μ I0 ⎛ 2 ⎞
Ez = c ⎜− 2 2 ⎟ (92)
4π ⎝ z +r ⎠
Wave velocity in lossy medium can be found as,
1 1 3 x108
c= = = (93)
με c μ0 μr ε 0 ( ε r − jσ / ε 0ω ) μ r ( ε r − jσ / ε 0ω )
Substituting equation (93) into equation (92), we obtain the total electric field intensity in
cylindrical coordination at any point ( r , φ , z ) as
60 μr I 0 ⎛ 1 ⎞
Ez = − ⎜ 2 2⎟ (94)
μr ( ε r − jσ / ε 0ω ) ⎝ z + r ⎠
4.2 Surge impedance of concrete pole

4.2.1 Single conductor model In this case, we considered pole distribution as an
equivalent circular single conductor with the following geometrical radius, RGMR
37
z I z
RGMR
y y
x x
Figure 11 Multiconductor concrete electric pole as an equivalent cylinder
The pole top voltage is obtained by the electric field intensity from the ground to the pole top as,
h
60 I 0
h ⎛ 1 ⎞
Vtop = − ∫ Ez .dz = ∫ ⎜ ⎟ dz
0 ε r − jσ / ( ε 0ω ) 0 ⎜⎝ z 2 + RGMR
2 ⎟
⎠
60 I 0 ⎛ h + h2 + R 2 ⎞
= ln ⎜ GMR
⎟ (95)
ε r − jσ / ( ε 0ω ) ⎝ ⎜ R ⎟
GMR ⎠
where h : height of pole, m

RGMR : geometrical mean radius, m
Therefore, the surge impedance of concrete pole is

Vtop 60 ⎛ h + h2 + R 2 ⎞
Z pole = = ln ⎜ GMR
⎟ (96)
I0 ε r − jσ / ( ε 0ω ) ⎝ ⎜ R ⎟
GMR ⎠
4.2.2 Multiconductor model of a concrete pole An actual concrete pole was

composed of multiconductor as shown in Figure 12.
38
z I d
1 2
rst
rg
5 d
y 4 3
x
Figure 12 Arrangement of the supplemental steel reinforced inside of concrete pole
From the above principle, we can evaluate the self and mutual impedance of
multiconductor system that the radius of conductor 1, 2, 3, and 4 were rst and conductor 5 was
rg . Therefore, the impedance of conductor 1 was
60 ⎛h+ h 2 + rst2 ⎞
Z11 = ln ⎜ ⎟ (97)
ε r − jσ / ε 0ω ⎜⎝ rst2 ⎟
⎠
60 ⎛h+ h +d2 2 ⎞
Z12 = ln ⎜ ⎟ (98)
ε r − jσ / ε 0ω ⎜⎝ d ⎟
⎠
⎛ ⎞
( )
2
60 ⎜h+ h2 + 2d ⎟
Z13 = ln ⎜ ⎟ (99)
ε r − jσ / ε 0ω ⎜ 2d ⎟
⎝ ⎠
60 ⎛h+ h2 + d 2 ⎞
Z14 = ln ⎜ ⎟ (100)
ε r − jσ / ε 0ω ⎜⎝ d ⎟
⎠
⎛ ⎞
( )
2
60 ⎜h+ h2 + d / 2 ⎟
Z15 = ln ⎜ ⎟ (101)
ε r − jσ / ε 0ω ⎜ d/ 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
And the surge impedance of conductor 2, 3, and 4 were
Z12 = Z14 = Z 21 = Z 23 = Z 32 = Z 34 = Z 41 = Z 43 (102)
Z13 = Z 24 (103)
The surge impedance of conductor 5 was

39
60 ⎛ h + h2 + r 2 ⎞
Z 55 = ln ⎜
g
⎟ (104)
(ε r − jσ / ε 0ω ) ⎜⎝ rg ⎟
⎠
⎛ ⎞
( )
2
⎜h+ h + d / 2
2
60 ⎟
Z 51 = ln ⎜ ⎟ (105)
ε r − jσ / ε 0ω ⎜ d/ 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Z 51 = Z 52 = Z 53 = Z 54 (106)
Z15 = Z 25 = Z 35 = Z 45 (107)
The voltage of each conductor can be found form the matrix impedance
⎡V1 ⎤ ⎡ Z11 Z12 Z13 Z14 Z15 ⎤ ⎡ I1 ⎤

⎢V ⎥ ⎢ Z Z 22 Z 23 Z 24 Z 25 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ I 2 ⎥⎥
⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢ 21
⎢V3 ⎥ = ⎢ Z 31 Z 32 Z 33 Z 34 Z 35 ⎥ ⎢ I 3 ⎥ (108)
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢V4 ⎥ ⎢ Z 41 Z 42 Z 43 Z 44 Z 45 ⎥ ⎢ I 4 ⎥
⎢⎣V5 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ Z 51 Z 52 Z 53 Z 54 Z 55 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ I 5 ⎥⎦
and all of the conductors were connected together, therefore
V1 = V2 = V3 = V4 = V5 (109)
Using equation (108) and invoking equation (109), the lightning current flow though in each
conductor can be found in term of total lightning current as
⎛ h + h2 + r 2 d/ 2 ⎞
ln ⎜ ⎟
g
⎜ rg h + h + d / 2 ⎟⎠
2 2
I1 = I ⎝
⎛ ⎛ h + h2 + r 2 ⎞
4
⎛ h + h2 + d 2
2
⎞ h + h 2 + 2d 2 ⎛
8 ⎞
⎜ h + h 2 + r12 d/ 2 ⎞ ⎟
ln ⎜ g
⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎜ rst r d ⎝h+ h +d /2 ⎠ ⎟
2 2
⎝ ⎠ 2d
⎝ ⎝ g
⎠ ⎠
(110)
40
I1 = I 2 = I 3 = I 4 (111)
where h >> r , d , the lightning current flow through the conductor 1, 2, 3 and 4 were
⎛
ln ⎜
(
2h d / 2 ) ⎞⎟ ⎛ d ⎞
⎜ rg ⎟ ln ⎜ ⎟
2h ⎜ 2rg ⎟
I1 = I ⎝ ⎠ = I ⎝ ⎠ (112)
⎛ 2h ⎛ 2 h ⎞ 4 2h 2 2h ⎛ d / 2 ⎞ ⎟⎞
8
⎛ d5 ⎞
⎛ ⎞
ln ⎜ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ln ⎜
⎜ 16
⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ rst ⎝ rg ⎠ ⎝ d ⎠ 2 d ⎝ 2h ⎠ ⎟ ⎝ 2rst rg4 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠
and flow through the conductor 5 was
I 5 = I − 4 I1 (113)
Using equation (108), (109), (111), (112), and (113), the surge impedance of multiconductor
model ( h >> r , d ) was
⎛ ⎛ d ⎞ ⎛ d ⎞ ⎞
⎜ ln ⎜ ⎟ ln ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
60 ⎜ ⎝⎜ 2rg ⎠⎟ ⎝ 4 2rst ⎠ ⎛ 2 2h ⎞ ⎟
Z pole = ⎜ + ln ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎟ (114)
( ε r − jσ / ε 0ω ) ⎜ ⎛ d5 ⎞ ⎝ d ⎠⎟
⎜⎜ ln ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟
⎜ 16 2r r 4 ⎟
⎝ ⎝ st g ⎠ ⎠
41
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
1. Preparation of concrete specimen

