ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL SOURCES

HISTORICAL SOURCES
Historical source is original source that contain important historical information. These
sources are something that inform us about history at the most basic level, and these sources
used as clues in order to study history Historical sources include documents, artifacts,
archaeological sites, features.

DEFINITION OF THE DIFFERENT HISTORICAL SOURCES

• CHRONICLE is an account or record of series of events means to write about them or
show them in broadcast in the order in which they happened.
• DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES a paradigm on equality, drawing on the
establishement and emerging principles of a law.
• MEMOIRS a historical account or biography written from personal knowledge or
special sources.
• PROCLAMATION a public official announcement, especially one dealing with a
matter of great importance.
• CARTOONS a simple drawing showing the features of its subjects in a humorously
exaggerated way, especially a satirical one in a newspaper or magazine.
• SPEECH the expression or the ability to express thoughts and feelings by articulate
sounds.
• PAINTINGS a picture created by putting paint on a surface, or the activity or skill of
creating pictures by using paint.
• FILM is also called as movie, motion picture or moving picture, is a visual art-form and
usually with sound, that make up a story.
• DIFFERENT HISTORICAL SOURCES TO ANALYZE

Here are the historical sources reproduced here which you can subject to situation,
assessment, analysis, interpretation and appreciation.
a. Chronicle – Customs of Tagalogs by Juan de Placencia
b. Declaration of Principles – Kartilya ng Katipunan Emilio Jacinto
c. Memoirs – Paghirang sa Supremo Bilang Hari ni Heneral Emilio Aguinaldo
d. Proclamation – The Act of Declaration of Philippine Independence e.
Cartoon – Political Caricatures of the American Era 1900-1941
f. Speech – Speech before the Joint Session of the United States Congress (1986) by
Corazon C. Aquino
g. Paintings – Spoliarium by Jaun Luna and The making of Philippine Flag by Fernando
Amorsolo
h. Film – The Yellow Propaganda “The Aquino and Cojuango Fact’s We Didn’t Know”

SAMPLE HISTORICAL SOURCES TEMPLATES

Templates available in the following format:
1. Analyze a Photograph
2. Analyze a Written Document
3. Analyze a Poster/Painting
4. Analyze a Cartoon
 5. Analyze a Video
6. Analyze a Sound Recording
7. Analyze a Historical Writing
8. Film Review

THE PURPOSES OF HISTORICAL SOURCES

These purposes are 1) illustration and motivation; 2) evidence for historical inquiry; 3) visual
or textual interpretation; 4) source analysis. By reflecting on how each of these purposes can
play a role in the classroom, which kinds of sources are appropriate for each, and where they
fit into an overall sequence of instruction, teachers can ensure that their use of sources
deepens and extends students’ historical understanding.

IMPORTANCE OF PRIMARY HISTORICAL SOURCES

▪ Primary sources help students relate in a personal way to events of the past and promote
a deeper understanding of history as a series of human events.
▪ Because primary sources are snippets of history, they encourage students to seek
additional evidence through research.
▪ First-person accounts of events help make them more real, fostering active reading and
response.
▪ Many state standards support teaching with primary sources, which require students to
be both critical and analytical as they read and examine documents and objects.
▪ Primary sources are often incomplete and have little context. Students must use prior
knowledge and work with multiple primary sources to find patterns. ▪ In analyzing
primary sources, students move from concrete observations and facts to questioning and
making inferences about the materials.
▪ Questions of creator bias, purpose, and point of view may challenge students’
assumptions.
▪ Inquiry into primary sources encourages students to wrestle with contradictions and
compare multiple sources that represent differing points of view, confronting the
complexity of the past.
▪ Students construct knowledge as they form reasoned conclusions, base their conclusions
on evidence, and connect primary sources to the context in which they were created,
synthesizing information from multiple sources.
▪ Integrating what they glean from comparing primary sources with what they already
know, and what they learn from research, allows students to construct content
knowledge and deepen understanding.
A. CHRONILE

THE CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS

From the Philippine Islands, 11493-1898.Volume 7, 1588-1591 By Juan de Plasencia,O.S.F.

