18/03/2022

Statistical Thinking &

Literacy

Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

The ability to read, interpret and evaluate

numerical data to take logical conclusions as
the basis for making decisions will become a
valuable skill for a successful life.

Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

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Simply speaking:
• statistics deals
with data;
• statistics uses
data to gain
insight and to
draw conclusions.

(Moore, 2000)

So,what is actually meant

by data?

Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

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Data are numbers

with a context.
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So, technically speaking

What can we do with

statistics?

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Summarize & Describe

Data
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Investigate if there is a
relationship between variables
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Examine differences
between groups

How to tell the facts

from the artifacts
(Moore, 2000)

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Data illuminate

Opinion: Census Data:

black (23.8%), black (11.8%),
white (49.9%) white (74%)

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Data beat anecdotes

Does living near power lines cause

leukemia in children?
The National Cancer Institute spent 5 years and $5
million gathering data on the question. Result: No
connection between leukemia and exposure to
magnetic fields of the kind produced by power lines.

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Beware of the lurking variable

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On time Delayed
Citilink 525 73
Lion Air 1558 191

The percentages of late flights were:

Citilink 73/598 = 12.2 %
Lion Air 191/1749 = 10.9 %

It appears that Lion Air does better.

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However, when we try to consider “which city the

flight left from”, the story is different.

Citilink Lion
On Time Delayed On Time Delayed
Bandung 70 12 (14.6%) 150 26 (14.8%)
Surabaya 85 10 (10.5%) 174 21 (10.8%)
Jakarta 100 10 (9.1%) 968 98 (9.2%)
Medan 70 11 (13.6%) 92 15 (14%)
Ambon 40 8 (16.7%) 86 18 (17.3%)
Manado 160 22 (12.1%) 88 13 (12.9%)
Total 525 73 (12.2%) 1558 191 (10.9%)

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Citilink

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Where the data come

from is important

Example: A poll from a radio can produce a

significantly different finding from a
statistically designed poll.

Determining samples for your study will be

crucial before collecting data.
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So, why do we learn

statistics?

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Statistics is about
thinking quantitatively

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Everyday we interpret
reality in different ways

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Often times, we make meanings of

what happens in the world by using
numbers.

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For instance, how do you

evaluate whether a child is
smart or not?

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Now, try to do the following tasks:

1. Report how flood is happening in a certain place.
2. Explain, based on your experience, how you
expressed your love to someone.
3. Describe the condition of your bedroom.

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Statistics is used in
quantitative research

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• Research is a way about finding answers

to questions (Neuman, 2003).
• To find the answers to the questions,
researchers need data.
• Statistics provides tools for examining
numerical or quantitative data.

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• Quantitative researchers see the reality

in the world as measurable.
• “Reality …is conceptualized as variables
which are measured , and the primary
objectives are to find how the variables are
distributed, and especially how they are
related to each other and why.” (Punch,
2003).
• To see how the variables are distributed
and related to each other, we use
statistics.

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In practice, quantitative researchers

then use statistics in the following
types of research:

Survey Correlational
Experiment
study

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So, the take-home message is...

The ability to read, interpret and evaluate

numerical data to take logical conclusions as
the basis for making decisions will become a
valuable skill for a successful life.
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