Prelim Reviewer

Q2
What is referred to as the organized sequence of chemical reactions that are needed to extract the chemical bond from
energy supplying compounds
- Metabolic pathways
How many ATPS can be produced from the reduction of NAD? (Number only)
- 2.5
In the central dogma, what is formed after the RNA is translated?
- Protein or CHON
What organic compound was formed from the experiment of Wohler?
- Urea
What enzyme was discovered by Neuberg?
- Enzyme Carboxylase
Which of the following is an example of anabolic reaction?
- Synthesis of a polysaccharide from monosaccharide
Which of the following is an example of catabolic reaction?
- Hydrolysis of lipids of fatty acids
- Formation of nucleotide from nucleoside and phosphate
- Conversion of fatty acids to acetyl CoA and Breakdown of proteins to amino acids (Both of the choices)
Which of the following describes biochemistry?
- Neither A nor B (make up foods and manufactures in food production)
Catabolic reaction often involves chemical reduction
- False
All biomolecules undergo physical digestion in the mouth
- True
The metabolic pathway allows very large chemical bond energy releases that would be damaging to cells.
- False
Movement of muscles, growth and development, and provision of energy are some examples of the molecular
physiology of the discussed biomolecules.
- True
Catabolism takes place to allow production of energy required by different cells of the body
- True
Where is the site of absorption in the body?
- Small intestine or jejunum
What reaction is shown by the conversion of fatty acids to acetyl CoA?
- Catabolism
The uptake of iron by the bone marrow is an example of what biological process?
- Assimilation
What organ is responsible for biotransformation and metabolic degradation?
- Liver
What biomolecule will undergo chemical digestion in the mouth?
- Carbohydrates
Which between lipids and proteins will undergo physical digestion in the stomach?
- Both
What is the organ of excretion for fiber?
- Gastrointestinal tract
What form of digestion is shown when an enzyme is required?
- chemical digestion
What sugar is present in nucleic acid?
- Pentose
This is the energy used by all cells in the body.
- ATP
Fat will be taken up mostly by
- adipose tissue
What biomolecule contains the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
- Protein
Who is the proponent of lock and key theory? (Complete name)
- Emil Fischer
The formation of polypeptide from amino acids shows what reaction?
- Anabolic reaction
Which of the following is not a hormone?
- Amylase
Q2
USING THE PICTURE AS YOUR REFERENCE FOR THE QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED, WRITE YOUR ANSWERS ON THE
GIVEN SPACES.
What is the name of the cell part labelled as A?
- Cell membrane
What is the strongest layer of the cell part labelled as A?
- Mucopolysaccharide
What function of the cell part labelled as A is related with restrictions in the entry and exit of substances in and out the
cell?
- Selective permeability
What is being synthesized in the cell part labelled as B?
- Protein
How much % of RNA is present in the cell part labelled as B? (Use number)
- 60
What is the name of the cell part labeled as C?
- Mitochondria
The cell part labelled as C is the only organelle that contains DNA.
- True
Where is cell part labelled as D found?
- Pancreas
What is manufactured and transported in the cell part labelled as D?
- Proteins
What is the name of the cell part labelled as E?
- Nucleolus
What is being produced is the cell part labelled as E?
- RNA
The cell part labelled as F is where most chemical reactions occur?
- True
Which of the different composition of cell part F has no storage form?
- Proteins
What is the name of the cell part labelled as G?
- Nucleus
Which of the structure of cell part G separates the genetic material from the cytoplasm?
- Nuclear envelope
The cell part labelled as H functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism and detoxification of
alkaline metals.
- False
The cell part labelled as H metabolizes calcium
- True
What is being synthesized by the cell part labelled as I?
- Carbohydrates
The cell part labelled I is a specialized portion of ER consisting of 3-21 flattened, membranous sacs called cristae.
- False
What proteolytic enzyme is present in the cell part labelled as J?
- Acid hydrolase
Which of the following best describes passive transport?
- It includes simple diffusion
What layer of the cell membrane is permeable to carbon dioxide and oxygen?
- Lipid bilayer
Which of the following will less likely passed through the cell membrane?
- Low molecular weight substance
Which of the following shows a hypertonic solution?
- Osmosis of water from ICF to ECF
Abnormalities in the nucleus may suggest cancer or malignant degeneration. This may be manifested by a very big
nucleus which is out of proportion to the cytoplasm.
- Both statements are correct
GIVEN THE FOLLOWING CHARACTERISTICS AND CONDITIONS, CLASSIFY IF ITS A CHARACTERISTIC OF OR CONDITION
ASSOCIATED WITH: (WRITE THE LETTER ONLY)
A. METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
B. METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
C. RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
D. RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS
Diabetes
- A
Brought about by antacid therapy

- B
Occurs in CNS depression

- C
Severe diarrhea
- A
Brought about by breathing difficulty.

