Updated Adc Manual 2021-22

Communication Lab-18ECL67 2022-23
DON BOSCO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Kumbalagodu, Mysore Road, Bengaluru - 560074
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-23
LABORATORY MANUAL
SUBJECT: COMMUNICATION LAB

SUB CODE: 18ECL67
SEMESTER: VI
Lab Handling Faculty:

1. Dr. Shashiranjan R
2. Roopa B S
3. Mrs.Shubha G N: Lab Incharge
4. Nandini A S
Dept of ECE, DBIT, Bangalore Page 1

WAYANAMAC EDUCATION TRUST
INSTITUTIONAL MISSION AND VISION
VISION
To be a center of excellence to transform young minds in technical and management education fostering
innovation and entrepreneurial skills with ethical, environmental and social responsibility.
MISSION
M1: To impart quality education in order to meet the needs of industry and society.
M2: To collaborate with academia, industry and research institutes to strengthen teaching and learning
process.
M3: To promote equitable and harmonious development of students to work in teams.
M4: To imbibe lifelong learning skills and entrepreneurial skills exhibiting leadership.

DEPARTMENT VISION AND MISSION
VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT:

To nurture and disseminate the body of knowledge in the field of electronics and communication
engineering along with ethical values to serve the society globally.
MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT:

M1. To impart knowledge through teaching learning process that builds strong concepts in Electronics
and Communication Engineering.
M2. To inculcate technical, professional, managerial and leadership skills.
M3. To nurture students to provide sustainable solutions keeping environmental considerations and ethical
practices.
PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

1. Graduates shall be able to employ the acquired engineering knowledge for technological development
and management.
2. Graduates shall be able to exhibit Life-long learning acquired through specialized technical training,
higher education and professional activities.
3. Graduates shall be able to solve engineering issues from a broader social perspective for contributing to
the needs of the society.
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

1. Ability to analyze and design electronic components and subsystems in the areas of communication and
signal processing.
2. Ability to design embedded systems and VLSI circuits to realize products for societal needs using
relevant tools and technologies.
3. To inculcate managerial skills with ethical and human values for a sustainable society.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

Engineering Graduates will be able to:
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals,

and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and
engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design
system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the
public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods
including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to
provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an
understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal,
health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional
engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in
societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the
engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse
teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and
design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and
management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to
manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

Course Learning Objectives:
This course will enable students to,

▪ Design and test the communication circuits for different analog modulation schemes.
▪ Design and demonstrate the digital modulation techniques.
▪ Demonstrate and measure the wave propagation in microstrip antennas.
▪ Characteristics of microstrip devices and measurement of its parameters.
▪ Understand the probability of error computations of coherent digital modulation schemes.
Course Outcomes:
On the completion of this laboratory course, the students will be able to:
▪ Design and test circuits for analog modulation and demodulation schemes AM,FM.
▪ Determine the characteristics and response of microwave waveguide.
▪ Determine characteristics of microstrip antennas and devices and compute the parameters
associated with it.
▪ Design and test the digital and analog modulation circuits and display the waveforms.
▪ Simulate the digital modulation systems and compare the error performance of basic digital
modulation schemes.

Laboratory Experiments
Syllabus
Revised
Bloom’s
PART-A: Experiments No. 1 to 5 has to be performed using discrete
Taxonomy
components.
EXPT (RBT)
NO Level
Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation: i) Standard AM, ii)DSBSC (LM741
1 L1,L2,L3
and LF398 ICs can be used)
2 Frequency modulation and demodulation ( IC 8038/2206 can be used) L1,L2,L3
3 Pulse sampling, flat top sampling and reconstruction L1,L2,L3
4 Time Division Multiplexing and DE multiplexing of two band limited signals. L1,L2,L3
5 FSK and PSK generation and detection L1,L2,L3
Measurement of frequency, guide wavelength, power, VSWR and attenuation in
6 L1,L2,L3
microwave test bench.
Obtain the Radiation Pattern and Measurement of directivity and gain of micro strip
7 L1,L2,L3
Dipole and Yagi antennas.
Determination of
a. Coupling and isolation characteristics of micro strip directional coupler.
8 b. Resonance characteristics of micro strip ring resonator and computation of L1,L2,L3
dielectric constant of the substrate.
c. Power division and isolation of micro strip power divider.
PART-B: Simulation Experiments using SCILAB/MATLAB/Simulink or Lab
VIEW
Simulate NRZ, RZ, half-sinusoid and raised cosine pulses and generate eye diagram
9-S1 L1,L2,L3
for binary polar signalling.
10-S2 Pulse code modulation and demodulation system. L1,L2,L3
Computations of the Probability of bit error for coherent binary ASK, FSK and PSK
11-S3 L1,L2,L3
for an AWGN Channel and Compare them with their Performance curves.
Digital Modulation Schemes i) DPSK Transmitter and receiver, ii) QPSK
12-S4 L1,L2,L3
Transmitter and Receiver.

LAB CYCLE
LINEAR ICS AND COMMUNICATION LAB(18ECL67)
CYCLE OF EXPERIMENTS
CYCLE-1
1. Simulate NRZ, RZ, half-sinusoid and raised cosine pulses and generate eye
diagram for binary polar signalling.
2. Pulse code modulation and demodulation system.
3. Computations of the Probability of bit error for coherent binary ASK, FSK and
PSK for an AWGN Channel and Compare them with their Performance curves.
4. Digital Modulation Schemes i) DPSK Transmitter and receiver, ii) QPSK
Transmitter and Receiver.
CYCLE-2
5. Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation: i) Standard AM, ii)DSBSC (LM741 and

LF398 ICs can be used)
6. Frequency modulation and demodulation ( IC 8038/2206 can be used)
7. Pulse sampling, flat top sampling and reconstruction
8. Time Division Multiplexing and DE multiplexing of two band limited signals.
CYCLE-3
9. FSK and PSK generation and detection

10. Measurement of frequency, guide wavelength, power, VSWR and attenuation in
11. microwave
Obtain the Radiation
test bench.Pattern and Measurement of directivity and gain of micro
12 strip Dipole andofYagi antennas.
Determination
a. Coupling and isolation characteristics of micro strip directional coupler.
b. Resonance characteristics of micro strip ring resonator and computation of
dielectric constant of the substrate.
c. Power division and isolation of micro strip power divider.

EXPERIMENT 1
A. AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Amplitude modulation using transistor/FET (Generation and detection)
1. AM USING TRANSISTOR
AIM: To conduct an experiment to generate an AM signal using transistors & to find its modulation Index.
Also demodulate the AM signal using diode envelope detector circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Transistor SL100, Resistors 10Ω, 10KΩ, 150 KΩ, Capacitors 0.1µF(3nos),
0.01µF, 0.001µF, 470 pF, Discrete Inductance 100 H, AFT, Diode 0A79, Two Signal generators, Dual
Trace CRO.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fig 1: Transistor AM generator (Collector Modulator).

DESIGN:
Tank Circuit: Let the Carrier frequency be 700 KHz.
1
With L = 100H, we have from 𝑓𝑡 = ; C=515.94 pF;
2𝜋√𝐿𝐶
Nearest available is 470pF. Use C= 470pF
The new tank frequency is 𝑓𝑡 = 733.4 KHz  Tc = (1/ft) = 1.36 s

RB.CB>>Tc with RB = 10K, we can use CB=0.01F

RE = 10 (Arbitrary, may be for the purpose of displaying emitter voltage wave form to
illustrate class C operation) CE = 0.1F for effectively bypassing RE at 𝑓𝑡
For 100% modulation, maximum voltage that appears across collector and base of the transistor =
4Vcc.This voltage shall not exceed VCBO Max specified by the manufacturer. For SL100 transistor, VCBO
Max = 45 V Vcc <11.25 V. We use Vcc = 10 V
WAVE FORM

Fig 2: Expected output wave forms
DEMODULATION CIRCUIT:
Fig 3: Demodulator using Diode Envelope detector.
DESIGN:
For Envelope detector: Rd Cd >1/fc.
Let Rd Cd =100/fc where fc = ft =733.4 KHz
Then Rd Cd=100/733.4103 = 0.136 mS.
Choose Cd=0.001µf, then Rd= 136.35 KΩ. Select Rd = 150KΩ (Nearest available higher value)

Fig 4: Detector output wave form
PROCEURE:
1. Make the connections shown in the circuit diagram.(Fig 1)

2. Switch on the Carrier signal generator connected to the base i/p and adjust the frequency in the range of
730 KHz to 740 KHz so as to get a maximum undistorted output.
3. Increase i/p signal level until the o/p remains undistorted.
4. Now switch on modulating signal generator connected to the input of the audio frequency transformer.
Observe the AM output on the CRO.
5. As you vary m(t), the depth of modulation also varies.
6. If the output wave form is not satisfactory, slightly reduce magnitude of c(t) and adjust.
7. By connecting two capacitors across primary and secondary of the AFT, you can bypass the RF signal
and get an improved waveform.
8. Measure Vmax and Vmin as indicated on the diagram.
9. Compute the percentage of modulation OR the depth of modulation using the formula:
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚= × 100 %
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
10. Feed m(t) to channel A (or X input) and c(t) to channel B (or Y input) and press the XY mode button.
You will see a trapezoidal pattern. As shown in the diagram.
11. Measure L1 and L2 as indicated. Compute Modulation Index using the formula:
𝐿1 − 𝐿2
𝑚= × 100 %
𝐿1 + 𝐿2
12. If you interchange the inputs to the CRO, the trapezoidal pattern would be rotated by 900
13. Make the detector circuit connections as shown in the diagram. (Fig 3)

14. Observe the o/p on the CRO and record the nature of the o/p.
15. Connect resistors of 47K, 68K, 100K 180K and 220K in place of 150K. Observe what happens as you
vary the time constant Rd.Cd.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Sl. Vm (P-P) VMax VMin m

No.
1
2
3
4
Vm = 5V (P-P) Constant
RESULTS: Write your observations on the behavior of the modulator and demodulator circuits.