The distinctions made among the priests of the devil were as follow:
1. The first, called CATOLONAN, was either a man or a woman. This office was an
honorable one among the natives, and was held ordinarily by people of rank, this rule being
general in all the islands.

2. The second they called MANGAGAUAY, or witches, who deceived by pretending to heal
the sick. These priests even induced maladies by their charms, which in proportion to the
strength and efficacy of the witchcraft, are capable of causing death. In this way, if they
wished to kill at once they did so; or they could prolong life for a year by binding to the waist
a live serpent, which was believed to be the devil, or at least his substance. This office was
general throughout the land.

3. The third they called MANYISALAT, which is the same as mangagauay. These priests had
the power of applying such remedies to lovers that they would abandon and despise their own
wives, and in fact could prevent them from having intercourse with the latter. If the woman,
constrained by these means, were abandoned, it would bring sickness upon her; and on
account of the desertion she would discharge blood and matter. This office was also general
throughout the land.

4. The fourth was called MANCOCOLAM, whose duty it was to emit fire from himself at
night, once or oftener each month. This fire could not be extinguished; nor could it be thus
emitted except as the priest wallowed in the ordure and filth which falls from the houses; and
he who lived in the house where the priest was wallowing in order to emit this fire from
himself, fell ill and died. This office was general.

5. The fifth was called HOCLOBAN, which is another kind of witch, of greater efficacy than
the mangagauay. Without the use of medicine, and by simply saluting or raising the hand, they
killed whom they chose. But if they desired to heal those whom they had made ill by their
charms, they did so by using other charms. Moreover, if they wished to destroy the house of
some Indian hostile to them, they were able to do so without instruments. This was in
Catanduanes, an island off the upper part of Luzon.

6. The sixth was called SILAGAN, whose office it was, if they saw anyone clothed in white,
to tear out his liver and eat it, thus causing his death. This, like the preceding, was in the
island of Catanduanes. Let no one, moreover, consider this a fable; because, in Caavan, they
tore out in this way through the anus all the intestines of a Spanish notary, who was buried in
Calilaya by father Fray Juan de Merida.

7. The seventh was called MAGTATANGAL, and his purpose was to show himself at night
to many persons, without his head or entrails. In such wise the devil walked about and carried,
or pretended to carry, his head to different places; and, in the morning, returned it to his body
– remaining, as before, alive. This seems to me to be a fable, although the natives affirm that
they have seen it, because the devil probably caused them so to believe. This occurred in
Catanduanes.

8. The eighth they called OSUANG, which is equivalent to” sorcerer;” they say that they have
seen him fly, and that he murdered men and ate their flesh. This was among the Visayas
Islands; among the Tagalogs these did not exist.

9. The ninth was another class of witches called MANGAGAYOMA. They made charms for
lovers out of herbs, stones, and wood, which would infuse the heart with love. Thus did they
deceive the people, although sometimes, through the intervention of the devil, they gained
their ends.

10. The tenth was known as SONAT, which is equivalent to” preacher.” It was his office to
help one to die, at which time he predicted the salvation or condemnation of the soul. It was
not lawful for the functions of this office to be fulfilled by others than people of high standing,
on account of the esteem in which it was held. This office was general through- out the
islands.

11. The eleventh, PANGATAHOJAN, was a soothsayer, and predicted the future. This office
was general in all the islands.

12. The twelfth, BAYOGUIN, signified a” cotquean,” a man whose nature inclined toward
that of a woman.

SOURCES:
Customs of the Tagalogs (two relations), Juan de Plasencia, O.S.F.; Manila, October 21,
1589 Outline of Philippine Mythology, F. Landa Jocano, Centro Escolar University, 1969

3.1: DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES

KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN
Ni Emilio Jacinto

Sometime in 1896, Andres Bonifacio, the father of the Philippine Revolution, and once the
President of the Supreme Council of the Katipunan, penned the Duties of the Sons of the
People, a list of the duties and responsibilities to be followed strictly by every member of the
organization. The rules constituted a decalogue, and embodied Bonifacio’s passionate beliefs.

