UNIVERSITY OF BUEA

FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF

CHEMISTRY

Research Project Report

DETERMINATION OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL SOIL PARAMETERS AROUND DUMP

SITES AND AROUND NON-DUMP SITES IN THE UNIVERSITY OF BUEA

By

TUM ELLIOT WANYI

(SC20A819)

A Research Project Report Submitted to the Department of chemistry

Faculty of Science of the University of Buea in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the

Award of a Bachelor of Science(B.Sc.) in chemistry

Supervisor:

Dr TOH BOYO

JUNE 2023

0
 DEDICATION

I would like to dedicate this work to my lecturer Dr Toh Boyo

i
 UNIVERSITY OF BUEA

FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that the work entitled: “Soil analysis in the university of Buea around

dumped areas and five hundred meters away around non-dumped areas to determine

phisico-chemical parameters of the soil” By TUM ELLIOT WANYI (SC20A819) submitted

to the department of chemistry in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of a

bachelor of science (B.Sc.) Degree in chemistry under our supervisor:

Date:

DR TOH BOYO

Lecturer

(Supervisor)

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks to my supervisor Dr Toh Boyo for his guardians and

support in completing my project. A special thanks and gratitude my family and friends for their

suppore

iii
 ABSTRACT

Background: The physico-chemicals parameters of soil include a range of characteristics such as PH, soil

conductivity, moisture content, organic matter content amongst others. Dumps from local community,

industries, laboratories affect the soil negatively as it destabilizes the soil by contaminating with

impurities killing microorganisms like bacteria which play important role in humus formation. This

limitation affects crops and living organisms so it os important to carry out soil analysis.

Method: soil PH determined by taking 20g of each soil sample weighed kept in 100ml beaker and 25ml of

distilled water added, stirred and a PH meter used to determine its PH values. Soil conductivity was

determined by taking 20g each of soil sample weighed and putting 100ml beaker 25ml of distilled water

added and left for 30minutes while stirring and conductivity values determined using conductivity meter.

The soil moisture content determined using four crucibles dried and weighed, 40g placed in each crucible

and weight of sample and each crucible determined, then placed in an oven for about 200 0C for some

hours. The soil organic matter content was determined by taking 4 crucibles weighed and 40g of entire

oven dried test from moisture content placed in the crucible thereafter, placed in an oven and temperature

increased to about 6000C for ashing.

Results: DS= dump site, NDS= Non-dumped site.

For PH: NDS 1 = 5.67, NDS 2 = 5.57, DS 1 = 6.43, DS 2 = 6.30

For conductive: NDS 1 = 0.92, NDS 2 = 0.79, DS 1 = 0.25, DS 2 = 6.30

For Organic matter content: NDS 1 = 18.28%, NDS 2 = 17.7%, DS 1 = 16.97%, DS 2 = 17.5%

For moisture content: NDS 1 = 1.098, NDS 2 = 1.1055, DS 1 = 1, DS 2 = 1.0819.

Conclusion: from data above dump sites have higher content low, low moisture content compared to

Non-dump sites with moderate values, which indicates lack of available nutrients for plants which hinder

fertility of soil.

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENT

DEDICATION............................................................................................................................................i

CERTIFICATION.....................................................................................................................................ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT........................................................................................................................iii

ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................................iv

TABLE OF CONTENT.............................................................................................................................v

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................7

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT.................................................................................................................8

1.2 RATIONAL.........................................................................................................................................8

1.3 OBJECTIVES......................................................................................................................................9

1.3.1 MAIN OBJECTIVES.......................................................................................................................9

1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE..................................................................................................................9

CHATER 2: LITERARATURE REVIEW...........................................................................................10

CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS....................................................................................13

3.1 SOIL SAMPLING.............................................................................................................................13

3.2 DETERMINATION OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF SOIL............................13

MOISTURE CONTENT DETERMINATION AND CLEANED........................................................13

3.3 DETERMINATION OF PH.............................................................................................................13

v
3.4 DETERMINATION OF SOIL CONDUCTIVITY.........................................................................14

3.5 DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC MATTER CONTENT.........................................................14

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS........................................................................................................................14

4.1 PHYSIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOIL......................................................14

4.2 PH STATISTICS...............................................................................................................................15

4.3 CONDUCTIVITY STATISTICS.....................................................................................................15

4.4 MOISTURE STATISTICS...............................................................................................................15

4.5 ORGANIC MATTER STATISTICS...............................................................................................16

