Thesis Final.

ST.
NICOLAS COLLEGE OF Page

BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY 1
MEL-VI BUILDING DOLORES, SAN, FERNANDO, PAMPANGA
APPROVAL SHEET
This THESIS entitled “The Impact of Duterte’s war on Drugs among the
Criminology Student’s of St. Nicolas College of Business and Technology”
prepared and submitted by Calma Jonalyn, Angeles Rica, Aninzo James
Patrick, Reyes Richmond, Ibay Robert and Padin Raven, has been approved
by the Panel of Evaluators upon the corporation of all recommendations and
suggestions in the manuscript in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY.
REMMARK N. CORPUZ
Adviser
PANEL OF EVALUATORS
JESSIE R. ABIQUE
Chair
----------------------------- -----------------------------
Member Member
Date of Oral Defense: __________________
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Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY.
MARJORIE C. DIZON, R.Crim

OIC Dean, College of Criminology
ST. NICOLAS COLLEGE OF Page
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Approval Sheet 1
Table of Contents 2
Acknowledgement 3
Abstract 4
Title 5
Introduction 6
Study Objective 10
Review of Related Literature and Studies 11
Theoretical Framework 19
Conceptual Framework 21
Scope and Delimitation 22
Study Design and Locale 22

Study Participants 23
Sampling Design 23
Sample Size 23
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria 24
Research Instrument 24
Frequency Distribution 24
Data Collection 24
Ethical Considerations 25
Informed Consent Process 25
Risk and Convenience 25
Privacy, Confidential and Data Management 26
Conflict of Interest 26
Statistical Analysis of Data 27
Result and Discussion 28
Conclusion 39
Recommendation 41
Definition of terms 42
Bibliography 45
Appendices 47
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Primarily, the researchers would want to express gratitude to the Lord for leading
them at every moment, protecting them from harm, and providing them with the
strength and knowledge they needed to continue and complete this research.
The researchers would want to express their gratitude to Him for providing them
with the people who served as their tools for bringing their idea to fruition in the
most excellent manner possible.
The researchers would like to show their heartfelt appreciation to their research
adviser Mr. Remmark N. Corpuz, RCrim, CSP, CST, CCJ, who was adamantly
helpful and offered invaluable assistance, support, and guidance. Special thanks
go to the research consultant Ms. Gina S. Genavia, MBA, the teaching assistant
who assisted them with their research, assistance, tips, and helpful criticism that
made it possible to finish this work. With their expertise and support, this study
would stay strong and be able to stand steady on its own.
Huge thanks go to the grammarian Ms. Maria Theresa Serrano and Ms. Janina
Garcia, LPT, and to the statistician Ms. Eurika S. Sarika, LPT, for helping and
guiding the researchers to finish the research study. A thought of gratitude to the
St. Nicolas College of Business and Technology respondents who allotted their
time to participate in the study.
Finally, the team behind this study, the researchers, would want to thank one
another for the arduous work they put into this study. The respective researchers
value their dedication to one another and their teamwork. It will not have been in
vain that they sacrificed their time, energy, blood, sweat, tears, and even small
portions of their souls to complete this study. Everyone expresses gratitude to

one another for their efforts and each group member's participation, which the
study's researchers will always appreciate. All praise and glory go to God.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this paper was to know the impact of Duterte’s war on drugs
among the criminology students. In this study, a descriptive quantitative research
design was used. A questionnaire checklist made by the researchers was used
to determine the Impact of Duterte’s war on drugs. This study's respondents are
the 266 criminology students of St. Nicolas College of Business and Technology,
wherein the gathering of data was through written form of questionnaire. The
conclusion of this research will inform the criminology students and members of
the community need to be aware. Furthermore, the community is the primary
source of the drug war. Overall, Duterte's War on Drugs has had a significant
influence on criminology students' knowledge of the causes of crime as well as
their opinions regarding the death sentence. It has also increased their
awareness of the possible consequences of their acts, as well as the possibility
of violence and corruption in the court system. Despite the fact that the War on
Drugs has been contentious, it has provided students with an opportunity to
connect with the subject matter in a more meaningful way, thereby giving them
with a better education.
The Impact of Duterte’s War on Drugs Among the Criminology Students of

St. Nicolas College of Business and Technology
ATHESIS SUBMITTED TO
ST.NICOLAS COLLEGE OF BUSINESS
AND TECHNOLOGY FOR THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE AND CRIMINOLOGY
BY
Calma, Jonalyn
Aninzo, James Patrick M.
Angeles, Rica E.
Reyes, Richmond M.
Padin, Raiven D.
Ibay, Robert L.
JUNE, 2023
INTRODUCTION
Since President Rodrigo Roa Duterte’s ascension to the presidency in July
2016, he weaves and pursues his own brand of authoritarianism. Riding on his
popularity, he raises the issue of illegal drugs as a question of national survival
for the nation. With this obsession, Duterte has unleashed the entire police force
with the state’s resources on his war on drugs. In more than a year of its
implementation, the war on drugs has created havoc in the lives of the Filipino
people. Furthermore, it has promoted a culture of impunity, and fear has gripped
the nation. With the worsening human rights situation, human rights in social
work practice in the Philippines grapples with the multi-faceted effects of the war
on drugs. Given the specificity of needs and circumstances of the violations, the
social work profession can and should respond to the unfolding challenges
through various interventions at the individual, family, and community levels. (Gil
Espinido, 2020)
The War on Drugs has been one of the most pressing issues that has
defined the current state of our country’s politics today. It is a topic of much
controversy due to how the government handles the situation with an iron-fisted
viewpoint, and this has often led to the media focusing on aspects such as the
high body counts amongst the suspects. Amidst all these, not much has been
given to re-examining the standing laws in our country regarding the handling of
crimes related to illegal drugs and related substances. This study aims to
investigate our current drug law, Republic Act No.9165 (Comprehensive
Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002). It will be a legislative history of the law, tracing its
development in the Senate and Congress to seeing how past experiences with
drugs influenced it. The study aims to provide a better understanding into the
legal, and social workings of combating illegal drugs and substances, and
provide insight as to whether it needs change, given today’s perspectives. Earlier
this year, Rodrigo Duterte, the President of the Philippines decided to relaunch
the anti-drug campaign known as “Oplan Tokhang.” The controversial anti-drug
campaign has been maintained by Duterte as his top priority since his leadership
two years ago. Since his 2016 presidential campaign, Duterte has vowed to kill
every drug dealer and user in the country, and subsequently eradicate the use of
illegal drugs within the Philippines. His unrelenting and brash approach towards
social and economic problems within the country has garnered heavy support
within the Philippines, leading him to win a landslide majority within the Senate
as President, which makes his proposed policies much easier to be rolled out.
The country’s drug war has already invited continuous criticism by human
rights organizations against President Duterte. In fact, the ethical issues of
Duterte’s task force and their excessively violent method of executing individuals
for the suspected drug trade halted the anti-drug campaign twice in two years.
Despite that, the leader still maintains overwhelming support from his voters,
mostly residing in metropolitan cities. A considerable proportion of these people
are not directly affected by his drug policies and are satisfied by the increased
sense of security residing within the suburbs of Manila and Cebu, places where
crime and drug trade used to run rampant without Duterte’s aggressive drug
policies. Duterte’s approach to suspected drug trade may be excessively
ruthless, but examinations from an economic perspective reveal the actual
implications of the war on drugs and show that his policies could negatively affect
his supporters as well. Oplan Tokhang is a national law enforcement project that
was launched all over the country. A Visayan word ‘TOKHANG” means to
approach and talk. This was launched as part of the campaign to warn drug
traffickers and users to stop using drugs. This study aimed to determine the
effectiveness of Oplan Tokhang in relation to reported drug incidents. This study