B. DSBSC generation using Balance Modulator IC 1496/1596.

AIM: To study the generation of DSBSC using Balanced modulator IC 1496/1596
BACKGROUND:
DSBSC is a modulation system similar but different to AM. Like AM, DSBSC uses a microphone or some
other transducer to convert speech and music to an electrical signal called the message or baseband signal.
The message signal is then used to electrically very the amplitude of a pure sinewave called the carrier.
And like AM, the carrier usually has a frequency that is much higher than the message’s frequency.
Figure 1 below shows a simple message signal and an unmodulated carrier. It also shows the result of
modulating the carrier with the message using DSBSC.

Figure 1
So far, there doesn’t appear to be much difference between AM and DSBSC. However, consider Figure 2
below. It is the DSBSC signal at the bottom of Figure 1 but with dotted lines added to track the signal’s
envelopes (that is, its positive peaks and negative peaks). If you look at the envelopes closely you’ll notice
that they’re not the same shape at the message as is the case with AM.
Figure 2

Instead, alternating halves of the envelope form the same shape as the message as shown in Figure 3 below.
Figure 3
Another way that DCBSC is different to AM can be understood by considering the mathematical model
that defines the DSBSC signal:
DSBSC = the message x the carrier
When the message is a simple sinewave (like in Figure 1) the equation’s solution (which necessarily
involves some trigonometry) tells us that the DSBSC signal consists of two sinewaves:
• One with a frequency equal to the some of the carrier and message frequencies
• One with a frequency equal to the difference between the carrier and message frequencies
Importantly, the DSBSC signal doesn’t contain a sinewave at the carrier frequency. This is a important
difference between DSBSC and AM.
That said, as the solution to the equation shows, DSBSC is the same as AM in that a pair of sinewaves is
generated for every sinewave in the message. And, like Am, one is higher than the unmodulated carrier’s
frequency and the other is lower. As message signals such as speech and music are made up of thousands
of sinewaves, thousands of pairs of sinewaves are generated in the DSBSC signal that sit on either side of
the carrier frequency. These two groups are called the sidebands.

So, the presence of both sidebands but the absence of the carrier gives us the name of this modulation
method – double-sideband, suppressed carrier (DSBSC).
The carrier in AM makes up at least 66% of the signal’s power but it doesn’t contain any part of the
original message and is only needed for tuning. So by not sending the carrier, DSBSC offers a substantial
power saving over AM and is its main advantage.

EXPERIMENT 2.
FREQUENCY MODULATION
.Frequency modulation using IC 8038/2206 and demodulation.
AIM: To design & conduct an experiment to generate FM wave using IC XR2206 & to find the parameters
the modulation index β, the bandwidth of operation BT & maximum frequency deviation δ.
𝟏
DESIGN: Rest frequency is given by 𝒇𝒄 = ; where C = C1 and R = R1 || R2
𝑹𝑪
For the values indicated on the circuit diagram, fc = 200 KHz
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FM generation using ICL8038

The carrier frequency depends on RA, RB and C. If RA=RB=R then f = 0.33/RC = 1/3RC
Thus for f = 33 KHz, C =0.001µf we get R = 10K. Take RL = 10K. Verify the performance of the circuit.
PROCEDURE:
Part A: Deviation Sensitivity

The Deviation Sensitivity is the amount of frequency deviation of the carrier for every volt of amplitude
change in the modulating signal. In the case of the circuit above, the XR2206 is configured to vary the
carrier frequency away from the rest frequency inversely to the applied voltage. Follow the steps below to
determine the Deviation Sensitivity in Hz per Volt.
Make the connections as shown in the diagram.
Connect a 12 V power supply to the Modulator as indicated and apply power.
Connect another DC power supply in place of the Modulating Signal. Set the power supply to 0V DC.
(This provides No Modulation at this point.)
Connect the Oscilloscope to the Modulated Output pin and adjust R3 until a sine wave with minimum
distortion is seen.
The signal you are seeing at this point is the un-modulated Rest Frequency of the carrier. Record it’s
amplitude and frequency below:
Rest frequency:____________________ Amplitude:___________________ Vpp

Are the measured and calculated values the same?
Modulate the carrier by varying the DC voltage and measuring the resulting frequency of the Modulated
waveform on the scope. Fill in the table below then graph the result. From the graph the inverse of the
slope is the frequency sensitivity in Hz/V.
DC Bias
+ 3 Volts + 2 Volts + 1 Volt - 1 Volt - 2 Volts - 3 Volts
Voltage
Modulated
Output
Frequency
From your table calculate the Deviation Sensitivity (k) of the Modulator and compare to the slope of the
graph.
∆𝑓
𝑘=
∆𝑉


EXPERIMENT 3
SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTION

AIM: To Demonstrate Pulse sampling, flat top sampling and reconstruction
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Transistor SL100, Op-Amps µA741 (2 Nos.) Resistors 10KΩ (5Nos),
Capacitors 0.1µF (1No), Two Signal generators, Dual Trace CRO
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

DESIGN:
The Input side op-amp circuit is a non-inverting amplifier. You can design it to have a gain of 2 by
choosing Ri = Rf =10K.
The resistor R shown at the output of the amplifier is optional and arbitrarily chosen as 10K. This will
ensure that the current drawn by the op amp output when the transistor conducts is within the limits. Same
argument holds for RL at the output of the second op amp.
Thus all resistors are chosen to be 10K.
For the reconstruction circuit, choose C = 0.1 µF and find R=1/2TsC, where Ts is the period of the
sampling signal. For fs=10 KHz, Ts=0.1ms and we get R=15.9 K. use R= 15K.
PROCEDURE:
1. The circuits are connected as per the circuit diagrams shown.

2. The wave forms shown on the diagrams are general in nature. To study the process of sampling and
reconstruction, choose the frequency of the input signal to be 5 KHz.
3. Set the square wave signal frequency at 5 KHZ (Under sampling), 10 KHz(Critical sampling) and
20KHZ (Over sampling).
4. In all the 3 cases, carefully note down the sampled outputs and the corresponding reconstructed
outputs.
5. Save all waveforms in your DSO, Take printout and paste in your record.
6. Try for different frequency combinations.

EXPERIMENT NO. 4
Time Division Multiplexing

AIM: To study the generation and detection of TDM of two band limited signals.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: SL-100(3No’s), Op-Amp-μA741, Resistors-10kΩ (3 Nos), 1KΩ (3 No’s), 15KΩ

(2No’s), Capacitors- 1μF (2 No’s), Function generators, Power supplies, Oscilloscope
THEORY: Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a technique used for transmitting several analog message signals
over a single communication channel by dividing the time frame in to number of slots such that one message signal
is modulated in each slot. The modulated signals are combined and transmitted. TDM enables the utilization of a
common communication channel by plurality of independent message sources without mutual interference among
them.
At the receiver, the de-multiplexer separates the individual modulated signals and demodulates them
individually.(De-multiplexed outputs are again individual PAM signals and, an RC low pass filter is used to
reconstruct the corresponding message signal). The shapes of the signals at different points are depicted in figure as
shown.
TDM Modulator

TDM to PAM Converter
TDM Demodulator

PROCEDURE:
Generation
• Setup the circuit as shown in figure for generation part.

• Apply m1(t)=3Vp-p, 1kHz, m2(t)= 3Vp-p, 500Hz Sine wave.
• Apply C(t) = 3Vp-p, 5kHz Square wave.
• Observe PAM1 & PAM2 outputs.
• PAM1 & PAM2 both signals are added by using Non-inverting summer resulting in the TDM signal.
• Observe TDM waveform on a dual channel oscilloscope.
Demodulation
• For the demodulation, refer to the circuit shown.

• Observe the reconstructed message signals at the junction of RC combination and compare them with
the original message signals.
Waveforms:
RESULT: Study and observe different wave forms. Answer how this concept may be extended to more than two
base band signals.

EXPERIMENT NO. 5
FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING (FSK) GENERATION AND

DETECTION
AIM: FSK generation and detection.
APPARATUS: Transistor SL100 and SK100, resistors capacitors, op amp, 0A79 diode, power supply, CRO.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
4.7K
+12V
-2
10K 7
LM741 6 FSK o/p
4 10K
+3
-12V 0.01F
10K
0.01F 47K
10K
SL100
m(t)
FSK MODULATOR:
DESIGN:
f0 = 1 / 2πRC,
C = 0.01µF, R = 10KΩ, f0 = 1.6 KHz
f1 = 1 / 2πRxC ; f1 = 2.25kHz,
𝑹𝒙 = √𝑹(𝑹𝒄 || 𝑹)

FSK DEMODULATOR:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connection is made as shown in circuit diagram.

