Nissan Official Training Chassis Systems Diagnosis And Repair

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CHTN9901A
CHTI9901A

CREATED OCT
CREATED OBER 2004
OCTOBER

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This book is designed for instructional © 2004 Nissan North America, Inc.
use only for Nissan North America, Inc.
and authorized dealer personnel. For All rights reserved. No part of this
additional information contact: publication may be reproduced in any form
without the prior written permission of the
Nissan North America, Inc. publisher.
Corporate Training Office
Technical Training Printed in U.S.A.
18501 S. Figueroa St.
Gardena, CA 90248-4500 First Printing: March, 2002
Revised: October, 2004

This manual uses post

consumer recycled fibers

Corporate Training Office

Training

Technical Training

Nissan North America, Inc. reserves the right to alter specifications or methods at any time.

ii
 CHASSIS SYSTEMS DIAGNOSIS AND REP
SY AIR
REPAIR
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section 1: Text
Text
Suspension Systems ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 1
Design Objectives .................................................................................................................................... 1
Vehicle Body Movement .......................................................................................................................... 2
Suspension System Purpose ................................................................................................................ 2
Suspension Components ....................................................................................................................... 3
Springs ................................................................................................................................................. 3
Stabilizer Bars .................................................................................................................................... 5
Shock Absorbers ............................................................................................................................... 5
Suspension System Action .................................................................................................................... 5
Suspension System Types ..................................................................................................................... 6
Independent Strut Front Suspension ............................................................................................ 6
Independent Double-Wishbone Torsion Bar Front Suspension ............................................. 7
Solid Axle Rear Suspensions .......................................................................................................... 7
Multi-Link Beam Rear Suspension ................................................................................................. 8
Independent Rear Suspension ....................................................................................................... 9
Wheel Alignment ..................................................................................................................................... 10
Measuring Alignment Angles ......................................................................................................... 10
Caster ................................................................................................................................................ 13
Camber .............................................................................................................................................. 15
Kingpin Angle Inclination (KPI) ...................................................................................................... 16
Included Angle .................................................................................................................................. 17
Toe ...................................................................................................................................................... 19
Toe-In vs. Toe-Out .......................................................................................................................... 19
Rear Toe ............................................................................................................................................ 19
Toe-Out on Turns ............................................................................................................................. 22
Scrub Radius .................................................................................................................................... 23
Thrust Angle ...................................................................................................................................... 24
Setback .............................................................................................................................................. 24
Tire Cambricity or Conicity ............................................................................................................ 25
RFV Diagnosis ................................................................................................................................. 26
Radial Force Variation (RFV) ......................................................................................................... 26
Suspension Alignment Angle Conversions ....................................................................................... 27
Finding Midpoint of Specifications ............................................................................................... 30
Q45 Active Damper Suspension System ................................................................................................ 31
System Description ................................................................................................................................ 31
System Operation .................................................................................................................................. 33
System Benefits ...................................................................................................................................... 35

iii
 Fail-Safe Mode ....................................................................................................................................... 35
System Diagnosis .................................................................................................................................. 35
Self-Diagnosis Procedure .................................................................................................................... 36
Verify Repair ............................................................................................................................................. 38
Summary .................................................................................................................................................. 39
Brake Systems Service ................................................................................................................................ 41
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 41
Basic Brake System Operation ........................................................................................................... 41
Brake Friction .................................................................................................................................... 42
Characteristics of Friction .............................................................................................................. 42
Friction in Brakes ............................................................................................................................. 43
Brake Hydraulics .............................................................................................................................. 43
Hydraulic Theory .............................................................................................................................. 44
Pressure ............................................................................................................................................. 45
Transmission of Force Through Fluids ........................................................................................ 45
Brake Fluid......................................................................................................................................... 48
Brake Fluid Standards .................................................................................................................... 49
Dual Braking Systems ..................................................................................................................... 50
Front-to-Rear Split System ........................................................................................................... 50
Diagonally Split System .................................................................................................................. 51
Dual-Tandem System Master Cylinder ........................................................................................ 52
Brake Circuit Failure ........................................................................................................................ 53
Operation .......................................................................................................................................... 54
Identification ...................................................................................................................................... 55
Adjustments ...................................................................................................................................... 55
Master Cylinder Service Procedures ........................................................................................... 56
Power Brake Boosters ................................................................................................................... 57
Brake Booster Operation ............................................................................................................... 59
Two-Phase Power Brake Booster ............................................................................................... 60
Drum Brakes ............................................................................................................................................ 62
Leading-Trailing Drum Brakes ........................................................................................................ 62
Duo-Servo Drum Brakes ................................................................................................................ 63
Drum Brake Service ......................................................................................................................... 64
Disc Brakes ............................................................................................................................................. 66
Disc Brake Calipers ......................................................................................................................... 66
Disc Brake Service .......................................................................................................................... 69
Rotor Service .................................................................................................................................... 70
Caliper Service ................................................................................................................................. 72
Brake Warning Devices, Backup Systems ........................................................................................ 72
Parking Brakes ................................................................................................................................. 72
Parking Brake Self-Adjuster Operation ....................................................................................... 72
Brake Fluid Level Warning Switch ................................................................................................ 73
Proportioning Valve ......................................................................................................................... 73

