Slip Influence in the course of
Powerformer loss of excitation
LV Yanling，GE Baojun ，TAO Dajun ，WANG Jitao，YANG Mo
Collage of electrical and electronic engineering of Harbin University of Science and Technology
Harbin in China
lvyanling750603@hotmail.com
Abstracts：Powerformer is a net new high-voltage generator
that can be set directly to system. The simulation method of
Powerformer loss of excitation based on MATLAB/simulink
is proposed. Using the simulation method to study slip
during Powerformer loss of field, and analyze slip impact on
the electric value of Powerformer stator and rotor. From the
rotor heating, it is not possible affect the safe operation of
the rotor because the rotor body additional temperature,
during the asynchronously operation of Powerformer loss of
excitation. It proves the transition from out-of-step to the
steady-state asynchronous operation after Powerformer loss
of excitation is asynchronously operation. It provides a
reliable basis for the Powerformer actual operation.
Keywords Powerformer; loss of excitation ; slip
I. INTRODUCTION
Power system normally operates, the running generators
in parallel synchronous are all the synchronous speed rotation.
When a generator occurs in loss of excitation failures, the
generator gradually is out of sync with the system. It is not
equal to the synchronous speed of generator system. It exists s,
which also named slip. Due to the presence of slip, making
generator stator and rotor of the various parameters will
change. For example, with synchronous generator power
output unchanged, slip of the stator current will be increased
with the increasing of slip, while the stator voltage drops.
After generator loss of excitation, if it maintains the active
power to the greater, the slip-step-run is larger, so that the
rotors are heating more seriously[1]. Changes in these
parameters will affect the stability of the system. But when the
input power of prime prime motor is equal to the average
asynchronous power, the generators go into the steady-state
asynchronous operation. Then the average does not increase
and maintain the determined value. If the generator loss of
excitation could be into the steady-state operation earlier, it
can provide much more time for the removal of fault handling
time to avoid disconnection, shut down, reduce the solution
column, and the economic loss caused by downtime [2].
Powerformer is a direct and net new high-voltage
generator, which can totally replace the conventional power
plant generators, impulse voltage protection devices,
generator-side switch, bus and step-up transformer[3][4], it can
improve the generator and the system's reliability.
This paper presents a method, which is based on
MATLAB / simulink loss of excitation dynamic simulation to
study loss of excitation, the impact on the system and the
Supported by National Science Foundation of China (50577012) and Innovation
Found Project for Graduate student of Heilongjiang Province (YJSCX2009-
030HLJ)
978-1-4244-4813-5/10/$25.00 ©2010 IEEE
Powerformer body by slip .From the heating of the rotor, it
obtains Powerformer loss of excitation asynchronous
operation, the additional temperature caused by the rotor does
not affect the rotor’s safe operation. It proves that after the
failure of Powerformer loss of excitation, it can run by-step
transition to the steady-state asynchronous operation; It
provide a reliable basis for the actual operation of
Powerformer.
II. THE FOUND OF LOSS OF EXCITATION FAIL-SAFE SYSTEM
SIMULATION MODEL
Power grid parallel operation of Poweformer, some or all
of a sudden loss the excitation, the stator and rotor on the
electrical parameters could be changed, it will affect the
stability of Powerformer and the system. However, if
Powerformer could enter steady state asynchronous operation
after in any kind of loss of excitation failures, it would be
possible to provide that clear the fault handling time.
A. The mathematical model of Powerformer
Powerformer loss of excitation process is a complex
electromechanical transient process, in this process, the speed
is changing. Parker equation coefficient relates to the speed, so
it is a set of differential equations with variable coefficients,
which brings difficulties to the analysis. In order to obtain the
quantitative analysis of Powerformer loss of excitation and set
the rotor on variation of electrical parameter, the following
conditions are based on simplify mathematical analysis:
1. Powerformer is the ideal motor, refer to the
direction of the selection of reference direction[5];
2. Powerformer and the infinite bus linked to large-
scale systems, bus voltage is constant;
3. Loss of excitation process, the motor inductance
parameters are constant;
4. Excitation voltage suddenly reduced from the rated
voltage to zero, before loss of excitation. That is
due to a sudden excitation winding circuit and
sudden short-circuit and loss of excitation;
5. Powerformer is rated to run before loss of
excitation.
Dynamic process of Powerformer loss of excitation, the
stator and rotor voltage equations:
 ⎡u a ⎤ ⎡ − ra 0 0 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡i a ⎤ ⎡ψ a ⎤ prime mover mechanical torque; Te is the generator
⎢u ⎥ ⎢ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ b ⎥ ⎢ 0 − rb 0 0 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢i b ⎥ ⎢ψ b ⎥ electromagnetic torque.
