Tribology Transactions

ISSN: 1040-2004 (Print) 1547-397X (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/utrb20

Rigid Rotor Stability Analysis on Finite Hydrostatic

Double-Layer Porous Oil Journal Bearing with
Velocity Slip

M. Phani Kumar, P. Samanta & N. C. Murmu

To cite this article: M. Phani Kumar, P. Samanta & N. C. Murmu (2015) Rigid Rotor Stability
Analysis on Finite Hydrostatic Double-Layer Porous Oil Journal Bearing with Velocity Slip,
Tribology Transactions, 58:5, 930-940, DOI: 10.1080/10402004.2015.1030054

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2015.1030054

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Apr 2015.
Published online: 18 Apr 2015.

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 Tribology Transactions, 58: 930–940, 2015
Copyright Ó Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers
ISSN: 1040-2004 print / 1547-397X online
DOI: 10.1080/10402004.2015.1030054

Rigid Rotor Stability Analysis on Finite Hydrostatic

Double-Layer Porous Oil Journal Bearing with
Velocity Slip
M. PHANI KUMAR,1,2 P. SAMANTA,2 and N. C. MURMU2
1
Academy of Scientific & Innovation Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan Bhawan, New Delhi 110001, India
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2
Surface Engineering and Tribology Group, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur 713209, India

A theoretical investigation has been carried out for stability
characteristics of a finite hydrostatic double-layer porous oil
journal bearing considering the effect of Beavers-Joseph
velocity slip at the porous film interface. A linearized
perturbation method has been used to obtain the threshold of
stability in terms of critical mass parameter. The effect of slip
parameters, eccentricity ratios, bearing feeding parameter, and
slenderness ratio on the stability is investigated. Furthermore,
nonlinear transient analysis is carried out to determine the
system stability by tracing the journal center locus. Several
trajectories of the journal center locus have been obtained for
different operating conditions and are depicted with the help
of graphics.
KEY WORDS
Two-Layered Porous Bearings; Whirl Instability; Velocity
Slip; Linear Perturbation Analysis; Transient Analysis
INTRODUCTION
The use of a porous material as the bearing surface in hydro-
static bearings has been well recognized in several industrial
applications that demand higher load capacity and frictionless
operations. Flow of externally pressurized lubricant through a
large number of pores causes to bleed even pressure from the
porous surface, resulting in a better pressure distribution on the
journal surface. Therefore, porous bearings can be used as a sub-
stitution in place of traditional bearings designed with single or
multiple orifices and often combined with grooves, which are
expensive and complicated in design. With the advancements in
powder metallurgy techniques, porous journal bearings have
been successfully used in various industries like automobiles,
precision machinery, domestic appliances (food disposal units
for kitchen sinks, clothes dryers; Khonsari and Bosser (1)), foot-
wear, electrical, etc. In the applications of porous oil bearings,
one of the most significant problems encountered is the instabil-
ity of rotor bearing systems.
Manuscript received September 9, 2014
Manuscript accepted March 8, 2015
Review led by Michael Khonsari
930
The stability of a rotor depends significantly on the stiffness
and damping characteristics of its bearing. A review on the con-
cept and methods for computing stiffness and damping coeffi-
cients was given by Lund (2). Conry and Cusano (3) investigated
the stability of porous journal bearings with a fully cavitated film
using short bearing approximations. Chattopadhyay and Majum-
dar (4) performed a theoretical investigation to predict the
dynamic characteristics of an externally pressurized porous oil
journal subjected to translator mode of whirl. Using a perturba-
tion technique, they obtained the dynamic stiffness and damping
coefficients of the bearing. Kumar and Rao (5) analyzed the sta-
bility of a hybrid porous oil journal bearing in the turbulent flow
regime by considering Constantinescu’s turbulent lubrication
theory and using a first-order perturbation technique. They
observed that turbulence deteriorates the stability of the rotor.
One of the most severe problems encountered with conven-
tional/single-layer porous bearings is reduced load capacity due
to the seepage of lubricant through the wall of the bearing oper-
ating under boundary lubrication. One can enhance the load
capacity of the bearing by restricting this seepage into the walls.
In practice, this can be done by using double-layer porous bear-
ings with a thin layer of surface with high restriction to flow
backed by a highly permeable coarse-grain substrate. Investiga-
tions carried out by Heinzl (6) and Okano (7) suggested that a
two-layer bearing configuration could be used to enhance stabil-
ity. Cusano (8), (9) provided an analytical solution for a hydrody-
namic double-layer porous bearing using short and long
approximations. Rao, et al. (10) presented an analysis of a dou-
ble-layer long porous journal bearing by using couple stress and
Newtonian fluid in the film region and Brinkman’s model to
model the flow in the porous region. Khan, et al. (11) presented
a series solution of a long porous slider. Saha and Majumdar (12)
carried out a steady-state and stability analysis of hydrostatic
two-layer porous oil journal bearings and reported that two-layer
bearings possess better load-carrying capacity and stability char-
acteristic than conventional porous bearings.
In all of the literature reviewed so far, the analyses were based
on the conventional adherence velocity condition at the porous
film interface. It was customary to assume the lubricating fluid to
enter the clearance space with a zero tangential component of
the velocity until the pioneering work carried out by Joseph and
Tao (13), who were first to emphasize the necessity to impose
 Stability Analysis 931