iv
 Load Sensing Valve ......................................................................................................................... 75
Type A Load Sensing Valve ........................................................................................................... 76
Type B Load Sensing Valve ........................................................................................................... 77
Dual Proportioning Valve ................................................................................................................ 78
Bleeding The Brake System ................................................................................................................. 79
Bleeding the Master Cylinder ........................................................................................................ 80
Bleeding a "Fast Fill" Master Cylinder ......................................................................................... 81
Flushing The Brake System .................................................................................................................. 82
Brake Noise Diagnosis ................................................................................................................... 82
Brake Squeal or Squeak ................................................................................................................. 82
Brake Groan ...................................................................................................................................... 82
Brake Creep ...................................................................................................................................... 83
Verifying Brake Noise ...................................................................................................................... 83
Isolating Brake Noise ...................................................................................................................... 84
Repairing Brake Noise .................................................................................................................... 84
Squealing or Squeaking Noise on Disc Brakes ......................................................................... 84
Squealing or Squeaking Noise on Drum Brakes ....................................................................... 85
Groaning Noise on Disc Brakes ................................................................................................... 86
Brake Noise Repair Methods ........................................................................................................ 87
Recheck ............................................................................................................................................. 87
Brake Service Tips ................................................................................................................................. 88
Anti-Lock Brake Systems (ABS) ............................................................................................................... 89
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 89
System Operation .................................................................................................................................. 91
Types of Anti-Lock Systems ................................................................................................................ 92
Two-Channel System ..................................................................................................................... 92
Three-Channel System ................................................................................................................... 92
Four-Channel System ..................................................................................................................... 93
ABS Vehicle Application ................................................................................................................. 94
ABS Components .................................................................................................................................. 95
Wheel Speed Sensor ..................................................................................................................... 95
Front Wheel Speed Sensor ........................................................................................................... 96
ABS Control Unit ............................................................................................................................. 97
ABS Actuators ................................................................................................................................. 98
ABS Actuator Components .......................................................................................................... 98
ABS Self-Diagnosis ......................................................................................................................100
Fail Safe Circuit ..............................................................................................................................100
Service Information ..............................................................................................................................101
ABS Mechanical Components ....................................................................................................101
Proportioning Valve .......................................................................................................................101
Dual Proportioning Valve ..............................................................................................................101
Wheel Speed Sensor Inspection Points ..................................................................................101
Sensor-to-Rotor Gap ...................................................................................................................102

v
 ABS Air Bleeding Precautions .................................................................................................... 102
ABS Automatic Operational Check ...........................................................................................102
ABS Brake Fluid .............................................................................................................................103
Traction Control System Operation ........................................................................................................105
Older Systems ...............................................................................................................................105
Newer Systems .............................................................................................................................. 106
System Diagnosis ..........................................................................................................................107
Self-Diagnosis Without CONSULT ...........................................................................................107
Diagnosis With CONSULT or CONSULT-II ............................................................................107
Electronic Brakeforce Distribution (EBD) ..............................................................................................108
Description.............................................................................................................................................108
Operation ...............................................................................................................................................108
Fail-Safe .................................................................................................................................................108
ABS System ..........................................................................................................................................109
Fail-Safe ...........................................................................................................................................109
VDC/TCS System .........................................................................................................................109
Hydraulic Circuit .............................................................................................................................110
ABS Functions ...............................................................................................................................110
TCS Functions ...............................................................................................................................111
VDC Functions ...............................................................................................................................112
Hill Start Assist (HSA) ..................................................................................................................113
Hill Descent Control (HDC) .........................................................................................................114
Steering Angle Sensor ..................................................................................................................115
Adjustment of Neutral Position of Steering Angle Sensor ....................................................116
Decel G Sensor.............................................................................................................................. 116
Steering .........................................................................................................................................................117
Steering System Types .......................................................................................................................117
Rack and Pinion Steering ............................................................................................................. 117
Recirculating Ball Steering ...........................................................................................................117
Steering System Components ..........................................................................................................118
Tie Rod .............................................................................................................................................118
Tie Rod Ends ..................................................................................................................................118
Pitman Arm ......................................................................................................................................118
Idler Arm ...........................................................................................................................................118
Relay Rod ........................................................................................................................................118
Steering and Handling Characteristics ............................................................................................ 119
Slip Angle ........................................................................................................................................119
Neutral Steer ...................................................................................................................................119
Understeer....................................................................................................................................... 119
Oversteer .........................................................................................................................................119
Steering Pull ....................................................................................................................................120