aimed to determine the effectiveness of Oplan Tokhang in relation to reported
drug incidents in the Municipality of Piat. This study utilized the descriptive
normative research design. This design described the profile of the respondents;
the level of effectiveness of Oplan Tokhang, present status of drug surrenderers
resulting from the implementation of Oplan Tokhang, crime situation of drug
reported incidents and the degree of seriousness of the problems regarding the
implementation of Oplan Tokhang. Respondents of the study were the PNP
Personnel of Piat Police Station and selected residents of the identified
community of the Municipality of Piat using the random sampling method. The
main instrument used in gathering the needed data was the questionnaire. The
questionnaire consisted of five parts. The data was tabulated and analyzed using
descriptive statistics such as frequency counts and percentages. The level of
effectiveness of the Oplan Tokhang was analyzed using the Likert scale. From
the emerged findings of this study it is therefore concluded that the law
enforcement arm of the Philippine National Police is very effective in enforcing
the policy of government on Oplan Tokhang as this is manifested in the absence
of crime incidence related to drugs in the locality, however, despite the
seriousness of problems confronted, the police forces are still on the go and
strongly motivated to do their job of protecting the residents and ensure their
safety and to maintain peace in the community. Based from the findings of this
study, the following are strongly recommended that the BADAC, MADAC and
PNP should conduct regular seminars on drug education among the residents
especially the parents to inform them of the disadvantages derived by drug using
and to encourage the parents to voluntarily surrender their children who are
hooked to drugs and undergo the government rehabilitation programs.
According to Phillips (2019), The battle on drugs has already claimed the
lives of many Filipinos. Various human rights are also violated because of this.
The drug war that Duterte is pursuing, in the opinion of his critics, is both ethically
and legally unjustifiable. Duterte and his policies have drawn significant
international criticism. Additionally, the terrible consequences of the war on drugs
also affect innocent civilians
According to Margan and Groom (2019), This growth in fear can also be
seen in the growing number of people in prisons, where in July 2016 there were
already 60,000 people after they heard that Duterte urged citizens to "go ahead
and kill drug dealers and users." As a result, people are locked up in prison
because they feel safer inside than on the streets. In addition, this subject on the
war on drugs is very topical, and therefore it is interesting to interview people at
this moment, with the war on drugs still ongoing. In addition, it is also interesting
to examine how this war on drugs influences the regime’s legitimacy. by saying
things such as, "My God, I hate drugs." and I have to kill people because I hate
drugs," one can wonder to what extent this war on drugs by the state is perceived
as legitimate. Do Filipinos feel safer now since this war on drugs happened, and
do they therefore approve Duterte’s unorthodox political style? The Philippine
National Police (PNP) is also being questioned in this regard. The PNP is
frequently accused of the unnecessary use of force, their involvement in the drug
circuit, and the protection of high drug lords.
Additionally, they are obligated to uphold international agreements,
treaties, and laws, as well as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt is a fundamental concept
that guards against unjust charges, arbitrary detention, and executions without
trial. The Catholic Church has made a statement on the killing of suspects
recently. The head of the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines
(CBCP), Archbishop Soc Villegas, signed a statement that deplored the violence.
The key sentence says: “Although death is a twin sister born with us on the same
day we were born, death by terror and violence, death in the hands of our
fellowmen is a sin that cries to heaven for vengeance. With willful murder, we
also grieve the sins of sexual perversion, oppression of the poor and the
defrauding of laborers of their wages. Like murder, these sins cry to heaven for
divine justice. We are not numb to these other offenses against human life.”
(Cullen, 2019)
According to Jazeera (2022), in September 2021, the International
Criminal Court (ICC) launched an investigation into the potential extrajudicial
killings committed during the Philippines’ “war on drugs”. A United Nations report
published in June 2020 found that of 42,286 anti-illegal drugs operations
conducted between July 1, 2016, and November 30, 2017, only 507 – 1.2
percent – were based on an arrest warrant. Asked about the thousands of killings
that took place under Duterte, his former spokesperson and now candidate for
the Philippine Senate, Harry Roque, responded: “I do not have personal
knowledge about these figures, and I cannot comment on something that I do not
have any personal knowledge of, no. But I will say, the president has enjoyed the
highest satisfaction rating ever in Philippine history. That is at 72 percent, and a
trust rating of 69 percent.”
These promises were made on the 30th of June 2016 by then 71-year-
old Rodrigo Roa Duterte when he assumed the presidency of the Philippines, an
archipelago of more than 7,000 islands in the Western pacific. The Philippine
National Police (PNP) issued an Anti-Illegal Drug Campaign called ‘Double
Barrel’ the following day (PNP Commission). This marked the start of a national
War on Drugs that only after six months had resulted in 6,000 killings of alleged
drug users and dealers committed by vigilantes and police officers.
According to Thompson (2020), the violence that has been attributed to
the Filipino War on Drugs is under scrutiny of the International Criminal Court
(ICC). In the beginning of this year, the ICC opened a preliminary investigation
into allegations of Duterte and other government officials having committed
crimes against humanity,Duterte made it clear that his War on Drugs would be
‘bloody.’ He has repeatedly threatened individuals who are involved in the drug
business and encouraged EJKs in his.
STUDY OBJECTIVE
General Objective
This research is to determine the impact of Duterte's war on drugs among
Criminology students in St. Nicolas College of Business and Technology.
Specific Objectives
1. The demographic profile of the criminology students as to:
1.1 age, and
1.2 sex
2. The impact of President Duterte's war on drugs on the perceptions and
attitudes of criminology students of St. Nicolas College of Business and
Technology towards drug-related issues.
3. The knowledge and understanding of the students on the current drug policies
in the Philippines.
4. The students’ views on how the war on drugs has impacted their daily lives?
5. What is the students’ suggestions and recommendations on how to improve
the current drug policies in the Philippines.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) Program and Performances

According to Cerado (2019), This study focused on describing the
implementation of PDEA (Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency) programs and
their performance in 2012. These programs were primarily referred to demand
and supply reduction while performance centered on community awareness and
the agency accomplishments. Forty-two (42) staffs of PDEA and 275 community
members served as respondents of this inquiry. Essentially, a descriptive survey
design was used employing two sets of validated survey questionnaires to gather
data. Findings revealed that PDEA programs vis-à-vis demand reduction and
supply reduction were well-implemented. Moreover, the respondents indicated

that they were “aware” on dangerous drugs, controlled precursors and essential
chemicals, provisions of the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002,
common causes of drug use and abuse, and adverse effect of dangerous drugs
on health. On agency accomplishments, PDEA XII records showed an average
of 102 arrests annually. The agency apprehended these drug criminals in 78 buy-
bust operations; a total of 23,408 grams of drugs were seized, and used as
evidences in 145 cases filed in courts. Apparently, the use of the same vehicles
both for intelligence operations and anti-narcotic entrapment was the most
serious problem of the agency. Finally, it was concluded that the implementation
of PDEA programs is highly related to community awareness but not to the
agency performance.
The "war on drugs" campaign of Rodrigo Duterte and appropriate

transitional justice to meet the investigation of the crimes
According to Broemel (2022), the anti-drug campaign of Rodrigo Duterte,