- Ordinary Portland cement (Type I)
- Sand
- Rock number 1
- Admixture solution
2. Instrument for dielectric constant and conductivity measurement
- Impedance/Gain-Phase Analyzer Hewlett Packard 4194 A
3. Personal computer
4. Software such as Excel, ATP-EMTP
Methods
1. The electrical properties of concrete measurement
A preparation of concrete specimen is composed the cement/sand/aggregate ratio of

1:1.5:3 and the water/cement ratio near 0.3, which is concrete for construction of electrical
distribution pole of Provincial Electricity Authority. The concrete specimen is placed between
two aluminum plates about 1 cm in thickness as more detail in table 5.
42
Table 5 The electrical properties of concrete testing

Concrete specimen Laboratory Testing
1. The concrete specimen was recorded during
1 cm. the 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 20, 28, 35, 45, 55, 70,
and 86 days by air-dry at the temperature of
25 oC.
5 cm. 2. The concrete specimen was recorded after
5 cm. 12 days in the sun (correspond the 100th
days after pouring).
The electrical properties of concrete measures over the frequency range from 25 kHz to 1
MHz using Impedance/Gain-Phase Analyzer with an accuracy of 0.17 percent as shown in Figure
13.
Figure 13 Instrument of dielectric constant and electrical conductivity
2. Calculation of surge impedance of concrete pole
The calculation of surge impedance consider a reinforced concrete of solid taper pole,
which is embedded a grounding lead wire at the center and supplemental steel reinforced at
square inside of concrete pole as shown in Figure 14 and 15.
43
2r1
2r2
Figure 14 Configuration of concrete pole.
Figure 15 Arrangement of the grounding lead wire and supplemental steel reinforced inside the
concrete pole
There are two methods in calculation of surge impedance of concrete pole as:
dst2
dst1 rGMR_st
rg
Figure 16 Cross section area of concrete pole.

44
Case 1 Single conductor model

Arrangement of the grounding lead wire and supplemental steel reinforced inside the
concrete pole as shown in Figure 16, we can determine the geometrical mean distance (GMD)
between the grounding lead wire and supplemental steel reinforced of concrete pole.
1. To calculate the geometrical mean radius of supplemental steel reinforced, each of the
supplemental steel reinforced have a radius of rst and arranged in a rectangular which have a
distance in length of d st and width of d st . Therefore, the geometrical mean radius of the
1 2
supplemental steel reinforced, rGMR,st can be obtained as:
rGMR , st = 4 rst d st1 d st2 (d 2

st1 + d st22 )
2. To calculate the geometrical mean distance between the grounding lead wire and the
supplemental steel reinforced, a radius of grounding lead wire is rg and the geometrical mean
radius of the supplemental steel reinforced is rGMR,st . Therefore, the geometrical mean distance
between the grounding lead wire and the supplemental steel reinforced, RGMD can be obtained as:
(r ) (r )
1/ 5 1/ 5
RGMD = 5
g GMR , st d4
3. Surge impedance of concrete pole can be calculated by:
60 ⎛ h + h2 + R 2 ⎞
Z pole = ln ⎜ GMD
⎟
ε r − jσ / ( ε 0ω ) ⎜⎝ RGMD ⎟
⎠
Case 2 Multiconductors model

When the lightning current flow through the grounding lead wire and the supplemental
steel reinforced as shown in Figure 12, lead the voltage drop at each conductor and induced
voltage between the grounding lead wire and each of the supplemental steel reinforced.
Therefore, surge impedance of concrete pole which result summation of self surge impedance of
each conductor and mutual surge impedance of the other conductors can be obtained as:
45
⎛ ⎛ d ⎞ ⎛ d ⎞ ⎞
⎜ ln ⎜ ⎟ ln ⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎟
⎜
⎜ ⎜⎝ 2rg ⎟⎠ ⎝ 4 2rGMR , st
=
60 ⎠ + ln ⎛ 2 2h ⎞ ⎟
Z pole ⎜ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎟
( ε r − jσ / ε 0ω ) ⎜ ⎛ d5 ⎞ ⎝ d ⎠⎟
⎜⎜ ln ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟
⎜ 16 2r r 4 ⎟
⎝ ⎝ GMR , st g ⎠ ⎠
3. Simulation analysis by ATP-EMTP program
In this analysis of overvoltage on the top of the concrete pole, we will simulate the direct
lightning stroke to concrete pole by ATP-EMTP program. In the ATP-EMTP program, the stroke
will be replaced by a constant current source (the surge impedance of the stroke is infinite) and
distribution pole will be replaced by the distribution line model that required two parameters for
simulate in this program such as surge impedance and propagation velocity of wave inside the
concrete pole. Grounding resistance will be replaced by frequency dependent model that
composed the inductance, capacitance, and resistance (Mata et al, 2000) as shown in Figure 17
and there are details of this model as shown in Table 6.
Figure 17 equivalent of grounding resistance due to the lightning current.