vi
 Steering Pull Diagnosis and Repair ..................................................................................................121
Passenger Cars, Quest and 1996-Later Pathfinders ............................................................121
Effects of Caster On Vehicle Pull ................................................................................................121
Wander .............................................................................................................................................121
Pull When Braking .........................................................................................................................121
Service Procedure .........................................................................................................................122
Steering Wheel Off Center Diagnosis and Repair ..................................................................122
Steering Wander Diagnosis and Repair ....................................................................................123
Steering Wheel Off-Center ..........................................................................................................124
Steering Angle Adjustment ..........................................................................................................124
Brake Glossary ............................................................................................................................................125

Section 2: Exercises
Module 1 Measuring Wheel and Tire Runout

Module 2 Alignment with Adjustable Rear Toe

Module 3 Ride Height

Module 4 Alignment with Adjustable Caster and Camber

Module 5 Steering Rack Alignment

Module 6 Steering Angle Sensor Reset Procedure

Module 7 ABS Video and Worksheet

Module 8 ABS Active Test Using CONSULT-II

Module 9 ABS Self-Diagnosis - Without CONSULT-II

Module 10 Power Brake System Inspection

Module 11 4WD ABS Diagnosis using CONSULT-II

Module 12 Measuring Disc Brake Rotors

Module 13 Traction Control System

vii
 CHASSIS SYSTEMS DIAGNOSIS AND REP
SY AIR
REPAIR
OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of this training program, you will be able to:

• Accurately define and measure wheel and tire runout.

• Inspect vehicles and measure alignment angles and adjust front and rear toe.

• Verify, determine and perform ride height diagnosis and perform repair.

• Inspect vehicles and measure alignment angles and adjust front caster and camber.

• Verify steering gear movement and adjust steering rack.

• Demonstrate the Steering Angle Sensor reset procedures used after Steering Angle
Sensor failure or power failure.

• Identify Anti Lock Brake System (ABS) operation using information presented in the
Anti-Lock Brake System video and appropriate Service Manual.

• Diagnose ABS malfunctions.

• Access ABS Self-Diagnosis without using CONSULT or CONSULT-II using appropriate

service manual.

• Inspect power brake system to determine if service and repair are required, using
appropriate service manual.

• Perform ABS diagnostics, including the G-sensor, using CONSULT-II.

• Measure disc brake rotor lateral runout, brake rotor hub runout and set up on-car brake
lathe.

• Identify Traction Control System (TCS) functions on an Electronic Throttle Control (ETC)
equipped vehicle, and identify how “active” wheel speed sensors provide signal information
to the ABS/TCS control unit.

viii
T
E
X
T
 SUSPENSION SYSTEMS
Introduction
The vehicle suspension system has several primary functions:
• Provide a support system for the weight of the vehicle.
• Absorb shock from the road surface to smooth out vehicle motion.
• Remain rugged enough to withstand severe pounding, yet provide a supple and smooth ride
on uneven road surfaces.
• Provide the necessary travel to keep all four tires on the ground over rough surfaces, and also
instill confident handling on winding, paved roads.
• Protect the body, chassis, cargo, and passengers from road surface-induced vibration.
• Provide a smooth, comfortable, safe, and stable ride.
Every road surface is different. They range from washboard-rutted gravel roads to pothole-laden
urban freeways to fresh asphalt thoroughfares. The suspension system design must negotiate all
road surfaces to safely provide vehicle control during acceleration, turning and braking.

