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Exam Essential Ielts Test 2
Exam Essential Ielts Test 2
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
SECTION 4
� Questions 1-10
Questions 1-7
Complete the form below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
€
Hotel Columbus Guest information
First name: 1 ·······························
Surname: 2 ...............................
Street address: 45 3 .............................. .
Town/City: Lewes
State/County: East Sussex
Zip/ Postcode: 4 ...............................
Country: United Kingdom
Email address: 5 ...............................@yahoo.co.uk
ID type: 6 ...............................
ID number: 874236195
Number of nights: 3
Room: 7 .............................. .
Form completion
Task guide
• For this task, you have to complete a form with words and numbers that you hear on
the recording, which is always a conversation between two people.
• Read the instructions carefully, as they will tell you how many words you can use for
each answer. In a form completion task, the rubric will always tell you the maximum
number of words that you can use in each answer. Some of the answers will almost
always be numbers.
• Look at the form carefully and see how much you can predict. Think about who might
complete a form like this, and what the conversation is generally going to be about.
Key words will help you predict the context. One of the speakers might be requesting
information, arranging a meeting or making a complaint, for example.
• You must write words that you actually hear. Do not change the form of any words.
• The questions follow the order in which you hear the information in the recording.
• You might have to write names of people or places that you have never heard before.
They will usually be spelt for you. Longer names and numbers (phone numbers, for
example) will usually be repeated.
• You will only be expected to know the spelling of very common first names and
surnames, and very famous place names. Less common or famous ones will always be
spelt out. These will not be spelt out. Shorter numbers will probably not be repeated.
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Step-by-step guide------------.....
� Step 1 - Think first
Read through the form carefully. Is a word or a number required for each gap? What sort of word is required?
Do any gaps require a combination of words and numbers?
Remember that in the task here, you are instructed to write no more than two words and/or a number for
each answer.
Decide if each of the seven gaps requires:
A a word or two words
B a number
C a word or two words and a number
D a combination of letters and numbers
1 .................. 2 .................. 3 .................. 4 .................. 5 .................. 6 .................. 7 ..................
Preparing in this way will make it easier to hear the answers as you listen.
Notice that the guest's first name is not spelt out as it is a common name that you should know. It is, in fact,
mentioned earlier in the conversation also.
The guest's surname is spelt out because it is not common, and it would be unfair to expect you to know how to
spell it. It is also mentioned earlier in the conversation.
The name of the street in the address is spelt out, and repeated, because you would not be expected to know
it. The second part of the street address, however, is not. You will be expected to know words like Street, Road,
Avenue and Lane.
The post code has six different letters and numbers. In this type of task you must listen carefully to hear the
correct answer.
The email address is probably the most difficult of the seven answers so you are given more help. It is repeated
and explained, and you are told that it is all one word, written in lower case.
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SECTION 2
SECTION 3
SECTION 4
Questions 8-10
Label the map below.
Write the correct letter A-H next to questions 8-10.
Where are the fallowing places situated?
Hotel Columbus
Ila I cM D
IDL
To station � Avenida Constituci6n
.,____1/ -E
main
square
G
[
i
To airport
8 museum
9 art gallery
10 conference centre
> For this task, you have to label a map, a plan or a questions correctly largely depends on starting off in
diagram with points (usually the names of places) the right place. Sometimes, as is the case with this
using information that you hear on the recording. task, an earlier part of the recording will help you
> This type of task is often applied to section 1 of the know where the speakers are. Sometimes, however,
Listening test, when two speakers are in a typical you will need to listen to a reference to the starting
social environment. You might hear two speakers point - I'm just leaving the station now, for example.
asking for and giving directions, for example. > There are always more places marked on the map
> The questions follow the order of the recording. than you need. You will usually have to choose three
If you realise you have missed the information or four answers from eight or nine options. Some
you need to answer a question, don't panic. Focus of these options will often be close together on the
carefully in order to answer the next question. map or plan, and you must keep listening carefully to
make sure you identify the correct answer. You will
� The map and the recording will give you a starting
always feel more confident about an answer if you
point. Listen carefully because answering the
know vvhy another option is definitely wrong.
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� Questions 11-20
Questions 11-14
Complete the notes below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
Notes c:ompletion
Task guide
• For this task, you must write pieces of information given in the recording you hear.
• Notes are often organised as though somebody listening to the speaker has made them
in a notebook. They might not be full sentences, and might not start with capital letters
or have full stops.
• There will usually be a heading at the top of the notes and this will help you make
predictions about the recording.
• Read the instructions carefully, as they will tell you how many words you can use for
each answer. The number of words varies in each task of this type, but you will
generally be instructed to use either two or three words (see the instructions for
questions 11-14 above). You may also be told to use numbers in your answers.
• Look at the notes carefully and try to make predictions. Key words will give you some
idea of what the talk or conversation will be about. If there is a key word that you don't
know, it will probably be explained early in the recording. Listen for it carefully.
• There might be lines of notes without gaps to fill. Read these carefully, as they will help
you understand more about the topic of the recording.
• You must write words that you actually hear. Do not rephrase or change the form of
words you hear. Answers will be incorrect if you misspell any words.
• The questions follow the order in which you hear the information in the recording.