0 0

NOMENCLATURE p 2 ; p 02 D Pressure and steady-state pressure in the

coarse layer, respectively
0 0

C D Radial clearance p 1 ; p 01 D Dimensionless pressures in the fine layer,

0

D D Diameter of the bearing p0 1 =ps ; p 01 =ps

0 0

Drr ; Dff ; Drf ; Dfr D Damping coefficients of film p 2 ; p 02 D Dimensionless pressures in the coarse layer,
Drr ; Dff ; Drf ; Dfr D Dimensionless damping coefficients of film, p0 2 =ps ; p0 02 =ps
Dij D Dij Cv=.LDps / Q0 ; Q0 D End flow of oil, Q0 Lh=C 3 Dps
e0 D Steady state eccentricity R D Journal radius
Fr ; F r D Dynamic film force along the radial direc- t D Time
tion, Fr =LDps U D Surface velocity of journal
Ff ; F f D Dynamic film force along the f direction, W0 D Load capacity
Ff =LDps W0 D Dimensionless load capacity, W0 =.LDps /
H D Thickness of the porous bushing Wr ; Wt D Dimensionless components of load,
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H1 ; H2 D Thickness of the fine and coarse layers, W r;t D Wr;t =.LDps /

respectively x, y, z D Cartesian coordinates
h0 D Film thickness u; y; z D Dimensionless coordinates, x/R, y/H, 2z/L
h0 D Dimensionless film thickness (1 C e0 cosu) a D Slip coefficient
h2 D Dimensionless film thickness at the begin- a D Dimensionless thickness of the coarse layer,
ning of the cavitated zone H2 =H
K x1 ; K z1 D Dimensionless permeability coefficients, b D Bearing feeding parameter, 12R2 ky1 =HC 3
kx1 =ky1 ; kz1 =ky1 , respectively e; e0 D Eccentricity ratio, e=C; e0 =C
K x2 ; K z2 D Dimensionless permeability coefficients, e1 D Perturbation parameter
kx2 =ky2 ; kz2 =ky2 , respectively zox D Slip function, 1 C 1ahs
ð xÞ

K y2 D Dimensionless interlayer permeability zx;z D Slip function in x and z directions, respec-

3ðhs x;z C 2aÞ
coefficient, ky2 =ky1 tively, s h 1 C ahs
x;z ð x;z Þ
Krr ; Kff ; Krf ; Kfr D Stiffness coefficients of the film
h D Coefficient of absolute viscosity of fluid
K rr ; K ff ; K rf ; K fr D Dimensionless stiffness coefficients of the
u1 , u2 D Angular coordinate at which film commen-
film, K ij D Kij C=.LDps /
ces and cavitates, respectively
kx1 ; ky1 ; kz1 D Permeability coefficient of the fine layer
L D Bearing number, 6hv=ps ðC=RÞ2
along x, y, z directions, respectively
λ D Whirl ratio, vp =v
kx2 ; ky2 ; kz2 D Permeability coefficient of the coarse layer
λc D Critical whirl ratio
along x, y, z directions, respectively
s x,y,z D Dimensionless permeability factors in x, y,
L D Length of the bearing
and z directions (C (Kx,y,z)¡1/2)
M D Mass parameter, MCv2 =.LDps /
t D Nondimensional time, vp t, for linear pertur-
Mc D Critical mass parameter, Mc Cv2 =.LDps /
bation method
pa D Ambient pressure
t D Nondimensional time, vt, for nonlinear tran-
ps D Supply pressure
sient analysis
ps D Dimensionless supply pressure, ps =pa
f0 D Steady-state attitude angle (rad)
p ; p0 D Film pressure and steady state film pressure,
f0 0 D Steady-state attitude angle ( )
respectively
v D Journal rotational speed
p ; p0 D Dimensionless film pressure, p=ps ; p0 =ps
0 0 vp D Frequency of journal vibration
p 1 ; p 01 D Pressure and steady-state pressure in the
fine layer, respectively

some requirement on the tangential component of velocity at the
porous film interface. Later, Beavers and Joseph (14) reported
the presence of tangential velocity slip at the stationary porous
surface and presented a mathematical model. Based on the Bea-
vers-Joseph model, Murti (15) and Prakash and Vij (16) modi-
fied the Reynolds equation to consider the effect of velocity slip.
Rao (17) carried out a numerical stability analysis of a journal
bearing based on the slip length model. The effects of slip param-
eters on the bearing stability performance are discussed. Ma,
et al. (18) studied the influence of wall slip on the operation sta-
bility of a rigid rotor bearing system using limiting shear stress
model and finite element methods. They observed that wall slip
enhances the system operation stability if the sleeve surface is
designed as the optimized slip surface. Chandra, et al. (19) inves-
tigated the effects of velocity slip on the static as well as dynamic
performance of plane porous journal bearings. Chattopadhyay,
et al. (20) theoretically investigated the stability characteristics
of hydrostatic a conventional porous oil journal bearing consid-
ering the effect of velocity slip. They also investigated the effect
of various design parameters on the dynamic coefficients.
To date, most of the research work on double-layer porous
bearings has been carried out by neglecting the velocity slip at
the porous wall surface and the Reynolds equation was solved
using the no-slip boundary condition at the wall–film interface.
However, assuming such a boundary condition at the porous
wall surface is not exactly true as the fluid within the porous wall
 932 M. PHANI KUMAR ET AL.

naturally has a velocity component parallel to the wall surface For the fine layer,
(Ishizawa and Hori (21); Murthi (22)). The viscous shear in the
0
2 2 0
2 2 0
film region tries to enter into the porous wall at the porous film @2 p 1 R @ p1 D @ p1
K x1 C C K z1 D 0: [2]
interface region, giving rise to a component of velocity of the @ u2 H @ y2 L @ z2
fluid parallel to the porous wall surface. Therefore, it is necessary
to consider the velocity component parallel to the porous wall The modified Reynolds equation in the film region consider-
surface in solving the Reynolds equation. There is a lack of pub- ing velocity slip in dimensionless form is
lished reports on the dynamic performance of a double-layer
porous bearing considering the velocity slip.