46
Table 6 Parameters and conditions of model in simulation analysis by ATP-EMTP
Frequency
Items
25 kHz 1 MHz
Front time(μs) 10 0.25
Lightning
current
Magnitude(kA) 40 40
Surge impedance(Ω) 80.7 119

Distribution
Velocity of wave(m/μs) 70.3 103.6

pole
Height(m) 22 22
Outside diameter(m) 0.016 0.016
Ground rod
length(m) 2 2
resistivity(Ω-m) 100 100
47
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. The electrical properties of concrete
The electrical properties of concrete are measured over the frequency range from 100 Hz
to 40 MHz by Impedance/Gain-Phase Analyser Hewlett Packard 4191A with an accuracy of 0.17
percent as shown in Figure 18. Capacitance and dissipation factor are measured as shown in
appendix B table 1-13.
Figure 18 Measurement of the electrical properties of concrete.
In this paper, the parameters of the electrical properties of concrete and lightning surge
impedance of concrete pole will be considered over the frequency of lightning stroke in the range
of 25 kHz to 1 MHz in accordance with IEC 61024-1 and IEC 61312-1. The lightning current of
the first stroke of 10/350 μs corresponds with the frequency of 25 kHz and lightning current of
subsequent stroke of 0.25/100 μs correspond with the frequency of 1 MHz.
From the capacitance of concrete as shown in appendix table 2 to 14, the relative
dielectric constant of concrete can be calculated as follow:
Cd
εr =
ε0 A
where C = the capacitance of concrete, F/m
d = the thickness of concrete specimen (1 cm)
48
2
A = cross section area of concrete specimen (25 cm )
And then the electrical conductivity of concrete can be calculated as follow:
σ
tan δ =
εω
σ = ε 0ε r 2π f tan δ
This results of the electrical conductivity as shown in the appendix table 2 to 14.
The relative dielectric constant and the conductivity of concrete are calculated by the
above equation as shown in the appendix and can be shown in the graph as follow:
120
100
relative dielectric constant
80
60
40
20
0
1 3 6 10 15 20 28 35 45 55 70 86
curing time(days)
25 kHz 40 kHz 63 kHz 100 kHz 158 kHz

251 kHz 398 kHz 631 kHz 1000 kHz
Figure 19 Change of the relative dielectric constant of concrete with curing time
Figure 19 presents the change of the relative dielectric constant of concrete that is
exposed by air-dried at the temperature of 25 oC . The results show that at the frequency less than
158 kHz, the relative dielectric constant of concrete decreases rapidly in the first 10 days and
49
gradually changes until constant within 86 days. At the frequency more than 158 kHz, a rate of
change of the relative dielectric constant of concrete decreases very slowly after 10 days. Until
the frequency up to 1 MHz, the relative dielectric constant decreases rapidly in the first 6 days
then gradually changes over the curing time.
1.60
1.40
electrical conductivity(mS/m)
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
1 3 6 10 15 20 28 35 45 55 70 86
curing time(days)
251 kHz 398 kHz 631 kHz 1000 kHz
Figure 20 Change of the conductivity of concrete with curing time
Figure 20 presents the change of the electrical conductivity of concrete that is exposed by
air-dried at the temperature of 25 oC during the 86 days. The results show that the electrical
conductivity of concrete changes become very nearly during the 86 days at the frequency less
than 40 MHz. At the frequency more than 40 MHz, the electrical conductivity increases in the
first 10 days and after then it decreases become very slowly and ultimate constant in the 86 days
after pouring.
50
120
relative dielectric constant 100
80
60
40
20
0
Freq.(kHz) 25 40 63 100 158 251 398 631 1000
tf (μ s) 10 6.25 4 2.5 1.6 1 0.6 0.4 0.25
1st day 3rd day 6th day 10th day 15th day 20th day 28th day
35th day 45th day 55th day 70th day 86th day 100th day
Figure 21 Change of the relative dielectric constant of concrete with frequency
1.60
1.40
1.20
electrical conductivity(mS/m)
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
Freq.(kHz) 25 40 63 100 158 251 398 631 1000
tf (μ s) 10 6.25 4 2.5 1.6 1 0.6 0.4 0.25
Figure 22 Change of the electrical conductivity of concrete with frequency

51
Figure 21 and 22 present the change of relative dielectric constant and electric
conductivity of concrete with the frequency over the 86 days by air-dried at the temperature of 25
o
C. The results show that the relative dielectric constant and electrical conductivity of concrete
decrease rapidly in the first 10 days. After 10 days, their changes become very slowly. These
changes show good consistency with the chemical change and water content in the hardening
period of concrete. At the 86 day of curing show the relative dielectric constant is 8.09 to 16.67
and electrical conductivity is 0.01 to 0.122 mS/m in the frequency range 25 kHz to 1 MHz. After
that the concrete was exposed in the sun during 12 days(correspond the 100 days of pouring), the
relative dielectric constant decrease from 9.25 to 5.94 and electrical conductivity is 0.00463 to
0.0413 mS/m in the frequency range 25 kHz to 1 MHz. Change of the relative dielectric constant
and electrical conductivity of concrete with the frequency are listed in table 7.
Table 7 Change of the relative dielectric constant and electrical conductivity of concrete
with the frequency
Frequency(kHz) Relative dielectric constant, ε r Electrical conductivity, σ (mS/m)

25 9.25 0.00463
40 8.49 0.00603
63 7.87 0.0083
100 7.38 0.0101
160 6.98 0.0132
250 6.65 0.0173
400 6.37 0.0229
630 6.14 0.0308
1,000 5.94 0.0413
52
2. Propagation velocity of the electromagnetic wave
The electromagnetic wave propagates through a lossy dielectric medium caused power
losing. There is a work to against the frictional damping forces. Therefore, the propagation
velocity of electromagnetic wave through a lossy dielectric medium depends on the electrical
properties of the medium and the frequency as follow:
1 3 x108
u= =
με c μr ( ε r − jσ / ε 0ω )
and can be shown in the graph as follow:
120
100
propagation velocity(m/μ s)
80
60
40
20
0
1 3 6 10 15 20 28 35 45 55 70 86
curing time(days)
251 kHz 398 kHz 631 kHz 1000 kHz
Figure 23 Change of the propagation velocity of wave through concrete with curing time
Figure 23 presents the change of the propagation velocity of wave through concrete with
the curing time over the 86 days by air-dried at the temperature of 25 oC. the results show that the
propagation velocity of wave increases rapidly in the first 10 days and it changes become very
53
slowly during the 10 to 15 day. After that the propagation velocity of wave increases very slowly,
as the frequency and the curing time days are increased.
140
120
100
propagation velocity(m/μs)
80
60
40
20
0
Freq.(kHz) 25 40 63 100 158 251 398 631 1000
tf (μ s) 10 6.25 4 2.5 1.6 1 0.6 0.4 0.25
Figure 24 Change of the propagation velocity of wave through concrete with frequency
Figure 24 presents the change of the propagation velocity of wave through concrete with
the frequency range 25 kHz to 1 MHz. The results show that the propagation velocity of wave
through concrete increases rapidly in the first 10 days as the frequency is increased. After that it
increases very slowly until the curing time of 86 day. Furthermore, the propagation velocity of
wave through concrete that is exposed in the sun over the 12 days increases more than concrete
that is air-dry at the temperature of 25 oC about 36% and 18% at the frequency of 25 kHz and 1
MHz, respectively. Change of the propagation velocity of wave through concrete with the
frequency is listed in table 8.
Table 8 Change of the propagation velocity of wave through concrete with the frequency
Frequency(kHz) 25 40 63 100 160 250 400 630 1,000