- C
In a normal mixed diet, potentially basic substances are exceeded by potential acid content of the other foods. The body
therefore is forced to excrete larges amount of acids.
Carbonic acid is produced from the hydration of carbonic dioxide. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase is the one responsible
for this reaction.
CO2 is the main factor regulating the rate and depth of respiration. This controls how fast and deep breathing is.
The exchange of gases between the outside air, the blood and the different issues of the body, is governed by the
physical law of diffusion. Gas will flow from a lower to higher tension.
- Only the first statement is correct
An acid usually has low pH level whereas, base has high pH level. Blue litmus paper will turn to red when added with
acid.
Law that governs the movement of gases in different tissues of the body.
- Diffusion
What will happen to the rate and depth of respiration when the CO2 concentration in the blood is increased?
- Increased
What will happen to the rate and depth of respiration when the CO2 concentration in the blood is increased?
- Leads to immediate elimination of CO2
The increase in pCO2 will decrease affinity of Hgb for oxygen is known as
- Bohr’s effect
An increase in this form of CO2 in the blood will increase the pH

- Carbonic acid
Which part of the hemoglobin reacts with CO2 to form carbamino compounds?
- Amino group as in protein
What should be the ratio between bicarbonate-carbonic acid in order to maintain the pH in the blood
- 20:1
The first chloride shift is also known as

- Hamburger’s phenomenon
The first chloride shift happens when this ion accumulates in the RBC
- Bicarbonate
To which enzyme will the Mgb release the oxygen when oxygen supply becomes inadequate?
- Cytochrome oxidase
IDENTIFY WHETHER THE FOLLOWING DESCRIBES. WRITE THE LETTER OF YOUR CHOICE ON THE BOX PROVIDED.
A. ARRHENIUS THEORY
B. BRONSTED-LOWRY
C. LEWIS THEORY
D. ALL OF THE CHOICES
E. NEITHER OF THE CHOICES
Accepts electron pair.

- C
A. ARRHENIUS THEORY
B. BRONSTED-LOWRY
C. LEWIS THEORY
Accepts proton
- B
A. ARRHENIUS THEORY
B. BRONSTED-LOWRY
C. LEWIS THEORY
Increases OH- concentration in aqueous solutions

- A
A. ARRHENIUS THEORY
B. BRONSTED-LOWRY
C. LEWIS THEORY
Donates protons
- B
A. ARRHENIUS THEORY
B. BRONSTED-LOWRY
C. LEWIS THEORY
Donates electron pairs

- C
This is the major buffer of the extracellular fluid

- Bicarbonate
When we exercise, the body’s metabolism becomes more active, producing CO2 and H+ in the muscles
- True
Low pO2 will increase dissociation of oxyhemoglobin to Hgb and oxygen

- True
Low pH is more marked when there is relatively high pO2

- False
What pentose sugar is present in DNA?

- Deoxyribose
What is the complementary base pair of ACA?
- TGT
This is the physical site of protein synthesis
- Ribosomes
What enzyme is necessary to reconstruct the DNA? (Write directly the name of the enzyme, no need to start with the
word enzyme)
- Ligase
Give ONLY one stop codon
- UAA or UGA or UAG
What pyrimidine base is present in DNA only
- Thymine
What test is used to determine if RNA is present in a sample?
- Orcinol test
What will be formed from the hydrolysis of nucleoside
- Sugar and base
What is ACC when transcribed by the mRNA?
- UGG
This is the amino acid formed by the start codon is AUG
- Methionine
GIVEN BELOW ARE EXAMPLES OF NUCLEOTIDES OF BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE. GIVEN THE ITEMS, IDENTIFY WHICH OF
THE GIVEN DERIVATIVES HAVE THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS. WRITE THE LETTER ONLY.
A. ADENINE DERIVATIVES
B. CYTOSINE DERIVATIVES
C. URACIL DERIVATIVES
D. COENZYMES
Involved in glycogen formation

- C
D. COENZYMES
Involved in energy transfer by acting as carriers
- A
D. COENZYMES
Important in the synthesis of lecithin

- B
D. COENZYMES
Associated with energy transfer in the conversion of glucose and galactose

- C
D. COENZYMES
Needed in the synthesis of cephalin

- B
This is a type of mutation where one base in a DNA is replaced with a different base
- Substitution
How is RNA different from DNA?