2

@ @p D @ @p
Hence, the present article deals with a stability study of finite h 3 ð1 C z x Þ C h 3 ð1 C z z Þ
@u @u L @z @z
hydrostatic double-layer porous oil journal bearings considering
@   @h  0 
the Beavers-Joseph criterion of velocity slip at the porous film
DL h ð1 C zox Þ C 2Lλ _ @ h C b @ p 1 
¡ 2fLλ :
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interface. Stability analysis has been performed using both line- @u @t @u @ y yD1
arized and nonlinear transient methods. In the linearized [3]
method, stiffness and damping coefficients are computed by per-
turbing the journal center about the line of centers and its per-
pendicular direction from the equilibrium position. These
coefficients are then used in determining the critical mass param- Linearized Method
eter, which is a measure of stability. Nonlinear transient analysis In the linearized approach, a first-order perturbation method
is carried out using this mass parameter to obtain the journal is used assuming that the journal whirls about its mean steady-
center trajectory. state position e0 and f0 with periodic motions of small amplitude
   
Re Ce1 eit parallel to the line of centers and Re Ce0 f1 eit per-
THEORETICAL ANALYSIS pendicular to the lines of centers. It is assumed that, at the onset
of instability, the position of the journal center can be defined as
An externally pressurized double-layer porous oil journal
a steady-state value ðe0 ; f0 Þ together with a harmonic vibration
bearing along with the coordinate system used in the analysis are
of frequency vp ; thus,
depicted in Fig. 1. The entire outer surface of the bearing is sup-
plied with pressurized oil at a supply pressure ps .
e D e0 C e1 eit
The governing equations of pressure in porous layers for an
f D f0 C f1 eit [4]
anisotropic bearing in dimensionless form can be written as fol-
where j e1 j < < j e0 j and j f1 j < < j f0 j:
lows: For the coarse layer,

By using the first-order perturbation, the equations for pres-

0
2 2 0
2 2 0 sure and local film thickness can be written as follows:
@ p2
2
R @ p2 D @ p2
K x2 C C K z2 D 0: [1]
@ u2 H @y 2 L @ z2 0 0 0 0
p 1 D p 01 C e1 eit p 11 C e0 f1 eit p 12
0 0 0 0
p 2 D p 02 C e1 eit p 21 C e0 f1 eit p 22
: [5]
p D p0 C e1 e p1 C e0 f1 e p2
it it

h D h0 C e1 eit cosu C e0 f1 eit sinu

Expanding Eqs. [1] to [3] by substituting Eq. [5] and gathering

Fig. 1—Schematic diagram of double-layer hydrostatic porous oil bear-
ing under dynamic condition.
the e0 ; e1 eit and e0 f1 eit terms, a set of linear differential equations
0 0 0 0 0 0
in p 02 , p 21 , p 22 , p 01 , p 11 ; p 12 and p0 , p1 ; p2 are obtained. Details
of these differential equations along with the associated bound-
ary conditions are presented in the Appendix. Differential equa-
0 0
tions of steady state in p 02 , p 01 , and p0 are solved simultaneously
with appropriate boundary conditions for steady-state pressures
in the film as well as porous regions. The partial derivatives are
written in finite difference form using a central difference
method and then solved by using the Gauss-Seidel iteration
method with a successive overrelaxation (SOR) scheme. The
Reynolds boundary condition is used to identify the cavitation
zone in the film region. For every iteration, negative pressures at
any grid point are replaced by zero and further iterations are car-
ried out. The interlayer permeability coefficient is considered as
200, which means that the coarse layer should have a permeabil-
ity coefficient 200 times that of the fine layer. A three-dimen-
sional grid pattern with a uniform grid size is adopted for each
 Stability Analysis 933

layer with 36, 10, and 13 divisions along the circumferential For the steady-state condition,
direction, axial direction, and radial direction, respectively.
)
Because of symmetry, only one half of the bearing is considered. ðFr Þ0 C W0 cosf0 D 0
  [9]
The convergence criterion adopted for pressure is Ff 0 ¡ W0 sinf0 D 0
P P
j.1 ¡ pold = pnew /j0:0001. No appreciable change in results
was observed when the convergence criterion was changed to
Substituting Eqs. [4] and [9] into Eqs. [7] and [8] and retaining
0.00001; hence, it was concluded that the present results were the first-order terms after nondimensionalizing, and for a non-
fairly accurate. Obtained steady-state pressures are then used for trivial solution (see Chattopadhyay, et al. (20) for details),
solving the perturbed equations for dynamic pressure using the
finite difference method and SOR with similar convergence cri- 1    
teria. The evaluated dynamic film pressures are used to obtain MD   [ Drr K ff C K rr Dff ¡ K fr Drf C Dfr K rf
λ2 Dff C Drr
nondimensional components of stiffness and damping coeffi- W 
C Drr cos f0 ¡ Dfr sin f0 ]
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[10]
cients as follows: e0


