Human Body System

Arvin Jet B. Marcaida

Earth and Life Science
UST Senior High School
 HEART
GUT

FOOD
!

BRAIN!

MUSCLE
S

BONES
 STILL ALIVE? HEHE!

WE NEED TO SURVIVE!!!
HUMAN BODY SYSTEM
YOU CAN’T HAVE ONE WITHOUT THE OTHER
BODY SYSTEMS WORK TOGETHER
If you damage one system, you
may damage several (e.g
smoking), which irritates the lungs
and also destroys the cells of the
immune system
BODY SYSTEMS WORK TOGETHER

If you get excited, the nervous system works with the

circulatory system by increasing your heart rate.
BODY SYSTEMS WORK TOGETHER

AIDS destroys the Immune System

As a result you may get:
Pneumonia (respiratory ),
Yeast infection (reproductive),
Candida infection affecting esophagus (digestive)
Kaposi’s sarcoma (integumentary).
RECALL: Organizational Structure

How does the body

get the systems to
work together?
RECALL: Organizational Structure
RECALL: Organizational Structure

Smallest Largest cell

cell (60 (1 mm)
µm)

Most cells in your body have the same function. Only when
they are grouped into tissues do they have different jobs.
TISSUE
Group of similar cells performing a common function

Epithelial- cover and protection Muscular- movement

Connective- provide support Nervous- control and communication
Epithelial Tissues
squamous
columnar
cuboidal
Connective Tissues
Ligament - connects a bone to another bone
Tendon – connect a muscle to a bone
Fascia - connective tissues that join one muscle to
another muscle
Areolar tissues - bind the skin to the muscles
Adipose tissues - found beneath the dermis of the skin
Cartilage (softer bone)
Bone
Blood
Nervous Tissues
NEURON – basic functional unit of the NS
Sensory neurons (carry impulses to the brain
or spinal cord coming from the receptors)
Motor neurons (carry impulses from the brain
or spinal cord to the muscles).
Interneurons (integrate data from sensory
neurons and then relay commands to
motor neurons)
Muscular Tissues
Skeletal / striated muscle – voluntary; for
locomotion/posture
Smooth / non-striated muscle –
involuntary; found in walls of
organs/structures
Cardiac muscle – involuntary; only in the
heart;
ORGAN
Group of tissue that work together to perform closely
related functions.
ORGAN SYSTEM
Group of organs that work together to perform a single function.
 ORGANS

ORGAN SYSTEM

INTEGUMENTARY RESPIRATORY gas exchange

support,
protection MUSCULAR
and mobility elimination
EXCRETORY
SKELETAL of waste

regulation
ENDOCRINE
response NERVOUS of activities

nutrition DIGESTIVE REPRODUCTIVE reproduction

transport of immunity
CIRCULATORY IMMUNE
materials to disease
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Helps protect internal structures of the body
from damage; prevents dehydration, stores fat
Functions:
• Covers body and prevents water loss.
• Protects body from injury and infection.
• Helps regulate body temperature.
• Eliminate wastes
• Gathers information about the environment
• Produce vitamin D
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
SKIN- protection from UV radiation, water
conservation in the body, synthesis of Vit.D, sense
of touch, temperature and pain
Epidermis  
Melanin; Keratin
Dermis 
Subcutaneous Layer
Adipose tissue (fat)
Goosebumps – formed from contraction of
arrector pili muscles
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
CHEMICAL COMPONENTS FOR DEFENSE:
PERSPIRATION- secreted by
sweat/sudoriferous glands. (Salt, lysozyme,
antimicrobial peptides)
SEBUM- secreted by sebaceous glands.
(helps keep skin pliable and less likely to
break or tear, lowers pH level of skin)
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
HAIR - are dead cells with living roots
composed primarily of keratin. The portion
of the hair above the skin is known as the
shaft, while that below the surface of the
skin is known as the root.
NAILS - are made of hard, keratin-filled
epidermal cells. They protect the ends of
the digits from injury, help us grasp small
objects, and enable us to scratch.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Enables movement, protects some of the
body organs, composed of muscle
tissue(contract, or shorten, to produce
movement when stimulated)
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
STRUCTURE OF A MUSCLE
A muscle is made up of
hundreds/thousands of muscle fibers
MYOFIBRILS – thread-like structures
consisting a muscle
SARCOMERE
MYOSIN Filament (thick)
ACTIN Filament (thin)
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Your body has three types of Muscle tissue.
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Your skeleton has five major functions.