CHAPTER 5: DISSCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.................................17

5.1 DISCUSIONS.....................................................................................................................................17

5.2 CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................18

5.3 RECOMMENDATION.....................................................................................................................18

REFERENCE..........................................................................................................................................20

vi
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Soil is a complex and dynamic system that plays a critical role in supporting life on earth. It is a vital

resource for agricultural, forestry, and other land base activities and is essential for maintaining the health of

ecosystems and the services they provide (Brandy and Weil, 2016). Soil health is influenced by a range of

chemical physical and biological factors including soil PH, organic matter content, soil conductivity, soil

moisture content, soil texture, nutrient availability and microbial activities (Doran and zeiss, 2000).

Soil PH is a measure of soil’s acidity or alkalinity, and it can greatly affect the availability of nutrients to

plants. The PH of soil in waste dumped sites can vary depending on the types of waste disposed. For example,

acidic waste can lower the PH of soil, while alkaline waste can increase it.

Organic matter content in soil is composed of plant and animal residues that have decomposed overtime. The

organic matter content of soil in waste dumped sites could be affected by the type of waste disposed as well as

the amount of vegetation cover and soil management practices.

Also, soil conductivity is a measure if the ability of soil to conduct electrical current. It is influenced by the

presence of ions in the soil, which could be derived from natural sources such as weathering and organic

matter decomposition, or from human activities such as fertilizer application and industrial pollution. High and

low soil conductivity can have negative impacts on plants growth and ecosystem health, and could also be an

indicator of soil salinization (Rhoades, 1996).

Soil moisture content is a measure of the amount of water held in the soil, and is influenced by a range of

factors such as climate, soil texture, and land used. Soil moisture content is critical for plant growth and could

also influence soil structure, nutrient availability and microbial activities (Dexter eta al, 2008).

Understanding the physico-chemical properties of soil is crucial for effective land management and

conservation (Karlen et al, 2003). In recent years, there have been growing interest in studying soil health in

urban environments, where soil is often subjected to a range of anthropogenic pressure such as pollution,

urbanization, and land use exchange (Pavao-Zuckerman et al, 2010). Universities are important institutions in

urban areas that could have a significant impact on the surrounding environment. However, there is limited

7
research on the physico-chemical properties of soil in university campuses, despite their potential importance

for ecosystem and health sustainability.

In this study, we investigated the physico-chemical properties of soil in University of Buea campus. The aim

of this research is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the soil parameters that influence soil fertility, plant

growth, and ecosystem health. Our findings will contribute to the development of sustainable land

management practices and inform future research on soil health in urban environments.

1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The soil on university grounds plays a crucial role in the growth of plants and overall environmental health.

However, due to the continuous use and exposure to various environmental factors, the quality of the soil may

deteriorate over time. It is important to regularly monitor the physicochemical properties of the soil to ensure

that it remains suitable for plant growth and environmental sustainability.

Therefore, the university needs to establish a soil analysis program to determine the physicochemical

properties of the soil on its campus. The program should include regular sampling and testing of soil from

different locations on campus to assess the pH, organic matter content, nutrient levels, texture, and other

relevant properties of the soil.

The results of the soil analysis can be used to develop strategies to improve the quality of the soil if necessary,

such as by adding organic matter or adjusting the pH. Additionally, this data can be used to inform decisions

about plant selection and management practices that are best suited to the specific soil conditions on campus.

Overall, the establishment of a comprehensive soil analysis program will ensure that the university grounds

remain healthy and sustainable for both plants and people

1.2 RATIONAL

The dump from local community’s industries laboratories amongst others affect the soil negatively as it

destabilizes the soil by contaminating it with the chemical impurities killing microorganisms like bacteria

which play an important role in humus formation. This limitation may affect both crops and living organisms

present around the area, so it is very important to carry out soil analysis to determine the physiochemical

8
parameters around the area and carry out conclusions and resolutions on how to minimize the problem faced

by the soil.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

1.3.1 MAIN OBJECTIVES

 To determine some physico-chemical parameters around dump sites and around non-dump sites in the

University of Buea.

1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE

 Carry out sampling

 Preparing of samples for carrying out soil analysis

 Carrying out of soil analysis

9
 CHATER 2: LITERARATURE REVIEW

Soil physicochemical properties play a crucial role in determining soil quality and fertility, and their

assessment is an essential component of soil management practices in agricultural and environmental settings.