Velocity(m/μs) 96 100 105 109 112 115 118 120 123
54
3. Surge impedance of concrete pole
160
140
120
surge impedance(ohms)
100
80
60
40
20
0
Freq.(kHz) 25 40 63 100 158 251 398 631 1000
tf (μ s) 10 6.25 4 2.5 1.6 1 0.6 0.4 0.25
Figure 25 Surge impedance of concrete pole that height is 22 meter and radius is 0.1416 meter
Figure 25 presents the surge impedance of concrete pole that is calculated by the
equation (96) or (114) with the curing time in the frequency range 25 kHz to 1 MHz. The results
show that the surge impedance of concrete pole increases rapidly in the first 10 days. After 10
days, surge impedance increases very slowly and ultimate constant at the curing time 86 day.
Surge impedance is about 81 to 119 ohms in the frequency range 25 kHz to 1 MHz. Then the
concrete is exposed in the sun over the 12 days which correspond the 100th days, surge
impedance is about 110 to 141 ohms in the frequency range 25 kHz to 1 MHz. Change of surge
impedance of concrete pole with the curing time is listed in table 9.
Table 9 Change of surge impedance of concrete pole that height is 22 meter and
radius is 0.1416 meter with the curing time
Frequency(kHz) 25 40 63 100 160 250 400 630 1,000
Surge impedance(Ω) 110 115 120 125 129 132 136 138 141
55
4. The analysis of overvoltage on the top of the concrete pole
In this analysis of overvoltage on the top of the concrete pole, we will simulate the direct
lightning stroke to concrete pole by ATP-EMTP program and consider the surge propagation
velocity through concrete due to the effect of the electrical properties of concrete at the frequency
of the first stroke of 25 kHz and at the frequency of the subsequent stroke of 1 MHz. Then, a
comparison of the overvoltage on the top of the pole between the surge propagation velocity due
to the effect of the electrical properties of concrete and the surge propagation velocity of speed of
light. The result of the analysis of overvoltage on the top of the pole can be shown as follow:
6.0
[MV] 123 m/μs
3.8
1.6
300 m/μs
-0.6
-2.8
-5.0
0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 [us] 1.5
Rame_1MHz.pl4: v:P
rame_1mhz_vc.pl4: v:P
Figure 26 Comparison of the overvoltage on the top of the pole between the surge propagation
velocity due to the effect of the electrical properties of concrete and the surge
propagation velocity of speed of light at the frequency 1 MHz
Figure 26 presents the simulation of lightning stroke to distribution pole. The stroke
current is mean value of about 40 kA for front time 0.25 μs at the frequency of 1 MHz. The
results show that the overvoltage on the top of the pole as the surge propagation velocity due to
the effect of the electrical properties of concrete (123 m/μs) is more than the overvoltage on the
top of the pole as the surge propagation velocity of speed of light (300 m/μs) about 46.3%.
56
500
[kV]
400
96 m/μs
300
300 m/μs
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40 [us] 50
H_25MHz.pl4: v:P
h_25mhz_vc.pl4: v:P
velocity due to the effect of the electrical properties of concrete and the surge
propagation velocity of speed of light at the frequency 25 kHz
Figure 27 presents the simulation of lightning stroke to distribution pole. The stroke
current is mean value of about 40 kA for front time 10 μs at the frequency of 25 kHz. The results
show that the overvoltage on the top of the pole as the surge propagation velocity due to the effect
of the electrical properties of concrete (96 m/μs) is more than the overvoltage on the top of the
pole as the surge propagation velocity of speed of light (300 m/μs) about 9.2%.
57
6.0
[MV]
3.8
123 m/μs
1.6
-0.6
96 m/μs
-2.8
-5.0
0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 [us] 1.5
Rame_1MHz.pl4: v:P
rame_25mhz.pl4: v:P
velocity due to the effect of the electrical properties of concrete
at the frequency of 25 kHz and 1 MHz
Figure 28 presents a comparison of the overvoltage on the top of the pole as the surge
propagation velocity due to the effect of the electrical properties of concrete is about 96 m/μs at
the frequency of 25 kHz and about 123 m/μs at the frequency of 1 MHz. The result shows that the
overvoltage on the top of the pole due to the effect of the electrical properties of concrete at the
frequency of 1 MHz is more than the effect of the electrical properties of concrete at the
frequency of 25 kHz about 96.6%.
58
CONCLUSION
In this research, lighting surge impedance of reinforced concrete pole is calculated base
on the electromagnetic field. The following conclusions are obtained:
1. Surge impedance of reinforce concrete pole based on the electromagnetic field can be
obtained formula of surge impedance of concrete pole including the effect of the electrical
properties of concrete.
2. Surge impedance of reinforce concrete pole depends on the relative dielectric constant
and the electrical conductivity of concrete.
3. For the curing time after 100 days, the relative dielectric constant of concrete is about
5.94 and the electrical conductivity is 0.0413 S/m; surge impedance of concrete pole is about 161
ohms and wave propagation velocity through concrete is about 123 m/μs.
59
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known source distribution: application to lightning. IEEE Trans. Electromag. Compat. 31.
pp. 183-189.
Mata, C.T., M.I. Fernandez, V.A. Rakov, and M.A. Uman. 2000. EMTP Modeling of a
Triggered-Lightning Strike to the Phase Conductor of an Overhead Distribution Line. IEEE
Trans. Power Delivery: 15. pp.1175-1181.
Yamamoto, K., Z. Kawasaki, K. Matsuura, S. Sekioka and S. Yokoyama. 1997. Study on surge
impedance of reinforced concrete pole and grounding lead wire on distribution line by
experimental on reduced scale model. Proc. 10th Int. Symp. High Voltage Eng. 5. pp. 209-
212.
Concrete Society Technical Report TR48, 1997, Guidance on Radar Testing of Concrete
Structures, The Concrete Society, Slough, UK, pp 88.
Hileman, A.R. 1999. Insulation Coordination for Power Systems. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New
York.
62
APPENDIX
63
APPENDIX A
Composition Ratio of Reinforce Concrete Pole