In admiration of Emilio Jacinto’s literary style, Bonifacio would later adopt Jacinto’s Kartilya
as the official teachings of the Katipunan. Similar to the Decalogue, the Kartilya was written
to introduce new recruits to the principles and values that should guide every member of the
organization.

Mga Aral nang Katipunan ng mga A.N.B.

1. Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang malaki at banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy na

walang lilim, kundi damong makamandag.
2. Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa pagpipita sa sarili, at hindi sa talagang nasang
gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di kabaitan.
3. Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawang gawa, ang pagibig sa kapua at ang isukat ang
bawat kilos, gawa’t pangungusap sa talagang Katuiran.
4. Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat, lahat ng tao’y magkakapantay; mangyayaring
ang isa’y higtan sa dunong, sa yaman, sa ganda…; ngunit di mahihigtan sa pagkatao. 5. Ang
may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang puri sa pagpipita sa sarili; ang may hamak na kalooban
inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili sa puri.
6. Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa.
7. Huag mong sasayangin ang panahun; ang yamang nawala’y magyayaring magbalik; nguni’t
panahong nagdaan na’y di na muli pang magdadaan.
8. Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi, at kabakahin ang umaapi.
9. Ang taong matalino’y ang may pagiingat sa bawat sasabihin, at matutong ipaglihim ang
dapat ipaglihim.
10. Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay siyang patnugot ng asawa’t mga anak; kung ang
umaakay ay tungo sa sama, ang patutunguhan ng iaakay ay kasamaan din. 11. Ang babai ay
huag mong tignang isang bagay na libangan lamang, kundi isang katuang at karamay sa mga
kahirapan nitong kabuhayan; gamitan mo ng buong pagpipitagan ang kaniyang kahinaan, at
alalahanin ang inang pinagbuhata’t nagiwi sa iyong kasangulan. 12. Ang di mo ibig na gawin
sa asawa mo, anak at kapatid, ay huag mong gagawin sa asawa, anak, at kapatid ng iba.
13. Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa tangus ng ilong at puti ng mukha,
wala sa pagkaparing kahalili ng Dios wala sa mataas na kalagayan sa balat ng lupa; wagas at
tunay na mahal na tao, kahit laking gubat at walang nababatid kundi ang sariling wika, yaong
may magandang asal, may isang pangungusap, may dangal at puri; yaong di napaaapi’t di
nakikiapi; yaong marunong magdamdam at marunong lumingap sa bayang tinubuan.

14. Paglaganap ng mga aral na ito at maningning na sumikat ang araw ng mahal na Kalayaan
dito sa kaabaabang Sangkalupuan, at sabugan ng matamis niyang liwanag ang nangagkaisang
magkalahi’t magkakapatid ng ligaya ng walang katapusan, ang mga ginugol na buhay, pagud,
at mga tiniis na kahirapa’y labis nang natumbasan. Kung lahat ng ito’y mataruk na ng nagiibig
pumasuk at inaakala niyang matutupad ang mga tutungkulin, maitatala ang kaniyang ninanasa
sa kasunod nito.

3.2: MEMOIRS

PAGHIRANG SA SUPREMO BILANG HARI DAKILANG PARANGAL SA

PAGDATING NG SUPREMO
(hango mula sa mga GUNITA NG HIMAGSIKAN) ni Heneral Emilio Aguinaldo