2 W cos f0
2 3 M λ4 ¡ λ2 M C K ff C K rr
Z1 Zu2 e0
61 7
K rr D ¡ Re4 p 1 cosu du dz 5 
2    
0 u1 C Drr Dff ¡ Dfr Drf C K rr K ff ¡ K fr K rf
2 3
Z1 Zu2
61 7 W 
K fr D ¡ Re4 p 1 sinu du dz 5
2 C K rr cos f0 ¡ K fr sin f0 D 0 [11]
0 u1 e0
2 3
Z 1 Zu2
61 7 M and λ can be calculated by solving Eqs. [10] and [11] simul-
D rr D ¡ Im4 p 1 cosu du dz 5=λ
2 taneously. M thus realized is the critical mass parameter above
0 u1
2 3 which the bearings are unstable and the corresponding λ is the
Z 1 Zu2
61 7 whirl ratio. This implies that at a higher M value the designer
D fr D ¡ Im4 p 1 sinu du dz 5=λ
2 will have higher zone of stability; that is, higher value of M gives
0 u1
2 3 g [6] higher stability. Furthermore, the results obtained from the pres-
Z 1 Zu2
6 1 7 ent method for hydrostatic double-layer porous with no-slip con-
K ff D ¡ Re4 p 2 sinu du dz 5
2 dition were compared with similar available solutions (Table 1).
0 u1
2 3
Z1 Zu2 Nonlinear Method
61 7
K rf D ¡ Re4 p 2 cosu du dz 5 In the linearized approach, the method fails to provide any
2
0 u1 information on the journal center trajectory (Majumdar and
2 3
Z1 Zu2 Majumdar (23)). However, such useful information can be
61 7
D ff D ¡ Im4 p 2 sinu du dz 5=λ obtained by the nonlinear transient analysis. In order to study
2
0 u1 stability with the help of the nonlinear transient method, the val-
2 3
Z 1 Zu2 ues of the mass parameter have to be provided. As an initial
6 1 7
D rf D ¡ Im4 p 2 cosu du dz 5=λ guess value, the mass parameter obtained from linearized theory
2
0 u1 was used and several values close to this mass parameter are
tested for stability using the nonlinear transient analysis. For a
specific operating condition, the critical mass parameter value is
found when the trajectory of the journal center ends in a limit
Equations of Journal Motion cycle. In this method, as we are marching with time to know the
journal center orbit at each time step, the time is nondimension-
With reference to Fig. 1, considering the rotor to be rigid, the
alized using journal rotational speed (v). Then Eq. [3] will be
equations of motion of the journal can be written as
independent of whirl ratio (λ) and takes the following form:
"
2 #

2

d2 e df @ @p D @ @p
Fr C W cosf D MC ¡ e [7] h 3 ð1 C zx Þ C h 3 ð1 C z z Þ
d t2 dt @u @u L @z @z
0
@   @h _ @ h C bj @ p 1 j :
" # DL h ð1 C zox Þ C 2L ¡ 2fL [12]
@u @t @u @ y yD1
d2 f de df
Ff ¡ W sinf D MC e 2 C 2 [8]
dt dt dt
Initially—that is, t D 0—Eqs. [1], [2], and [12] are solved
simultaneously with appropriate boundary conditions with
where Fr and Ff are the lubricant film forces along the line of e_ D f_ D 0. The finite difference method with SOR scheme is used
centers and perpendicular to the line of centers, respectively. for solving the differential equations. A three-dimensional grid
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934
TABLE 1—COMPARISON OF STABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF DOUBLE-LAYER POROUS BEARING WITHOUT SLIP WITH THE AVAILABLE DATA FROM SAHA AND MAJUMDAR (12)
.L=D D 1:0; H=R D 0:2; L D 1:0; K y2 D 200/
b e0 W0 f0 0 Q0 K rr K ff K rf K fr Drr Dff Drf Dfr M λ

0.001 0.2 0.0449 (0.0443) 76.886 (76.934) 0.0610 (0.0613) 0.1020 (0.0991) 0.0465 (0.0516) 0.2067 (0.2099) ¡0.2209 (¡0.2177) 0.4628 (0.4625) 0.8184 (0.8112) ¡0.1984 (¡0.1773) ¡0.0966 (¡0.0836) 0.3750 (0.3797) 0.5123 (0.5070)
0.4 0.1052 (0.1035) 64.349 (64.413) 0.1184 (0.1188) 0.2759 (0.2688) 0.1062 (0.1114) 0.2231 (0.2318) ¡0.3025 (¡0.2974) 0.6625 (0.6697) 0.9127 (0.9035) ¡0.4495 (¡0.4197) ¡0.2246 (¡0.2063) 0.8396 (0.8676) 0.5257 (0.5160)
0.6 0.2240 (0.2199) 51.422 (51.488) 0.1760 (0.1767) 0.7470 (0.7631) 0.2311 (0.2297) 0.3668 (0.2591) ¡0.5421 (¡0.5300) 1.5005 (1.2255) 1.1354 (1.1189) ¡0.8844 (¡0.8734) ¡0.4409 (¡0.4266) 1.9526 (1.8219) 0.5133 (0.5267)
0.8 0.5980 (0.5847) 36.678 (36.746) 0.2331 (0.2339) 3.4127 (3.3788) 0.6098 (0.5932) 0.6567 (0.5218) ¡1.5663 (¡1.5234) 4.6174 (4.2219) 1.7435 (1.7096) ¡2.2906 (¡2.2389) ¡1.09716 (¡1.0785) 6.25195 (6.7702) 0.4799 (0.4567)
0.05 0.2 0.1037 (0.1018) 40.633 (40.639) 0.3684 (0.3715) 0.4180 (0.4073) 0.3933 (0.3814) 0.3380 (0.3315) ¡0.3493 (¡0.3443) 0.7164 (0.7056) 1.3522 (1.3259) 0.0000 (0.0000) 0.0015 (0.0013) 2.5737 (2.5027) 0.4604 (0.4610)
0.4 0.2283 (0.2238) 39.734 (39.750) 0.3584 (0.3614) 0.5550 (0.5419) 0.4385 (0.4257) 0.3651 (0.3578) ¡0.4316 (¡0.4261) 0.9343 (0.9200) 1.4604 (1.4313) 0.0000 (0.0000) 0.0021 (0.0016) 3.1959 (3.1075) 0.4614 (0.4623)
0.6 0.3951 (0.3870) 38.484 (38.564) 0.3505 (0.3531) 0.7614 (0.7658) 0.5203 (0.5032) 0.4175 (0.4025) ¡0.5928 (¡0.4998) 1.3601 (1.3243) 1.6653 (1.2924) 0.0000 (¡0.0707) 0.0030 (¡0.0343) 4.2342 (3.9039) 0.4569 (0.4762)
0.8 0.6032 (0.5878) 35.896 (36.034) 0.3670 (0.3697) 0.90074 (0.8890) 0.6185 (0.5893) 0.4236 (0.4260) ¡0.5865 (¡0.5520) 1.7979 (1.7454) 1.1873 (1.1476) ¡0.3429 (¡0.3841) ¡0.1685 (¡0.1887) 4.6563 (4.4794) 0.4818 (0.4840)
0.1 0.2 0.1338 (0.1310) 26.654 (26.683) 0.6483 (0.6523) 0.5922 (0.6006) 0.5957 (0.5794) 0.3001 (0.2941) ¡0.2930 (¡0.3042) 0.6037 (0.6183) 1.2003 (1.1764) 0.0000 (0.0000) 0.0032 (0.0002) 5.9882 (5.3987) 0.3637 (0.3837)
0.4 0.2818 (0.2757) 26.741 (26.774) 0.6267 (0.6316) 0.7021 (0.6814) 0.6272 (0.6099) 0.3169 (0.3104) ¡0.3617 (¡0.3534) 0.7631 (0.7459) 1.2677 (1.2417) 0.0000 (0.0000) 0.0001 (0.0002) 5.5894 (5.4645) 0.4035 (0.4025)
0.6 0.4494 (0.4389) 27.406 (27.454) 0.5936 (0.5989) 0.7499 (0.7214) 0.6634 (0.6443) 0.3447 (0.3371) ¡0.4406 (¡0.4282) 0.9789 (0.9522) 1.3789 (1.3486) 0.0000 (0.0000) 0.0001 (0.0003) 5.9963 (5.8753) 0.4063 (0.4038)
0.8 0.6181 (0.6005) 29.2599 (29.352) 0.5580 (0.5638) 0.6136 (0.5701) 0.6732 (0.6504) 0.3775 (0.3678) ¡0.5034 (¡0.4803) 1.2294 (1.1783) 1.5106 (1.4715) 0.0000 (0.0000) 0.0000 (0.0003) 7.0849 (7.0631) 0.3648 (0.3563)