64
Appendix A Table 1 Composition ration of reinforced concrete pole

Quantity Weight (kg)
m3 Stone Liquid
Product Formula Stone Predicament
No. Sand Cement Water m3
No. 1
2
1.000 548 548 784 440 105 4700
Pole 12 m.
1 0.400 219 219 314 176 42 1880 Normal
and higher
2 0.375 206 206 294 165 39 1763
Pole high 1.000 526 526 894 420 102 4700
8, 9 m and 3 0.400 210 210 340 168 41 1880
Stump 4 0.375 197 197 318 158 38 1763 Normal
Pile-sunk
beam
1.000 547 547 762 290 155 0
Foundation 5 0.400 219 219 305 116 62 0 Normal
6 0.375 205 205 286 109 58 0
1.000 552 552 814 440 70 4700
Pole 12 m Moisture and
7 0.400 221 221 326 176 28 1880
and higher rain
8 0.375 207 207 305 165 26 1763
Pole high 1.000 528 528 881 420 65 4700
8, 9 m and 9 0.400 211 211 352 168 26 1880
Moisture and
Stump 10 0.375 198 198 330 158 24 1763
rain
Pile-sunk
beam
1.000 550 550 811 290 120 0
Moisture and
Foundation 11 0.400 220 220 324 116 48 0
rain
12 0.375 206 206 304 106 45 0
Note
1. This specific quantity is only basic criterion. In the practice can adapt the quantity of
water to appropriate with the slum constant of concrete as the specific quality plan.
2. In the production is rain or material is moisture, if quantity of water in the normal less
than design value then use design ratio as moisture and rain.
Source: Provincial Electricity Authority, Chantaburi, approve on November 3, 2003.
65
APPENDIX B
Test Results of Electrical Properties of Concrete
66
Appendix B Table 1 The electrical properties of concrete at age of 1 day, water/cement ratio is 0.3
Frequency Concrete
(kHz) Capacitance(F) tg δ εr σ (S/m)
0.10 3.62E-10 9.97 163.57 9.07E-06
1 3.10E-10 1.21 139.92 9.45E-06
10 2.68E-10 0.28 121.21 1.91E-05
20 2.49E-10 0.26 112.39 3.28E-05
25 2.42E-10 0.27 109.21 4.06E-05
32 2.34E-10 0.27 105.91 5.08E-05
40 2.27E-10 0.28 102.40 6.45E-05
50 2.19E-10 0.30 98.73 8.25E-05
63 2.10E-10 0.32 94.75 1.06E-04
80 2.00E-10 0.35 90.45 1.38E-04
100 1.90E-10 0.38 85.78 1.79E-04
125 1.79E-10 0.41 80.74 2.32E-04
160 1.67E-10 0.45 75.34 2.98E-04
200 1.54E-10 0.49 69.65 3.79E-04
250 1.41E-10 0.53 63.79 4.77E-04
316 1.28E-10 0.58 57.91 5.90E-04
400 1.16E-10 0.62 52.19 7.20E-04
500 1.04E-10 0.66 46.78 8.64E-04
630 9.25E-11 0.70 41.79 1.02E-03
800 8.26E-11 0.73 37.31 1.20E-03
1,000 7.38E-11 0.75 33.33 1.39E-03
5,000 3.66E-11 0.74 16.52 3.39E-03
10,000 2.90E-11 0.69 13.10 5.02E-03
40,000 2.42E-11 0.91 10.93 2.20E-02
67
Appendix B Table 2 The electrical properties of concrete at age of 3 days, water/cement ratio is 0.3
Frequency Concrete
(kHz) Capacitance (F) tg δ εr σ (S/m)
0.10 3.08E-10 1.51 139.01 1.17E-06
1 2.81E-10 0.28 126.80 2.01E-06
10 1.96E-10 0.34 88.53 1.70E-05
20 1.66E-10 0.39 74.97 3.25E-05
25 1.56E-10 0.41 70.53 4.03E-05
32 1.47E-10 0.43 66.19 4.97E-05
40 1.37E-10 0.45 61.87 6.10E-05
50 1.28E-10 0.46 57.65 7.46E-05
63 1.19E-10 0.48 53.55 9.06E-05
80 1.10E-10 0.50 49.66 1.09E-04
100 1.02E-10 0.51 45.96 1.31E-04
125 9.41E-11 0.53 42.50 1.57E-04
160 8.70E-11 0.54 39.28 1.86E-04
200 8.03E-11 0.55 36.29 2.21E-04
250 7.42E-11 0.56 33.51 2.61E-04
316 6.84E-11 0.57 30.92 3.09E-04
400 6.31E-11 0.58 28.49 3.64E-04
500 5.80E-11 0.59 26.22 4.29E-04
630 5.34E-11 0.59 24.11 5.03E-04
800 4.90E-11 0.60 22.14 5.87E-04
1,000 4.50E-11 0.60 20.33 6.83E-04
5,000 2.61E-11 0.53 11.78 1.76E-03
10,000 2.22E-11 0.46 10.01 2.57E-03
40,000 2.38E-11 0.43 10.75 1.03E-02
68
Frequncy Concrete
0.10 3.05E-10 0.71 137.84 5.46E-07
1 2.52E-10 0.31 113.91 1.99E-06
10 1.41E-10 0.46 63.66 1.64E-05
20 1.13E-10 0.49 51.17 2.80E-05
25 1.05E-10 0.50 47.52 3.31E-05
32 9.78E-11 0.50 44.20 3.89E-05
40 9.11E-11 0.50 41.14 4.55E-05
50 8.50E-11 0.50 38.38 5.32E-05
63 7.94E-11 0.49 35.88 6.21E-05
80 7.44E-11 0.49 33.62 7.26E-05
100 6.98E-11 0.49 31.54 8.51E-05
125 6.56E-11 0.48 29.63 1.00E-04
160 6.16E-11 0.48 27.83 1.18E-04
200 5.78E-11 0.49 26.11 1.41E-04
250 5.41E-11 0.49 24.45 1.67E-04
316 5.06E-11 0.50 22.84 2.00E-04
400 4.71E-11 0.50 21.28 2.38E-04
500 4.38E-11 0.51 19.79 2.83E-04
630 4.06E-11 0.52 18.36 3.35E-04
800 3.76E-11 0.52 17.01 3.94E-04
1,000 3.49E-11 0.53 15.75 4.62E-04
5,000 2.17E-11 0.44 9.82 1.20E-03
