TRABAJO ESCRITO DE INGLES

ENFERMEDADES DEL CUERPO HUMANO

TOMAS CAMILO GOMEZ VALERO

INSTITUCION EDUCATIVA DISTRITAL COLEGIO CASTILLA

INGLES: AREA DE HUMANIDADES

2 PERIODO 804

2023
 ANEMIA
Anemia is a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin
in the blood, which reduces their ability to carry oxygen
to the tissues. The clinical manifestations of anemia
reflect the effects of tissue hypoxia and compensatory
mechanisms designed to increase oxygen delivery to the
tissues. The signs and symptoms commonly associated
with anemia are:

.Fatigue and weakness

.Respiratory distress (dyspnea)
.Fast heart rate (tachycardia) and palpitations
.Pallor and hypothermia
.Dizziness and headaches
.Blackouts
.Loss of appetite
.Difficulty getting to sleep
.Muscle cramps
.Menstrual problems
.Loss of libido
.Mental changes, including memory loss,
.Confusion, and depression

Prevalence of CKD-associated anemia

Anemia usually occurs with stage 3 CKD, and worsens as

kidney function worsens. However, a significant number
of CKD patients develop anemia relatively early in the
course of their disease. Anemia is also common after a
kidney transplant. Most transplant recipients have
reduced kidney function and are still considered to have
CKD, although hemoglobin concentrations generally rise
after a successful kidney transplant, anemia may persist
or worsen in patients with a nonfunctioning transplant
optimal Other factors that can cause or contribute to
anemia in transplant recipients are iron deficiency,
kidneys from elderly donors, acute transplant rejection,
infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases such as lupus,
bone marrow suppression caused by immunosuppressive
drugs and the use of angiotensin converting enzyme
(ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)
for the treatment of hypertension.

Detección y clasificación de la anemia

Anemia can be difficult to identify because the early

symptoms can be mild and difficult to distinguish from
symptoms of uremia. Its detection depends on
laboratory tests. In order to improve the early detection
of anemia, the KDIGO guidelines recommend
hemoglobin analysis in all patients with CKD,
regardless of its cause or status. Anemia should be
diagnosed and other tests performed when the
hemoglobin concentration is <13.5 g/dL in men or
<11.5 g/dL in women. The main cause of anemia in
patients with CKD is insufficient production of
erythropoietin by the diseased kidneys. Other factors
that can cause or contribute to CKD-associated anemia
include:

Lack of iron
Shortening of the life of red blood cells
Vitamin deficiencies (folic acid and vitamin B12)
Inflammation
hyperparathyroidism

Laboratory tests to evaluate anemia

The EBPG for CKD-associated anemia recommend

including the following tests during the initial
evaluation of anemia:

Complete blood count, including hemoglobin and red

blood cell indices
Reticulocyte count: A blood test that determines how
quickly immature red blood cells, called reticulocytes,
are produced in the bone marrow and released into the
bloodstream. Reticulocytes circulate in the
bloodstream for approximately 2 days before
becoming mature red blood cells. Normally, between
1% and 2% of the red blood cells in the bloodstream
are reticulocytes.
Iron studies: to assess iron stores and functional iron
available for erythropoiesis.
Serum/plasma C-reactive protein (CRP): to assess
inflammation.
These tests provide information about the severity of
anemia, bone marrow function, and the adequacy of
nutrients required for red blood cell production,
including iron, folate, and vitamin B12.