President of the Phillipines. First, it shows how brutally Duterte is implementing
his anti-drug war and who the victims of this campaign are. Evidence will be
sought on how the death squad system can be linked to the Phillipines police and
Duterte himself, and how these extrajudicial executions are covered up. In the
context of appropriate transitional justice, ways to do justice to the victims of the
perpetrators of the anti-drug campaign are outlined. To this end, the decision of
the Pre-Trial Chamber of the International Criminal Court to conduct an
investigation in the Phillippines is first discussed, followed by an examination of
the concept of transitional justice. Finally, the possibilities of an ad hoc tribunal,
domestic prosecution along the lines of the Gacaca courts in Rwanda, and a
truth and reconciliation commission will be discussed.
Furthermore, research conducted by Quimpo (2019), found that the war

on drugs has had a significant impact on the public’s perception of human rights
and their willingness to speak out against the government. The author found that
the war on drugs has resulted in a “culture of silence” where citizens are afraid to
speak out against the government’s policies. This culture of silence has led to an
erosion of civil liberties and an increase in public support for authoritarian
policies. Overall, the war on drugs led by President Duterte in the Philippines has
had a significant impact on public perceptions and attitudes. The heightened
sense of fear and insecurity, the erosion of trust in law enforcement and the
justice system, and the culture of silence have all contributed to a decrease in
public support for civil liberties and human rights.
In the past few years, President Duterte's war on drugs has had a
profound impact on the perceptions and attitudes of the Filipino people.
According to Mina Roces (2020), the "war on drugs has led to a heightened fear
among the population and a growing acceptance of extrajudicial killings as an
acceptable way to solve criminal behaviour". This has had a deep psychological
impact on the Filipino people, with many people feeling a heightened sense of
fear and anxiety in their daily lives. Additionally, the war on drugs has had a
detrimental effect on the trust between citizens and the government, with many
feeling that the government is not doing enough to protect them from drug-
related violence.
Furthermore, the war on drugs has resulted in a rise in public resentment
and distrust of law enforcement, with many people believing that the police are
using excessive force in their efforts to crack down on drug-related crime. In
addition to its psychological impact, the war on drugs has also had a significant
economic impact on the Filipino people. According to a study by the Philippine
Institute for Development Studies (2020), the war on drugs has resulted in a
sharp rise in poverty levels, with many people losing their jobs due to the
economic instability caused by the government's efforts to combat drug-related
crime. Furthermore, the war on drugs has also had a negative effect on the
country's foreign relations, with many countries expressing concern over the
human rights abuses resulting from the war. Overall, President Duterte's war on
drugs has had a significant impact on the perceptions and attitudes of the Filipino
people. It has resulted in a heightened sense of fear and distrust in the
government, while also having a detrimental effect on the country's economic
and foreign relations.
In a comprehensive review of literature, David and Tandoc (2018),
discussed the impact of President Rodrigo Duterte's war on drugs on perceptions
and attitudes in the Philippines. They found that the campaign has resulted in a
significant increase in public support for the government's actions and a
reduction in public sympathy for those involved in drug trafficking. The authors
also suggested that the war on drugs has had a polarizing effect, with those in
favor of the campaign viewing it as a necessary step to reduce crime, while those
against it seeing it as a violation of human rights. Additionally, they argued that
the campaign has led to a “culture of fear” in the Philippines, with citizens feeling
that they must remain silent in order to avoid persecution. Ultimately, the authors
concluded that the war on drugs has had a significant impact on public opinion in
the Philippines, and that further research is needed to better understand its
implications.
The war on drugs declared by President Duterte in 2016 has had a

profound impact on perceptions and attitudes in the Philippines. According to a
study conducted by Agcaoili & Real (2018), the war on drugs has generated
“significant shifts in public opinion,” with an increase in support for the anti-drug
campaign and a decrease in perceived drug-related crime. This was due to the
government's “strong stance against illegal drugs and drug users” which was
widely reported by the media and discussed in public forums.
Furthermore, the study found that there was an increase in the public's
perception of Duterte as a strong leader and an increase in the public's trust in
the police and the judicial system. Llanto & Du (2019), conducted a study to
examine the impact of the war on drugs on Filipino adolescents. The study found
that the majority of Filipino adolescents had a positive attitude towards the war
on drugs and perceived it as an effective way to reduce drug-related crime.
Furthermore, the study found that there was a correlation between adolescents'
positive attitude towards the war on drugs and their perception of Duterte as a
strong and effective leader.
Overall, the findings of these studies suggest that President Duterte's war
on drugs has had a positive impact on perceptions and attitudes in the
Philippines. It has generated a shift in public opinion towards the anti-drug
campaign and increased the public's trust in the police and the judicial system.
Furthermore, it has been perceived positively by Filipino adolescents, who view it
as an effective way to reduce drug-related crime and view Duterte as a strong
and effective leader.
A recent study by De Jesus et al. (2020) found that President Duterte's

war on drugs has had a significant impact on Filipino perceptions and attitudes
towards drug use and drug users. The study found that the majority of Filipinos
believe that President Duterte's policies have been effective in combating drug
use and drug-related crime. Furthermore, respondents reported significantly
higher levels of support for the government's efforts to combat drugs, as well as a
decrease in social acceptance of drug use.
The study also found that President Duterte's war on drugs has had a
particularly strong impact on the attitudes of younger people. Specifically, the
study found that younger respondents were more likely to hold a negative view of
drug users, and to support the government's efforts to combat drug use. The
findings of this study suggest that President Duterte's war on drugs has been
effective in changing public perceptions and attitudes towards drug use and drug
users in the Philippines.
The war on drugs in the Philippines, initiated by President Rodrigo Duterte

in 2016, has sparked significant international attention and debate over the
efficacy of the policy and its impact on the Filipino population. In particular, the
war on drugs has been linked to a rise in extrajudicial killings, leading to
concerns over human rights violations. At the same time, the policy has been met
with widespread popular approval in the Philippines, with polls indicating that
Duterte's approval ratings remain high.
This indicates that the war on drugs is seen as a necessary tool in the
fight against crime and drug-related activities. Recent studies have sought to
shed light on the impact of the war on drugs on the Filipino population,
particularly in terms of perceptions and attitudes. One study found that the policy
had resulted in a significant shift in public attitudes towards the government, with
respondents expressing more trust in the government and would-be criminals
expressing greater fear of the consequences of engaging in criminal activities. A
number of studies have also shown that the war on drugs has had a negative
impact on public perceptions of the rule of law, as well as on public faith in the
justice system. This is due to the fact that the policy has been heavily criticized
for its lack of due process, as well as for its reliance on extrajudicial killings.
Overall, the evidence suggests that the war on drugs has had a significant impact
on the Filipino population, both in terms of perceptions and attitudes. While there
is evidence to suggest that the policy has been met with popular approval, there
are also concerns that it has undermined public faith in the rule of law and the
justice system. This highlights the need for further research into the
Impact of the “War on Drugs” on Children in the Philippines

According to Jennifer M.D, States that thousands of people in the

Philippines have been killed since President Rodrigo Duterte launched his “war
on drugs” on June 30, 2016, the day he took office. Among those who died have
been dozens of children under age 18 who were either specifically targeted or
were inadvertently shot during anti-drug raids, what authorities have called
“collateral damage.” Philippine children’s rights nongovernmental organizations
(NGOs) put the total number of child fatalities at 101 from July 2016 through
December 2018, both targeted and killed as bystanders. More deaths of children
have been reported in the media in 2019 and 2020. More broadly, official figures
from the Philippine National Police and the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency
put the number of “drug war” casualties at 5,601 deaths as of January 31, 2020.
In every case, police claimed they killed a drug seller or user during a raid after
the suspect resisted arrest and fought back. The national Commission on Human
Rights and domestic human rights groups believe many thousands more –
estimated at more than 27,000 – have been killed by the police, agents of the
police, or unidentified assailants. The overwhelming majority of these killings
have not been thoroughly investigated. According to the Philippine Department of
Justice in January 2019, just 76 deaths have led to investigations. Even then,
only 33 resulted in court cases and 5 were pending before the Office of the
Prosecutor, while the prosecutor dismissed half – 38 cases. At time of writing,
only one case – the killing of 17-year-old Kian delos Santos by three police
officers in August 2017, which happened to be captured on video – has resulted
in a trial and conviction.
According to Delano (2020), the victims in the wave of extrajudicial killings

in the Philippines are all young men, most of whom were gunned down in the
slums of Manila. Whether they were dealers, users or people caught in the
crossfire of President Duterte’s brutal war on drugs, they often leave behind
shattered families. President Duterte’s campaign of extrajudicial killings with
Metro Manila’s slums as the backdrop was the subject of our Oct. 23 talk with
Tokyo-based photojournalist James Whitlow Delano. In particular, the talk at

Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) in Washington,
D.C. looked at how photography shapes our understanding of poverty, violence,
and inequality, which in turn shapes the policies we use to address these
challenges.
According to Wells (2023), two paid killers told us their boss is an active-
duty police officer, and that they receive P5,000 for killing a person allegedly
using drugs, and between P10,000 and P15,000 for killing a “drug pusher.”
Before Duterte, they said they had one or two “jobs” a month; now, they have 3-4
every week. President Duterte was elected on promises to be a champion of the
poor and to reduce the persistent inequality that has marked the Philippines.
Instead, an industry of murder is thriving, at the expense of the urban poor.
Family members we interviewed repeatedly described the “war on drugs” as a
war against the poor. Analyn said her husband was not involved in drugs, but
that he had friends who were, which she thinks may have brought on the police
operation. In her area, she said, many others had been killed, contrasting their
experience with the “big fish” who receive quite different treatment: “Those who
are rich are jailed and turned into witnesses. How come the poor are being
killed? In our neighborhood…they usually kill those of us who have families –
people who sell to have a little money. If people had other opportunities, they
would not [sell drugs].” On January 30, Philippine National Police Chief Ronald
dela Rosa announced that the anti-illegal drug units would be disbanded,
following the fallout from the killing of a Korean businessperson. His statement
came after a press conference in which Duterte said the Philippine Drug
Enforcement Agency (PDEA) would take over the lead for operations, promising
to continue his anti-drug campaign through the end of his term – after having
initially indicated it was a 6-month campaign. This change in responsibility for
anti-drug operations must be coupled with a fundamental change in strategy –
from one based on punishment and violence to one based on the protection of
health and respect for human rights, including standards on the lawful use of
force. Many countries, including neighbors of the Philippines, have tried a heavy-
handed approach to drugs. Repeatedly, such tactics have proven unsuccessful,
devastating lives while failing to tackle the root causes of drug use and sale.
Poverty and its various manifestations are a problem you treat, not shoot at.
There must also be justice and accountability for those like Analyn who have
watched as their loved ones were killed, and as the police planted “evidence” and
stole from their homes. The impunity of the police force, encouraged by
President Duterte’s statements, has fueled mass killing. The Department of
Justice should urgently establish a special task force within the National Bureau
of Investigation to conduct independent and efficient investigations of
extrajudicial executions, leading to the prosecution of all those responsible,
irrespective of rank or status.
How Duterte's war on drugs is being significantly opposed within the

Philippines
According to Lozada, when President Duterte came to power in June

2016, he immediately fulfilled his campaign promise to stamp out criminality by
launching his bloody WOD. Duterte framed the problem of illegal drugs as crucial
to the survival of the Philippine nation. Illegal drug users and peddlers were
framed as dangerous ‘others’ that threatened the safety of the Filipino people the
‘good’ us. The day after he was sworn in, police officers began arresting and
killing alleged drug users under Operation Tokhang (which focused on urban
poor slums) and Operation Double Barrel (targeting alleged drug lords). After six
months, Amnesty International reported that more than 7,000 Filipinos had been
killed in the WOD. The total number of drug war deaths remains contested. The
official number from the Philippine National Police is 5,526 as of December 2020.
However, this does not include the thousands of extra-judicial killings carried out
by armed vigilantes. Domestic human rights groups have estimated the total
number of WOD deaths at 27,000 as of December 2020.
Theoretical framework
Comprehensive Danguerous Drugs Act 2022

This Act, consisting of 101 sections, provides for importation of Dangerous
Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals. It establishes
offences and penalty according to the different dangerous drug, regardless of the
quantity and purity involved. Every pharmacist dealing in dangerous drugs and/or
controlled precursors and essential chemicals shall maintain and keep an original
record of sales, purchases, acquisitions and deliveries of dangerous drugs,
indicating specific information. A veterinarian or practitioner authorized to
prescribe any dangerous drug shall submit Records Transactions on Dangerous
Drugs and Precursors and Essential Chemicals. A veterinarian or practitioner
authorized to prescribe any dangerous drug shall issue the prescription therefor
in one original and two duplicate copies. The original, after the prescription has
been filled, shall be retained by the pharmacist for a period of one year from the
date of sale or delivery of such drug.
Human Rights and Duterte’s War on Drugs
According to Xu (2019), When Rodrigo Duterte campaigned for president,

he claimed that drug dealing and drug addiction were major obstacles to the
Philippines’ economic and social progress. He promised a large-scale crackdown
on dealers and addicts, similar to the crackdown that he engaged in when he
was mayor of Davao, one of the Philippines’ largest cities on the southern island
of Mindanao. When Duterte became president in June, he encouraged the public
to “go ahead and kill” drug addicts. His rhetoric has been widely understood as
an endorsement of extrajudicial killings, as it has created conditions for people to
feel that it’s appropriate to kill drug users and dealers. What have followed seem
to be vigilante attacks against alleged or suspected drug dealers and drug
addicts. The police are engaged in large-scale sweeps. The Philippine National
Police also revealed a list of high-level political officials and other influential
people who were allegedly involved in the drug trade.
Conceptual framework
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Implementation
of War on Drugs
Crime rate of The Impact of The Impact of

drugs related crime Duterte’s war on Criminology
during the Duterte’s Drugs Students of St.
war on Drugs Nicolas College of
Business and
Technology
Evaluation
In this paradigm, the box with broken lines contains the different variables that
will be used to determine the impact of Duterte’s war on drugs on the perception
of criminology students regarding drug awareness at St. Nicolas College of
Business and Technology. The first variable is the implementation of the war on
drugs, which serves as the guidelines for conducting seminars, The second
variable is the crime rate of drug-related crime during Duterte’s war on drugs.
The third and last variable is evaluation, which is based on the impact of
Duterte’s war on drugs on the criminology students at St. Nicolas College of
Business and Technology. In this box, we can easily recognize that the three
variables are correlated with each other and have equal responses.
The above-mentioned variables will define the impact of Duterte’s war on drugs
among the criminology students, and the last part is to know their perceptions to
serve as awareness.
Scope and Delimitation of the study
The goal of this study is to determine the Impact of Duterte’s war on drugs
among criminology students at St. Nicolas College of Business and Technology.
It is a national campaign when former President Rodrigo Roa Duterte
implemented the Oplan Tokhang during his administration. The respondents will
be the criminology students who are currently enrolled in St. Nicolas College of
Business and Technology. This study aims to determine the impact of Duterte’s
war on drugs to know if the said operation plan is effective or not.
Study Design and Locale

Quantitative research is defined as a systematic investigation of
phenomena by gathering quantifiable data and performing statistical,
mathematical, or computational techniques. Quantitative research gathers
information from existence and potential customers used sampling methods and
face to face survey etc., the results of which be depicted in the form of numerical.
After careful understanding of these numbers to predict the future of a product or
service and make changes accordingly, descriptive research is defined as a
research method that describes the characteristics of the population or
phenomenon that is being studied. This methodology focuses more on the “what”
of the research subject rather than the “why” of the research subject. In other
words, descriptive research primarily focused on describing the nature of a
demographic segment, without focusing on “why” a certain phenomenon occurs.
In other words, it “describes” the subject of the research, without covering “why” it
happens. For example, an apparel brand that wants to understand the fashioned
purchasing trends among New York buyers conducted a demographic survey of
this region, gathered population data, and then conducted descriptive research
on this demographic segment. (Bhat, 2009)
Study Participants
The respondents of this study are the criminology students at the St.
Nicolas College of Business and Technology. The researchers used the site
raosoft.com to determine the population. In determining the sample respondents
in this study, a purposive sampling technique is a type of non-probability
sampling that is most effective when one needs to study a certain cultural domain
with knowledgeable experts within. Choosing the purposive sample is

fundamental to the quality of data gathered; thus, reliability and competence of
the informant must be ensured.
Sample size and Sampling

The sample size used as respondents was taken from the total population of
enrolled criminology students with a total of 833 students. The sample size was
determined through the RAOSOFT sample size calculator, which recommended sample
size is 266 participants with a 5% margin of error, 95% confidence level of uncertainly,
and 50% the response distribution. The researchers used purposive to choose the
respondents of the population of criminology students and the researchers used
frequency count rank when analyzing the data, based on the findings of the study.
No. of Respondents
Criminology Students of St. Nicolas 266 respondents
College of Business and
Technology
www.raosoft.com (Sample size is 266)
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