⎢u c ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 − rc 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎢i c ⎥ ⎢ψ c ⎥ B. Mathematical model of excitation system
⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ + ⎢ ⎥
⎢u f ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 0 rf 0 0 ⎥ ⎢i f ⎥ ⎢ψ f ⎥ In this paper, it applies the silicon-controlled rectifier
⎢0 ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 0 0 rD 0 ⎥ ⎢i D ⎥ ⎢ψ D ⎥ excitation system [6]. Powerformer carry a load operation, the
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ excitation circuit voltage equation for:
⎢⎣0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 0 0 0 rQ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣i Q ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ψ Q ⎥⎦
pψ f + R f i f = u f (5)
(1)
Flux equation: Loss of excitation to field winding open-circuit
simulation, without the changing of the process in the
⎡ψ a ⎤ ⎡ Laa M ab M ac M af M aD M aQ ⎤ ⎡− ia ⎤
⎢ψ ⎥ ⎢ excitation current transient, which is the excitation
⎢ b ⎥ ⎢ M ba Lbb M bc M bf M bD M bQ ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ − ib ⎥⎥
current I f = 0 , excitation circuit voltage equation:
⎢ψ c ⎥ ⎢ M ca M cb Lcc M cf M cD M cQ ⎥ ⎢ − ic ⎥
⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ pψ f = u f (6)
⎢ψ f ⎥ ⎢ M fa M fb M fc L ff M fD 0 ⎥⎢ if ⎥
⎢ψ ⎥ ⎢ M M Db M Dc M Df LDD 0 ⎥ ⎢ iD ⎥ Excitation winding short-circuit during loss of excitation
⎢ D ⎥ ⎢ Da ⎥⎢ ⎥ simulation, that is the excitation voltage U f = 0 , excitation
⎢⎣ψ Q ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ M Qa M Qb M Qc 0 0 LQQ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ iQ ⎥⎦
(2) circuit voltage equation:
Rotor equations of motion: pψ f + R f i f = 0 (7)
H j pω = Tm − Te (3)
C. Fault System Simulation Model Given
pδ = ω − ω 0 (4) In the system simulation model of this paper, first,
d establish the synchronous generator model by the synchronous
Where p is a differential operator ; ω is a rotor generator stator and rotor winding and the rotor within the
dt excitation relationship between the equations of motion. Then
angular velocity; δ is the power factor angle; ψ is the flux; L according to the constraints of the excitation system failure,
is S-phase self-inductance corresponding angle angle; M is build a model and loss of excitation system failure switch.
Finally, used MATLAB / simulink simulation of an integrated
standard mutual inductance corresponding angle; H j is the interactive environment to build a loss of magnetic fault
generator rotating part of the total inertia constant; Tm is the system model shown in Figure 1.

Fig.1 The simulation model of loss of excitation systems

The rated power factor is 0.8 (lag) before Powerformer is
III. SLIP ON THE IMPACT OF POWERFORMER lost excitation. Powerformer all parameters (p.u.) are as
In this paper, base on above mentioned model follows:
simulatesdand analyzed when Powerformer excitation SN = 162500 VA ； U N = 5000 V ；
windings are shorted circuit, come to stator and rotor
parameters with the variation of slip. ΔPne = 1183.5 W ； X d = 0.942 ； X q = 0.448 ；
X f = 1.102 ； X D = 1.5 ； X af = 0.9204 ；
 X fD = 0.72 ； X aQ = 0.42545 ； X L = 0.26 ；
H j = 2.66 。
A. The variation of slip on the Powerformer loss of
excitation
The results of the simulation demonstrate the process of
Powerformer from the rated before loss of excitation to the
steady-state after the asynchronous operation process, the
variation of slip is shown in Figure 2.
Fig.2 The changing wave of slip in
excitation winding short-circuit
It can be seen that at t = 0 ~ 4s, Powerformer operating
simultaneously slip is zero. At t = 4s loss of excitation, slip
begins to increase in negative. At t = 7s or so, with an average
slip of 0.17% remained unchanged, it indicates Powerformer
basic access to the phase operational asynchronous in steady-
state.
Generator loss of excitation is steady-state asynchronous
operation it should determine the permissible slip, in the rotor
allowed a total loss ΔPr should not be greater than the rated
excitation loss ΔPne . So that the conditions ΔPr = ΔPne to
calculate the steady-state asynchronous generator loss of
excitation run-time to allowed slip [7],
ΔPne
s av = × 100% (8)
Pn
Where Pn is the active power output of the
asynchronous generator operation.