2. The modulating signal m(t) is chosen to be low freq (300Hz) square wave.
3. The 10K pot is varied so as to get proper FSK output.
4. Record the wave and calculate the 2 frequencies of operation of Wien bridge oscillator.

WAVE FORMS:
DEMODULATION WAVEFORMS:
RESULT: Study and observe different wave forms. Write your comments on the results obtained.

PHASE SHIFT KEYING (PSK) GENERATION AND DETECTION
AIM: To study Phase Shift keying generation and detection.
APPARATUS: Transistor SL100, resistor, capacitor, OP Amp, µA 741, signal generator, diode.
PSK MODULATOR:
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure above.

2. Give square wave signal frequency 200 to 500Hz and 5V peak-to-peak amplitude as the binary
digital data input.
3. The carrier signal of frequency 2 to 5KHz sine wave is applied
4. Observe the PSK output waveform obtained on the CRO.
5. Connect the PSK signal to the PSK demodulator circuit shown in figure below and also the carrier.
6. Observe the demodulated output of the decision logic on the CRO. Compare this with the original
modulating signal used in the PSK modulator. Record the results.
PSK DEMODULATOR:

THRESHOLD DETECTOR
NON INVERTING ADDER +12V
OA79
+12V ASK i /p -2
7
-2 0.1F LM741 6
7 10K
4 Demodulated o/p
15K LM741 6 ASK o/p Envelope
BPSK +3
4
detector -12V
c(t) +3
-12V
15K
1K POT
WAVEFORMS:
Q1
Q2
m(t)
c(t)
BPSK
ASK
Vref
VT
Demodulated o/p
Result: Write your comment on the working and performance of the circuit given to you.
DPSK GENERATION AND DETECTION

[For Reference only related to PART-B Experiment No. 4]
AIM: To Study various steps involved in generating DPSK signal at the modulation and the recovery of
the binary signal from the received DPSK signal.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED: DPSK Trainer kit, Power chords, 20 MHz Dual trace CRO,
Power supply.
THEORY:
Differential phase shift keying (DPSK), a common form of phase modulation conveys data by changing the
phase of carrier wave. In Phase shift keying, High state contains only one cycle but DPSK contains one and
half cycle. High state is represented by a M in modulated signal and low state is represented by a wave
which appears like W in modulated signal DPSK encodes two distinct signals of same frequency with 180
degree phase difference between the two.
Input Seq, bk 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 Input Seq, bk 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
WAVEFORMS:

dk-1 (Assume, 0) 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 dk-1 ( Assume, 1 ) 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
DPSKencoded 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 DPSK encoded 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1

data, dk data, dk
Transmitted 0 π π 0 0 0 0 π Transmitted π 0 0 π π π π 0
phase phase
Calculations: dk = bk + dk-1
DPSK GENERATION:
Encoded
data, dk
I/p binary
Seq, bk DPSK
Level shifter
Signal
dk-1
Carrier
Tb, one bit
delay
WAVEFORMS:


PROCEDURE:
1. Select either 600 bps or 1200 bps clock.

2. Connect the power supply to the kit.
3. Switch off the power. Connect the probe to the CRO.
4. Connect measuring probe of the CRO to SEL CLK.
5. Using patch cords given connect the clock and data.
6. Connect the CRO probe to SEL CLK.
7. Adjust the DIP switch to any digital pattern of 8 bits.
8. Observe the DPSK waveform on the CRO.
9. Also observe the signals at all points of the circuit.
10. Plot the graph for given Input sequence
11. At the receiver section, observe the reconstructed data.
Result: Study and observe different wave forms. Write your comments on the results obtained.

QPSK GENERATION AND DETECTION

AIM: To Study various steps involved in generating QPSK signal at the modulation and the
recovery of the binary signal from the received QPSK signal.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED: QPSK Trainer kit, Power chords, 20 MHz Dual trace CRO,
Power supply.
THEORY: Sometimes this is known as quaternary PSK, quadriphase PSK, 4-PSK, or 4-QAM.
(Although the root concepts of QPSK and 4-QAM are different, the resulting modulated radio
waves are exactly the same.) QPSK uses four points on the constellation diagram, equispaced
around a circle. With four phases, QPSK can encode two bits per symbol, shown in the diagram
with gray coding to minimize the bit error rate (BER) — sometimes misperceived as twice the
BER of BPSK.The mathematical analysis shows that QPSK can be used either to double the data
rate compared with a BPSK system while maintaining the same bandwidth of the signal, or
to maintain the data-rate of BPSK but halving the bandwidth needed. In this latter case, the BER
of QPSK is exactly the same as the BER of BPSK - and deciding differently is a common
confusion when considering or describing QPSK.
Given that radio communication channels are allocated by agencies such as the Federal
Communication Commission giving a prescribed (maximum) bandwidth, the advantage of QPSK
over BPSK becomes evident: QPSK transmits twice the data rate in a given bandwidth compared
to BPSK - at the same BER. The engineering penalty that is paid is that QPSK transmitters and
receivers are more complicated than the ones for BPSK. However, with
modern electronics technology, the penalty in cost is very moderate.
As with BPSK, there are phase ambiguity problems at the receiving end, and differentially
encoded QPSK is often used in practice.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
QPSK GENERATION:
QPSK DETECTION:

WAVEFORM:
RESULT: Study and observe different wave forms. Write your comments on the results obtained.

EXPERIMENT NO: 5
MICROWAVE TEST BENCH

AIM: To Measure the frequency, guide wavelength, power, VSWR, attenuation in a microwave
test bench.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Klystron power supply, klystron mount, isolator, frequency mount,
variable attenuator, detector mount, wave guide stands, oscilloscope, BNC cable, cooling fan.
THEORY:
The reflex klystron makes use of velocity modulation to transform a continuous electron beam
into microwave power. Electrons emitted from the cathode are accelerated and passed through the
positive resonator towards negative reflector, which reflects the electrons and the electrons turn
back through the resonator. Suppose the RF- field exists between the resonators, the electron
accelerated or retarded, as the voltage at an increased velocity and the retarded electrons leave at
the reduced velocity. As a result, returning electrons group together in bunches. As the electron
bunches pass through the resonator, they interact with the voltage at resonator grids. If the
bunches pass the grid at such a time that the electrons are slowed down by the voltage then energy
will be delivered to the resonator, and the klystron will oscillate. The frequency is primarily
determined by the dimensions of resonant cavity. Hence by changing the volume of the resonator,
mechanical tuning of the klystron is possible. A small frequency change can be obtained by
adjusting repeller voltage. This is called electronic tuning.

Block diagram:
Model graph:
Procedure:
1. Connect the components and equipment’s as shown in the block diagram.
2. Set the variable attenuator at the minimum attenuation position.
3. Set the mod. Switch of klystron power supply at CW position, beam voltage Control knob to fully
antic lock wise and repeller voltage control knob to fully clock wise.
4. Rotate the knob of the frequency meter at one side fully.
5. Connect dc mille ampere meter with detector.

6. Switch on the klystron power supply and cooling fan.

7. Put on the beam voltage switch (ht) and rotate the beam voltage knob slowly up to 240v.
8. Observe the beam current which do not increase more than 28mA. Do not change the beam voltage
while taking the readings.
9. Change the repeller voltage slowly and watch the current meter set the maximum deflection in the
ammeter.
10. Tune the plunger of klystron mount for maximum output.
11. Rotate the frequency meter slowly and stop at that position, where there is lowest output on mille
ampere meter. Read frequency meter between two horizontal red lines and vertical marker.
12. Change the reflector voltage and read the current and frequency for each repeller voltage to get
different modes of the klystron.
13. Note the readings in tabular column for every repeller voltage and draw the graph for klystron
modes.
Observations:
Beam voltage: _________Volts.
Beam current: _________mA.
Operating frequency of klystron = _________GHz.
Sl no Location of maxima in the slotted section Successive difference(Dn-Dn+1) in cm

Dn(cm)
1.
2.
3.
Calculate the guide wavelength as twice the distance between two successive minimum positions obtained
as above.
λg = 2(d2-d1) =____________________cm
Measure the wave-guide inner broad dimension 'a' which will be around 22.86 mm for X band.
λc = 2a =___________________cm
VSWR= Vmax/Vmin

1 1
f = c/ λ0 = c + 2 where c = 3*108 m/s
g 2
c
Result:
Power in db
Without attenuator:________ With attenuator:_________
Frequency in GHZ From calculation using
From freq meter:___________ formula:__________
VSWR reading
λg