Design Objectives
Nissan/Infiniti engineers design suspension systems with the following objectives:
• Provide an accurate steering feel.
• Maintain tire traction and wheel control.
• Deliver directional stability at any speed.
• Provide a supple and communicative drive.
• Provide exceptional cabin isolation from noise, vibration and harshness (NVH).
• Maximize driver control during braking.

Introduction 1
Vehicle Body Movement
The design of a suspension system must control the movement of the vehicle body in three
distinct and separate motions.
• Pitch: Vertical up-and-down body motion. When viewing a vehicle from the side, forward
pitch describes a vehicle body that moves down in the front as the rear moves up. Typically,
pitch occurs during braking. Rearward pitch occurs during acceleration as the front of the
body moves up and the rear moves down.
• Roll: Side-to-side body leaning motion. When viewing a vehicle from the rear, roll is
described as the leaning of the vehicle body. Roll typically occurs during turns. In a turn,
centrifugal force shifts the vehicle center of gravity toward the outside of the turn. For example,
in a left turn, the body will tend to lean to the right.
• Yaw: Horizontal side-to-side body motion. When viewed from above, yaw describes a body
movement, for example, in which the front moves to the left as the rear moves to the right.
Suspension System Purpose
Suspension systems have two interrelated purposes. The first is to maintain dynamic control of
the vehicle. The second is to isolate the body structure from the road surface. Engineers have
designed numerous suspension systems to accomplish these two goals.
• During vehicle acceleration, the suspension plays an important role in delivering engine power
to the drive wheels while maintaining vehicle balance.
• During braking, the suspension acts to keep the vehicle level.
• During cornering, the suspension system acts to counter against the effects of centrifugal
force, keeping the vehicle body as flat and level as possible throughout the turn.
Under all conditions, the suspension provides the stabilizing counter force for the up-and-down
and side-to-side motion of the vehicle.

However, some suspension designs perform these tasks differently than others do. Nissan and
Infiniti engineers design suspension systems that provide the riding and handling characteristics
that are specific to each model. For example:
• The 2002 Nissan Altima has a sport-tuned suspension to provide crisp, responsive handling.
It also gives the driver a greater feel for the road.
• The 2002 Infiniti Q45 has a luxury-tuned suspension with softer control arm bushings and
more compliant spring rates to create the luxurious ride one expects in an Infiniti vehicle.

2 Vehicle Body Movement

• The 2002 Nissan Pathfinder has a heavy-duty suspension system. This system provides
enhanced on- or off-road control on smooth or rugged terrain. It also is specifically designed
for carrying heavy payloads or trailer towing.
When combined with sophisticated steering components, certain suspension system designs
can give the driver and passengers a comfortable ride on most road surfaces. The ride has been
described as “refined” and “flat”; free of undesired pitch or yaw.

Suspension Components
Springs
Every suspension system uses springs to support the weight of the vehicle to respond to road
irregularities. Spring performance is a direct result of the correlation between sprung weight and
unsprung weight.

Sprung weight refers to what the springs actually need to support. For example, springs hold the
weight of the vehicle body, the driveline, occupants and cargo. The greater the sprung weight,
the stiffer the springs need to be to support that weight.

Unsprung weight refers to the various components that are not supported by the springs. For
example, the wheels, tires, brakes suspension components and the springs. Engineers strive to
reduce unsprung weight whenever possible. Reducing unsprung weight allows for more
responsive handling.
Leaf Springs
Leaf springs are long curved bands of tempered steel. Each end of the spring mounts to the
frame of the vehicle. The axle mounts in the center of each leaf spring. The springs flex to hold the
vehicle weight. A leaf spring suspension controls axle movement.

Suspension Components 3
Rear leaf springs can be arranged in two or more layers to provide heavy-duty strength. Leaf
springs are used in the rear suspension systems of the Frontier, Xterra and Quest (single leaf).
Coil Springs
Coil springs are constructed of round tempered steel rod that is wound to a coil shape. The coil
spring can compressed or allowed to expand based on sprung weight and suspension
movement. Coil springs are the most popular style of spring due to their space efficiency.

Coil springs are used on the front and rear suspensions of all Nissan sedans and Pathfinder, as
well as the Quest front suspension. All 2002 Infiniti vehicles use coil springs in the front and rear
suspension systems.
Torsion Bars
Torsion bars are long, straight bars, made similar to a coil spring. This type of spring is anchored
to the frame at one end and to a suspension component at the other. When the suspension
moves, the bar is twisted and produces a spring action. The main advantage of the torsion bar is
that is allows optimum packaging of the heavy-duty suspension and drive train components used
in Frontier and Xterra vehicles.