Nang matapos ang masayang pagpapaalaman, ang Supremo at mga kasamahan, ay

sumama na sa Pamunuan ng Magdiwang. Gayon na lamang ang karingalan at kasayahang
naghari sa pagsalubong na ginawa ng mga bayang kanilang pinagdaanan. Sa hanay na may
siyam na kilometro ang haba, mula sa Noveleta, hanggang sa San Francisco Malabon, ang
lahat halos ng mga bahay ay may mga palamuting balantok na kawayang kinaskas at
pinalamutihan ng sari-saring watawat, tanda ng maringal na pagsalubong at maligayang bati
sa dakilang panauhin. Isang kilometro pa lamang ang agwat bago dumating sa kabayanan ng
San Francisco de Malabon, ang Supremo Andres Bonifacio, sinalubong agad ng isang banda
ng musika at nang nasa pintuan na ng simbahan at nirupiki ng gayon na lamang ang kampana.
Ang malalaking aranya at dambana sa loob ng simbahan ay pawang may sindi ng ilaw. At
ang kurang Tagalog na si Padre Manuel Trias, saka ang "Pallo," ay naghihintay naman sa mga
panauhin sa pintuan ng simbahan, at pagkatapos ay kumanta ng Te Deum, hanggang sa
dambana na kaakbay ang mga panauhin. Pagkatapos ng ganyang parangal sila'y itinuloy sa
bahay ni Binibining Estefania Potente.
PAGHIRANG SA SUPREMO BILANG HARI
Isang paglalarawan kay Bonifacio bilang "Ang
Haring Bayan" Sulat kamay mismo ni Bonifacio ang
titolo at lagda na hango sa "Acta de Tejeros".
Kinabukasan naman, ang Gabinete ng Pamahalaang
Magdiwang, ang gumanap ng kanilang malaon nang
inihandang pagpaparangal sa pamamagitan ng isang
kapasiyahan na pagkalooban ang dakilang panauhin,
Supremo Andres Bonifacio, ng pinakamataas na
tungkulin sa taguring HARING BAYAN. Sa ganito'y
lubusan nang mabubuo ang pamunuan ng nasabing
Sanggunian na dati-rati'y wala ng tungkuling ito at
pansamantala lamang nanunungkulan sa pagka Vi
Rey, si Heneral Mariano Alvarez. Ang buong
Pamunuan ng kanilang Sanggunian, ay magagarang
kasuotan kung nangagpupulong. Simula sa HARING
BAYAN, hanggang sa kahuli-hulihang Ministro at
Capitan General, ay may mga bandang pulang
ginintuan nakasakbat sa kani-kanilang balikat. Kung
minsan sa kanilang paglalakad, ay nakasuot pa rin ang nasabing banda upang makilala ang
kanilang katayuan marahil. Lubhang masaya sila parati, palibhasa'y ang labing-dalawang
bayan na kanilang nasasakupan ay di naliligalig sa anumang laban. Sila'y naliliskub halos ay
nanga sa likuran ng mga bayang maliligalig tuwina ng Pamahalaang Magdalo.

Nang matapos ang ilang araw na parangal sa

Supremo at mga kasama, dinalaw nilang lahat ang
labing-dalawang bayang nasasakupan nila bilang
paghahanda sa gagawing pagpipisan ng dalawang
Sangguniang Magdiwang at Magdalo.
Nangagtalumpati sila at anangaral ng pagka
makabayan at iba pang makagising-damdaming
pangungusap ukol sa kalayaan. Sabihin pa, ang galak
ng mga taong bayan, kaya't gayon na lamang karingal
ang pagtanggap sa kanila at para bang isang
HARING BAYAN nga ang dumating. Ang mga daan
ay pawang binalantukan, may banda ng musika at
panay ang hiyawan ng "Viva Tagalog," magkabi
kabila. Ang mga kampana'y halos mabasag sa
pagrurupiki sa mga simbahan niyang
pinatutunguhan, may mga dapit pa ng cereales at awit
ng Te Deum. Sa kabilang dako naman, sa gitna ng
gayong di magkamayaw na kasayahan at paghdiriwang, ang walong bayang nasa Pamahalaan
ng Magdalo. ay laging nagigimbal araw at gabi ng paghanap sa kalaban sa mga hanay ng
Zapote, Almanza, San Nicolas, Bakood, Arumahan, Pintong Bato, at Molino sa bayan ng
Bakoof, at kasakit-sakit sabihin na sa masamang pagkakataon, ang mga kalaban ay nakalusot
tuloy nang di napapansin sa kabilang ilog ng Zapote, dahil sa puyat at pagod ng ating mga
kawal. Gayon man ang matatapang nating sandatahan sa ilalim ng mando ni Heneral Mariano
Noriel at Heneral Pio del Pilar, ay agad-agad dinaluhong ang mga kalaban, kaya't putukan at
tagaang katakut-takot ang naghari pagkatapos. Sa wakas, muli na namang nagtagumpay ang
ating mga kawal, at ang Ilog Zapote ay muling namula sa dugo ng mga kalaban. Ganyan nang
ganyan ang nangyayari parati sa buong hanay ng aming labanan."