The participants in this study are the students of the Bachelor of Science
in Criminology at St. Nicolas College of Business and Technology. Exclusion
criteria are those who do not belong to the study or who will not participate in the
study.
Research Instruments
Survey questionnaire is the primary instrument used. It has only one set of
survey questionnaires that was used for the respondents. The research
instrument consisted of (2) parts, the part (1) was to determine the demographic
profile of the respondents that include; gender, age, and year level while the
content of the Part 2 of the questionnaire was the Impact of Duterte’s war on
drugs. The part 2 of the questionnaire can be answered by the following: 5-
strongly agree, 4-agree,3-neutral, 2-disagree; 1-strongly disagree.
Frequency Distribution and Percentage
This statistical method was used by the researchers to collect data on the
respondents' demographics and to describe them. A tabular representation of a
set of data used to gather and summarize the data is referred to as a "Frequency
Distribution". It displays the overall frequency of each unique value of a variable.
Data Collection Procedure

A written questionnaire was used by the researchers in order to collect the
necessary data. There is no sensitive information that is included in the
questionnaire. For the reason that the information that has been gathered is
solely for the purpose of research, it will be given to anyone else.
Ethical Consideration
Researchers make sure that the interview questions will not touch any
personal and sensitive information of the respondents. The answers of the
participants will be kept safe and highly confidential to ensure their safety and
well-being. The participants are free to stop the interview if they are not
comfortable with the question. Their identity will be kept anonymous, and we will
not ask for their information so that they will keep their privacy.
Informed Consent Process, Duration of Participation, and Withdrawal

Criteria
Before the process of distributing the questionnaires, the researchers
gave consent to borrow the time from the instructors and the students. This
valued the permission and time of every participant in the data collection
process, because the researchers respected the participants, they assured them
that the study would benefit not only the students but also the instructors.
Confidentiality has been pledged to the respondents by making an
agreement and non-theoretical reasoned the researcher valued and respected
the opinions of the respondents responsibly.
Risk and inconveniences

Results from this research approach dependent on numerical responses
of the participants therefore only a limited information of the thoughts and
motivations can get from them.
Benefits of the Study

The result of this study will be significant for the following:
The Researcher: This enables them to look for other information to help
with their study if it has the same content as our study. It improves their
research skills little by little.
The student: The students will be aware and updated of the current
events regarding criminal issues, especially on drug cases.
The Parents: The parents will benefit to help them to give the right
guidance to their children regarding dangerous drugs.
The Teacher: The teacher will benefit from this study because they are
also aware of the source of information regarding drug awareness and will
know what activities to conduct to broaden the knowledge of their students
in terms of drugs.
The Community: These communities will be able to help the students to
give awareness to the students to keep away from the dangerous drugs.
Privacy, Confidentiality, and Data Management

The confidentiality of the information obtained during the data-gathering
process will be strictly enforced, and the researchers will be held firmly
responsible. The researcher will ensure that the participant's identity, personal
data, and other relevant information are all kept private and that only the
researchers have access to them.
Conflict of Interest
The study has no competing interests. The complete study will not be
reflected in our own preference. The study's findings will also be biased against
our interests and in favor of the data acquired.
Statistical Analysis of Data

The data gathered through survey questionnaire were analyzed using the
computer package, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Excel
spreadsheets. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze continuous and
categorical data. This was presented in form of frequencies and percentages.
5 Point Likert Scale.
Verbal Interpretation Scale
Strongly Disagree 1:00-1.80
Disagree 1.81-2.60
Neutral 2.61-3.40
Agree 3.41-4.20
Strongly Agree 4.21-5.00

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The outcomes of the data collection are presented in this chapter. In order
to make the presentation of the data more clearly, the information was organized
according to the fundamental issues posed in the study's problem statement. For
clarity of presentation, the data gathered were presented in order and sequence
of the basic questions presented in the statement of the problem of this study.
I. Respondents` Profile
1.1. Respondents` Gender
Gender
Descriptive Analysis of Respondents` Profile in terms of their Gender
Table 1 presents descriptive analysis of respondents in terms of their gender.
The results show that out of 266 respondents in St. Nicolas College of Business
and Technology 161 out of 266 respondents are female and 105 are male who
participated on the survey, therefore 39.47% are male and the 60.53% female.
This could be attributed to the fact that the college has a higher percentage of
female students. It is also possible that the female students are more likely to
participate in surveys than the male students. This could be due to the fact that
women are more likely to be open about their opinions and feelings, and may be
more comfortable in expressing their views. Overall, this table shows that the
gender distribution in the college is quite balanced. This suggests that the college
is open to all genders, and strives to create an environment that is both
welcoming and inclusive. Furthermore, the survey results indicate that there is a
strong sense of community in the college, as both males and females are equally
represented. Based on the survey and the responses from the respondents
spoke with during the earlier data collection, the researchers expected that more
men than women will engage in the research. In the Criminology Department,
there were 833 enrolled for the S.Y 2022- 2023.
Table1. Frequency as to their Gender
Gender Value Percentage

Male 105 39.47%
Female 161 60.53%
Grand Total 266 100%
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondent’s Age
Table 1 shows the descriptive frequency and percentage distribution of the
respondent’s age. The data shows the highest frequency 148 or 55.64% of the
respondents are under 21-25 years old. That most participated on the survey.
While the lowest frequency is 6 or 2.26% of respondents are under 25-30 years
old. Based on the investigation, people between the ages of 25 and 30 are more
aware of Duterte’s war on drugs, because they spend time there to studies and
family.
The data collected from the survey suggests that individuals between the
ages of 21 and 25 are the most likely to be familiar with President Duterte's war
on drugs. This could be due to a variety of factors, such as the fact that
individuals in this age group are more likely to be in school and actively engaging
in political discourse. In addition, the fact that this age group is more likely to
have family members who are affected by the war on drugs could also contribute
to their familiarity with the topic.
On the other hand, individuals between the ages of 25 and 30 are the
least likely to be familiar with the war on drugs. This could be due to the fact that
this age group is more likely to be busy with work and family responsibilities,
leaving them less time to engage in political discourse. Additionally, it could also
be due to the fact that this age group is less likely to be directly affected by the
war on drugs, since they are less likely to have family members who are
impacted by it.
Table 2. Frequency table as to their Age
Age Value Percentage
18-21 years old 112 42.10%
21-25 years old 148 55.64%
25 -30 years old 6 2.26%
Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondent’s Year Level
The Frequency and Percentage Distribution of the Respondent’s Year
level is presented in Table 3. Based on the results, it shows that the highest
frequency is 86 or 32.33% out of 266 respondents 2 nd year students.
Furthermore, the lowest frequency are 49 or 18.42% out of 266 of respondents
4th year students. The Second to the highest response rate is among those
between the year level 1 st year and 3rd year, who are more aware about the
Duterte’s war on drugs, less care, and who also use their time for other
responsibilities with the frequency is 72 or 27.07% and second to the lowest are
respondents of 1st year students with the frequency 59 or 22.18%, for the grand
total of 266 of 100%.
Table 3.Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Respondent’s Year Level
Year Level Value Percentage
1st year 59 22.18%
2nd year 86 32.33%
3rd year 72 27.07%
4th year 49 18.42%
Respondents` Assessment of The Impact of Duterte’s War on Drugs