It provides shape and support

Enables you to move
Protects your internal organs
Produces blood cells
Stores certain materials until your body
needs them
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Types of Joints:
Fibrous (fixed / immoveable)
e.g. skull
Cartilaginous (slightly moveable)
e.g. intervertebral disc

Synovial (freely moveable)

Hinge – fingers/toes, knees
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Bones
Tendons- connect bones to muscles
Ligaments- connect bone to bone
Cartilage- padding that covers and
protects the ends of long bones at
the joints
Joint- connect bone to bone
SKELETAL SYSTEM
The human skeleton may be grouped as follows:
AXIAL SKELETON
Skull (in the head; protects the brain)
Hyoid (in the neck)
Sternum (in the breast)
Ribs (in the thoracic cavity)
Backbone or Vertebral column (protects the spinal cord
at the back)
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Upper appendages (arms/fore limb)
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The main functions of the digestive
system :
Breaks down food into molecules the
body can absorb.
Passes these molecules into the blood
to be carried throughout the body.
Eliminates solid wastes from the body.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Digestion takes place in two stages:
MECHANICAL digestion - food undergoes
physical change by tearing, grinding and
chewing.
CHEMICAL digestion - involves the change
in chemical composition of food. It takes
place in the presence of special protein
molecules called enzymes.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Closed – blood flows through closed vessels

(e.g. vertebrates, few invertebrates)
Open – blood flows through open spaces called lacunae and sinuses
(e.g. molluscs, arthropods, insects)
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
The main functions is to transport: oxygen, nutrients, waste throughout the body.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
The main parts of the CIRCULATORY
System are:
Tubes/vessels (artery, vein, capillary)
Circulating fluid (blood)
Plasma – fluid matrix of blood;
where RBC, WBC and platelets
are suspended
Pumping organ (heart)
ABO BLOOD SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Tuberculosis
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Parts of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Nasal Cavity
the air passage behind the nose
it filters the dust particles
Pharynx
Where the food tube and air tube meet
Glottis
The hole between the food and the air tube
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Epiglottis
A thin cartilage that closes during food swallowing.
Larynx (voice box)
contains the vocal cords (which produce vocal sound).
It is located between the pharynx and the trachea
Trachea (windpipe)
Where air passes going to the lungs
Bronchi (sing. bronchus)
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Branches of the trachea
Bronchioles
Smaller tubes branching from the bronchi
Alveolar ducts
Smaller ducts leading to the alveoli
Alveoli (air sacs)
are where the oxygen from the air enters your blood, and
the carbon dioxide from your body goes into the air
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
There are 300,000,000 air sacs in each lung
Lungs
Where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs
Surrounded by a pleura (a thin membrane)
Rib cage (it protects the lungs)
Diaphragm
A dome-shaped muscle below the chest cavity that
contracts when breathing.
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
BREATHING
The process of inhaling and exhaling
An automatic body function; it goes on even during
sleep.
Breathing Mechanisms:
Inhalation
The rib cage and diaphragm contract, the chest
cavity becomes bigger
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The air pressure inside becomes lower than the
outside body…
(as a result, the air/oxygen rushes inward)
Exhalation
The rib cage and the diaphragm relax, the chest
cavity becomes smaller
The air pressure inside becomes greater than the
outside body, (as a result, the air rushes outward).
 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Medulla Oblongata - part of the brain that
control breathing
Flow of CO2 in the Respiratory System
body cells tissue fluid blood air sacs
Flow of O2 in the Respiratory System
Air sacs blood tissue fluid body cells
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Collects wastes produced by cells and
removes these wastes from the body.
The removal process is known as
excretion.
Main organs include:
Kidneys • Each kidney is about 4 ½ inches
long
Skin • Weight is 4 – 6 ounces
• The urine output varies from 1-2 liters
Lungs per day.
Colon/Large intestine
IMMUNE SYSTEM
It’s role is to protect you from
foreign invaders.
Special cells react to each kind of
pathogen with defensive tactics
targeted specifically at that type
of pathogen.
A pathogen is a bacterium, virus,
or other microorganism that can
cause disease
 ANTIBODIES
Antibodies are special proteins that recognize
and defeat invading pathogens.
Antibodies are made by the B-cells.
Once a pathogen is encountered by the B-cells it
memorizes it and next time it encounters the
pathogen it will have antibodies ready to fight the
pathogen.
 ANTIGENS
An antigen is any substance that when introduced into the
body stimulates the production of an antibody immune
response.
Antigens include:
Toxins
Bacteria
Foreign blood cells
Cells of transplanted organs.
 IMMUNITY
Immunity is a state in which the body has sufficient
defenses to fight infection, disease or invasion by
pathogens.
Non-Specific Immunity refers to the defenses that are
in place at all times and are not specific to the
pathogen to which the system is responding.
Skin, mucous membranes, hairs in nose and ears,
enzymes in mouth and tears in eyes.
 IMMUNITY
Specific Immunity is a specific antibody response to the
pathogen and has been acquired in one of several ways.
Antibodies were transferred from mother to fetus across the
placenta.
Antibodies were transferred through breast milk from
mother to child.
Antibodies were built up due to prior exposure to the
pathogen.
Antibodies were be built up through a vaccination process.
 VACCINATION
Most vaccines contain a little bit of a disease germ that is
weak or dead. Vaccines do NOT contain the type of germ
that makes you sick.
Having this little bit of the germ inside your body makes your
body's immune system build antibodies to it.
Vaccines can be administered by a needle, mouth and
some through a nasal spray.
Recommended Vaccines : Measles, Mumps, Rubella,
Pertussis, Hepatitis B, Diphtheria, and Tetanus
 T CELLS VS B CELLS
T cells (thymus cells) and B cells (bone marrow- or
bursa-derived cells) are the major cellular components of
the adaptive immune response. T cells are involved in
cell-mediated immunity, whereas B cells are primarily
responsible for humoral immunity (relating to antibodies).
Cell-mediated immunity is an immune response that does
not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of
phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes,
and the release of various cytokines in response to an
antigen.
T CELLS VS B CELLS
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
It is made up of a network of lymphatic
vessels that carry lymph — a clear, watery
fluid that contains protein molecules, salts,
glucose, urea, and other substances —
throughout the body.
It works closely with the immune system
and the circulatory system.
The Spleen stores many of the white
blood cells needed for the immune
response.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The endocrine system is a collection of ductless glands
that secrete special proteins called hormones.
The glands release the hormones into the bloodstream
and they travel to the target cells or organs.
The main function of the endocrine system is to maintain
a stable environment within the body or homeostasis.
4. The hormones also help the body to regulate:
Growth
Sexual development
Metabolism
Sugar, salt and fluid levels in the blood
 GLANDS AND HORMONES
Gland Hormone Produced Effects
Hypothalamus Antidiuretic hormone Acts on the kidney to regulate
fluid balance