- All of the items given are correct
A genetic disease whereby there is mutation on gene in chromosome 19
A. Cystic fibrosis
B. Familial hypercholesterolenemia
C. Galactosemia
D. Huntington's disease
- B
What genetic disease results from low or abnormal production of dystrophin?
A. Cystic fibrosis
B. Down's syndrome
C. Huntington's disease
D. Muscular dystrophy
- D
This is a type of RNA where the most number of nucleotides are present
- mRNA
This is a genetic disease characterized by deficiency of hexosaminidase A resulting to accumulation of gangliosides.

(Write letter only)
A. Huntington's disease
B. Muscular dystrophy
C. Sickle-cell anemia
D. Tay-sach's disease
- D
Which of the following best explains the central dogma?
A. The information encoded in the DNA is translated to RNA and then transcribed to protein.
B. DNA -> rRNA -> mRNA -> tRNA -> Amino acids
C. The RNA decodes the information encoded in the DNA and transcribe it to protein.
D. The information encoded in the DNA is transcribed to RNA and then translated to protein.
- D
Each time the cell divides, an exact copy of the DNA of the parent cell is needed for the new daughter cell. The
information copied from a DNA result to the production of amino acids during transcription
Nucleoproteins are acidic. This is due to the presence of the different nitrogenous bases
DNA viruses replicate in the host cytoplasm directly. They have very high mutation because they lack the proofreading
ability
Chargaff’s rule state that the amount of adenine is always equal to

- Thymine
How many hydrogen bonds are there between guanine and cytosine?
- 3
What enzyme cause the DNA helix to unwind?
- DNA helicase
Which enzyme uses a portion of the DNA to be used as a template during protein synthesis?
- RNA polymerase
Genetic engineering has the potential to change human beings’ appearance, adaptability, intelligence, character and
behavior
- True
These are metabolic regulators of chemical reaction

- Activators
What structure of protein is responsible for the sequencing of amino acids?

- Primary structure
These are non-protein biochemical which is usually derived from vitamins

- Coenzymes
This referred to at the site where transformation of substrate takes place

- Active site
What is produced from the reaction between an enzyme and a substrate?

- Product
Apoenzyme + ______ = Holoenzyme

- Coenzyme
What classification if enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another?
- Transferase
Enzymes are considered ________ due to the presence of amine and carboxyl group
- Amphoteric
The splitting of molecules as catalyzed by hydrolase involves the addition of _____ to break the bond
- Water
What enzymes functions in the rearrangement of one isomer to another?

- Isomerases
Match the different enzymes in Column A with their corresponding class on Column B. Write the letter of your choice on
the corresponding answer box for each number
Column A
11. Cholinesterase - A
12. Transaminase - F
13. Chymotrypsin - A
14. Decarboxylase - D
15. Synthetase – C
GIVEN THE FOLLOWING COMBINATION, CHOOSE E IF THE GIVEN COMBINATION IS CORRECT, IF INCORRECT, CHOOSE
FROM THE GIVEN CHOICES FOR THE CORRECT WORD TO MAKE THE COMBINATION RIGHT.
Hydrolase: glycosidase: amino acids
A. cellobiose
B. isomerase
C. starch
D. transferase
E. The combination is correct.
- C
Tyrosinosis: hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid oxygenase; alkaptonuria: tyrosinase
A. homogentisic acid oxygenase

B. hydrolase
C. phenylketonuria
D. sickle-cell anemia
- A
Transferase: ACP: Hydrolase: ALP
A. aldolase
B. Isomerase
C. ornithine carbamyl transferase
D. ligase
- C
Urease: urea: absolute specificity
A. group specificity
B. stereoisomeric
C. protein
D. uric acid
- E
Maltase: Maltose; Fructose oxidase: fructose
A. glucose
B. hydrolysis
C. lactose
D. oxidation
E. The combination is correct
- E
Kwashiorkor is brought about by deficiency of proteins and calories

- False
An increase in enzyme concentration results to an increase in the reaction rate

- True
Product of reaction can also be an inhibitor

- True
Enzyme frequently appear in the serum after cellular injury, degradation of cells or from storage areas
- True
What is the coenzyme form of B1?