The calculated Powerformer loss of excitation
asynchronous operation to allow slip is 0.91%, larger than the
average slip 0.17% of the simulation experiment. It indicates
the additional temperature rise caused by loss of excitation
Powerformer running in the rotor body will not affect the safe
operation of the rotor.
B. The impact on the stator current of the Powerformer by
Slip
Powerformer loss of excitation goes into steady-state
asynchronous operation, the stator average current can be
obtained approximately by the following formula calculation:
1 + ( sTd′0 ) 2
U
I=
X d (s) 1 + ( sTd′ ) 2
(9)
Where U is Stator voltage;s is Asynchronous Operation
Slip; Td′0 is when the stator windings are open circuit, transient
time constant of rotor axis; Td′ is during stator windings short-
circuit, transient time constant of rotor axis.
In the synchronous speed operation, s=0, stator current is
determined by synchronous reactance X d ( s =0 ) . In the
asynchronous operation within the framework of a small
deterioration, when s increases, X d ( s ) decreases (basically
determined by the transient reactance), so that it caused by a
rapid increase in stator current. When access to steady-state
operation, the average slip remained basically unchanged, the
average stator current values are also to maintain a certain
constant. Through the simulation method derived from slip
and stator current relationship shown in Figure 3. As it can be
seen basically in line with the calculated values. However, a
more intuitive graphical simulation resulting description of the
loss of field stator current and the whole process of the
relationship between the slip.
Fig 3. Relationship between stator current and
slip in excitation winding short-circuit
C. The impact on the rotor induced current of powerformer
by the slip
powerformer loss of excitation process, another focus of
concern is the rotor winding heating, the rotor winding
resistance change, fever, major decisions rotor induced
current, can be seen from Figure 4, in excitation winding
short-circuit, the rotor windings of the rotor induced current
below the rated current, it would not cause the rotor windings
of the overheating. From the angle of the rotor winding
heating, Powerformer can be run asynchronously some time
to steady-state.
Fig 4. Relationship between induction current
and slip in excitation winding short-circuit
D. The impact on the active power of powerformer by slip
Figure 5 is relationship between active power and slip in
excitation winding short-circuit. As it can be seen from
Powerformer loss of excitation to the asynchronous operation
then to steady-state process, the active power increases with
the slip swing, with an average active power value is slightly
reduced. Mainly due to the loss of field began, as the prime
motor input torque is larger than the electromagnetic torque,
so that torque imbalance, caused by the rotor speed increases.
Magnetic loss, due to the role of governor to regulate the
prime mover input torque until the prime mover of the torque
converter asynchronous torque and energy balance, the
governor stopped working.
Fig 5. Relationship between active power and slip in
excitation winding short-circuit
E. The impact on the reactive power of powerformer by slip
Figure 6 is relationship between reactive power and slip
in excitation winding short-circuit, it shows that the
powerformer transient asynchronous operation after loss of
excitation, by the average deterioration s increases, in reactive
power swing amplitude and frequency have increased,
meanwhile, the reactive power is also a negative increase in
the average, it shows the powerformer to the system to absorb
reactive power, if the system reactive power shortage at this
time and will cause the system to voltage drop, affecting the
system's power supply quality, and even affect the normal
operation of the system.
Fig 6. Relationship between reactive power and slip in
excitation winding short-circuit
IV. CONCLUSION
When Powerformer loss of excitation steady
asynchronous operation, it analyzes that the rotor body in the
additional temperature rise caused by the rotor does not affect
the safe operation asynchronously.
Powerformer in excitation winding short-circuit, the
induced current of the rotor windings below the rated, it would
not cause the rotor winding overheating. From the angle of the
rotor winding heating, it is possible to conclude that the
powerformer can be run asynchronously in certain period of
time.
Powerformer transient asynchronous operation after loss
of excitation,the reactive power is also a negative increase in
the average. The powerformer to the system to absorb reactive
power, if the system reactive power shortage at this time and
will cause the system to voltage drop, affecting the system's
power supply quality, and even affect the quality of power
supply.
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BIOGRAPHIES
Lv Yanling was born in china on June 3,1975. She is presently a
doctor candidate at the Collage of electrical and electronic
engineering of Harbin University of Science and Technology. Her
research interests is the operation analysis of large
electromechanical energy Conversion Device.
Ge Baojun was born in china on step 1960. he is a professor
at the Collage of electrical and electronic engineering of
Harbin University of Science and Technology. He research
interests include theory and application technology of large
electromechanical energy Conversion Device; theory and
application of variable frequency equipments and its control
technology; and theory and control technology of special
machines.