EXPERIMENT NO: 6
MEASUREMENT OF DIRECTIVITY AND GAIN OF AN

ANTENNAS
AIM: Conduct an experiment to measure the Directivity and Gain of antennas.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Microwave signal source with modulation attenuator pad, detector,
VSWR meter, transmitting antenna, receiving antenna (rotatable)
THEORY:
In electromagnetic, directivity is a figure of merit for an antenna. It measures the power density the
antenna radiates in the direction of its strongest emission, versus the power density radiated by an
ideal isotropic radiator (which emits uniformly in all directions) radiating the same total power.
An antenna's directivity is a component of its gain; the other component is its (electrical) efficiency.
Directivity is an important measure because most emissions are intended to go in a particular direction or at
least in a particular plane (horizontal or vertical); emissions in other directions or planes are wasteful
(or worse).
The directivity of an actual antenna can vary from 1.76 dBi for a short dipole, to as much as 50 dBi for a
large dish antenna.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Procedure for measurement of Directivity:
1. Calculate the minimum distance to be maintained between the antennas.
2. Align the receiving antenna in line with transmitting antenna, in vertical polarization (H-plane),
3. Note the output power by rotating the receiving antenna in steps of 5 degrees in clockwise and
anticlockwise direction.
4. Turn the antennas to the horizontal position (E-plane), repeat steps two and three.
5. Plot the readings to obtain radiation pattern.
6. Calculate the directivity D

Procedure for measurement of Gain (Absolute gain method):
1. Calculate the minimum distance R to be maintained between the antennas.
2. Align the receiving antenna in line with transmitting antenna, in vertical polarization(H-plane),
3. Note the input power at point A of fig 2.
4. Note the output power by varying the distance R at the receiver.
𝑃𝑡
5. Plot √𝑃𝑟 versus R. Find the slope ‘S’ of the graph.
4𝜋
6. Calculate gain using the formulae: S= (𝜆0𝐺) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 Gain in dB = 10 log10 G.
Procedure for measurement of Gain(Comparison method):
1. Calculate the minimum distance R to be maintained between the antennas.
2. Align the receiving antenna (reference) in line with transmitting antenna, in vertical polarization
(H-plane).
3. Note the input power at point A of fig 2.
4. Note the output power Pref(dB).
5. Align the receiving antenna (test) in line with transmitting antenna in vertical polarization (H-
plane).
6. Note the output power (Ptest(dB)).
7. Calculate gain using the formula G(dB))=Gref(dB)+Ptest(dB)- Pref(dB).
8. Measure data for E-plane pattern: freq=______________HZ

Angle Relative Power level Angle Relative Power level

(degrees) (degrees)
VSWR meter Corrected Normalized VSWR Corrected Normalized
reading(db) value (db) value(db) meter value (db) value(db)
reading(db)
00 00
50 -50
100 -100
Measure data for H-plane pattern: freq=______________Hz.
Angle Relative Power level Angle Relative Power level

(degrees) (degrees)
VSWR meter Corrected Normalized VSWR Corrected Normalized
reading(db) value (db) value(db) meter value (db) value(db)
reading(db)
00 00
50 -50
100 -100
Absolute Gain measurement: freq=_________________HZ

R(cm) Pref(db) P’ref(db) ATTENUATOR Pt(db) Prec(db) P’rec(db) Pt-

Pt
PADS REMOVED P’rec P' rec
A (db)
(db)
5cm
Result:
Radiation Pattern is plotted and
HPBW =……degrees. Directivity =……
Gain (absolute method) = …… Gain (comparison method) = ……

EXPERIMENT NO: 7 a
DIRECTIONAL COUPLERS
AIM: To Measure the coupling and isolation characteristics of directional coupler.
VSWR meter.
THEORY:
Directional coupler symbol:
Input Through
1 2
4 3
Isolated Coupled
• All ports are matched.

• No power flows to port 4 from in the input port 1 (i.e., port 4 is “isolated”).
• Ports 2 and 3 are isolated (power incident on port 2 does not get to port 3 and vice versa).
• “A quadrature coupler is one in which the input is split into two signals (usually with a goal of
equal magnitudes) that are 90 degrees apart in phase. Types of quadrature couplers include
branchline couplers (also known as quadrature hybrid couplers), Lange couplers and overlay
couplers.”

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
b. Parallel line
a. Branched line
Procedure (for branched line coupler):
1. Set up the microwave test bench as shown in fig 5a.
2. Note the input power.
3. Insert the Directional Coupler with port1 to input, port2 to output and port3 and port 4 matched.
4. Note down the power level (S21(dB))-i.e Coupling
6. Note down the power level (S31(dB))-i.e direct output

8. Note down the power level (S31(dB))-i.e isolation
9. Vary the frequency and repeat steps 3 and 4
10. Plot the Transmission response (f vs S21)
Procedure (for Parallel line coupler):
1. Set up the microwave test bench as shown in fig 5b.
2. Note the input power.
4. Note down the power level (S21(dB))-i.e Coupling
6. Note down the power level (S31(dB))-i.e direct output
8. Note down the power level (S31(dB))-i.e isolation
BRANCHLINE:
Coupling readings:
Freq(GHZ) VSWR METER READING COUPLING

(db)=P’1i-P’3s
P1i P3s P’1i P’3s
2.3
2.4

2.8
Isolation readings:

(db)=P’1i-P’4s
2.3
2.4
2.8
PARALLEL LINE:
Coupling readings:

(db)=P’1i-P’3s
2.3
2.4

2.8
Isolation readings:

(db)=P’1i-P’4s
2.3
2.4
2.8
Result: The Coupling and isolation characteristics were studied and the transmission response is plotted
for both Branch line coupler and Parallel line coupler
Branch line coupler. Parallel line coupler.
Coupling =……dB. Coupling =……dB.
Isolation =……dB. Isolation =……dB.

EXPERIMENT NO: 7.b
RING RESONATOR
AIM: To Measure the resonance characteristics of a micro strip ring resonator and determination of
dielectric constant of the circuit.
VSWR meter.
THEORY:
Microstrip Design:
The Microstrip line it has become the best known and most widely used planar transmission line
for RF and Microwave circuits. This popularity and widespread use are due to its planar nature, ease of
fabrication using various processes, easy integration with solid-state devices, good heat sinking, and good
mechanical support.
In simple terms, Microstrip is the printed circuit version of a wire over a ground plane, and thus it
tends to radiate as the spacing between the ground plane and the strip increases. A substrate thickness of a
few percent of a wavelength (or less) minimizes radiation without forcing the strip width to be too narrow.
In contrast to Stripline, the two-media nature (substrate discontinuity) of Microstrip causes its
dominant mode to be hybrid (Quasi-TEM) not TEM, with the result that the phase velocity, characteristic
impedance, and field variation in the guide cross section all become mildly frequency dependent.
The Microstrip line is dispersive. With increasing frequency, the effective dielectric constant
gradually climbs towards that of the substrate, so that the phase velocity gradually decreases. This is true
even with a non-dispersive substrate material (the substrate dielectric constant will usually fall with
increasing frequency).
The Ring Resonator is another type of Distributed-Line resonator, where r is the median radius of
the ring. The ring will resonate at its fundamental frequency f0 when its median circumference is: 2πr ≈
λg0. The higher resonant modes occur at: f ≈ nf0 for n = 2, 3,. ..

The Microstrip Ring Resonator is a simple transmission line in which resonator is excited at certain
frequencies. Depending on the electrical length of the resonance a standing wave pattern forms around the
circular path of the resonator.
The maximum voltage of the standing wave occurs at the exciting point.The resonant frequencies
correspond to a condition where the parameter of the ring is an integer multiple of the guided wavelength.
Ring Resonator
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Procedure:
1. Set up the microwave test bench as shown in fig 3.
2. Keep the VSWR meter in low power range (-65 dB app).

3. Insert the ring resonator with port1 to input and port2 to output.
4. Vary the frequency slowly and note down the output power level.
5. Note down the frequency (fr) at which ‘droop’ in the power level occurs.
6. Calculate the 𝜀r using the formula
Where R=length of the line joining the two rings.

h=height of the substrate.
w=width
7. Plot the Transmission response (S21 vs f)
Result: The ring resonator response is studied and the transmission response is plotted.
Resonant frequency =……GHz.
𝜀r =……

EXPERIMENT NO: 7.c
POWER DIVIDER
AIM: To Measure the POWER division and isolation characteristics of power divider.
VSWR meter.
THEORY:
In the field of microwave engineering and circuit design, the Wilkinson Power Divider is a specific class
of power divider circuit that can achieve isolation between the output ports while maintaining a matched
condition on all ports. The Wilkinson design can also be used as a power combiner because it is made up
of passive components and hence reciprocal. First published by Ernest J. Wilkinson in 1960, this circuit
finds wide use in radio frequency communication systems utilizing multiple channels since the high degree
of isolation between the output ports prevents crosstalk between the individual channels.
It uses quarter wave transformers, which can be easily fabricated as quarter wave lines on printed
circuit boards. It is also possible to use other forms of transmission line (e.g. coaxial cable) or lumped
circuit elements (inductors and capacitors).
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig: RING RESONATOR
Observations:
Power divider Readings:
Freq(GHZ) VSWR METER READING POWER POWER

DIVISION DIVISION
P1i P2s P3s P’1i P’2s P’3s
P’1i-P’2s P’1i-P’3s
2.3
2.8

Isolation Readings:
Freq(GHZ) VSWR METER READING ISOLATION
P2i P3s P’2i P’3s P’2i-P’3s
2.3
2.8
Procedure:
1. Set up the microwave test bench as shown in fig 4.Note the input power.
2. Insert the Power divider with port1 to input, port2 to output and port3 matched.
3. Note down the power level (S21(dB))-power division
4. Insert the Power divider with port1 to input, port3 to output and port2 matched.
5. Note down the power level (S31(dB))-power division
8. Note down the power level (S23(dB))-isolation.
Result: The power division and isolation characteristics were studied and the transmission response is
plotted.
Power division =……dB. Isolation =……dB.