- Thiamin pyrophosphate
What is the enzyme function of Riboflavin?

- Reductase
Which among the different water-soluble vitamins (as coenzyme) functions as hydrolase?
- Vitamin C
What biomolecule is metabolized by pyridoxine?

- Protein
What is the coenzyme form of folate?

- Tetrahydrofolate
ACTIVITY 1-8
Molecules with diameters of <7 angstrom can easily pass-through animal membranes. Larger molecules cannot pass
through semi-permeable materials.
Phenolphthalein indicator is an indicator that is pink in alkaline solutions of about pH 10. It goes colorless when the pH
drops below pH 8.3
All molecules and ions in the body fluids, including water molecules, are inconstant motion, each moves its own
separate way. This continual movement of molecules among each other in liquids or in gases is called diffusion
RBC consist of an envelope and meshwork called stroma. The envelope behaves as a permeable membrane allowing the
solvent and solutes to enter and leave the RBC
The maintenance of an optimum pH in the environment of an animal is vital to the life of an organism. The control of pH
essential for enzyme-catalyzed reactions is the function of buffers
A decline in the pH of the urine indicates a probable problem in the kidneys. This condition is known as UTI
Nucleic acids are the most fundamental constituent of a living cell. They generally serve as the store houses and carriers
of genetic information
Acids react to methyl red by changing its color to yellow. Sprite will yield red color in methyl red
- Only the second statement is correct
What component of RNA will give positive result to Bial-Orcinol test? (One word)
- Pentose
If a substance is an acid, what color will be produced when it’s added with methyl red? (One word)
- Red
What organ is expected to have numerous Golgi bodies?

- Pancreas
Who was the first person to observe the random movement of small particles?
- Robert Brown
What other substance was used in activity 2 that affected the rate of diffusion?
- Sugar
What type of solution is 10% NaCl solution?

- Hypertonic solution
Hypotonic solution has concentration than hypertonic solution

- Lower
Which between methyl red and methylene blue diffused slower in agar?
- Methylene blue
What nucleotide is specifically present in DNA only?

- thymidylic acid
If 30% of DNA molecule is adenine, what percent is thymine? (Use number and % only)
- 30%
What reagent was used to test the presence of starch in dialysis?

- Betadine
What reagent is initially added to pyrimidine in Wheeler-Johnson test?

- Bromine water
What color is produced as positive result of Wheeler-Johnson test?

- Purple
What chemical indicator will turn colorless when added to an acid?

- Phenolphthalein
What will be formed when the distillate was added with nitric acid and silver nitrate?
- White precipitate
In diffusion through agar gel, which material/reagent will diffuse faster?

- Methyl red
Starch upon hydrolysis will initially yield dextrin. Further enzymatic hydrolysis will produce maltose.
What product of fat hydrolysis will change the color of phenolphthalein indicator from pink to colorless? (use word)
- Fatty acids
What product of starch hydrolysis change to red when added with Iodine solution?
- Erythrodextrin
This is the glycoprotein in saliva.

- Mucin
IDENTIFY WHAT REAGENT IS USED TO DETERMINE THE PRESENCE OF THE GIVEN COMPONENT/ION. WRITE THE LETTER
OF YOUR CHOICE ONLY.
Chloride
A. Ferric chloride & conc. HCl

B. Biuret test
C. Millon’s test
D. Molisch’s test
E. Benedict’s test
F. Conc. HNO3 & AgNO3
G. Conc. HCl & BaCl2
H. NH4 oxalate
I. Conc. H2SO4, KI solution & starch
J. NH4 molybdate
- F
Sulfate

B. Biuret test
C. Millon’s test
D. Molisch’s test
H. NH4 oxalate
J. NH4 molybdate
- G
Phosphate

B. Biuret test
C. Millon’s test
D. Molisch’s test
H. NH4 oxalate
J. NH4 molybdate
- J
Calcium

B. Biuret test
C. Millon’s test
D. Molisch’s test
H. NH4 oxalate
J. NH4 molybdate
- H
Reducing sugar is present in the saliva

- False
What reagent was used to test the pH of lipids in act 7?

- Phenolphthalein
The composition of saliva varies with the relative proportion of the secretions of the different glands
- True
What substance activates chymotrypsinogen

- Trypsin
What enzyme works in hydrolyzing nucleic acids

- Nucleodepolymerase
The presence of enzymes determines what factor affecting digestion?

- Primary factor
What cells secrete HCI?