Emilio Aguinaldo,
Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan
Manila: National Centennial Commission, 1964

3.3: PROCLAMATION
THE ACT OF DECLARATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
Translation by Sulpicio Guevara

BEFORE ME, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, War Counsellor And Special Delegate
Designated To Proclaim And Solemnize this Declaration of Independence by the Dictatorial
Government of the Philippines, pursuant to, and by virtue of, a Decree issued by the
Engregious Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, The undersigned assemblage of military
chiefs and others of the army who could not attend, as well as the representatives of the
various towns, Taking into account the fact that the people of this country are already tired of
bearing the ominous joke of Spanish domination.

Because of arbitrary arrests and abuses of the Civil Guards who cause deaths in connivance
with and even under the express orders of their superior officers who at times would order the
shooting of those placed under arrest under the pretext that they attempted to escape in
violation of known Rules and Regulations, which abuses were left unpunished, and because
of unjust deportations of illustrious Filipinos, especially those decreed by General Blanco at
the instigation of the Archbishop and friars interested in keeping them in ignorance for
egoistic and selfish ends, which deportations were carried out through processes more
execrable than those of the Inquisition which every civilized nation repudiates as a trial
without hearing.

Had resolved to start a revolution in August 1896 in order to regain the independence and
sovereignty of which the people had been deprived by Spain through Governor Miguel Lopez
de Legazpi who, continuing the course followed by his predecessor Ferdinand Magellan who
landed on the shores of Cebu and occupied said Island by means of a Pact of Friendship with
Chief Tupas, although he was killed in the battle that took place in said shores to which battle
he was provoked by Chief Kalipulako of Mactan who suspected his evil designs, landed on
the Island of Bohol by entering also into a Blood Compact with its Chief Sikatuna, with the
purpose of later taking by force the Island of Cebu, and because his successor Tupas did not
allow him to occupy it, he went to Manila, the capital, winning likewise the friendship of its
Chiefs Soliman and Lakandula, later taking possession of the city and the whole Archipelago
in the name of Spain by virtue of an order of King Philip II, and with these historical
precedents and because in international law the prescription established by law to legalize the
vicious acquisition of private property is not recognized, the legitimacy of such revolution
can not be put in doubt which was calmed but not complete stifled by the pacification
proposed by Don Pedro A. Paterno with Don Emilio Aguinaldo as President of the Republic
established in Biak
na-Bato and accepted by Governor-General Don Fernando Primo De Rivera under terms, both
written and oral, among them being a general amnesty for all deported and convicted persons;
that by reason of the non-fulfillment of some of the terms, after the destruction of the plaza of
Cavite.
Don Emilio Aguinaldo returned in order to initiate a new revolution and no sooner had he
given the order to rise on the 31st of last month when several towns anticipating the
revolution, rose in revolt on the 28th , such that a Spanish contingent of 178 men, between
Imus Cavite Viejo, under the command of major of the Marine Infantry capitulated , the
revolutionary movement spreading like wild fire to other towns of Cavite and the other
provinces of Bataan, Pampanga, Batangas, Bulacan, Laguna, and Morong, some of them with
seaports and such was the success of the victory of our arms, truly marvelous and without
equal in the history of colonial revolutions that in the first mentioned province only the
Detachments in Naic and Indang remained to surrender; in the second all Detachments had
been wiped out; in the third the resistance of the Spanish forces was localized in the town of
San Fernando where the greater part of them are concentrated, the remainder in Macabebe,
Sexmoan, and Guagua; in the fourth, in the town of Lipa; in the fifth, in the capital and in
Calumpit; and in last two remaining provinces, only in there respective capitals, and the city
of Manila will soon be besieged by our forces as well as the provinces of Nueva Ecija, Tarlac,
Pangasinan, La Union, Zambales, and some others in the Visayas where the revolution at the
time of the pacification and others even before, so that the independence of our country and
the revindication of our sovereignty is assured. And having as witness to the rectitude of our
intentions the Supreme Judge of the Universe, and under the protection of our Powerful and
Humanitarian Nation.