Among the Criminology Students of St. Nicolas College of Business and
Technology
President Duterte's war on drugs on the perceptions and attitude
The data from the survey of criminology students of St. Nicolas College of
Business and Technology regarding the impact of Duterte’s War on Drugs
reveals interesting results. The highest mean score of 3.70 was for the statement
“Do you have an idea about war on drugs”, which was interpreted as Agree. This
is indicative of the fact that the majority of the students had a clear understanding
of the war on drugs and were in agreement with it. On the other hand, the lowest
mean score of 2.15 was for the statement “Is the war on drugs unethical”, which
was interpreted as Disagree. This suggests that the majority of the students did
not believe that the war on drugs was inherently unethical.
Overall, the survey data suggests that the majority of the students at St.
Nicolas College of Business and Technology had a positive view of Duterte’s
War on Drugs. This could be due to the fact that the students were from the
Philippines, which is a country that has been greatly affected by the war on
drugs. It is likely that the students have seen the effects of the war on drugs, and
thus have formed a positive opinion of it.
The data on the Impact of Duterte’s War on Drugs Among the Criminology
Students of St. Nicolas College of Business and Technology reveals an average
mean score of 3.12 and a standard deviation of 0.93 and a variance of 0.96. This
indicates that the majority of the students surveyed evaluated the impact of
Duterte’s War on Drugs as being neutral. The standard deviation of 0.93
suggests that there is a relatively large amount of variation in the responses.
This could be due to a range of opinions among the students or the fact
that different students may have interpreted the question differently. The variance
of 0.96 indicates that there is a moderate amount of variation in the data, which is
in line with the interpretation of the standard deviation. Overall, the data suggests
that the impact of Duterte’s War on Drugs is seen as neutral among the
criminology students of St. Nicolas College of Business and Technology.
Table 4. President Duterte's war on drugs on the perceptions and attitude

Std.
Indicators Mean Deviation Variance Verbal Interpretation
1. Are you aware

about war on 3.65 0.62 0.38
drugs? Agree
2. Do you have
idea about war 3.70 0.52 0.27
on drugs? Agree
3. When Former
Ex-President
Rodrigo Roa
Duterte strictly
3.05 1.07 1.15
implement the
war on drugs did
you feel safe in
your community? Neutral
4. Is the impact
of war on drugs
3.06 1.17 1.37
in the Philippines
positive? Neutral
5. Is the war on
2.15 1.28 1.63
drugs unethical? Disagree
Average 3.12 0.93 0.96 Neutral
Knowledge and understanding of the students on the current drug policies.
The highest means score of 3.64 and the lowest means score of 2.57
indicates that the majority of the students have a positive attitude towards
President Duterte's war on drugs. However, the lower means score indicates that
some students may not agree with his methods of suppressing illegal drugs. This
could be due to a lack of knowledge and understanding of the current drug
policies or a disagreement with the president's approach to the issue. This
suggests that more education and discussion around the current drug policies is
needed in order to increase students' knowledge and understanding of the issue.
The average mean score of 3.32 and a standard deviation of 0.76 and
variance of 0.58 indicates that the students’ knowledge and understanding of the
current drug policies is neutral. This suggests that on average, the students have
a moderate level of knowledge and understanding about the current drug
policies. The moderate level of knowledge and understanding may be due to a
lack of education or resources related to drug policy. This could be an area of
focus for schools and other educational institutions, as this knowledge is
important for students to be able to make informed decisions about drug use.
It is also important to consider the standard deviation and variance of the

scores in order to get a more detailed picture of the students’ knowledge and
understanding. While the average score may be in the neutral range, the
standard deviation and variance can provide more insight into how spread out
the scores are. For example, if the standard deviation and variance are both
high, then this could indicate that there is a wider range of scores, which could
suggest that some students have a higher level of knowledge and understanding
compared to others. Overall, this data suggests that the students’ knowledge and
understanding of the current drug policies is nuetral, but more data and analysis
is necessary in order to get a more comprehensive picture of the students’
knowledge and understanding.
Table 5. Knowledge and understanding of the students on the current drug policies.
Std. Verbal
Indicators Mean Deviation Variance Interpretation
6. Do you think
the strictly
implementation of 3.38 0.78 0.61
war on drugs
successful? Neutral
7. Do you agree 2.57 0.93 0.86 Disagree

with Duterte's
method of
suppressing
illegal drugs?
8. Do you support
the Former
President of the
Republic of the
3.61 0.72 0.51
Philippines
campaigned
towards war on
drugs? Agree
9. Do human
rights affect in
3.38 0.76 0.58
Duterte’s War on
Drugs? Agree
10. Do you agree

that Duterte's war
on drugs is good 3.64 0.60 0.36
for the
community? Agree
Students’ views on how the war on drugs has impacted their daily lives
The results of the survey suggest that the respondents generally agree
that President Duterte’s War on Drugs has had a positive effect on reducing the
clandestine of illegal drugs in the Philippines. The highest mean score of 3.41
indicates that most respondents believe the War on Drugs has had a positive
impact on the country. This could be due to the fact that President Duterte has
been quite vocal about his efforts to end the drug trade and has implemented a
number of initiatives to this end.
At the same time, the lowest mean score of 3.26 indicates that
respondents are less certain about the effects of the War on Drugs on small
communities. This could be because the War on Drugs has been widely criticized
for its lack of consideration for human rights violations and its disproportionate
effects on the vulnerable. It is possible that respondents are uncertain about the
extent to which small communities are affected by drugs, or if President Duterte’s

efforts are effective in reducing the illicit drug trade in these communities.
The average means score of 3.34 for the Students’ views on how the war
on drugs has impacted their daily lives can be interpreted as neutral. This is
because the score is close to the midpoint of the scale (2-5). The standard
deviation of 0.90 indicates that the responses are scattered around the mean,
indicating that there is no clear consensus among the students. The variance of
0.82 suggests that there is not much variation in the responses, indicating that
the students generally have the same opinion on the issue.
In terms of the discussion, this data suggests that the war on drugs may
not be having a significant impact on the daily lives of the students. This could be
because the students are not directly affected by the war on drugs, or because
the war on drugs is not having a significant impact in their area. It is also possible
that the students have not been exposed to information or education about the
war on drugs, or that they do not view the war on drugs as a major issue. Further
research is needed to better understand the students’ views on the issue.
Table 6. Students’ views on how the war on drugs has impacted their daily lives
Std. Verbal
Indicators Mean Deviation Variance Interpretation
11. Do you believe small
communities are the victims of 3.26 0.92 0.85
drugs? Neutral
12. Do you agree that the
government should focus on 3.40 0.75 0.57
the small community? Neutral
13. Do you agree the campaign
reduced drug proliferation in the 3.33 0.79 0.62
country Neutral
14. Do you agree that Duterte’s
War on Drugs reduce the
3.41 0.89 0.79
clandestine of illegal drugs in
the Philippines? Agree
15. Do you satisfied of
Duterte’s War drugs result 3.30 1.12 1.26
during his administration? Neutral
Average
3.34 0.90 0.82
Neutral
Improve the current drug policies in the Philippines
The highest mean score of 3.70 indicates that most people agree that
there should be more government resources allocated to drug prevention
initiatives. This suggests that people are in favor of prevention as opposed to
treatment for drug addiction. This could be due to the idea that it is cheaper and
more effective to prevent drug addiction than to treat it. The lowest mean score of
2.15 indicates that most people do not agree that the government should provide
more treatment and rehabilitation options for drug addicts. This could be due to
the perception that treatment and rehabilitation options are too expensive and not
effective in the long term. It could also be due to the perception that recovery
from drug addiction is not possible. Therefore, providing more treatment and
rehabilitation options is not seen as a priority.
The average means score of 3.12 and a standard deviation of 0.93 and a
variance of 0.96 can be interpreted as neutral on the knowledge and
understanding of the students on the current drug policies. This indicates that the
students are neither particularly knowledgeable nor particularly ignorant on the
current drug policies, with the majority of the students having an average level of
knowledge.
This could be due to a variety of factors, such as the students not
receiving adequate education on the subject, or they may not have been
exposed to the relevant information necessary to gain a full understanding of the
current drug policies. Additionally, it could be due to the students not being
interested in the subject or not considering it a priority to gain an in-depth
knowledge of the current drug policies.
This information could be used to inform policy makers and educational
institutions on how best to improve the knowledge and understanding of the
students on the current drug policies. For example, policy makers may decide to
focus on providing educational resources and initiatives to ensure that students

are adequately informed, while educational institutions could implement
curriculums that focus on the current drug policies
Table 7. Improve the current drug policies in the Philippines
Indicators Mean Std. Deviation Variance Verbal Interpretation
16. Do you agree

that there should be
stricter regulations
3.65 0.62 0.38
on the availability of
drugs in the
Philippines? Agree
17. Do you agree