10,000 1.91E-11 0.37 8.63 1.76E-03
40,000 2.12E-11 0.33 9.60 6.96E-03
69
Frequency Concrete
0.10 3.04E-10 0.79 137.52 6.08E-07
1 2.25E-10 0.43 101.60 2.43E-06
10 1.04E-10 0.56 47.09 1.46E-05
20 8.32E-11 0.53 37.58 2.22E-05
25 7.77E-11 0.52 35.11 2.54E-05
32 7.29E-11 0.50 32.94 2.90E-05
40 6.86E-11 0.48 31.01 3.33E-05
50 6.49E-11 0.47 29.31 3.83E-05
63 6.14E-11 0.46 27.74 4.44E-05
80 5.82E-11 0.45 26.29 5.18E-05
100 5.52E-11 0.44 24.92 6.08E-05
125 5.22E-11 0.44 23.60 7.21E-05
160 4.95E-11 0.44 22.35 8.58E-05
200 4.67E-11 0.44 21.09 1.03E-04
250 4.40E-11 0.44 19.87 1.23E-04
316 4.13E-11 0.45 18.68 1.48E-04
400 3.87E-11 0.46 17.47 1.78E-04
500 3.61E-11 0.47 16.32 2.13E-04
630 3.37E-11 0.47 15.24 2.53E-04
800 3.14E-11 0.48 14.18 2.98E-04
1,000 2.92E-11 0.48 13.21 3.50E-04
5,000 1.93E-11 0.37 8.72 9.11E-04
10,000 1.73E-11 0.31 7.84 1.36E-03
40,000 1.98E-11 0.28 8.94 5.49E-03
70
Frequency Concrete
0.10 3.02E-10 0.84 136.44 6.38E-07
1 2.11E-10 0.48 95.32 2.55E-06
10 9.39E-11 0.57 42.42 1.34E-05
20 7.59E-11 0.52 34.29 1.98E-05
25 7.13E-11 0.50 32.21 2.26E-05
32 6.72E-11 0.49 30.36 2.59E-05
40 6.35E-11 0.47 28.69 2.97E-05
50 6.01E-11 0.45 27.15 3.44E-05
63 5.70E-11 0.44 25.75 4.00E-05
80 5.41E-11 0.43 24.44 4.69E-05
100 5.13E-11 0.43 23.18 5.53E-05
125 4.87E-11 0.43 22.00 6.58E-05
160 4.60E-11 0.43 20.78 7.84E-05
200 4.35E-11 0.43 19.65 9.40E-05
250 4.10E-11 0.44 18.52 1.13E-04
316 3.85E-11 0.44 17.39 1.36E-04
400 3.61E-11 0.45 16.31 1.62E-04
500 3.37E-11 0.45 15.22 1.93E-04
630 3.15E-11 0.46 14.23 2.28E-04
800 2.94E-11 0.46 13.28 2.68E-04
1,000 2.75E-11 0.45 12.42 3.14E-04
5,000 1.88E-11 0.34 8.49 8.05E-04
10,000 1.71E-11 0.28 7.73 1.20E-03
40,000 1.97E-11 0.24 8.90 4.73E-03
71
Frequency Concrete
0.10 2.78E-10 0.82 125.53 5.71E-07
1 1.77E-10 0.54 79.99 2.42E-06
10 7.64E-11 0.56 34.50 1.08E-05
20 6.30E-11 0.49 28.47 1.56E-05
25 5.96E-11 0.47 26.92 1.78E-05
32 5.65E-11 0.45 25.54 2.03E-05
40 5.37E-11 0.43 24.27 2.34E-05
50 5.12E-11 0.42 23.11 2.71E-05
63 4.87E-11 0.41 22.02 3.16E-05
80 4.65E-11 0.40 20.99 3.72E-05
100 4.42E-11 0.40 19.99 4.40E-05
125 4.21E-11 0.39 19.02 5.25E-05
160 4.00E-11 0.40 18.07 6.30E-05
200 3.79E-11 0.40 17.13 7.58E-05
250 3.59E-11 0.40 16.20 9.13E-05
316 3.38E-11 0.41 15.29 1.10E-04
400 3.19E-11 0.41 14.39 1.32E-04
500 2.99E-11 0.42 13.53 1.58E-04
630 2.81E-11 0.42 12.70 1.88E-04
800 2.64E-11 0.42 11.92 2.21E-04
1,000 2.48E-11 0.42 11.20 2.59E-04
5,000 1.75E-11 0.31 7.92 6.83E-04
10,000 1.61E-11 0.26 7.26 1.05E-03
40,000 1.84E-11 0.27 8.32 4.89E-03
72
Frequency Concrete
0.10 2.69E-10 0.71 121.42 4.81E-07
1 1.41E-10 0.64 63.63 2.28E-06
10 6.20E-11 0.53 27.99 8.20E-06
20 5.24E-11 0.45 23.66 1.19E-05
25 4.98E-11 0.43 22.50 1.36E-05
32 4.75E-11 0.42 21.45 1.57E-05
40 4.53E-11 0.40 20.46 1.81E-05
50 4.33E-11 0.39 19.55 2.11E-05
63 4.14E-11 0.38 18.68 2.48E-05
80 3.95E-11 0.37 17.86 2.93E-05
100 3.78E-11 0.37 17.06 3.48E-05
125 3.60E-11 0.37 16.28 4.16E-05
160 3.43E-11 0.37 15.51 5.01E-05
200 3.26E-11 0.37 14.75 6.03E-05
250 3.10E-11 0.37 14.00 7.28E-05
316 2.94E-11 0.38 13.26 8.75E-05
400 2.78E-11 0.38 12.54 1.05E-04
500 2.62E-11 0.38 11.85 1.25E-04
630 2.48E-11 0.38 11.19 1.48E-04
800 2.34E-11 0.37 10.58 1.75E-04
1,000 2.22E-11 0.37 10.02 2.04E-04
5,000 1.65E-11 0.26 7.46 5.38E-04
10,000 1.54E-11 0.21 6.94 8.28E-04
40,000 1.80E-11 0.19 8.13 3.44E-03
73
Frequency Concrete
0.10 2.54E-10 0.65 114.72 4.17E-07
1 1.30E-10 0.66 58.53 2.15E-06
10 5.77E-11 0.52 26.08 7.53E-06
20 4.89E-11 0.45 22.07 1.10E-05
25 4.65E-11 0.43 20.99 1.26E-05
32 4.43E-11 0.41 20.01 1.45E-05
40 4.22E-11 0.40 19.08 1.68E-05
50 4.03E-11 0.38 18.21 1.95E-05
63 3.85E-11 0.37 17.41 2.29E-05
80 3.68E-11 0.37 16.63 2.70E-05
100 3.52E-11 0.36 15.90 3.20E-05
125 3.36E-11 0.36 15.19 3.82E-05
160 3.20E-11 0.36 14.47 4.57E-05
200 3.05E-11 0.36 13.79 5.49E-05
250 2.90E-11 0.36 13.11 6.60E-05
316 2.76E-11 0.36 12.45 7.92E-05
400 2.61E-11 0.36 11.81 9.46E-05
500 2.48E-11 0.36 11.19 1.13E-04
630 2.35E-11 0.36 10.60 1.33E-04
800 2.23E-11 0.35 10.06 1.56E-04
1,000 2.12E-11 0.34 9.57 1.82E-04
5,000 1.61E-11 0.24 7.29 4.90E-04
10,000 1.51E-11 0.20 6.81 7.75E-04
40,000 1.74E-11 0.20 7.87 3.57E-03