The United States of America, we do hereby proclaim and declare solemnly in the name by
authority of the people of these Philippine Islands, That they are and have the right to be free
and independent; that they have ceased to have allegiance to the Crown of Spain; that all
political ties between them are should be completely severed and annulled; and that, like other
free and independent States, they enjoy the full power to make War and Peace, conclude
commercial treaties, enter into alliances, regulate commerce, and do all other acts and things
which and Independent State Has right to do, And imbued with firm confidence in Divine
Providence, we hereby mutually bind ourselves to support this Declaration with our lives, our
fortunes, and with our sacred possession, our Honor.

We recognize, approve, and ratify, with all the orders emanating from the same, the
Dictatorship established by Don Emilio Aguinaldo whom we reverse as the Supreme Head of
this Nation, which today begins to have a life of its own, in the conviction that he has been the
instrument chosen by God, inspite of his humble origin, to effectuate the redemption of this
unfortunate country as foretold by Dr. Don Jose Rizal in his magnificent verses which he
composed in his prison cell prior to his execution, liberating it from the Yoke of Spanish
domination, And in punishment for the impunity with which the Government sanctioned the
commission of abuses by its officials, and for the unjust execution of Rizal and others who
were sacrified in order to please the insatiable friars in their hydropical thirst for vengeance
against and extermination of all those who oppose their Machiavellian ends, trampling upon
the Penal Code of these Islands, and of those suspected persons arrested by the Chiefs of
Detachments at the instigation of the friars, without any form nor semblance of trial and
without any spiritual aid of our sacred Religion; and likewise, and for the same ends, eminent
Filipino priest, Doctor Don Jose Burgos, Don Mariano Gomez, and Don Jacinto Zamora were
hanged whose innocent blood was shed due to the intrigues of these so-called Religious
corporations which made the authorities to believe that the military uprising at the fort of San
Felipe in Cavite on the night of January 21, 1872 was instigated by those Filipino martyrs,
thereby impeding the execution of the decree- sentence issued by the Council of State in the
appeal in the administrative case interposed by the secular clergy against the Royal Orders
that directed that the parishes under them within the jurisdiction of this Bishopric be turned
over to the Recollects in exchange for those controlled by them in Mindanao which were to
be transferred to the Jesuits, thus revoking them completely and ordering the return of those
parishes, all of which proceedings are on file with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to which
they are sent last month of the year of the issuance of the proper Royal Degree which, in turn,
caused the grow of the tree of the liberty in our dear land that grow more and more through
the iniquitous measures of oppressions, until the last drop of our chalice of suffering having
been drained, the first spark of revolution broke out in Caloocan, spread out to Santa Mesa
and continued its course to the adjoining regions of the province were the unequalled heroism
of its inhabitants fought a one sided battle against superior forces of General Blanco and
General Polavieja for a period of 3 months, without proper arms nor ammunitions, except
bolos, pointed bamboos, and arrows.

Moreover, we confer upon our famous Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo all the powers
necessary to enable him to discharge the duties of Government, including the prerogatives of
granting pardon and amnesty, and lastly, it was results unanimously that this Nation, already
free and independent as of this day, must used the same flag which up to now is being used,
whose designed and colored are found described in the attached drawing, the white triangle
signifying the distinctive emblem of the famous Society of the "Katipunan" which by means
of its blood compact inspired the masses to rise in revolution; the tree stars, signifying the
three principal Islands of these Archipelago - Luzon, Mindanao, and Panay where the
revolutionary movement started; the sun representing the gigantic step made by the son of the
country along the path of Progress and Civilization; the eight rays, signifying the eight
provinces - Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna, and Batangas
- which declares themselves in a state of war as soon as the first revolt was initiated; and the
colors of Blue, Red, and White, commemorating the flag of the United States of America, as
a manifestation of our profound gratitude towards this Great Nation for its disinterested
protection which it lent us and continues lending us.