4 Suspension Components
Stabilizer Bars
The stabilizer bar helps keep the vehicle level in corners and sudden lane changes. The stabilizer
bar middle section is mounted to the vehicle chassis in rubber mounts. Each end of the stabilizer
bar is connected to the left and right side lower control arm. Like a torsion bar, a stabilizer bar
operates by twisting.

In a turn, the body rolls to one side. As the body rolls, the stabilizer bar stores energy. The stored
energy in the stabilizer bar pushes against the control arm mount and the connection to the
vehicle body. The only effect the bar has is to push the vehicle body upward, helping to reduce
vehicle body roll.

All Nissan vehicles have front and rear stabilizer bars with the exception of Sentra XE and 4-
cylinder and 4x4 Frontiers. They have a stabilizer bar only in the front.
Shock Absorbers
A shock absorber is a sealed chamber filled with fluid or gas. A piston moves up and down inside
this chamber. The shock absorber is attached to the suspension and to the vehicle body. As the
suspension moves up and down in response to varying road conditions, the shock absorber
slows and controls these movements and provides a smoother, more comfortable ride. All
modern vehicles have shock absorbers.
Suspension System Action
In action, all suspension systems share these common operational characteristics:
• The suspension system links and shock absorbers are mounted to the to the vehicle body.
• When a tire and wheel assembly strikes a bump in the road, the bump forces the wheel/tire
assembly and suspension link rapidly upward.
• The spring for that wheel compresses to absorb the upward-directed energy of the wheel/tire
assembly and suspension link. Energy is stored in the compressed spring.
• As the spring expands, it releases the stored energy, pushing against the suspension link and
vehicle body.
• The spring action must be controlled, or the vehicle body will repeatedly pitch fore and aft.
• The shock absorber controls the natural oscillation of the spring to smooth out the ride.

Suspension Components 5
Suspension System Types
Types
There are a variety of different suspension systems, some for the front, some for the rear, and
some for both. For each vehicle, the front and rear suspensions are uniquely designed to support
the uses of that vehicle, whether it be cargo hauling, recreational trips, everyday riding comfort, or
high performance driving.
Independent Strut Front Suspension
All Nissan sedans, Pathfinder and Quest have an independent strut front suspension. This
configuration is used because it provides the most comfortable ride on a variety of road surfaces.
“Independent” means that a disturbance affecting one wheel has little or no effect on the
opposite wheel.

The independent strut front suspension uses a coil spring and a shock strut combined into one
unit. The strut is an integral part of the system and provides the suspension upper mounting to
the body. A lower control arm supports the suspension at the bottom. Compared to many other
suspension designs, strut systems use fewer parts and generally weigh less.

Pathfinder’s independent strut front suspension incorporates a heavy-duty design that makes it
appropriate for rugged off-road use. It features thicker walled struts and offset springs to absorb
and deflect off-road driving loads. It also has a long-stroke design that increases suspension
travel to help the wheels maintain contact with the ground over uneven terrain.

6 Nissan Suspension System

 Independent Double-Wishbone Torsion Bar Front Suspension
Torsion
Nissan Frontier and Xterra use an independent double-wishbone torsion bar front
suspension. The double-wishbone design gets its name from the shape of the horizontal
“arm” linking the spindle to the vehicle body. There are two wishbones: an upper and a
lower. The lower wishbone is often longer than the upper one to help keep the front
wheels in a “straight up” position over bumps and rough surfaces, maintaining traction
and increasing steering control.

The torsion bar is anchored at one end to the frame and at the other end to the lower
wishbone. The front suspension of Frontier V6 and Xterra have a heavy-duty lower
wishbone to increase durability and to enhance control of the suspension on rugged
terrain.

Solid Axle Rear Suspensions

Two types of rear suspensions are available: live and beam. The live axle design is used
on rear wheel drive vehicles and the beam axle design used on front wheel drive vehicles.

The live axle is the cornerstone of the suspension system. By separating the attachment
points of the rear drive axle, it prevents undesired movement of the rear wheels.

The beam solid axle is used on certain front wheel drive vehicles because of its inherent
strength, cargo load and towing capacity. It also takes up less space, allowing for a
flatter floor.