more government
3.70 0.52 0.27
resources allocated
to drug prevention
initiatives? Agree
18. Do you agree

that drug education
3.05 1.07 1.15
should be mandatory
in all schools? Neutral
19. Do you agree

an increase in the
3.06 1.17 1.37
penalties for illegal
drug possession and
trafficking? Neutral
20. Do you agree

that the government
should provide more
2.15 1.28 1.63
treatment and
rehabilitation options
for drug addicts? Disagree
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter provides a review of findings, conclusions drawn, and
proposed recommendations from the information recorded in this study's
previous section.
CONCLUSION
The following conclusions were made based on the results of the study:
According to the findings of the study, the main reason for Duterte's drug war is
to reduce crime rates. The findings revealed that the majority of students and
members of the community need to be aware. The result of the study found that
most of the respondents agreed with the strict implementation of Duterte’s War
on Drugs. Also, the main root of the war on drugs is the community. Overall,
Duterte’s War on Drugs has had a marked impact on criminology students, both
in terms of their understanding of the causes of crime and their attitudes towards
the death penalty. It has also made them more aware of the potential
consequences of their actions, as well as the potential for violence and corruption
in the justice system. Despite the fact that the War on Drugs has been
controversial, it has created an opportunity for students to engage with the
subject matter in a more meaningful way, thus providing them with a deeper
understanding of the criminal justice system.
The impact of Duterte’s War on Drugs among criminology students is
clear. Most likely the students are in support of the war on drugs as it has
improved order and safety in their communities. However, there is also a concern
that the war on drugs has led to a decrease in civil liberties and an increase in
violence. All in all, the war on drugs is a complex issue, and there is no easy
solution. Criminology students must continue to take a critical eye to the Duterte
administration’s policies and demand that civil liberties remain at the forefront of
the conversation.
It has made them more aware of the complexities and challenges of the
criminal justice system, as well as the need to address the root causes of crime.
It has also made them more aware of the dangers of drug use and its
consequences. Duterte's War on Drugs has also highlighted the need for more
effective crime prevention and rehabilitation strategies, as well as the need for
greater collaboration between government and non-government organizations in
order to reduce crime and improve public safety.
The Duterte administration's war on drugs has had a significant impact on
criminology students, particularly in terms of their attitudes towards drug policy.
While the majority of students may support the government's policy, there is a
growing recognition of the need to consider alternative approaches, such as
harm reduction and drug education. It is clear that the war on drugs has had a
major impact on the discourse around drug use and drug policy, and it is
important for the criminology community to continue to critically examine this
policy and consider the implications for future drug policy and enforcement.
The Impact of Duterte's War on Drugs has had a profound effect on
criminology students, both inside and outside the Philippines. On the one hand,
the War on Drugs has provided an impetus for students to learn more about the
criminal justice system and to hone their skills in crime prevention and law
enforcement. On the other hand, the War on Drugs has also been a source of
great debate and criticism due to its perceived harshness, its possible effects on
civil rights, and its potential for abuse by the government. Ultimately, it is difficult
to determine the overall impact of the War on Drugs on criminology students
RECOMMENDATION
The following are the recommendations based on the findings of the study:
1. It is important that criminology students understand the implications of

President Duterte's War on Drugs in order to better contextualize current criminal
justice issues.
2. To gain a deeper understanding of the impact of this War on Drugs,
criminology students should explore the ethical, legal, and social implications of
the policies established by the Duterte administration.
3. It is essential that criminology students recognize the potential for human
rights violations that can arise when the state is given such extraordinary powers
over its citizens.
4. Additionally, students should research the impact of the War on Drugs on the
overall public safety in the Philippines, and explore the efficacy of the strategies
employed by the government.

5. By examining the effectiveness of the War on Drugs from multiple angles,
criminology students can develop a balanced perspective and gain a deeper
understanding of the implications of this policy.
6. Finally, it is important for criminology students to maintain an open dialogue
with their peers and instructors to discuss the complexities of this issue and the
ethical dilemmas it creates.
Definition of terms
 Buy-bust operation is a form of entrapment, whereby a police agent
disguised as a buyer of illegal drugs undertakes a sales transaction with
a seller.
 Campaign - an organized course of action to achieve a goal. "the
campaign for a full inquiry into the regime
 Crime - an action or omission that constitutes an offense that may
be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law.
 Comprehensive - relating to understanding
 Community - is a social group whose members have something in
common, such as a shared government, geographic location, culture, or
heritage.
 Criminology - is the study of crime and criminal behavior, informed by
principles of sociology and other non-legal fields, including psychology,
economics, statistics, and anthropology. Criminologists examine a variety
of related areas, including: Characteristics of people who commit crimes.

 Drugs - Any substance (other than food) that is used to prevent,
diagnose, treat, or relieve symptoms of a disease or abnormal condition.
Drugs can also affect how the brain and the rest of the body work and
cause changes in mood, awareness, thoughts, feelings, or behavior.
 Drug addiction - Addiction is defined as a chronic, relapsing disorder
characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite adverse
consequences. It is considered a brain disorder, because it involves
functional changes to brain circuits involved in reward, stress, and self-
control.
 Environment- the natural world, as a whole or in a particular
geographical area, especially as affected by human activity.
 Human Rights - Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms that
belong to every person in the world, from birth until death. They apply
regardless of where you are from, what you believe in or how you choose
to live your life.
 Illegal drugs - are drugs which a person is not allowed to own or use by
law.
 Justice system - the institutions that are central to resolving conflicts
arising over alleged violations or different interpretations of the rules that
societies create to govern members' behavior

 PDEA - he Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) is responsible
for the efficient law enforcement of all provisions on any dangerous drugs
and/or precursors and essential chemicals.
 PNP - The Philippine National Police (PNP) (Filipino : Pambansang
Pulisya ng Pilipinas) is the national police force of the Republic of the
Philippines. It is both a national and a local police force in that it provides
all law enforcement services throughout the Philippines.
 Policies - a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a
government, party, business, or individual.
 Tokhang - drug suspects are primarily identified through the watch list
submitted by the Barangay Anti-Drug Abuse Council to the police

Bibliography
Aileen May P. Mijares (2020) Rebuilding Lives Amid the Ruins of Duterte’s
War on Drugs
https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/HRPS/article/view/248115
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369004617_The_impacts_of_the
dru war_on_Indigenous_Peoples_in_Latin_America_An_overview
David Lozada(2021)
https://www.melbourneasiareview.edu.au/how-dutertes-war-on-d rugs-is-
being-significantly-opposed-within-the-philippines/
Dyah (2019) The War on Drugs of Philippines and Indonesia: A Literature
Review
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
331171727_The_War_on_Drugs_of_Philippines_and_Indonesia_A_Litera
ture_Review
HR (2022) Philippines’ ‘War on Drugs’

https://www.hrw.org/tag/philippines-war-drugs
Jeb sharp (2019) Blood and Power in the Philippines
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/get-the-backstory-on-dutertes-
war-on-drugs-as-icc-green-lights-investigation-into-philippines-killings/
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/get-the-backstory-on-dutertes-
war-on-drugs-as-icc-green-lights-investigation-into-philippines
killings/https://www.mcgill.ca/
MattFwell (2022) Duterte’s ‘war on drugs’ is a war on the poor
https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/02/war-on-drugs-war-on-
poor/
Steffen Bo Jensen (2021)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
367369589_Police_Violence_and_Corruption_in_The_War_on_Drugs_an
d_Before
Sol Iglesias (2023)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369782423_Explaining_the_patt
ern_of war_on_drugs_violence_in_the_Philippines_under_Duterte
Vanda Brown (2019)
https://www.brookings.edu/testimonies/the-human-rights-consequences-
of-the- war-on-drugs-in-the-philippines/
Vhakaria, netherland and Frederieuq (2022) How the war on drugs impacts
social determinants of health beyond the criminal legal system
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07853890.2022.2100926
Xu (2019) Human Rights and Duterte’s War on Drugs
https://www.cfr.org/interview/human-rights-and-dutertes-war-drugs
Appendices
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
Researcher made on The Impact of Duterte’s War on Drugs Among the
Criminology Students of St. Nicolas College of Business and Technology
Name: (Optional)
1. Gender
o Male
o Female
2. Age
o From 18 to less than 21
3. Year and Level

o 1st year
o 2nd year
o 3rd year
o 4th year
Instructions: Put check (√) on the blank that corresponds to your evaluation
about the Impact of Duterte’s war on drugs.
5 - Strong agree 4- Agree 3- Neutral 2 - Dis-agree 1- Strong Dis-agree
President Duterte's war on drugs on the perceptions and 5 4 3 2 1

attitudes
1. Are you aware about war on drugs?
2. Do you have idea about war on drugs?
3. When Former Ex-President Rodrigo Roa Duterte strictly

implement the war on drugs did you feel safe in your
community?
4. Is the impact of war on drugs in the Philippines positive?