\EXPERIMENT NO: 8
MEASUREMENT OF LOSSES IN OPTICAL FIBER AND

NUMERICAL APERTURE
AIM: To conduct an experiment to find:
i. propagation loss
ii. bending loss
iii. numerical aperture of a given optical fiber
COMPONENTS REQUIRED: Experiment kit, 20 MHz dual channel oscilloscope, function generator, 1
and 3 meter fiber cable.
THEORY:
Optical fiber is made from thin strands of either glass or plastic. It has little mechanical strength, so it must
be enclosed in a protective jacket often, two or more fibers are enclosed in the same cable for increased
bandwidth and redundancy in case one of the fibers breaks it is also easier to build a full-duplex system
using two fibers, one for transmission in each direction.

Optical fibers work on the principle of total internal reflection. With light, the refractive index is listed. The
angle of refraction at the interface between two media is governed by Snell’s law:
n1 sin 1 = n2 sin  2
Numerical Aperture:
• The numerical aperture of the fiber is closely related to the critical angle and is often used in the
specification for optical fiber and the components that work with it
The numerical aperture is given by the formula: N . A. = n1 − n2

2 2
•
• The angle of acceptance is twice that given by the numerical aperture
Losses:
• Losses in optical fiber result from attenuation in the material itself and from scattering, which
causes some light to strike the cladding at less than the critical angle
• Bending the optical fiber too sharply can also cause losses by causing some of the light to meet the
cladding at less than the critical angle
• Losses vary greatly depending upon the type of fiber
– Plastic fiber may have losses of several hundred dB per kilometer
– Graded-index multimode glass fiber has a loss of about 2–4 dB

per kilometer.
– Single-mode fiber has a loss of 0.4 dB/km or less.

In fiber-optic systems, the losses from splices and connections can be more than in the cable itself
Losses result from:
1. Axial or angular misalignment
2. Air gaps between the fibers
3. Rough surfaces at the ends of the fibers
Numerical aperture:
Optical fibre cable
Screw
m Screen
p n
r o
Illuminated circular
patch
Procedure for numerical aperture:
1. A TTL signal from the multiplexer should be driving LED2 in optical transmitter block.
2. Insert one end of the fiber into the numerical aperture measuring unit .Adjust the fiber such that its
tip is 10mm from the screen.
3. Connect the other end of the fiber to LED2 through the simplex connector.
4. Let d be the distance between fiber tip and the screen. Now measure the diameter of the circular
patch of the red light in two perpendicular directions.
5. The mean radius of the circular path is r=( pn + mo)/4
6. The numerical aperture of the fiber is given by NA=sinθ=r/ d 2 + r 2
7. Repeat for different values of r. compute the average value of NA.
Attenuation loss:
1. Set the switch sw8 to the analog position
2. Take 1m fiber and set up an analog link using led1 and detector pd1
3. Drive a 1v peak to peak 10khz sinusoidal signal with zerodc at p11
4. Observe the signal at p31 on the oscilloscope
5. Adjust the gain such that the receiver signal is not saturated
6. Note the peak value of the signal received at p31 and designate it as v1
7. Replace 1m fibre with 2m fibre between led1 and pd1
8. If α is the attenuation in the fiber and l1 ,l2 are the exact lengths by 1m and 2m in meters then
P2/P1=V2/V1=exp[-α(l2-l1)] α is in nepers/meter, α’(db)=4.343 α

Bending loss:
1. Set up 850nm analog link using 1mt fiber.
2. Drive 1volt peak-peak sinusoidal signal of 10 kHz with ZERO DC at P11 and observe the received
signal at P31.
3. Now bend the fiber in a loop.
4. Reduce the diameter of the loop slowly and observe the reduction of the received signal at P31.
5. Keep reducing the diameter of the loop to about 2cm and plot the amplitude of the received signal
vs the diameter of the loop.
Note: do not reduce the loop diameter to less than 1.5cm
Measurement of bending loss:
SL Loop diameter (Cm) Voltage (V)

No

OPTIC FIBRE KIT
JP16 JP15
JP17
I
Intensity
V
Fibre Optic
Transmitter1
D
R
Fibre Optic
I
Transmitter2
JP13 V
R
2
KHz
JP12
D
External analog
E
Preamplifier
T
Analog E
Fibre Optic Receiver T Fibre cable

Dept of ECE, DBIT, Bangalore O Page 63
R
RESULT:
1. The propagation loss α=
2. Numerical aperture =
3. Launching angle θmax = Sin-1 (NA)

PCM Generation and Detection

AIM: To study the performance of the given CODEC in implementing generation and detection of
PCM wave.
EQUIPMENT & COMPONENTS: IC-44233, IC-7493(2Nos), Resistors-1 kΩ, 560Ω, Function

generators, Power Supplies, Oscilloscope.
THEORY: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) is a digital representation of an analog signal where the
magnitude of the signal is sampled regularly at uniform intervals then quantized to a series of symbols
in a numeric (usually binary) code.
Figure-1 shows a PCM circuit using CODEC IC 44233, and the chip details of the IC are given in
figure-2. It is a monolithic silicon gate CMOS companding Encoder/Decoder chip designed to
implement the per channel voice frequency codes used in PCM systems. The chip contains band
linking filters and analog/digital conversion circuits that confirm A-law companding characteristic. For
more information on the chip details, please refer to the data sheet provided by the manufacturer.
This chip supports 32 channels for multiplexing, out of which one channel will be used for maker slot.
The bandwidth of speech signal is 3400 Hz. Then the sampling rate will be 3.4kHz x 2.2 = 8.4 kHz,
which can be approximated to 8 kHz. There are 8k samples/sec/channel and each sample is encoded
into 8 bits. Hence in each channel, the bit rate is 8x8=64kbits/sec. in order to multiplex 32 channels, we
need a clock frequency of 32x64=2.048 MHz. either a crystal of 2 MHz may be used to generate the
clock or a function generator with a TTL output at 2 MHz can be used as clock. Two mod-16 counters
(divide from a 2MHz clock) are used to produce synchronized clock of 8 kHz, which will be applied to
synchronized clock pins 11 & 12 of the CODEC IC. The gain control pins 2 & 3 are shorted to achieve
a unity gain. The PCM wave form is available at pin 15 and the detected message at pin 5, which is
shown in figure-c & d shows the expanded version, where we can see that each PCM pulse shown
figure-a actually consists of 8-bits in it as shown in figure-b.

Application: PCM has been used in digital telephone systems and electronic musical keyboards. It is
also the standard form for digital audio in computers and the compact disc redbook format. It is also
standard in digital video, for example, using ITU-R BT.601. However, uncompressed PCM is not
typically used for video in standard definition consumer applications such as DVD or DVR because the
bit rate required is far too high.
Circuit Diagram:
Figure 1: PCM Circuit using 44233 CODEC
Figure 2: pin diagram of 44233 CODEC

PROCEDURE:
 Connections are made as per circuit diagram given in Figure-a.
 DC power supplies are switched on and applies the specified voltages.
 A TTL clock of 2 MHz is applied to the counter IC 7493 at pin number 14 and observe the output
using an oscilloscope at pin number 11 that should be 125 kHz (divide by 16 of 2 MHz).
 Check the output at pin number 11 of the 2nd IC 7493 that will be approximately 8 kHz (divided by
256 of 2 MHz).
 Apply a sinusoidal message frequency of 1 kHz, 1V at pin No.1 of IC 44233.
 Observe the PCM output at pin number 8 of IC 44233. You may have to change the time range of
oscilloscope to convenient range to observe the frame time (50 micro sec range) and the 8 bit word
length (0.5micro sec range).
 Observe the demodulated output at pin number 5 of IC 44233 and compare it with original analog
message.
 Observe the changes at the PCM output at the PCM output and demodulated output by changing the
frequency and amplitude of the message signal.
RESULTS: Studied and observed the different wave forms.

PART-B: Simulation Experiments
1. Simulate NRZ, RZ, half-sinusoid and raised cosine pulses and generate eye
diagram for binary polar signaling.
Theory:
Line Codes:
A line code is the code used for data transmission of a digital signal over a transmission line.
This process of coding is chosen so as to avoid overlap and distortion of signal such as inter-
symbol interference.
Properties of Line Codes

▪ As the coding is done to make more bits transmit on a single signal, the bandwidth
used is much reduced.
▪ For a given bandwidth, the power is efficiently used.
▪ The probability of error is much reduced.
▪ Error detection is done and the bipolar too has a correction capability.
▪ Power density is much favorable.
▪ The timing content is adequate.
▪ Long strings of 1s and 0s is avoided to maintain transparency.
Types of Line Codes

▪ Unipolar
▪ Polar
▪ Bi-polar
Unipolar Signaling
Unipolar signaling is also called as On-Off Keying or simply OOK.
The presence of pulse represents a 1 and the absence of pulse represents a 0. There are two
variations in unipolar signaling:
▪ Non Return to Zero (NRZ)
▪ Return to Zero (RZ)

Unipolar Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)

In this type of unipolar signaling, a High in data is represented by a positive pulse called as
Mark, which has a duration T0 equal to the symbol bit duration. A Low in data input has no
pulse.
Advantages of Unipolar NRZ

It is simple.
A lesser bandwidth is required.
Disadvantages of Unipolar NRZ

No error correction done.
Presence of low frequency components may cause the signal droop.
No clock is present.
Loss of synchronization is likely to occur (especially for long strings of 1s and 0s).