- Parietal cells
This enzyme is capable of curdling milk and is commonly present in the GIT of infants.
- Chymosin
How much pancreatic juice can be secreted in a day?

- 500ml
Comparing saliva, gastric and pancreatic juice, which will have the highest percentage of water present?
- Saliva
Comparing saliva, gastric and pancreatic juice, which will have the lowest percentage of water present?
- Pancreatic juice
Substance secreted by foods which in turn stimulates secretion of gastrin is called as___.
- Secretagogue
What specific juice or substance has the most alkaline pi among all body fluids?
- Pancreatic juice
When mastication is employed, what form of digestion is described?
- Physical form
What condition is associated to hyperchloridia? (Give ONLY ONE)

- Peptic ulcer
When saliva is active, what is its pH?

- 7.0-7.3
What cell produces mucin in the mouth?

- Sublingual gland
What enzyme works against the amino group of the N-terminal?

- amino peptidase
This is also known as diastase

- Pancreatic amylase
What is the most common inorganic constituent present in the stomach?

- HCI
What part of the salivary gland secretes ptyalin?

- Parotid
What is the product of protein digestion in the stomach?

- Small peptides
What is the product of starch digestion in the stomach?

- Maltose
Intestinal digestion includes the pancreas and bile since both are attached to the small intestine through the ileum and
jejunum.
- False
Primary factor of digestion is more important than secondary factors.

- False
The HCI exerts germicidal action by killing microorganisms' that can possibly inhibit digestion.
- True
Chemical digestion happens only in the mouth.

- False
The hydrolysis of starch in the mouth produces maltose

- True

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Q2

Brought about by antacid therapy

Occurs in CNS depression

Brought about by breathing difficulty.

An increase in this form of CO2 in the blood will increase the pH

The first chloride shift is also known as

Accepts electron pair.

Increases OH- concentration in aqueous solutions

Donates electron pairs

This is the major buffer of the extracellular fluid

Low pO2 will increase dissociation of oxyhemoglobin to Hgb and oxygen

Low pH is more marked when there is relatively high pO2

What pentose sugar is present in DNA?

Involved in glycogen formation

Important in the synthesis of lecithin

Associated with energy transfer in the conversion of glucose and galactose

Needed in the synthesis of cephalin

How is RNA different from DNA?

A genetic disease whereby there is mutation on gene in chromosome 19

What genetic disease results from low or abnormal production of dystrophin?

This is a genetic disease characterized by deficiency of hexosaminidase A resulting to accumulation of gangliosides.

Which of the following best explains the central dogma?

Chargaff’s rule state that the amount of adenine is always equal to

These are metabolic regulators of chemical reaction

What structure of protein is responsible for the sequencing of amino acids?

These are non-protein biochemical which is usually derived from vitamins

This referred to at the site where transformation of substrate takes place

What is produced from the reaction between an enzyme and a substrate?

Apoenzyme + ______ = Holoenzyme

What enzymes functions in the rearrangement of one isomer to another?

A. homogentisic acid oxygenase

Kwashiorkor is brought about by deficiency of proteins and calories

An increase in enzyme concentration results to an increase in the reaction rate

Product of reaction can also be an inhibitor

What is the coenzyme form of B1?

What is the enzyme function of Riboflavin?

What biomolecule is metabolized by pyridoxine?

What is the coenzyme form of folate?

What organ is expected to have numerous Golgi bodies?

What type of solution is 10% NaCl solution?

Hypotonic solution has concentration than hypertonic solution

What nucleotide is specifically present in DNA only?

What reagent was used to test the presence of starch in dialysis?

What reagent is initially added to pyrimidine in Wheeler-Johnson test?

What color is produced as positive result of Wheeler-Johnson test?

What chemical indicator will turn colorless when added to an acid?

In diffusion through agar gel, which material/reagent will diffuse faster?

This is the glycoprotein in saliva.

A. Ferric chloride & conc. HCl

A. Ferric chloride & conc. HCl

A. Ferric chloride & conc. HCl

A. Ferric chloride & conc. HCl

Reducing sugar is present in the saliva

What reagent was used to test the pH of lipids in act 7?

What substance activates chymotrypsinogen

What enzyme works in hydrolyzing nucleic acids

The presence of enzymes determines what factor affecting digestion?

What cells secrete HCI?

How much pancreatic juice can be secreted in a day?

What condition is associated to hyperchloridia? (Give ONLY ONE)

When saliva is active, what is its pH?

What cell produces mucin in the mouth?

What enzyme works against the amino group of the N-terminal?