Frontier and Xterra have a live solid rear axle with a variable-rate leaf spring rear
suspension.

Nissan Suspension System 7

Quest has a beam solid rear axle with single leaf, variable-rate leaf springs (shown below).

In both suspension designs, the leaf springs are mounted to the frame rails, providing added
strength and durability. Wide-design long leaf springs minimize movement during lateral
maneuvers, improving handling performance. The leaf spring design also provides superior
management of cargo loads and towing.

Pathfinder uses a 5-link coil-spring solid rear axle suspension. It is a more sophisticated version
that more precisely controls wheel movement, especially in off-road driving situations. It provides
rugged off-road capability and a smooth on-road ride. Its “multi-link” design eliminates unwanted
wheel movement for greater ride comfort, while the solid axle provides strength over rough
terrain, an important durability benefit.

Multi-Link Beam Rear Suspension

Maxima and Sentra have Nissan’s unique Multi-Link Beam rear suspension. This configuration is
specific to front-wheel drive vehicles. It combines the unique benefits of a multi-link design with a
rugged “beam” axle. The suspension combines a compact lightweight axle beam and a unique
lateral link to create a suspension that helps keep the rear wheels perpendicular to the road while
allowing them to move up in response to changes in the road surface. The result is excellent
stability and handling. The beam suspension designs of other manufacturers do not have the
sophistication and ride qualities of Nissan’s Multi-Link design.

8 Nissan Suspension System

Links and shock absorbers are soft-mounted and require fewer attached points, which minimizes
road noise and vibration. At the same time, this rear suspension system allows the use of softer
suspension settings to provide a smoother, more comfortable ride. Finally, its compact design
allows for a larger passenger space and trunk space, providing improved passenger comfort
with larger storage area.

Independent Rear Suspension

The 2002 Altima has an independent strut rear suspension that incorporates Nissan’s Super Toe
Control. The position of the rear suspension parallel links and the stiffness of the bushings cause
the front bushings to deform (compress) more than the rear bushings. In other words, when the
front bushings compress, they in effect “steer” the outside rear wheel. Super Toe Control
corrects the natural tendency of the rear wheels to “toe out” during cornering.

Nissan Suspension System 9

Wheel Alignment
Wheel alignment is described in terms of three primary angles: caster, camber and toe.

Understanding how these angles affect handling, and how they relate to each other, is very
important to properly performing a four wheel alignment. A thorough understanding of how
alignment angles are measured is important before discussing the specific angles.
Measuring Alignment Angles
Alignment angles are measured in degrees. Since specification angles are not always given in
whole degrees, it is necessary to divide angles into smaller units. Service Manual specifications
are given in degrees and minutes. The specification can also be expressed as fractional degrees
and as decimal degrees.

Fractional degrees are a common, non-technical way of describing angles. Many alignment
machines display specifications and measurements in decimal.

Alignment specifications can be published one way and displayed by an alignment rack in another
form. Therefore, it is essential to identify which measurement style is being used when comparing
specifications to measured values.

Nissan service manual wheel alignment specifications are published in degrees and minutes.
• The symbol (°) means “degrees”
• 8° is read “eight degrees”

10 Wheel Alignment
Nissan Official Training Chassis Systems Diagnosis And Repair
Full download: http://manualplace.com/download/nissan-official-training-chassis-systems-diagnosis-and-repair/

Degrees are divided into smaller units, called minutes. There are 60 minutes in one degree.
• The symbol (´) means minutes
• 30´ is read “thirty minutes”
A clock is a quick and easy point of reference:
• On a clock, 30 minutes is equal to one half hour
• Similarly, 30´ is equal to 1/2°
Adding minutes of a degree is the same as adding minutes to an hour.
• On a clock, 30 minutes plus 15 minutes equals 45 minutes. On an alignment rack, 30´ plus 15´
equals 45´
• On a clock, 30 minutes plus 45 minutes equals 1 hour, 15 minutes. On an alignment rack, 30´
plus 45´ equals 1° 15´
• On a clock, 25 minutes plus 35 minutes equals one hour. On an alignment rack, 25´ plus 35´
equals 1°
1°0’
12

45’ 9 3 15’

30’

Measurements are sometimes described in decimal degrees. When you need to interpret decimal
degrees, dollars and cents are a quick and easy point of reference.
• 50 cents ($0.50) is equal to 1/2 of a dollar. On an alignment equipment, 0.50° equals 1/2°.

Wheel Alignment 11

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