Civil Engineering Department

DCC40172 STRUCTURE, HYDRAULICS

AND WATER QUALITY LABORATORY

Hydraulic Laboratory Report

Lectures Name : 1. PUAN SITI NORAISWANI

2. PUAN NORAZLINA

Name : HAFSHAM ARIF BIN HASHIM

Matric Number : 03DKA19F2033
Group:D
Marks:
Criteria Marks Full
Marks
Result Presentation 5
Calculation 5

Report Analysis Result Discussions 5

Conclusions 5

Apply a standard format 5

of report
Completion of report 5
Report Standard
within the time given
Total Marks 30

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 REPORT CONTENT

1) TITLE
State the title of the experiment

2) OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT

State the objective of the experiment

3) THEORY
All relevant theories and definition should be laid out and clearly defined at
least in 1 page

4) EQUIPMENT / APPARATUS
Label the equipment’s (photo or drawing) listed

5) PROCEDURE
Using simple explanation on experimental methods that had been used.

6) DATA
All data, observations and counting results should be scheduled in order. Do
the analysis from the data collected in the experiment in actual unit and then
provide an example of calculations for each result obtained.

7) DISCUSSION and CONCLUSION

Discussion is arranged from more important to the important and compare
result between experiments and theories with complete explanation. State the
uncontrollable side effects that can affect the results. The conclusion should
be explained based on how far the objective of the experiment has been
achieved.

8) REFERENCE
List any references that have been used in preparing this report. Author's
name, title of book / article, publisher and others shall be stated in
completely.(APA STYLE).

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 Table of Contents

NO TITLE PAGE

1 REPORT CONTENT I

2 TABLE OF CONTENT II

3 EXPERIMENT 3: BERNOULLI’S EQUATION 4–7

4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 8

ii

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 EXPERIMENT 3 : BERNOULLI’S EQUATION

OBJECTIVE:

1 - To verify Bernoulli's equation by demonstrating the relationship between pressure

head and kinetic head.

APPARATUS:
1. Bernoulli's apparatus (Figure 1).
2. Hydraulic bench.
3. Stop watch

Figure 1 : Bernoulli’s Apparatus

THEORY:

Bernoulli’s theorem assumes that the flow is frictionless, steady, and incompressible.
These assumptions are also based on the laws of conservation of mass and energy.
Thus, the input mass and energy for a given control volume are equal to the output
mass and energy:

Bernoulli’s theorem states that when there is a continues connection between the
particle of flowing mass liquid, the total energy of any sector of flow will remain same
provided there is no reduction or addition at any point.

Qin = Qout
Ein = Eout

These two laws and the definition of work and pressure are the basis for Bernoulli’s
theorem and can be expressed as follows for any two points located on the same
streamline in the flow:
2 2
𝑃1 𝑃2
𝜌𝑔
+ 𝑉2𝑔1 + 𝑍 1 = 𝜌𝑔
2
+ 𝑉2𝑔 + 𝑍2

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 where:
P: pressure,

g: acceleration due to gravity,

v: fluid velocity, and
z: vertical elevation of the fluid.

In this experiment, since the duct is horizontal, the difference in height can be
disregarded, i.e., z1=z2 The hydrostatic pressure (P) along the flow is measured by
manometers tapped into the duct. The
pressure head (h), thus, is calculated as:

h= 𝑃
𝜌𝑔

Therefore, Bernoulli’s equation for the test section can be written as:
𝑉2 𝑉2
1 2
h1 + = h2 +
2𝑔 2𝑔
𝑉2
is called the velocity head (h )
d
2𝑔

The total head (ht) may be measured by the traversing hypodermic probe. This probe
is inserted into the duct with its end-hole facing the flow so that the flow becomes
stagnant locally at this end; thus: 2
ℎ𝑡 = h + 𝑉
2𝑔

The conservation of energy or the Bernoulli’s equation can be expressed as:

ℎ𝑡1 = ℎ𝑡2

The flow velocity is measured by collecting a volume of the fluid (V) over a time period
(t). The flow rate is calculated as:
Q=𝑉
𝑡
The velocity of flow at any section of the duct with a cross-sectional area of is
determined as:
V=𝑄
𝐴
For an incompressible fluid, conservation of mass through the test section should be
also satisfied (Equation 1a), i.e.:
𝐴1𝑉1 = 𝐴2𝑉12
Bernoulli theorem proves that energy of fluid is existed in three forms there is as potential
energy, pressure energy and kinetic energy. Energy for every weight unit is equal with
column. Thus, the three fluid energy referred as potential column (z), pressure column
(P/⍴g) and kinetic column (v²/2g). Bernoulli theorem says that total of three column in
moving fluid is constant at any point if bereft column along the flow is not happen.
H = z + P + v²
⍴g 2g

Total Energy = Pressure energy + Kinetic energy + Potential Energy

P1 + V1² + Z1 = P2 + V2² + Z2
⍴g 2g ⍴g 2g

Where is,
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 P1 and P2, is pressure at sections 1 and 2
V1 and V2, is velocity at sections 1 and 2
Z1 and Z2, is height of sections 1 and 2
⍴ is the density of fluid in pipe

PROCEDURE
1. Placed the apparatus above the hydraulic table
2. Open a table work valve with the small rate and also valve at exits space (outlet)
apparatus.
3. Switch on the pump
4. Adjust the valve to enable the water flow full in an exits space (outlet) and
make sure the column at enter space (inlet) is constant. Make sure there are
no bubbles.
5. Adjust one or two valve to show the differentiate of piezometer column
apparent height
6. Measure and write down the level of water at every piezometer column and
measure the flow rate when piezometer column is stable. (Flow rate are
measure using the method that given)
7. Repeat the procedure above for different flow rate value
8. For this two different flow rate, plot the graph of pressure column, kinetic column,
and total of column in same axis set.

RESULT:

Table 1
Volume of water (m3) = 8L
Time (s) = 66.58s
Flow rate, Q (m3/s)= 0.00012

1 2 3 4 5 6
Diameter of 25 13.9 11.8 10.7 10 25
section, d
(m)
Area of 0.000491 0.000152 0.000109 0.000899 0.000785 0.000491
Section,
A(m2)
Pressure 0.219 0.215 0.135 0.117 0 0.145
column, (h)
Velocity of 0.24 0.79 1.10 0.13 0.15 0.20
section, V
(m/s)
Kinetic 0.00294 0.03 0.06 0.000861 0.0015 0.00294
column
(V2/2g)
Total 0.223 0.245 0.195 0.118 0.00115 0.148
Column
(h + V2/2g)

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 Calculation:

Discussion:

From table, we can see that the pressure column decrease from 0.219 to zero and increase to
0.145

Conclusion:

Pressure and kenitic can be determine by experiment

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