Values in the bracket are from Saha and Majumdar (12).

 Stability Analysis 935

pattern and convergence criteria used in the linearized theory

have been used. The dimensionless fluid film forces are given by

8 9
>
> Z1u Z 2 >
>
>
> 1 >
>
>
> F D p cosu du dz >
>
>
>
r
2 0 >
>
< =
0 u1
: [13]
>
>
u
Z1 Z 2 >
>
>
> 1 >
>
>
> p 0 sinu du dz >
>
> Ff D 2
>
:
>
>
;
0 u1

When t D 0, F r and F f will give the steady-state load and attitude

angle of the bearing and are given by
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g

1/2
W0 D F r0 2 C F f0 2
  Fig. 2—Variation in dynamic coefficients with bearing number.
f0 D ¡ tan ¡ 1 F f0 =F r0
Z2p 
@ p 
 ;
1 other parameters constant. The threshold of stability in terms of
Q0 D ¡ h0 3  0  du [14]
6 @ z zD1 critical mass parameter are depicted with respect to L for differ-
0
ent slip and no-slip cases. The effect of design variables such as
bearing feeding parameter, eccentricity ratio, and slenderness
where F r0 , F f0 are the dimensionless steady-state hydrodynamic
ratio on the critical mass parameter have been investigated keep-
forces obtained along the line of centers and perpendicular to
ing constant the H/R ratio of 0.2.
line of centers, respectively, and Q0 is the volume rate of flow
from the bearing ends.
Variation of Dynamic Coefficients
Equations [7] and [8] in nondimensional form can be written
as The effect of velocity slip on the stiffness and damping coeffi-
cients is illustrated in Fig. 2. It is observed that the velocity slip
decreases the absolute values of dynamic coefficients, and similar
€e D ef_ C AF r C B Cos f
2
[15]
results were observed by Chattopadhyay and Majumdar (4) and
€ D ¡ 2_ef=e
f _ C AF f =e ¡ BSin f=e [16] Chandra, et al. (19). This phenomenon may be attributed to the
increase in velocity-induced flow (Couette flow) due to slip and a
MCv2
where M D LDps ; AD 1
M
; BD W
M
. simultaneous reduction in pressure-induced flow to maintain flow
continuity in the same clearance space (Chandra, et al. (19)).
Equations [15] and [16] are second-order differential equa-
tions in e and f and they are solved by the fourth-order Runge-
Kutta method for a time step Dt to get e; f; e_ and f._ These val- Variation of Mass Parameter
ues are then used to find new F r and F f and the process is 1. Effect of s: Figure 3 shows the variation in mass parameter of
repeated for the next time step until a definite pattern (stable or a double-layer bearing of isotropic permeability as a function
unstable) of journal orbit is obtained. This analysis gives the of L for L=D D 1:0, eo D 0:6, a D 0:1 for various values of s. It
journal center locus and from this one can study the system sta- is observed that for a particular value of s, the critical mass
bility. A bearing is said to be operating under stable operating parameter increases with L. With the increase in the values
conditions if the journal locus does not grow with time, whereas
a bearing is considered to be unstable if the journal locus grows
with time and tends to meet the clearance circle.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In the present investigation, a parametric study on the stability
of a double-layer porous journal bearing with tangential velocity
slip has been carried out by considering isotropic permeability
K x1 D K x2 D K z1 D K z2 D 1:0 and s z D s x D s. It is evident from the
governing equations that components of stiffness and damping
coefficients and critical mass parameter representing the journal
stability are dependent on various parameters like
L=D; H=R; s; a; eo ; L; b; K x1 ; K x2 ; K z1 ; K z2 .