74
Frequency Concrete
0.10 2.37E-10 0.75 106.95 4.46E-07
1 1.13E-10 0.71 51.23 2.02E-06
10 5.18E-11 0.52 23.41 6.71E-06
20 4.40E-11 0.45 19.87 9.81E-06
25 4.18E-11 0.43 18.90 1.12E-05
32 3.99E-11 0.41 18.02 1.29E-05
40 3.81E-11 0.39 17.19 1.49E-05
50 3.64E-11 0.38 16.43 1.73E-05
63 3.48E-11 0.37 15.71 2.02E-05
80 3.33E-11 0.36 15.03 2.38E-05
100 3.18E-11 0.35 14.38 2.81E-05
125 3.05E-11 0.35 13.76 3.34E-05
160 2.91E-11 0.34 13.14 3.99E-05
200 2.78E-11 0.34 12.55 4.78E-05
250 2.65E-11 0.34 11.97 5.72E-05
316 2.52E-11 0.34 11.39 6.84E-05
400 2.40E-11 0.34 10.85 8.15E-05
500 2.29E-11 0.34 10.32 9.67E-05
630 2.17E-11 0.33 9.82 1.14E-04
800 2.07E-11 0.32 9.37 1.34E-04
1,000 1.98E-11 0.31 8.95 1.56E-04
5,000 1.55E-11 0.21 7.01 4.19E-04
10,000 1.46E-11 0.18 6.60 6.54E-04
40,000 1.76E-11 0.15 7.94 2.70E-03
75
Frequency Concrete
0.10 2.32E-10 0.71 104.95 4.15E-07
1 1.06E-10 0.71 47.98 1.90E-06
10 4.85E-11 0.52 21.93 6.31E-06
20 4.11E-11 0.45 18.58 9.24E-06
25 3.91E-11 0.43 17.66 1.06E-05
32 3.73E-11 0.41 16.83 1.21E-05
40 3.55E-11 0.39 16.06 1.40E-05
50 3.40E-11 0.38 15.34 1.62E-05
63 3.25E-11 0.37 14.67 1.89E-05
80 3.11E-11 0.36 14.04 2.22E-05
100 2.97E-11 0.35 13.43 2.61E-05
125 2.85E-11 0.34 12.86 3.09E-05
160 2.72E-11 0.34 12.30 3.67E-05
200 2.60E-11 0.34 11.75 4.38E-05
250 2.48E-11 0.33 11.22 5.22E-05
316 2.37E-11 0.33 10.71 6.22E-05
400 2.26E-11 0.33 10.22 7.38E-05
500 2.16E-11 0.32 9.75 8.73E-05
630 2.06E-11 0.31 9.31 1.03E-04
800 1.97E-11 0.31 8.90 1.20E-04
1,000 1.89E-11 0.29 8.53 1.40E-04
5,000 1.50E-11 0.20 6.80 3.82E-04
10,000 1.42E-11 0.17 6.43 6.01E-04
40,000 1.71E-11 0.15 7.71 2.49E-03
76
Frequency Concrete
0.10 2.25E-10 0.81 101.83 4.57E-07
1 1.05E-10 0.74 47.45 1.94E-06
10 4.72E-11 0.54 21.34 6.35E-06
20 3.98E-11 0.46 17.98 9.24E-06
25 3.78E-11 0.44 17.07 1.05E-05
32 3.60E-11 0.42 16.25 1.21E-05
40 3.43E-11 0.40 15.48 1.39E-05
50 3.27E-11 0.39 14.77 1.60E-05
63 3.12E-11 0.37 14.11 1.86E-05
80 2.99E-11 0.36 13.49 2.16E-05
100 2.86E-11 0.35 12.91 2.53E-05
125 2.74E-11 0.34 12.36 2.98E-05
160 2.62E-11 0.34 11.83 3.52E-05
200 2.51E-11 0.33 11.32 4.17E-05
250 2.40E-11 0.33 10.82 4.95E-05
316 2.29E-11 0.32 10.35 5.88E-05
400 2.19E-11 0.32 9.89 6.96E-05
500 2.09E-11 0.31 9.46 8.20E-05
630 2.01E-11 0.30 9.06 9.63E-05
800 1.92E-11 0.29 8.68 1.13E-04
1,000 1.85E-11 0.28 8.34 1.31E-04
5,000 1.49E-11 0.19 6.71 3.64E-04
10,000 1.41E-11 0.16 6.36 5.82E-04
40,000 1.69E-11 0.16 7.63 2.63E-03
77
Frequency Concrete
0.10 2.09E-10 0.72 94.42 3.77E-07
1 9.95E-11 0.65 44.95 1.63E-06
10 4.62E-11 0.51 20.87 5.97E-06
20 3.89E-11 0.45 17.57 8.86E-06
25 3.69E-11 0.44 16.67 1.01E-05
32 3.51E-11 0.42 15.86 1.17E-05
40 3.34E-11 0.40 15.09 1.35E-05
50 3.18E-11 0.39 14.37 1.56E-05
63 3.04E-11 0.38 13.73 1.82E-05
80 2.90E-11 0.37 13.10 2.12E-05
100 2.77E-11 0.36 12.51 2.49E-05
125 2.65E-11 0.35 11.97 2.93E-05
160 2.53E-11 0.34 11.43 3.47E-05
200 2.41E-11 0.34 10.89 4.08E-05
250 2.30E-11 0.33 10.39 4.82E-05
316 2.20E-11 0.33 9.94 5.68E-05
400 2.10E-11 0.32 9.49 6.66E-05
500 2.01E-11 0.31 9.08 7.77E-05
630 1.93E-11 0.30 8.72 9.09E-05
800 1.85E-11 0.28 8.36 1.05E-04
1,000 1.79E-11 0.27 8.09 1.22E-04
5,000 1.46E-11 0.18 6.60 3.31E-04
10,000 1.39E-11 0.15 6.28 5.24E-04
40,000 1.65E-11 0.13 7.45 2.06E-03
78
Frequency Concrete
0.10 1.04E-10 0.73 46.98 1.92E-07
1 4.71E-11 0.60 21.28 7.08E-07
10 2.50E-11 0.43 11.31 2.70E-06
20 2.15E-11 0.38 9.69 4.06E-06
25 2.05E-11 0.36 9.25 4.63E-06
32 1.96E-11 0.34 8.85 5.29E-06
40 1.88E-11 0.32 8.49 6.03E-06
50 1.81E-11 0.30 8.17 6.87E-06
63 1.74E-11 0.28 7.87 7.83E-06
80 1.69E-11 0.26 7.62 8.90E-06
100 1.63E-11 0.25 7.38 1.01E-05
125 1.59E-11 0.23 7.17 1.16E-05
160 1.54E-11 0.21 6.98 1.32E-05
200 1.51E-11 0.20 6.81 1.51E-05
250 1.47E-11 0.19 6.65 1.73E-05
316 1.44E-11 0.17 6.51 1.99E-05
400 1.41E-11 0.16 6.37 2.29E-05
500 1.38E-11 0.15 6.25 2.65E-05
630 1.36E-11 0.14 6.14 3.08E-05
800 1.34E-11 0.13 6.04 3.55E-05
1,000 1.32E-11 0.13 5.94 4.13E-05
5,000 1.20E-11 0.08 5.43 1.28E-04
10,000 1.18E-11 0.07 5.32 2.15E-04
40,000 1.44E-11 0.06 6.50 8.68E-04
79
Appendix B Table 14 Guidance on Radar Testing of Concrete Structures (GPR)