Here are some relevant literature references on the physicochemical determination of soil in a university

context. Soil is the biologically active and porous medium that has developed in the uppermost layes of earth’s

crust. It serves as a reservoir of water and nutrients and a medium for the filtration and breakdown of injurious

wastes. Soil is the loose surface material that covers most land. It consists of organic particles and organic

matter. soil provides the structural support to plants used in agriculture and is also their source of water and

nutrients soil vary greatly in their chemical and physical properties. There are four main types of soil that is

sandy soil, clay or loam soil and silt soil, with others like alluvial soil, black cotton soil, red and yellow soil,

laterite soil, mountainous or forest soil and desert soil, saline and alkaline soil, peaty and marshy soil. The four

main types which are sandy, silt, clay and loam all got uses. The sandy soil is a type which is dry, light and

gritty and does not hold water well. Most sandy soils are acidic and lack a lot of nutrients. Because this soil

drains water quickly, this is one of the best types of soil to grow vegetables because of the good drainage and

because it warms up quickly. However, it doesn’t retain nutrients throughout the growing season adding

compost or manure for example is an excellent way to enhance sandy soil. Silt soil is parked with nutrients as

it originates from river sediments. It’s one of the best types of soil for gardening as a lot of plants flourish in

silt. The particles are medium sized therefore retain water quite well but drainage can become a problem. An

issue with silt soil is that it is easily compacted, this is because a problem with downpour of rain that can wash

it away or if its continually walked on. Adding organic matter to create larger clumps of soil can resolve the

issue

Clay soils can be very difficult for inexperienced gardeners. It’s very heavy and holds a lot of nutrients which

is good. However, it also holds a high amount of water and drains very slowly. This means that it remains very

moist and wet in winter and dries out and cracks in summer. Clay soil is useful for growing crops such as

wheat but needs to be amended with organic matter. Loam soil is a mixture of the three previous different

types of soil, sand, silt and clay. The combination works to create fertile, rich soil that offsets the negative

characteristics of the three soil on their own. There is always a dominant component that can make this soil a

sandy loam or clay loam. This is actually on of the best types of soils for plants and gardening and experienced

10
gardeners and beginners alike will love working with it. The mixture of particles holds a lot of nutrients and

has excellent drainage the perfect condition for growing the soil is often referred to as agricultural soil because

of the perfect balance of properties.

Soil contamination occurs when human made chemicals, such as hydrocarbons and heavy metals find their

way into the earth altering the natural soil environment. Generally, soil contamination is cited as a

consequence of non-organic farming particles, industrial activity and improper waste disposal. Common

chemicals involved in soil contamination include petroleum hydrocarbons, leads, solvents, pesticides and

poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons such as naphthalene. Pesticides and insecticides which are designated to

destroy pest and insects and herbicides which are designated to kill weeds are used by farmers in order to

protect their crops. Synthetic pesticides, insecticides and herbicides are created in the laboratory using a

combination of chemicals. In the past the use of synthetic pesticides, insecticides and herbicides has resulted

in soil contamination. Improper waste disposal has also lead to soil contamination. Treated sewage, also

known as bio solids, is sometimes used as a fertilizer. Higher in contaminants than other fertilizer, the use of

bio solid fertilizers ought to be subject to greater regulation. In addition, munitions may also cause soil

contamination, the chemicals present in biological weapons and other types of weapons can leach into soil,

greatly upsetting its natural balance. Soil pollution causes a chain of reactions, it alters soil biodiversity,

reduces soil organic matter and soils capability to act as a filter. It also contaminates the water stored in the

soil and ground water and causes an imbalance of soil nutrients. Among the most common soil pollutants are

heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants and emerging pollutants like pharmaceuticals and personal care

products. (Brady, N.C. et al 2016). The nature and properties of soils. Pearson Publishers. This comprehensive

textbook provides an overview of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils and their

measurement methods (Clark, R.B. 2001) Understanding soil acidity: A handbook for consultants, growers,

and agricultural professionals. CRC Press. This book focuses on the measurement and management of soil

acidity, which is an important soil property that affects plant growth and nutrient availability (Gee, G.W., &

Bauder, J.W. 1986). Particle-size analysis. In A. Klute (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 1Physical and

Mineralogical Methods (2nd ed., pp. 383-411). American Society of Agronomy. This chapter describes the

particle size analysis method, which is used to determine the distribution of particle sizes in a soil sample.