Linear Analysis Result

The stiffness and damping coefficients for slip and no-slip
cases are compared for various bearing number (L) keeping all Fig. 3—Variation in mass parameter with permeability factor.
 936 M. PHANI KUMAR ET AL.
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Fig. 4—Variation in mass parameter with eccentricity ratio.
of s the stability in terms of critical mass parameter increases
and the stability curves approach the stability curve of the no-
slip case with higher values of s. It is also observed that the
no-slip condition has better stability characteristics than the
slip cases.
2. Effect of e0 : The eccentricity ratio (e0) always plays a signifi-
cant role in stability. The effect of e0 on the stability in terms
of critical mass parameter (M) can be studied in Fig. 4. The
figure reveals that the critical mass parameter increases with
an increase in e0 and the no-slip condition has better stability
characteristics than the slip condition. For a particular value
of e0 the mass parameter increases with an increase in bearing
number (L) for both slip and no-slip cases. The family of
curves shows improved stability for the bearing operating at
higher e0.
3. Effect of a: The effect of slip coefficient (a) on the critical
mass parameter can be studied in Fig. 5. The critical mass
parameter increases with an increase in bearing number for a
particular slip coefficient. As the values of the slip coefficient
increase, the mass parameter values come within reach of the
values of the no-slip case; that is, higher values of (a) give
higher stability. A prominent variation in the critical mass
Fig. 5—Variation in mass parameter with slip coefficient.
Fig. 6—Variation in mass parameter with feeding parameter.
parameter is not observed at higher values of slip coefficient
(a), particularly above 0.5.
4. Effect of b: The critical mass parameter increases with a
decrease in b, as shown in Fig. 6. This shows that in a dou-
ble-layer bearing configuration, a thin layer with a lower
feeding parameter shows better stability than that with a
higher feeding parameter. This may be attributed to the thin
porous layer having lower permeability, which provides a
lower value of the feeding parameter as well as higher stiff-
ness and stability (Laha, et al. (24)). For a particular value
of b the mass parameter increases with an increase in L. It is
also observed that at lower bearing number, there is no sig-
nificant variation in the mass parameter; however, at higher
values of bearing number the mass parameter varies signifi-
cantly for various values of b.
5. Effect of L/D ratio: The L/D ratio is an important parameter
in stability analysis. It is observed from Fig. 7 that bearings
with higher L/D ratios have better stability in terms of the
critical mass parameter. For a particular L/D ratio, the critical
mass parameter increases with an increase in L, which implies
that the bearing is more stable at higher speeds.
Fig. 7—Variation in mass parameter with slenderness ratio.
 Stability Analysis 937

Transient Analysis Result

Typical curves obtained from nonlinear transient analysis
shown in Figs. 8a–8c represent some examples of point stable,
marginally stable (limit cycle), and unstable journal center tra-
jectories for L/D D 1.0, H/R D 0.2, e0 D 0.4, b D 0.05, a D 0.1,
s D 1,000, and L D 5.0. The corresponding mass parameter value
is shown in the figure. It has been observed that a change in the
critical mass parameter changes the journal center trajectory
when other operating parameters are kept constant.
The mass parameter value at which the journal center traver-
ses in a limit cycle is called the critical mass parameter. The criti-
cal mass parameter for the trajectory shown in Fig. 8b is 3.05.
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Mass parameter values lower than the critical value give a point
stable locus as shown in Fig. 8a. The trajectory of the journal
center grows continuously if the mass parameter value is beyond
the critical value as depicted in Fig. 8c. The critical whirl ratio
(λc ) can be obtained from the limit cycle and the procedure for
finding the whirl ratio is as follows:
One such limit cycle is depicted in Fig. 9a with a critical mass
parameter of 36.0. The motion of the journal center corresponding
to the limit cycle can also be depicted in the time domain as shown in

Fig. 8—(a) Trajectory of the journal center (point stable), (b) trajectory of
the journal center (limit cycle), (c) trajectory of journal center Fig. 9—(a) Trajectory of the journal center for limit cycle, (b) vertical and
(unstable). L/D D 1.0, H/R D 0.2, b D 0.05, a D 0.1, s Z D 1,000, e0 D horizontal displacement versus time of the journal center. The
0.6, L D 50.0. whirl ratio is 0.503.
 938 M. PHANI KUMAR ET AL.

TABLE 2—VARIATION IN CRITICAL MASS PARAMETER AND WHIRL CONCLUSION

RATIO WITH BEARING NUMBER (L=D D 1:0; H=R D 0:2; b D The influence of velocity slip on the stability characteristics of
0:05; s z D 1000; a D 0:1; K x1 D K x2 D K z1 D K z2 D 1:0; K y2 D 200:0)
a finite hydrostatic double-layer porous oil journal bearing was
e0 L Mc λ investigated. The following conclusions have been drawn:

