Hydraulic Machines III

Dr. A. Oyieke

November 10, 2020

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Dr. A. Oyieke Hydraulic Machines III

Total pressure head or Manometric pressure head

Total pressure head =⇒ total pressure difference which one

would be able to measure across the pump.
=⇒ head developed by pump to overcome resistance against flow.
External resistance factors;
a) Static pressure head = Hs + Hd
b) Friction pressure head = Hfs + Hfd
Where
fLv 2
Hf =
2gd
Hf can also be evaluated using other methods such as graphs.
(Losses by fittings must be added to the value)
c) Velocity pressure head or dynamic pressure head - of the
2
liquid in the discharge pipe; v2g
2

=⇒ Kinetic energy in the delivery pipe is lost at the exit of

the pie and has been supplied by the pump.
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Dr. A. Oyieke Hydraulic Machines III

Total pressure head
=⇒ The KE of suction pipe is not regarded as a loss for the total
piping system because it is gained in the pump or used to
obtain dynamic head in the discharge pipe

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Figure: Total pressure head
Dr. A. Oyieke Hydraulic Machines III
The total head supplied by the pump is

vd 2
HTotal = Hs + Hd + Hfs + Hfd + (1)
2g

For equal suction and discharge pipe diameters (vd = vs );

HTotal is the difference between the gauge pressures.

HTotal = Hmd − Hms

vs 2
 
= (Hd + Hfd ) − −Hs − Hfs −
2g (2)
vs2
= Hd + Hfd + Hs + Hfs +
2g

For unequal suction and discharge pipe diameters, the gauges

can be used to determine HTotal but must be fitted with pitot
tubes (total pressure tubes), hence;
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Dr. A. Oyieke Hydraulic Machines III

 HTotal = Hmd(t) − Hms(t)
vd 2 vs 2
   
= Hmd + − Hms +
2g 2g
2 2 vs 2
 
vd vs (3)
= Hd + Hfd + − −Hs − Hfs − +
2g 2g 2g
vd 2
= Hd + Hfd + Hs + Hfs +
2g

NOTE: Equations 1, 2 and 3 are the same.

The total head delivered by the pump can thus be called
Manometric pressure head (Hman )

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Dr. A. Oyieke Hydraulic Machines III

Efficiencies
The manometric efficiency of the pump;
ηm = (Total pressure head increase across the pump/Euler
head)
HTotal gHTotal
ηm = = (4)
u2 w2 /g u2 w2
The mechanical efficiency of the pump
ηmech = (Euler head increase/mechanical power per weight
flow rate)
u2 w2 /g ρQu2 w2
ηmech = = (5)
Pin /ρgQ Pin
The overall efficiency of the pump
ηoverall = (Power transferred to the liquid/power input to the
pump)
ρgQHTotal
ηoverall = (6)
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Dr. A. Oyieke Hydraulic Machines III

Diffuser efficiency; The theoretical pressure head which can
2 2
be regained by the diffuser = v2g
2
− v2g
d

Thus,
ηdiff = (Theoretical head regainable - Loss in
diffuser/Theoretical head regainable)
 
v2 2 vd 2
2g − 2g − hL,diff
ηdiff =   (7)
v2 2 vd 2
2g − 2g

Diffuser losses is therefore given as;

v2 2 vd 2
 
hL,diff = (1 − ηdiff ) − (8)
2g 2g

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Dr. A. Oyieke Hydraulic Machines III

⇒ Alternatively, diffuser efficiency can be determined
  if say x% of
2
the velocity head at exit from the impeller v2g2
is converted into
static pressure
The total pressure head increase across the pump is therefore;
2
HTotal = (pressure head increase in the impeller + x% × v2g
2
)
Overall system efficiency for the complete pump plus
piping system is thus;
ηoverall,sys = (Useful work done per unit time/ power supplied
to the pump)

ρgQHstat
ηoverall,sys = (9)
Pin

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Dr. A. Oyieke Hydraulic Machines III