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Introduction to Statistics

We use descriptive statistics to “describe” a set of

data. To “describe” here means to present, simplify
and summarize (often large quantities of) data.
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To present and to summarize can be in the forms of:

- visuals: graphs and charts
- statistical measures: mean, median, mode, variance,
range, SD
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Data are organized and summarized

for clearer presentation and for the
ease of communications

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Data may come from studies of populations (often called a census

study) or samples.
Population = parameter
Sample = statistic
Often, either called statistic

Inferential Statistics allows us to draw

conclusions and/or make decisions concerning a
population based only on sample data.
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To generalize or predict how a large group

(population) will behave based upon information
taken from a part of the group (sample), in other
words to make an INFERENCE.

Techniques which tell us how much confidence

we have when we GENERALIZE from a
sample to a population.

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Sample statistics Population parameters

(known) Inference (unknown, but can
be estimated from
sample evidence)

Sample
Population

Estimators

Population Parameter Sample Statistic

Mean – μ Mean - x

Variance – σ2 Variance - s2

Standard Deviation - σ Standard Deviation – s

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Parametric & Non-Parametric

Tests

Introduction to Statistics

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The difference between

In statistics, the
the two tests lies on
analyses are further
several basic
categorized into
assumptions.
whether a test is
parametric or non-
parametric. Parametric tests are
regarded to be more
robust than the non-
parametric.

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#1. Normally Distributed Data

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#2. Homogeinity of Variance

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#3. Interval Data

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#4. Independence

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Non-Parametric tests
When the assumptions do not rely on the
of parametric tests are restrictive assumption
violated, non- of parametric tests.
parametric tests
become appropriate to
use.

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