Pituitary 9 different hormones Growth and regulates other

glands
Thyroid Thyroxine Metabolism
Pancreas Insulin & glucagon Blood sugar
Adrenal Epinephrine Heart rate & blood pressure

Testes Testosterone Sperm & male characteristics

Ovaries Estrogen & progesterone Eggs & female characteristics

FEEDBACK MECHANISMS
Homeostasis is maintained by the endocrine
system through the use of various feedback
mechanisms. mechanism
A feedback is in use when the biological reaction is
actually being controlled by the end products of that
reaction.
 Major Organs and their Function
System Major Structures Functions

Integumentary Skin, nails, and hair Protects against injury,

infection, and fluid loss.
Provides structure and
support
Muscular Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac Moves limbs and trunk
muscles Moves substances
through the body
Provides structure and
support
Skeletal Bones and joints Protects and supports
the body and organs
Interacts with skeletal
muscles
Circulatory Heart, blood vessels, blood, Transport nutrients and
lymph, lymph nodes and wastes
vessels
Major Organs and their Function
System Major Structures Functions

Nervous Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and Regulates behavior

sense organs Maintain homeostasis
Regulates other organ
system
Controls sensory and
motor functions
Digestive Mouth, esophagus, stomach, Extracts and absorbs
liver, pancreas, small and large nutrients from food
intestines Removes wastes
Maintains water and
chemical balances
Respiratory Lungs, nose, mouth, and Moves air into and out
trachea of lungs
Controls gas exchange
between blood and
lungs
Major Organs and their Function
System Major Structures Functions

Excretory Kidneys, urinary bladder, Removes wastes from

ureters, and urethra the blood
Regulates
concentration of body
fluids
Endocrine Hypothalamus and pituitary Regulates body
gland temperature,
metabolism,
development, and
reproduction
Maintain homeostasis
Regulates other organ
systems
Reproductive Testes and penis in males Produces gametes and
Ovaries and uterus in females offspring
Immune White blood cells, skin, lymph Defends against
ORGAN SYSTEM
ORGAN SYSTEM