And holding up this flag of ours, I present it to the gentlemen here assembled:
 Don Segundo Arellano
Don Tiburcio del
Rosario Sergio Matias
Don Agapito Zialcita
Don Flaviano Alonzo
Don Mariano Legazpi
Don Jose Turiano Santiago
y Acosta
Don Aurelio Tolentino
Don Felix Ferrer
Don Felipe Buencamino
Don Fernando Canon
Faustino
Don Anastacio Pinzun
Don Timoteo Bernabe
Don Flaviano
Rodriguez Don Gavino
(?) Masancay Don
Narciso Mayuga
Don Gregorio Villa
Don Luis Perez Tagle
Don Canuto Celestino
Don Marcos Jocson
Don Martin de los
Reyes Don Ciriaco
Bausa
Don Manuel Santos
Don Ramon Gana
Don Santiago Garcia
Don Andres Tria Tirona
Don Estanislao Tria
Tirona Don Daniel Tria
Tirona Don Andres Tria
Tirona Don Carlos Tria
Tirona
Don Sulpicio P. Antony
Who solemnly swear to recognize and defend it unto the last drop of their blood.
In witness thereof, I certify that this Act of Declaration of Independence was signed by me
and by all those here assembled including the only stranger who attended those proceedings,
a citizen of the U.S.A., Mr. L.M. Johnson, a Colonel of Artillery.
Don Mariano Toribio
Don Gabriel de los
Reyes Don Hugo Lim
Don Emiliano Lim
Don Faustino Tinorio
Don Rosendo Simon
Don Leon Tanjanque
Don Gregorio
Bonifacio Don
Manuel Salafranca
Don Simon Villareal
Don Calixto Lara
Don Buenaventura Toribio
Don Gabriel Reyes
Don Hugo Lim
Don Emiliano Lim
Don Fausto Tinorio
Don Rosendo Simon
Don Leon Tanjanque
Don Gregorio
Bonifacio Don
Manuel Salafranca
Don Simon Villareal
Don Calixto Lara
Don Buenaventura
Toribio Don Zacarias
Fajardo
Don Florencio Manalo
Don Epitacio Asuncion
Don Catalino Ramon
Don Juan Bordador
Don Jose del Rosario
Don Proceso Pulido
Don Jose Maria del
Rosario Don Ramon
Magcamco
Don Marcelino Gomez
Don Valentin Politan
Don Felix Politan
Don Evaristo
Dimalanta Don
Gregorio Alvarez
Don Sabas de Guzman
Don Esteban Francisco
Don Guido Yaptinchay
Don Mariano Rianzares
Bautista
Don Francisco
Arambulo Don
Antonio Gonzales
Don Juan Antonio
Gonzales Don Juan
Arevalo
Don Ramon Delfino
Don Honorio Tiongco
Don Francisco del
Rosario Don Epifanio
Saguil
Don Ladislao Afable
Jose Don Sixto Roldan
Don Luis de Lara
Don Marcelo Basa
Don Jose Medina
Don Efipanio Crisia
Don Pastor Lopez de
Leon Don Mariano de
los Santos Don Antonio
Calingo
Don Pedro Mendiola
Don Estanislao
Galinco Don
Numeriano Castillo
Don Federico
Tomacruz Don
Teodoro Yatco
Don Ladislao Diwa
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
War Counsellor and Special Delegate-Designate

Source: Centennial Publication. National Historical Insitute

See: The Proclamation of Philippine

3.4: PAINTING
SPOLIARIUM (1884) by Juan Luna

The painting features a glimpse of Roman history centered on the bloody carnage brought by
gladiatorial matches. Spoliarium is a Latin word referring to the basement of the Roman
Colosseum where the fallen and dying gladiators are dumped and devoid of their worldly
possessions.