Unipolar Return to Zero (RZ)
In this type of unipolar signaling, a High in data, though represented by a Mark pulse, its duration T0 is
less than the symbol bit duration. Half of the bit duration remains high but it immediately returns to
zero and shows the absence of pulse during the remaining half of the bit duration.
Advantages of Unipolar RZ
It is simple.
The spectral line present at the symbol rate can be used as a clock.
Disadvantages of Unipolar RZ
No error correction.
Occupies twice the bandwidth as unipolar NRZ.
The signal droop is caused at the places where signal is non-zero at 0 Hz.

Eye Pattern
The quality of digital transmission systems are evaluated using the bit error rate. Degradation
of quality occurs in each process modulation, transmission, and detection. The eye pattern is
experimental method that contains all the information concerning the degradation of quality.
Therefore, careful analysis of the eye pattern is important in analyzing the degradation
mechanism.
Eye patterns can be observed using an oscilloscope. The received wave is applied to the
vertical deflection plates of an oscilloscope and the sawtooth wave at a rate equal to
transmitted symbol rate is applied to the horizontal deflection plates and the resulting display
is eye pattern as it resembles human eye.
The interior region of eye pattern is called eye opening
The width of the eye opening defines the time interval over which the received wave can be
sampled without error from ISI.
The optimum sampling time corresponds to the maximum eye opening.
The height of the eye opening at a specified sampling time is a measure of the margin over
channel noise.
The sensitivity of the system to timing error is determined by the rate of closure of the eye
as the sampling time is verified. Any nonlinear transmission distortion would reveal itself
in an asymmetric or squinted eye.
When the effect of ISI is excessive, traces from the upper portion of the eye pattern cross
traces from lower portion with the result that the eye is completely closed.
Program:
i). Polar RZ and Polar NRZ pulse shaping:

clc; clear all; close all; warning off
%binary i/p sequence
n=[1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1];
%binary to polar conversion

for m=1:length(n)
if n(m)==1
nn(m)=2;
else
nn(m)=-2;
end
end
%rz pulse shaping

i=1; a=0; b=0.5;
t=0:0.00001:length(n);
for j=1:length(t)
if t(j)>=a && t(j)<=b
y(j)=nn(i);
elseif t(j)>b && t(j)<=i
y(j)=0;
else
i=i+1; a=a+1; b=b+1;
end
end
subplot(2,1,1); plot(t,y,'k'); grid on; axis([0 length(n) -3 3]);
title('rz polar waveform');
xlabel('time'); xlabel('amplitude');
%nrz pulse shaping

i=1;
t=0:0.00001:length(n);
for j=1:length(t)
if t(j)<i
y(j)=nn(i);
else
i=i+1;
end
end
subplot(2,1,2); plot(t,y,'k'); grid on; axis([0 length(n) -3 3]);
title('nrz polar waveform');

xlabel('time'); xlabel('amplitude');
Waveforms:

ii). Raised Cosine and Eye Diagram:
%raised cosine and eye diagram

clc; clear all; close all;
x=[1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0];
fs=20; fd=1;
%rasied cosine
y=rcosine(fd,fs);
figure(1); plot(y); title('Raised cosine');
%eye diagram
delay=5;
%r=input('enter roll off factor:');
r=0.5;
rcv=rcosflt(x,fd,fs,'fir/normal',r,delay);
n=fs/fd;
eyediagram(rcv,n);

Waveforms:

Result:

EXPERIMENT NO. 02
SIMULATE PULSE CODE MODULATION AND
DEMODULATION SYSTEM AND DISPLAY WAVEFORM
Theory:
Pulse Code Modulation is a method that is used to convert an analog signal into a digital
signal, so that modified analog signal can be transmitted through the digital communication
network. PCM is in binary form, so there will be only two possible states high and low (0 and
1). We can also get back our analog signal by demodulation. The Pulse Code Modulation
process is done in three steps Sampling, Quantization, and Coding. There are two specific
types of Pulse Code Modulations such as Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) and
Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM).
To get a pulse code modulated waveform from an analog waveform at the transmitter end
(source) of a communications circuit, the amplitude of the analog signal samples at regular
time intervals. The sampling rate or number of samples per second is several times the
maximum frequency. The message signal converted into binary form will be usually in the
number of levels which is always to a power of 2. This process is called Quantization.
Basic Elements of PCM System

At the receiver end, a pulse code demodulator decodes the binary signal back into pulses with
same quantum levels as those in the modulator. By further processes we can restore the
original analog waveform.
Pulse Code Modulation Advantages

Analog signal can be transmitted over a high- speed digital communication system.
Probability of occurring error will reduce by the use of appropriate coding methods.
PCM is used in Telkom system, digital audio recording, digitized video special effects,
digital video, and voice mail.
PCM is also used in Radio control units as transmitter and also receiver for remote
controlled cars, boats, planes.
The PCM signal is more resistant to interference than normal signal.
Program:
%Pulse code modulation and demodulation
f=2; fs=20*f;
t=0:1/fs:1;
a=2;
%input signal
x=a*sin(2*pi*f*t);
subplot(2,2,1); plot(t,x,'r-'); grid on;
xlabel('time'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('i/p signal');
%quantization
x1=x+a;
q_op=round(x1);
subplot(2,2,2); plot(t,q_op,'k+-'); grid on;
xlabel('time'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('quantised signal');
%encoding
enco=de2bi(q_op,'left-msb');
[m,n]=size(enco); y3=reshape(enco',1,m*n);
t=linspace(0,1.23,1230);
for i=1:length(y3)
if y3(i)==1
signal(1,i*10-9:i*10)=1;
else
signal(1,i*10-9:i*10)=-1;
end
end
subplot(2,2,3); plot(t,signal); axis([0 1.23 -2 2]); grid on;
xlabel('time'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('PCM signal');
%decoding
for i=1:length(signal)/10
if signal(1,i*10-9:i*10)==1
y4(i)=1;
else
y4(i)=0;
end
end
y5=(reshape(y4,n,m))';
deco=bi2de(y5,'left-msb');
xr=deco-a;
t=0:1/fs:1;
subplot(2,2,4); plot(t,xr); grid on;
xlabel('time'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('PCM demodulated signal');

Waveforms:
Result:

EXPERIMENT NO. 03
SIMULATE QPSK TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER. PLOT
THE SIGNALS AND ITS CONSTELLATION DIAGRAM
Theory:
QPSK Modulation:
In digital modulation techniques, a set of basis functions are chosen for a particular
modulation scheme. Generally the basis functions are orthogonal to each other. Basis
functions can be derived using ‘Gram Schmidt Orthogonalization procedure. Once the
basis function are chosen, any vector in the signal space can be represented as a linear
combination of the basis functions. In Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) two
sinusoids (sin and cos) are taken as basis functions for modulation. Modulation is
achieved by varying the phase of the basis functions depending on the message
symbols. In QPSK, modulation is symbol based, where one symbol contains 2 bits.
The following equation outlines QPSK modulation technique:
si(t)=2EsT√cos(2πfct+(2n−1)π4),n=1,2,3,4
When n=1, the phase shift is 45 degrees. This is called pi/4 QPSK. The constellation
diagram of QPSK will show the constellation points lying on both x and y axes. This
means that the QPSK modulated signal will have an in-phase component (I) and also a
quadrature component (Q). This is because it has only two basis functions.
A QPSK modulator can be implemented as follows:
A demultiplexer (or serial to parallel converter) is used to separate odd and even bits
from the generated information bits. Each of the odd bits (quadrature arm) and even
bits (in- phase arm) are converted to NRZ format in a parallel manner. The signal on
the in-phase arm is multiplied by cosine component and the signal on the quadrature
arm is multiplied by sine component. QPSK modulated signal is obtained by adding
the signal from both in-phase and quadrature arm and is as shown below.

QPSK Modulator
QPSK Demodulation:
For QPSK demodulator, a coherent demodulator is taken as an example. In coherent

detection technique, the knowledge of the carrier frequency and phase must be known
to the receiver. This can be achieved by using a PLL (Phase Lock Loop) at the
receiver. A PLL essentially locks to the incoming carrier frequency and tracks the
variations in frequency and phase.
For the following simulation, a PLL is not used but instead we simply use the output
of the PLL. For demonstration purposes we simply assume that the carrier phase
recovery is done and simply use the generated reference frequencies at the receiver
(cos(ωt)) and (sin(ωt)). In the demodulator, the received signal is multiplied by a
reference frequency generators (cos(ωt)) and (sin(ωt)) on separate arms (in-phase and
quadrature arms). The multiplied output on each arm is integrated over one bit period
using an integrator. A threshold detector makes a decision on each integrated bit based
on a threshold. Finally, the bits on the in-phase arm (even bits) and on the quadrature
arm (odd bits) are remapped to form detected information stream. Detector for in-
phase arm is shown below. For quadrature arm, the below architecture remains same
but sin(ωt) basis function must be used instead.