(Nelson, D.W., & Sommers, L.E. 1996). Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In D.L. Sparks et

11
al. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 3—Chemical Methods (pp. 961-1010). American Society of

Agronomy. This chapter presents methods for measuring total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter

content in soils (Olsen, S.R., & Sommers, L.E. 1982). Phosphorus. In A.L. Page et al. (Eds.), Methods of Soil

Analysis: Part 2—Chemical microbiological Properties (2nd ed., pp. 403-430). American Society of

Agronomy. This chapter describes the methods for measuring phosphorus content in soils, which is an

important nutrient for plant growth (Rhoades, J.D. 1996). Salinity: Electrical conductivity and total dissolved

solids. In D.L. Sparks et al. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 3—Chemical Methods (pp. 417-435).

American Society of Agronomy. This chapter presents methods for measuring soil salinity using electrical

conductivity and total dissolved solids (Soil Science Society of America 2017). Glossary of soil science terms.

Soil Science Society of America.

12
 CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 SOIL SAMPLING

Walked across the field in a “W” pattern aiming to collect the sample with the sampling tool

Used a towel to remove a slice of soil about 2.5cm wide ton sample depth and collected in a clean plastic

paper. Furthermore, slices were taken in the same way from different parts of the field until all samples

collected.

3.2 DETERMINATION OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF SOIL

MOISTURE CONTENT DETERMINATION AND CLEANED

Four crucibles were dried in the oven and weight recorded. 40g of soil sample was placed in the crucible and

weight of sample and crucible determined and recorded. the crucible with soil content was then placed in an

oven to about 1500C – 2000C for some hours After drying the crucible with its content was removed from the

oven and allowed to cool

The weight of the crucible and its content was determined and recorded after cooling. The moisture factor MF

was used to calculate the moisture content in the experiment

W 2−W 1
Moisture factor MF =
W 3−W 1

Where; W1= weight of tin(g), W2 = weight of moisture soil + tin (g),

W3 = weight of dried soil + tin (g)

13
3.3 DETERMINATION OF PH

20g of each soil sample was weighed and put in a 100ml beaker 25ml of distilled water was added to the

sample. The suspension was left for 30 minutes with occasional stiring using glass rod in order to enable it

reach equilibrium. The suspension was determined using a PH meter.

3.4 DETERMINATION OF SOIL CONDUCTIVITY

20g of each sample was weighed and put into a 100ml beaker 25ml of distilled water was added to the sample

the suspension was left for 30 minutes with occasional stirring using glass rod in order to enable it reach

equilibrium. the conductivity of the suspension was determined using a conductivity meter

3.5 DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC MATTER CONTENT

The mass of four emptied and cleaned crucibles was recorded and determined (MP). Part of the entire oven-

dried test from moisture content experiment was placed in the crucible and soil specimen was determined and

recorded(MOPS). The crucible containing the soil specimen was placed in an oven and temperature gradually

increased to about 6000C and left overnight. The crucible was removed carefully using tongs since it was very

hot and allowed to cool and the mass of each determined and recorded.

MO
The organic matter content % was calculated using OM% = × 100
MD

Where; MO = MD – MA,

MD = MPPS – MP,

MA = MPA – MP

14
 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS

4.1 PHYSIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOIL

The physiochemical analysis of the soil samples includes: PH, organic matter, moisture content, conductivity

expressed on a tabular form

samples PH conductivity Organic matter Moisture

% content
NDS1 5.67 0.92 18.28% 1.098
NDS2 5.57 0.79 17.7% 1.1055
DS1 6.43 0.25 16.97% 1.0872
DS2 6.30 0.26 17.5% 1.0819

To carry out a statistical comparison, we use the t-test, assuming that S1 and S2 are the same, where, S =

standard deviation

Calculation

t=
[ X 1−X 2]
spooled √ n1n2
n1+n 2
, s = √ ∑ xi 2−¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ¿ ,

√
2
S 2 1 ( n1−1 ) +S 2( n2−1)
spooled = = degree of freedom
(n 1+ n 2−2)

4.2 PH STATISTICS

NDS( non-dumped site) DS( dumped site)

S1 = 0.0707 S2 = 0.184
X 1(mean 1 ) = 5.62 X 2 (mean 2) = 6.365
n1 = 2 n2 = 2

15
Spooled value = 0.1394

t= calculated = 5.344
Degree of freedom = (n1 + n2 – 2) = 2
t-table at 95% C.I = 4.303