At the center of Luna’s painting are fallen gladiators being dragged by Roman soldiers. On the
left, spectators ardently await their chance to strip off the combatants of their metal helmets
and other armory. In contrast with the charged emotions featured on the left, the right side
meanwhile presents a somber mood. An old man carries a torch perhaps searching for his son
while a woman weeps the death of her loved one.

The Spoliarium is the most valuable oil-on-canvas painting by Juan Luna, a Filipino educated
at the Academia de Dibujo y Pintura (Philippines) and at the Academia de San Fernando in
Madrid, Spain. With a size of 4.22 meters x 7.675 meters, it is the largest painting in the
Philippines. A historical painting, it was made by Luna in 1884 as an entry to the prestigious
Exposicion de Bellas Artes (Madrid Art Exposition, May 1884) and eventually won for him
the First Gold Medal.
 MAKING OF THE PHILIPPINE FLAG by Fernando Amorsolo

The making of Philippine flag is a masterpiece painting by Fernando Amorsolo in Philippines.

Fernando Amorsolo was one of the most important artists in the history of painting in the
Philippines. No doubt he created such a wonderful artwork. The painting shows three women
namely Marcella Marino de Agoncillo (on the right side) refer as the mother of the Philippine
flag, with the help of Lorenza and Delfina Herbosa de Natividad which is actually the
daughter of Marcela. They was tasked by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo to sew the first flag for the
new republic. The clothes that the women are wearing are an older style, more vintage and
really depict the traditional styles. The skirts the women’s are wearing are long and their tops
were like a traditional “kimona”. The three women are sewing passionately which
demonstrates elegance.the painting was not that kind of vibrant in the eyes but canset your
mood in calm. The setting is inside of a house which is more like a “Bahay Kubo” The main
colors that was used in painting was brown, red, blue and yellow. The mood and visual effect
that this painting can be considered is calm and serene.

The painting shows a contrasts of colors of brown to yellow, it is not a harmonious. The artist
balanced his characters and the background in his painting which makes the painting
balanced. There are no real lines in the painting because it is painted in a pointillist style. The
colors of the author set the moods of the audiences as warm by the usage of brown and yellow
colors. The yellow background signifies that it a beautiful sunny day. The colors of the
characters were also contrasted with the background which made the painting calm as it seen.
The artist shows rough texture in some parts of the painting namely the dresses as well as in
the backgrounds. The artist uses a different color values for the dresses also to differentiate it
from the background. That made the painting realistic scene.

It is believed that Fernando Amorsolo made this painting to show the citizen of the
Philippines of how the Philippine flag was made and to remind them the traditions and
customs that we did not realize it becomes faded. To take care and give importance the
National flag which it symbolizes as white triangle stands for equality and fraternity; the blue
field for peace, truth and justice; and the red field for patriotism and valor. The eight rays of
the sun stand for the first eight provinces that the colonizers have put under martial law. The
three stars symbolize
Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. These just shows us to loved our country, be proud of it do not
be ashamed because our ancestors risked their lives for the freedom from the hands of the
colonizers. It is really shown in the painting of Amorsolo that he is a nationalistic person some
his paintings portray and commemorate the different tradition, cultures and customs of
Filipino.

References

Fleming, G. & Jagodowski, S. (2018). Importance of Context in Analysis and Interpretation.

Alpha History and Publishing

Fernandez, Leandro H. (1930) Mga Tala ng aking buhay by Gregoria de Jesus. published in
the June 1930 issue of the Philippine Magazine, Volume XXVII, No 1.

Llewellyn, J. & Thompson, S. 2015) . “The History” at publishing of The Alpha History.
Alpha History Publishing House

Zaide, G. & Sonia Z. (1990) Documentary Sources of Philippine History 12 vols. Manila:
National Book Store

http://web.nlp.gov.ph/nlp/?q=node/10008

http://www.kasaysayan-kkk.info/membership-documents