QPSK Demodulator
Program:
% QPSK Modulation
clc;
clear all;
close all;
%GENERATE QUADRATURE CARRIER SIGNAL
Tb=1;t=0:(Tb/100):Tb;fc=1;
c1=sqrt(2/Tb)*cos(2*pi*fc*t);
c2=sqrt(2/Tb)*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
%generate message signal
N=8;m=rand(1,N);
t1=0;t2=Tb
for i=1:2:(N-1)
t=[t1:(Tb/100):t2]
if m(i)>0.5
m(i)=1;
m_s=ones(1,length(t));
else
m(i)=0;
m_s=-1*ones(1,length(t));
end
%odd bits modulated signal
odd_sig(i,:)=c1.*m_s;
if m(i+1)>0.5
m(i+1)=1;
else
m(i+1)=0;

end
%even bits modulated signal
even_sig(i,:)=c2.*m_s;
%qpsk signal
qpsk=odd_sig+even_sig;
%Plot the QPSK modulated signal
subplot(3,2,4);plot(t,qpsk(i,:));
title('QPSK signal');xlabel('t---->');ylabel('s(t)');
grid on; hold on;
t1=t1+(Tb+.01); t2=t2+(Tb+.01);
end
hold off
%Plot the binary data bits and carrier signal
subplot(3,2,1);stem(m);
title('binary data bits');
xlabel('n---->');
ylabel('b(n)');
grid on;
subplot(3,2,2);
plot(t,c1);
title('carrier signal-1');
xlabel('t---->');
ylabel('c1(t)');
grid on;
subplot(3,2,3);plot(t,c2);
title('carrier signal-2');xlabel('t---->');ylabel('c2(t)');grid on;
% QPSK Demodulation
t1=0;t2=Tb
for i=1:N-1
t=[t1:(Tb/100):t2]
%correlator
x1=sum(c1.*qpsk(i,:));
x2=sum(c2.*qpsk(i,:));
%decision device
if (x1>0&&x2>0)
demod(i)=1;
demod(i+1)=1;
elseif (x1>0&&x2<0)
demod(i)=1;
demod(i+1)=0;
elseif (x1<0&&x2<0)
demod(i)=0;
demod(i+1)=0;
elseif (x1<0&&x2>0)
demod(i)=0;
demod(i+1)=1;
end
t1=t1+(Tb+.01); t2=t2+(Tb+.01);
end
subplot(3,2,5);stem(demod);
title('qpsk demodulated bits');xlabel('n---->');ylabel('b(n)');grid on;
Waveforms:

Result:

EXPERIMENT NO. 04
TEST THE PERFORMANCE OF A BINARY DIFFERENTIAL PHASE
SHIFT KEYING SYSTEM BY SIMULATING THE NON-COHERENT
DETECTION OF BINARY DPSK
Theory:
DPSK Modulator:
DPSK is a technique of BPSK, in which there is no reference phase signal. Here, the transmitted
signal itself can be used as a reference signal. Following is the diagram of DPSK Modulator.
DPSK Modulator
DPSK encodes two distinct signals, i.e., the carrier and the modulating signal with 180° phase
shift each. The serial data input is given to the XNOR gate and the output is again fed back to the
other input through 1-bit delay. The output of the XNOR gate along with the carrier signal is
given to the balance modulator to produce the DPSK modulated signal.
DPSK Demodulator:
In DPSK demodulator, the phase of the reversed bit is compared with the phase of the previous
bit. Following is the block diagram of DPSK demodulator.
DPSK Demodulator
From the above figure, it is evident that the balance modulator is given the DPSK signal along
with 1-bit delay input. That signal is made to confine to lower frequencies with the help of LPF.
Then it is passed to a shaper circuit, which is a comparator or a Schmitt Trigger circuit, to recover
the original binary data as the output.
Program:
%binary dpsk modulation and demodulation
x=[1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0];
disp('input bits'); disp(x);
x1(1)=bitxor(1,x(1));
for i=2:8
x1(i)=bitxor(x1(i-1),x(i));
end
x1=[1 x1];
t=linspace(0,.9,900);
y=sin(2*pi*50*t);
signal=zeros(1,length(t));
for i=1:length(x1)
if x1(i)==1
signal(1,i*100-99:i*100)=1;

y1(1,i*100-99:i*100)=signal(1,i*100-99:i*100).*y(1,i*100-99:i*100);
else
signal(1,i*100-99:i*100)=-1;
y1(1,i*100-99:i*100)=signal(1,i*100-99:i*100).*y(1,i*100-99:i*100);
end
end
%plots
subplot(4,1,1); plot(t,signal); axis([0 .9 -2 2]); grid on;
xlabel('time(s)'); ylabel('amplitued'); title('coded i/p signal');
subplot(4,1,2); plot(t,y); axis([0 .9 -2 2]); grid on;
xlabel('time(s)'); ylabel('amplitued'); title('carrier');
subplot(4,1,3); plot(t(1:900),y1); axis([0 .9 -2 2]); grid on;
xlabel('time(s)'); ylabel('amplitued'); title('dpsk signal');
%demoulation of dpsk
for i=1:9
z1(i,:)=y1(100*(i-1)+1:100*i);
end
q1(1)=1;
for i=2:9
q1(i)=sum(z1(i,:).*z1(1,:));
if q1(i)>0
q(i-1)=1;
else
q(i-1)=0;
end
end
%disp('recovered bits'); disp(q);
d1(1)=bitxor(1,q(1));
for i=2:8
d1(i)=bitxor(q(i-1),q(i));
end
disp('decoded data'); disp(d1);

Waveforms:

Result:

EXPERIMENT NO. 05
Computations of the Probability of bit error for coherent binary

ASK, FSK and PSK for an AWGN Channel and Compare them with
their Performance curves
Theory:
The bit-error rate is the main performance parameter of a digital communication system . The
performance of channel can be evaluated from bit error rate (BER) versus signal to noise ratio
(SNR) curve. Noise means unwanted energy. Noise may interfere the signal at any point in
communication system which will affect when signal is weak. In the study of communication
systems the classical (ideal) additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, with statistically
independent Gaussian noise samples corrupting data samples free of intersymbol interference
(ISI), is the usual starting point for understanding basic performance relationships. The primary
source of performance degradation is thermal noise generated in the receiver. The thermal noise
usually has a flat power spectral density over the signal band and a zero-mean Gaussian voltage
probability density function (pdf)
Bit Error Rate In a digital transmission, BER is the number of bits with errors divided by the
total number of bits that have been transmitted, received or processed over a given time period.
That is
Number of bits with error
𝐵𝐸𝑅 =
Total number of bits sent
Bit error rate is a key parameter that is used in assessing the systems performance that transmits
digital data from one location to another. When data is transmitted over a data link, there is a
possibility of errors being introduced into the system. As a result, it is necessary to assess the
performance of the system, and BER provides an ideal way in which this can be achieved. BER
assesses performance of a system including the transmitter, receiver and the medium between the
two.
%BASK
%INPUT BITS GENERATION
N=10;
n=randi([0 1],1,N);
disp(' INPUT BITS');
disp(n);
%unipolar mapping
for ii=1:N
if n(ii)==0
nn(ii)=0;
else
nn(ii)=1;

end
end
%unipolar NRZ signal
s=100;
i=1;
t=0:1/s:N;
for j=1:length(t)
if t(j)<=i
m(j)=nn(i);
else
i=i+1;
end
end
subplot(4,1,1);
plot(t,m,'m');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
% carrier signal generation
c=cos(2*pi*2*t);
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(t,c,'r');
xlabel('Time');
%BASK GENERATION
x=m.*c;
subplot(4,1,3);
plot(t,x,'k');
xlabel('time');
title('BASK SIGNAL')
% COHERENT DETECTION
y=x;
%PRODUCT MODULATOR OUTPUT
y1=y.*c;
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(t,y1,'k');
xlabel('time');
title('PRODUCT MODULATOR OUTPUT');
%INTEGRATOR
int_op=[];
for ii=0:s:length(y1)-s
int_o=(1/s)*trapz(y1(ii+1:ii+s));
int_op=[int_op int_o];

end
%DECISION DEVICE
th=0.5;
disp('DETECTED BITS');
det=(round(int_op,1)>=th);
disp(det)
%BER COMPUTATION
BER=sum(n~=det)/N;
clear all
close all
% BER OF BASK UNDER AWGN CHANNEL
% RANDOM INPUT BITS
N=1000;
m=randi([0 1],1,N);
%BASK MAPPING
for i=1:N
if m(i)==0
m(i)=0;
else
m(i)=1;