Material ε r Frequency of Frequency in Wave Velocity in Wave length
air (MHz) concrete (MHz) concrete (m/μs) in concrete (m)
Concrete 4 1,500 1,050 150 0.143
(very dry)
Concrete 6 1,500 1,050 123 0.117
(dry)
Concrete 10 1,500 1,050 95 0.091
(moisture)
Concrete 20 1,500 1,050 67 0.064
(wet)
Concrete 4 900 630 150 0.238
(very dry)
Concrete 6 900 630 123 0.195
(dry)
Concrete 10 900 630 95 0.151
(moisture)
Concrete 20 900 630 67 0.106
(wet)
Concrete 4 500 350 150 0.429
(very dry)
Concrete 6 500 350 123 0.351
(dry)
Concrete 10 500 350 95 0.271
(moisture)
Concrete 20 500 350 67 0.191
(wet)
Source: Concrete Society Technical Report (1997)
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Surge impedance of concrete pole due to effect of the electrical properties of

Conference Paper · December 2004

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LIGHTNING SURGE IMPEDANCE OF CONCRETE POLE DUE TO THE EFFECT OF

The Graduate School Kasetsart University

Samroeng Hintamai 2005: Lightning Surge Impedance of Concrete Pole due to

23 Change of the propagation velocity of wave through concrete with curing

LIGHTNING SURGE IMPEDANCE OF CONCRETE POLE DUE TO THE EFFECT OF

1. To determine the electrical properties of concrete.

Representative methods to investigate the tower surge characteristics include

1. The tower surge impedance

The surge impedance of a vertical multiconductor system above an imperfectly conducting

2. Surge impedance of concrete pole

Scale-model measurement of the surge impedance of a hollow reinforced concrete pole

3. The electrical properties of concrete

An experimental measurement of some mechanisms which control the conductivity and

Measurement of a dielectric constant and electrical conductivity of concrete specimen

Lightning surge impedance of concrete pole

The generation of electromagnetic waves depends on the relationship between the

Figure 1 Plane traveling wave

when D = Electric flux density, C/m2

where ε = Dielectric constant or permittivity, F/m

where B = Magnetic flux density, T or Wb/m2

⎛ ∂E ∂E y ⎞ ⎛ ∂Ex ∂Ez ⎞ ⎛ ∂E y ∂Ex ⎞ ∂

where μ = Permeability, H/m

Dividing equation (10) by − μ yields

1.1 Wave Propagation in Lossy Dielectrics A lossy dielectric is a medium in which an

where ρν = Volume charge density, C/m3

∇ ( ∇.Ex ) − ∇ 2 Ex = − jωμ (σ + jωε ) Ex (21)

We obtain α and β form equation (23) and (25) by noting that

Using equation (26) and (27), we obtain

Using equation (17), it is easily shown that H y is

where the intrinsic impedance is now a complex quantity,

In term of β , the wave velocity u and wavelength λ are respectively

A medium is said to be a good (lossless or perfect) dielectric if tan δ is very small ( σ  ωε ) or

From equation (18)

When an external time-varying field is applied to a material, displacement of bound

and ε ′ = ε = ε 0ε r , ε ′′ = σ / ω ; ε c is called the complex permittivity of the medium. We observe

1.2 Plane Waves in Lossless Dielectrics In a lossless dielectric, σ  ωε , we obtain

Substituting these into equation (28) and (29) gives

and thus E and H are in time phase with each other.

1.3 Plane Waves in Free Space In this case,

Thus we simply replace ε by ε0 and μ by μ0 into equation (39), we obtain

where c  3 ×108 m / s , the speed of light in a vacuum. We obtain

and thus E and H are in time phase with each other.

Hence, equation (28) and (29) become

and thus E lead H by 45D .

2. The Electrical Properties of Dielectric Materials and Concrete

2.1 The Electrical Properties of Dielectric Materials In a conductor the outer

Figure 4 Charge on capacitor plates with vacuum between them.

An important characteristic of the dielectric material is its dielectric constant or

Figure 6 Dielectric properties of concrete represented as resistor and capacitor.

where P = Dipole moment per unit volume, C/m2

where χ e is the electrical susceptibility and is given by:

where χ m is the magnetic susceptibility and is given by:

Substituting equation (63) into equation (56), it changes to:

∇ × H = (ωε ′′ + σ ) E + jωε ′E (67)

A medium is said to be a good (lossless or perfect) dielectric if tan δ is very small ( σ ωε ) or

1.2 Plane Waves in Lossless Dielectrics In a lossless dielectric, σ ωε , we obtain

where c 3 ×108 m / s , the speed of light in a vacuum. We obtain