0.6 1.0 2.50 0.496

1. The effect of velocity slip on stability in terms of critical mass
5.0 4.7 0.510
parameter is more significant at higher values of bearing num-
10.0 8.0 0.510
15.0 11.5 0.505 ber (L).
20.0 15.0 0.505 2. Stability increases with an increase in the values of perme-
25.0 18.8 0.500 ability factor (s) or slip coefficient (a) and approaches no-slip
30.0 21.8 0.505 stability characteristics at higher values.
35.0 25.5 0.503 3. Stability decreases with an increase in bearing feeding param-
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40.0 28.8 0.505
45.0 32.2 0.504
50.0 36.0 0.503
Fig. 9b. In this figure, the nondimensional horizontal and vertical dis-
placements of the journal center are depicted. From Fig. 9b, the non-
dimensional time period for whirling is obtained as (t p D vtp D
12.48). Whirling frequency is given by vp D (2p/tp) and the whirl ratio
is measured as vp/v D (2p/t p) D 0.503, which implies that the whirl-
ing frequency is half of the journal rotation frequency. A detailed
procedure for calculating the whirl ratio is outlined in Laha, et al.
(24). This value of whirl ratio may change with operating condition.
The variation in whirl ratio with critical mass parameter is illustrated
in Table 2. This shows that the variation in whirl ratio with the criti-
cal mass parameter is not significant.
Furthermore, stability characteristics in terms of critical mass
parameter obtained from linearized and nonlinear transient meth-
ods were compared and are depicted in graphical form in Fig. 10.
For the same operating parameter values, though both methods
show qualitative agreement in trend, a discrepancy has been
observed between the values of critical mass parameter. Such a dis-
crepancy was also observed by other researchers (Majumdar and
Majumdar (23); Das, et al. (25)). This discrepancy may be due to
two different methods of solution. It is also observed that nonlinear
transient analysis was always found to provide better results,
though it is expensive in terms of computation time.
Fig. 10—Comparison of mass parameter and whirl ratio using two differ-
ent methods of solution.
eter (b). Lower values of feeding parameter result in a higher
stable zone.
4. Stability increases with an increase in the eccentricity ratio
(e0).
5. Stability increases with an increase in slenderness ratio (L/D).
6. The velocity slip at the porous film interface adversely affects
stability, and stability in the no-slip condition is always found
to be better than that in slip cases.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors acknowledge Dr. Pijush Pal Roy, Director,
CSIR-CMERI for his encouragement and permission to publish
the article.
REFERENCES
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(2) Lund, J. W. (1987), “Review of the Concept of Dynamic Coefficients for
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(3) Conry, T. F. and Cusano, C. (1974), “On the Stability of Porous Journal
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(4) Chattopadhyay, A. K. and Majumdar, B. C. (1984), “Dynamic Charac-
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534–536.
(5) Kumar, A. and Rao, N. S. (1994), “Stability of a Rigid Rotor in Turbu-
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(6) Heinzl, J. (1982), “Aerostatisches Lager [Aerostatic Bearing],” German
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(7) Okano, M. (1991), “Studies of Externally Pressurized Porous Gas
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(8) Cusano, C. (1972), “Analytical Investigation of an Infinitely Long, Two
Layer, Porous Bearing,” Wear, 22, pp 59–67.
(9) Cusano, C. (1972), “Lubrication of a Two-Layer Porous Journal
Bearing,” Proceedings of the institution of Mechanical Engineers - Part
C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 14(5), pp 335–339.
(10) Rao, T. V. V. L. N., Rani, A. M. A., Nagarajan, T., and Hashim, F. M.
(2013), “Analysis of Journal Bearing with Double Layer Porous Lubri-
cant Film: Influence of Surface Porous Layer Configuration,” Tribology
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(11) Khan, Y., Faraz, N., Yildirim, A., and Wu, Q. (2011), “A Series Solution
of the Long Porous Slider,” Tribology Transactions, 54, pp 187–191.
(12) Saha, N. and Majumdar, B. C. (2004), “Steady State and Stability Char-
acteristics of Hydrostatic Two Layered Porous Oil Journal Bearings,”
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers - Part J: Journal
of Engineering Tribology, 218, pp 99–108.
(13) Joseph, D. D. and Tao, L. N. (1966), “Lubrication of a Porous Bear-
ing—Stokes Solution,” Journal of Applied Mechanics, 33(4), pp 753–760.
(14) Beavers, G. S. and Joseph, D. D. (1967), “Boundary Conditions of a Nat-
urally Permeable Wall,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 30, pp 197–207.
 Stability Analysis 939

(15) Murti, P. R. K. (1973), “Effect of Slip Flow in Narrow Porous Bearing,” "   #
Journal of Tribology, 95(4), pp 518–523. 3 2a C s x h0 s x C 2as 2x h0
A1 D s¡   ;
(16) Prakash, J. and Vij, S. K. (1974), “Analysis of Narrow Porous Bearings s x h0 C as 2x h0 2 s x h0 C as 2x h0 2
Using Beavers-Joseph Criterion of Velocity Slip,” Journal of Applied
Mechanics, 41(2), pp 348–354. "   #
(17) Rao, T. V. V. L. N. (2009), “Theoretical Prediction of Journal Bearing 3 2a C s z h0 s x C 2as 2z h0
A1z D s¡  
Stability Characteristics Based on the Extent of the Slip Region on the s z h0 C as 2z h0 2 s z h0 C as 2z h0 2
Bearing Surface,” Tribology Transactions, 52, pp 750–758.
(18) Ma, G. J., Wu, C. W., and Zhou, P. (2008), “Influence of Wall Slip on the
Dynamic Properties of a Rotor-Bearing System,” Tribology Transac-
tions, 51, pp 204–212. as x h0 C 2 ¡ as x
A2 D ; A3 D  2
(19) Chandra, M., Malik, M., and Sinhasan, R. (1981), “Investigation of Slip as x h0 C 1 as x h0 C 1
Effects in Plane Porous Journal Bearings,” Wear, 73, pp 61–72.
(20) Chattopadhyay, A. K., Majumdar, B. C., and Rao, N. S. (1987), “Stability
of a Rigid Rotor in Finite Externally Pressurized Oil Journal Bearing
with Slip,” Journal of Tribology, 109, pp 301–306. B1 D h0 3 A0
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(21) Ishizawa, S. and Hori, E. (1966), “The Flow of a Viscous Fluid through a @A0 @h0
Porous Wall into a Narrow Gap,” Bulletin of JSME, 9(36), pp 719–726.
B2 D h0 3 C 3h0 2 A0
@u @u
(22) Murthi, P. R. K. (1972), “Some Aspects of Slip-Flow in Porous
2
D
Bearings,” Wear, 19, pp 123–129. B3 D 3
h0 A0z
(23) Majumdar, M. C. and Majumdar, B. C. (1989), “Non-Linear Transient L
Analysis for an Externally Pressurized Porous Gas Journal Bearing,”
Wear, 132, pp 139–150.  
(24) Laha, S. K., Banjare, H., and Kakoty, S. K. (2008), “Stability Analysis of F1 D h0 3 A1 C 3h0 2 A0 cos u
a Flexible Rotor Supported on Finite Hydrodynamic Porous Journal
@h0 @A1
Bearing Using a Non-Linear Transient Method,” Journal of Engineering F2 D 3h0 2 A1 cos u C h0 3 cos u ¡ h0 3 A1 sin u
Tribology, 222, pp 963–973. @u @u
(25) Das, S., Guha, S. K., and Chattopadhyay, A. K. (2004), “Theoretical
Analysis of Stability Characteristics of Hydrodynamic Journal Bearings @h0 @A0
C 6h0 A0 cos u C 3h0 2 cos u ¡ 3h0 2 A0 sin u
Lubricated with Micropolar Fluids,” Proceedings of the Institution of @u @u
Mechanical Engineers - Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology, 218,