5. Is the war on drugs unethical?
Knowledge and understanding of the students on the

current drug policies
6. Do you think the strictly implementation of war on drugs
successful?
7. Do you agree with Duterte's method of suppressing illegal
drugs?
8. Do you support the Former President of the Republic of

the Philippines campaigned towards war on drugs?
9. Do human rights affect in Duterte’s War on Drugs?
10. Do you agree that Duterte's war on drugs is good for the
community?
Students’ views on how the war on drugs has impacted

their daily lives
11. Do you believe small communities are the victims of
drugs?
12. Do you agree that the government should focus on the

small community?
13. Do you agree the campaign reduced drug proliferation in
the country
14. Do you agree that Duterte’s War on Drugs reduce the
clandestine of illegal drugs in the Philippines?
15. Do you satisfied of Duterte’s War drugs result during his
administration?
Improve the current drug policies in the Philippines
16. Do you agree that there should be stricter regulations on

the availability of drugs in the Philippines?
17. Do you agree that there should be more government
resources allocated to drug prevention initiatives?
18. Do you agree that drug education should be mandatory
in all schools?
19. Do you agree that there should be an increase in the
penalties for illegal drug possession and trafficking?
20. Do you agree that the government should provide more

treatment and rehabilitation options for drug addicts?
FACE TO FACE SURVEY DOCUMENTATION

CURRICULUM VITAE
CALMA, JONALYN
Purok 2 Brgy, Sta Lucia, City Of San Fernando, Pampanga
09187523356
calmajonalyn604@gmail.com
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Primary Sto Domingo Elementary School yr. 2007- 2013
Secondary (Junior High) Pampanga High School yr. 2013-2017
(Senior High) Pampanga High School yr. 2017-2019
Current: St.Nicolas College of Business and Technology
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth : November 05, 2000
Place of Birth : Manila
Gender : Female
Nationality : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic

CURRICULUM VITAE
ANINZO, JAMES PATRICK M.
Purok 2 Brgy, Sta Nino, City Of Macabebe, Pampanga
09053005022
jamesaninzo74@gmail.com
Primary Sto. Nino Elementary School yr. 2007- 2013
Secondary (Junior High) Sta. Maria High School yr. 2013-2017
(Senior High) Sta. Maria High School yr. 2017-2019
Date of Birth : August 22, 2000
Place of Birth : Sto. Nino
Gender : Male

CURRICULUM VITAE
IBAY, ROBELT L.
Purok 2 Brgy, Sta Nino, City Of Macabebe, Pampanga
09271660791
ibayrobert41@gmail.com
Primary Sto. Nino Elementary School yr. 2008- 2014
Secondary (Junior High) Sta. Maria High School yr. 2014-2018
(Senior High) Sta. Maria High School yr. 2018-2019
Date of Birth : February 07, 2002
Place of Birth : Sto. Nino, Macabebe, Pampanga
Gender : Male

CURRICULUM VITAE
ANGELES, RICA E.
Centro 3, San Juan Mexico, Pampanga
09551283242
Angelesrica678@gmail.com
Primary San Juan Elementary School yr. 2008- 2014
Secondary (Junior High) San Juan High School yr. 2014-2018
(Senior High) San Juan High School yr. 2018-2019
Current: St. Nicolas College of Business and Technology
Date of Birth : February 21, 2001
Place of Birth : San Juan, Macabebe, Pampanga
Gender : Female

CURRICULUM VITAE
REYES, RICHMOND M.
Dolores, Sampaloc City of San Fernando, Pampanga
09365867698
mondireyes20@gmail.com
Primary San Fernando Elementary School yr. 2007- 2013
Secondary (Junior High) Pampanga High School yr. 2013-2017
(Senior High) Our Lady of Fatima University yr. 2017-2019
Date of Birth : September 20, 2000
Place of Birth : San Fernandino Hospital CSFP
Gender : Male
CURRICULUM VITAE.
Magsaysay, Guagua, Pampanga
0930-783-2628
raivenpadin123@gmail.com
Primary San. Juan Elementary School yr. 2007- 2013
Secondary (Junior High) San Roque Dau High School yr. 2013-2017
(Senior High) Mary the Queen College yr. 2017-2019
Date of Birth : January 30, 2001
Place of Birth : Lubao Pampanga
Gender : Male

ST. NICHOLAS COLLEGE
BUSINESS & TECHNOLOGY

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ST.

NICOLAS COLLEGE OF Page

Date of Oral Defense: __________________

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

MARJORIE C. DIZON, R.Crim

Study Design and Locale 22

portions of their souls to complete this study. Everyone expresses gratitude to

The Impact of Duterte’s War on Drugs Among the Criminology Students of

effectiveness of Oplan Tokhang in relation to reported drug incidents. This study

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) Program and Performances

supply reduction were well-implemented. Moreover, the respondents indicated

The "war on drugs" campaign of Rodrigo Duterte and appropriate

According to Broemel (2022), the anti-drug campaign of Rodrigo Duterte,

Furthermore, research conducted by Quimpo (2019), found that the war

The war on drugs declared by President Duterte in 2016 has had a

A recent study by De Jesus et al. (2020) found that President Duterte's

The war on drugs in the Philippines, initiated by President Rodrigo Duterte

Impact of the “War on Drugs” on Children in the Philippines

According to Jennifer M.D, States that thousands of people in the

According to Delano (2020), the victims in the wave of extrajudicial killings

Tokyo-based photojournalist James Whitlow Delano. In particular, the talk at

How Duterte's war on drugs is being significantly opposed within the

According to Lozada, when President Duterte came to power in June

Comprehensive Danguerous Drugs Act 2022

Human Rights and Duterte’s War on Drugs

According to Xu (2019), When Rodrigo Duterte campaigned for president,

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Crime rate of The Impact of The Impact of

Scope and Delimitation of the study

among criminology students at St. Nicolas College of Business and Technology.

It is a national campaign when former President Rodrigo Roa Duterte

war on drugs to know if the said operation plan is effective or not.

Study Design and Locale

with knowledgeable experts within. Choosing the purposive sample is

Sample size and Sampling

Criminology Students of St. Nicolas 266 respondents

College of Business and

www.raosoft.com (Sample size is 266)

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

respondents' demographics and to describe them. A tabular representation of a

Distribution". It displays the overall frequency of each unique value of a variable.

Data Collection Procedure

necessary data. There is no sensitive information that is included in the

solely for the purpose of research, it will be given to anyone else.

Informed Consent Process, Duration of Participation, and Withdrawal

Risk and inconveniences

Benefits of the Study

Privacy, Confidentiality, and Data Management

Statistical Analysis of Data

spreadsheets. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze continuous and

categorical data. This was presented in form of frequencies and percentages.

5 Point Likert Scale.

Verbal Interpretation Scale

Strongly Disagree 1:00-1.80

Strongly Agree 4.21-5.00

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1.1. Respondents` Gender

Descriptive Analysis of Respondents` Profile in terms of their Gender

Table 1 presents descriptive analysis of respondents in terms of their gender.

is open to all genders, and strives to create an environment that is both

there were 833 enrolled for the S.Y 2022- 2023.

Table1. Frequency as to their Gender