4.3 CONDUCTIVITY STATISTICS

DS( dumped site) NDS( non-dumped site

S1 = 0.0707 S2 = 0.092
X 1(mean 1 ) = 0.225 X 2 (mean 2) = 0.855

Spooled value = 0.082

t= calculated = 7.682
Degree of freedom = 2
t-table at 95% C.I = 4.303

4.4 MOISTURE STATISTICS

DS( dumped site) NDS( non-dumped site

S1 = 0.038 S2 = 0.0583
X 1(mean 1 ) = 1.08455 X 2 (mean 2) = 1.10175

Spooled value = 0.0492

t= calculated = 0.349
t-table at 95% C.I = 4.303

4.5 ORGANIC MATTER STATISTICS

NDS( non-dumped site) DS( dumped site)

S1 = 0.0424 S2 = 0.0412
X 1(mean 1 ) = 0.172 X 2 (mean 2) = 0.1799

Spooled value = 0.0418

t= calculated = 1.645
t-table at 95% C.I = 4.303

16
 CHAPTER 5: DISSCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 DISCUSIONS

Soil parameters play a crucial role in determining the productivity and fertility of soil. In a university setting,

physico-chemical determination of soil parameters involves the analysis of various physical and chemical

properties of soil samples collected from different locations.

Physical parameters of soil that are commonly analyzed in a university setting include soil texture, bulk

density, porosity, water holding capacity, and soil structure. Soil texture refers to the proportion of sand, silt,

and clay particles in soil samples and is determined using methods such as the hydrometer method or the laser

diffraction method. Bulk density, which is the mass of dry soil per unit volume, is commonly determined

using the core sampling method. Porosity, which is the proportion of pore spaces in soil, can be determined

using the water displacement method or the mercury intrusion porosimetry method. Water holding capacity,

which is the amount of water that soil can hold, is determined using the pressure plate method.

Chemical parameters of soil that are commonly analyzed in a university setting include soil pH, electrical

conductivity, organic matter content, and nutrient levels. Soil pH refers to the acidity or alkalinity of soil and

17
is determined using a pH meter or a colorimetric method. Electrical conductivity, which is a measure of the

ability of soil to conduct electrical current, is commonly determined using the saturation extract method.

Organic matter content, which is the amount of decomposed organic material in soil, can be determined using

the Walkley-Black method or the loss-on-ignition method. Nutrient levels such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and

potassium are commonly determined using methods such as the Kjeldahl method or the inductively coupled

plasma method.

Various instruments and equipment are used to carry out physico-chemical analysis of soils in a university

setting. These include pH meters, conductivity meters, spectrophotometers, atomic absorption spectrometers,

and gas chromatographs.

5.2 CONCLUSION

The physiochemical studies of parameters are very important to a chemist for plant growth and soil

management. From results above we see the non-dumped sites have a favorable PH ranging from 5.67 – 5.57 a

favorable conductivity which is not too high ranging from 0.79 – 0.92, a high percentage of organic matter

ranging from 18.28% - 17.7 % a good moisture content ranging from 1.098 – 1.1055 indicating better

favorable conditions than the dump sites which have a PH from 6.43 – 6.30, low conductivity ranging from

0.25 – 0.26, low organic matter percentage from 16.97% -17.5%, low moisture content 1.0872 – 1.0819,

which equally indicates that dumping dirt’s distorts the management, stability and properties of the soil and if

care is not taken properly may cause several damage in the future.

5.3 RECOMMENDATION

Soil analysis is an important tool for determining the physicochemical properties of soil, which are crucial for

plant growth and health. Here are some common physicochemical parameters that are analyzed in soil testing:

1. pH: Soil pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of the soil and is an important factor in determining

nutrient availability for plants.

2. Organic matter content: Organic matter in soil provides nutrients for plant growth, improves soil structure,

and enhances water-holding capacity.

18
3. Nutrient content: Soil nutrient content, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium,

sulfur, and micronutrients, is important for plant growth and productivity.

4. Cation exchange capacity (CEC): CEC is a measure of the soil's ability to hold onto positively charged ions,

such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium, which are important for plant growth.

5. Electrical conductivity: Electrical conductivity measures the soil's ability to conduct an electrical current

and can be an indicator of soil salinity.

6. Texture: Soil texture refers to the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay particles in the soil and can

affect water-holding capacity and nutrient availability.

19
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20
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21
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The Role of the Prime Minister in France, 1981–1991

23
Idem, ibidem, op. cit. These are not used in APA style. Always use the Author (Year) and
(Author, Year) formats.