2
pp 45–56. D  3 
F3 D h0 A1z C 3h0 2 A0z cos u
L
APPENDIX
Sets of linear differential equations are given as follows: For  
S1 D h0 3 A1 C 3h0 2 A0 sin u
the film region,
@h0 @A1
S2 D 3h0 2 A1 sin u C h0 3 sin u C h0 3 A1 cos u
@u @u
@2 p0 @p @2 p @ h0 @h0 @A0
e0 :B1 C B2 0 C B3 20 ¡ LA2 C 6h0 A0 sin u C 3h0 2 sin u C 3h0 2 A0 cos u
@u 2 @ u @z @u @u @u
0 [A1]
@A2 @ p 01
2
¡ Lh0 ¡ bj j D0 D  3 
@u @ y yD1 S3 D h0 A1z C 3h0 2 A0z sin u
L

@ 2 p1 @p @2 p @p @2 p  
e1 eit : B1 C B2 1 C F1 20 C F2 0 C B3 21 R1 D A3h0 C A2 sin u
@u 2 @u @u @u @z

@h0 @A3 @A2
R2 D A3 C h0 C cos u
@u @u @u
@2 p0 @ p 11
0
 
C F3 C LR1 ¡ LR2 ¡ 2iLλ cos u ¡ bj j D0 [A2] R3 D A3h0 C A2 cosu
@ z2 @ y yD1

@h0 @A3 @A2
R4 D A3 C h0 C sin u
@u @u @u

@2 p2 @p @2 p @p @2 p For the fine layer,

e0 f1 eit : B1 C B2 2 C S1 20 C S2 0 C B3 22
@u 2 @u @u @u @z
0
2 2 0
2 2 0
@2 p 01 R @ p 01 D @ p 01
e0 : K x1 C C K z1 D 0 [A4]
@2 p0 @ p 12
0
@ u2 H @ y2 L @ z2
C S3 C LR3 ¡ LR4 ¡ 4iLλ sin u ¡ bj j D0 [A3]
@ z2 @ y yD1
0
2 2 0
2 2 0
@2 p 11 R @ p 11 D @ p 11
e1 eit : K x1 C C K z1 D 0 [A5]
where @ u2 H @ y2 L @ z2

    0
2 2 0
2 2 0
3s x h0 C 6a 3s z h0 C 6a @2 p 12 R @ p 12 D @ p 12
A0 D 1 C   ; A0z D 1 C  ; e0 f1 eit : K x1 C C K z1 D0
@ u2 H @ y2 L @ z2
s x h0 C as 2x h0 2 s z h0 C as 2z h0 2
[A6]
 940 M. PHANI KUMAR ET AL.

and for the coarse layer, for the fine layer,

0 0

2 2 0
2 2 0 p 01 .u; y; z/ D p 01 .u C 2p; y; z/ at a y  1; ¡ 1  z  C 1
0
@ p 02
2
R @ p 02 D @ p 02 0
e0 : K x2 C C K z2 D 0 [A7] p 01 .u; y; § 1/ D 0 at 0 u  2p; a  y 1
@ u2 H @ y2 L @ z2
0
@ p 01
.u; y; 0/ D 0 at 0 u  2p; a  y  1
@z
[A12]
0
2 2 0
2 2 0
@2 p 21 R @ p 21 D @ p 21
e1 eit : K x2 C C K z2 D 0 [A8] for the coarse layer,
@ u2 H @ y2 L @ z2
0
p 02 .u; 0; z/ D 1:0 at 0  u 2p
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0 0

0
2 2 0
2 2 0 p 02 .u; y; z/ D p 02 .u C 2p; y; z/ at 0  y a; ¡ 1  z  C 1

@2 p 22 R @ p 22 D @ p 22
e0 f1 eit : K x2 C C K z2 D 0: 0
p 02 .u; y; § 1/ D 0 at 0  u  2p; 0  y  a
@ u2 H @ y2 L @ z2
0
[A9] @ p 02
.u; y; 0/ D 0 at 0  u  2p; 0  y  a
@z
[A13]
The associated boundary conditions are as follows: For
0 0
steady-state condition (p0 , p 01 , p 02 ) for the film region, for the interface between layers (y D a)

0 0
p 01 .u; z/ D p 02 .u; z/ at 0  u  2p; ¡ 1  z  C 1
@ p0
.u; 0/ D 0 at 0  u 2p 0 0 :
@z @ p 01 @ p 02
@p0 .u; z/ D K y2 .u; z/ at 0u2p; ¡ 1  z  C 1
.u2 ; z/ D 0 at ¡1  z C1 @y @y
@u [A14]
p0 .u; z/ D 0 at u2  u  2p
p0 .u; z/ D p0 .u C 2p; z/ at 0 u  2p; ¡ 1  z  C 1
The boundary conditions for dynamic pressures
p0 .u; § 1/ D 0 at 0  u  u2 0 0 0 0
p 21 ; p 22 ; p 11 ; p 12 and p1 ; p2 can be written in similar fashion
[A10]
to Eqs. [A10] to [A14] except for the first condition for the
coarse layer,
for the film-bearing interface, 0
p 21 .u; 0; z/ D 0 at 0u2p; ¡ 1  z  C 1
0
:
0
p 22 .u; 0; z/ D 0 at 0u2p; ¡ 1  z  C 1
p 01 .u; 1; z/ D p0 .u; z/ at 0 u  u2 ; ¡1  z C1
[A11]