end
end
ber_sim=[];
bererfc=[];
for EbN0dB=0:1:15
EbN0=10^(EbN0dB/10);% normal scale value
%channel AWGN output is
sigma=sqrt(1/(2*EbN0));
r=m+sigma.*randn(1,N);
m_cap=(r>0.5);
%BER calculation
noe=sum(m~=m_cap);
ber_sim1=noe/N;
ber_sim=[ber_sim ber_sim1];
ber_th_er=0.5*erfc(sqrt(EbN0/4));
bererfc=[bererfc ber_th_er];
end
EbN0dB=0:1:15;
semilogy(EbN0dB,ber_sim,'r*',EbN0dB,bererfc,'k-');
xlabel('EbN0dB');
ylabel('BER');
legend('simulation','Theoritical BER in terms of erfc');
grid on;

clear all;
close all;
N=10;
disp('INPUT MESSAGE SEQUENCE');
n= randi([0 1],1,N);
% BIT TO SYMBOL MAPPING-UNIPOLAR
for ii=1:N
if n(ii)==1
nn(ii)=1;
else
nn(ii)=0;
end
end
%UNIPOLAR LINE CODING-PULSE SHAPING
s=100;
i=1;
t=0:1/s:N;
for j=1:length(t)
if t(j)<=i;
m(j)=nn(i);

else
m(j)=nn(i);
i=i+1;
end
end
%plotting
figure(1);
subplot(411);
plot(t,m,'k-');
xlabel('Time');
title('NRZ unipolar signal');
%carrier
c1=cos(2*pi*1*t);
c2=cos(2*pi*2*t);
subplot(412);
plot(t,c1,'r-');
xlabel('Time');
title('carrier signal1');
subplot(413);
plot(t,c2,'r-');
xlabel('Time');
title('carrier signal2');
%BFSK MODULATION
for i=1:length(t)
if m(i)==1;
x(i)=c1(i);
else
x(i)=c2(i);
end
end
subplot(414);
plot(t,x,'k-');
xlabel('Time');
title('modulated signal');
%receiver
y=x; %ideal channel
%first correlator
%product modulator-1 output
y1=y.*c1;
%integrator output

int_opt1=[];
k=1/s:1/s:1;
int_o=trapz(k,y1(ii+1:ii+s));
int_opt1=[int_opt1 int_o];
end
y2=y.*c2;
int_opt2=[];
k=1/s:1/s:1;
int_o=(1/s)*trapz(k,y2(ii+1:ii+s));
int_opt2=[int_opt2 int_o];
end
%HARD DECISION DECODING
disp('detected bits');
l=int_opt1-int_opt2;
det=(l>0);
%ber computation
ber=sum(n~=det)/N

% BER OF BFSK UNDER AWGN

%INPUT BIT GENERATION
N=10000;
m=randi([0 1],1,N);
%BFSK MAPPING
for i=1:N
if m(i)==0
x(i)=sqrt(-1);
else
x(i)=1;
end
end
%AWGN CHANNEL
ber_sim=[];
ber_th_erfc=[];
ber_th_q=[];
for EbNodB=0:15
EbNo=10^(EbNodB/10);
n=(1/sqrt(2))*[randn(1,N)+sqrt(-1)*randn(1,N)];

sigma=sqrt(1/EbNo);
r=x+sigma*n;
%detection
m_cap=(real(r)>imag(r));
%ber calculation
ber_sim1=sum(m~=m_cap)/N;
ber_sim=[ber_sim ber_sim1];
ber_th_erfc=[ber_th_erfc 0.5*erfc(sqrt(EbNo/2))];
ber_th_q=[ber_th_q qfunc(sqrt(EbNo))];
end
EbNodB=0:15
figure(2);
semilogy(EbNodB, ber_sim,'r*',EbNodB, ber_th_erfc,'b*',EbNodB, ber_th_q,'k*');
grid on;
xlabel('EbNodB');
ylabel('BER');
legend('simulation', 'theory erfc','theory Q');

% PSK modulation
clc;
clear all;
close all;
%GENERATE CARRIER SIGNAL
Tb=1;
t=0:Tb/100:Tb;
fc=2;
c=sqrt(2/Tb)*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
%generate message signal
N=8;
m=rand(1,N);
t1=0;t2=Tb
for i=1:N
t=[t1:.01:t2]
if m(i)>0.5
m(i)=1;
else
m(i)=0;
end
message(i,:)=m_s;
%product of carrier and message signal
bpsk_sig(i,:)=c.*m_s;
%Plot the message and BPSK modulated signal
subplot(5,1,2);axis([0 N -2 2]);plot(t,message(i,:),'r');
title('message signal(POLAR form)');xlabel('t--->');ylabel('m(t)');
grid on; hold on;
subplot(5,1,4);plot(t,bpsk_sig(i,:));
title('BPSK signal');xlabel('t--->');ylabel('s(t)');
grid on; hold on;
t1=t1+1.01; t2=t2+1.01;
end
hold off
%plot the input binary data and carrier signal
subplot(5,1,1);stem(m);
title('binary data bits');xlabel('n--->');ylabel('b(n)');
grid on;
subplot(5,1,3);plot(t,c);
title('carrier signal');xlabel('t--->');ylabel('c(t)');
grid on;
7

% PSK Demodulation
t1=0;t2=Tb
for i=1:N
t=[t1:.01:t2]
%correlator
x=sum(c.*bpsk_sig(i,:));
%decision device
if x>0
demod(i)=1;
else
demod(i)=0;
end
t1=t1+1.01;
t2=t2+1.01;
end
%plot the demodulated data bits
subplot(5,1,5);stem(demod);
title('demodulated data');xlabel('n--->');ylabel('b(n)');
grid on

MatLab Code:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
EbN0dB=0:20;
EbN0=10.^(EbN0dB/10);
pe_bpsk=0.5*erfc(sqrt(EbN0));
pe_bfsk=0.5*erfc(sqrt(EbN0/2));
pe_bask=0.5*erfc(sqrt(EbN0/4));
semilogy(EbN0dB,pe_bpsk,'r*-', EbN0dB,pe_bfsk,'k+ ',EbN0dB,pe_bask,'m>-');
legend('BPSK-C', 'BFSK-C', 'BASK-C');
xlabel('Eb/N0(dB)');
ylabel('BER');
grid on
Graph:

Inference:
A number of modulation schemes such as BPSK, BFSK, BASK have been consider for MATLAB
simulation purposes. Their BER have been evaluated using MATLAB simulation tool for additive white
Gaussian noise channel. We have concluded from the above figures depending on bit error rate that BPSK
is the most effective modulation schemes in a practical communication system.

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Communication Lab-18ECL67 2022-23

DON BOSCO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Kumbalagodu, Mysore Road, Bengaluru - 560074

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ACADEMIC YEAR 2022-23

SUBJECT: COMMUNICATION LAB

Lab Handling Faculty:

Dept of ECE, DBIT, Bangalore Page 1

WAYANAMAC EDUCATION TRUST

INSTITUTIONAL MISSION AND VISION

Dept of ECE, DBIT, Bangalore Page 2

DEPARTMENT VISION AND MISSION

VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT:

MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT:

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)

Dept of ECE, DBIT, Bangalore Page 3

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals,

Dept of ECE, DBIT, Bangalore Page 4

Course Learning Objectives:

This course will enable students to,

Dept of ECE, DBIT, Bangalore Page 5

Dept of ECE, DBIT, Bangalore Page 6

5. Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation: i) Standard AM, ii)DSBSC (LM741 and

9. FSK and PSK generation and detection

Dept of ECE, DBIT, Bangalore Page 7

Fig 1: Transistor AM generator (Collector Modulator).

Nearest available is 470pF. Use C= 470pF

The new tank frequency is 𝑓𝑡 = 733.4 KHz  Tc = (1/ft) = 1.36 s

Dept of ECE, DBIT, Bangalore Page 8

RB.CB>>Tc with RB = 10K, we can use CB=0.01F

Dept of ECE, DBIT, Bangalore Page 9

Fig 2: Expected output wave forms

Fig 3: Demodulator using Diode Envelope detector.

For Envelope detector: Rd Cd >1/fc.

Let Rd Cd =100/fc where fc = ft =733.4 KHz

Then Rd Cd=100/733.4103 = 0.136 mS.

Dept of ECE, DBIT, Bangalore Page 10

Fig 4: Detector output wave form

1. Make the connections shown in the circuit diagram.(Fig 1)

Dept of ECE, DBIT, Bangalore Page 11

Sl. Vm (P-P) VMax VMin m

Dept of ECE, DBIT, Bangalore Page 12

B. DSBSC generation using Balance Modulator IC 1496/1596.

Dept of ECE, DBIT, Bangalore Page 13

Dept of ECE, DBIT, Bangalore Page 14

DSBSC = the message x the carrier

Dept of ECE, DBIT, Bangalore Page 15

Dept of ECE, DBIT, Bangalore Page 16

.Frequency modulation using IC 8038/2206 and demodulation.

Dept of ECE, DBIT, Bangalore Page 17

FM generation using ICL8038

Part A: Deviation Sensitivity

Rest frequency:____________________ Amplitude:___________________ Vpp

Dept of ECE, DBIT, Bangalore Page 18

Are the measured and calculated values the same?

Dept of ECE, DBIT, Bangalore Page 19

Dept of ECE, DBIT, Bangalore Page 20

SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTION

Dept of ECE, DBIT, Bangalore Page 21

1. The circuits are connected as per the circuit diagrams shown.

Dept of ECE, DBIT, Bangalore Page 22

Rest frequency:__ Amplitude:_ Vpp