(Note that later in the course you will see very similar task types in which notes are
organised into tables and flow charts.)
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J
Step•by•step guide
• Step 1 - Think first
Read the heading at the top of the notes. Is there a key word you don't
recognise?
Read through the notes carefully. Do they help you make predictions about
the talk you will hear? Do they help you work out the meaning of the unknown
word in the heading?
Look at each gap carefully and think about what sort of information is required.
Remember that you are instructed to write no more than two words for each
answer. Here, each answer will be the same part of speech. What part of speech
is that? Note that nouns are probably more common in this type of task.
Look at another part of the audio script below. The second answer is in bold.
Notice once again how you are led towards the answer. Notice how joining a
gym on the recording paraphrases gym membership in the notes.
Audio script
An allotment is a huge recreational asset for anyone in that situation. First of
all, there's the exercise. Renting an allotment costs around £30 a month - that's
generally a lot cheaper than joining a gym!
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IELTS
T ESTS
READING MODULE WRITING MODULE SPEAKING MODULE
Questions 15-17
List THREE advantages of allotment�grown food.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
15 ....................................................................................
16 ....................................................................................
17 ....................................................................................
Tcask guide
• For this task, you have to identify related items that you hear on the recording. You
will be told to list factors, features, qualities, reasons, causes, benefits, advantages,
disadvantages, problems, improvements and so on. Make sure you are familiar with
general referencing nouns like these.
• Read the instructions carefully, as they will tell you how many words you can use for
each answer. Two C>r three words is usual, but occasionally you will be told to use only
one word. Make sure you do not use more words than is allowed.
• You can write your answers in any order, but you will almost certainly find it easier to
write answers as you hear them.
� Make sure that each item you list answers the question. In this case, for example, each
answer must be an advantage.
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Questions 18-20
Label the plan below.
Choose THREE answers from the box and write the letters A-G next to questions 18-20.
A compost bin.
B flower bed
0
C glass house -
D grass walkway
E pond
shed
F stone sink
G vegetable bed
'---
18 ...
18 ·······························
19 ·······························
L/.
t gate
I 19 ...
I
20 ...............................
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� Questions 21-30
Questions 21-24
Answer the questions below.
Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD for each answer.
21 What course does Lily want to study next year?
Task guide
• For this task, you have to write answers to separate who, what, where, when type
questions, using information you hear on the recording. The task can be applied to any
of the four sections of the Listening test.
• Read the instructions carefully, as they will tell you how many words you can use for
each answer. One or two words is usual but occasionally you will be allowed to use
three. Instructions will sometimes say that you can also use a number. Make sure you
do not use more words than is allowed.
• The questions follow the order in which you hear the information in the recording.
• Generally, most answers will be nouns, but adjectives are possible. Nouns will usually
be either uncountable or plural so that you do not have to worry about whether or not
to use an article. Occasionally, a short phrase will be an answer (if you have been told
to use up to three words). Q: Where was the gold discovered? A: tomb, or in the tomb,
for example are both correct. If answers are names, longer numbers or dates, they will
usually be repeated.
• You must write words that you actually hear. Do not change the form of words you
hear. Answers will be incorrect if you misspell any words.
• Language used in the questions will paraphrase language used on the recording (they
will not include exactly the same words and phrases). As you listen, you will need to
identify words and phrases on the recording that mean the same as, or something
similar to, words and phrases in the questions.
• Occasionally, you might think that you can answer a question by applying general
knowledge. However, the aim is to test whether you understand what the speaker says,
and you must listen for the words used on the recording.
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Classification
• For this task, you have to answer a series of questions, by choosing from the same list
of options in each case.
• When this task is applied to section 4 of the Listening test, it means matching pieces
of information with categories mentioned in the lecture. This task will be applied when
the lecturer talks about a number of distinct categories - sources of energy or genres
of film, for example. Note that when applied to section 4, the task is very similar t9 the
classification task that is also applied to the Reading test (see page 32).
• When this task is applied to section 3 of the Listening test, as is the case here, it
usually means matching opinions, comme.nts, suggestions, etc. with the speakers. If
the task is applied when there are only two speakers, one of the options will probably
be a combination of the other two - A Jane, B Graham, C Both Jane and Graham, for
example.
• Language used in the questions will paraphrase language used in the conversation. As
you listen, you will need to identify words and phrases in the questions that mean the
same thing.
1
• Although the possible answers are the same for each question, the questions do not
depend on each other. You can get one question wrong and the next one right:
• As with all multiple choice type tasks, don't try to 'break the code'. It is not possible
to predict how many answers will be A, 8 or C, or to find some sort of pattern. There
might be three A answers and only one C answer, for example.
• The questions follow the order in which you hear the information in the recording.
Here, for example, you will hear one of the speakers talk about artists making money
before· you hear the same or another speaker talk about renting studio space. If you
realise you have missed the information you need to answer a question, do not panic.
Focus carefully in order to answer.the next question.
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� Step 1 - T hink first 1 Who says that artists don't earn money?
Look carefully at the three options and at each of the
points 25-30. In the first part of the recording, there
2 Who says that studying at college is expensive?
were only two speakers but here there are three, so
clearly another person joins the conversation. You
know that Mark has been talking about not applying 3 Who says that renting a studio is expensive?
to another art school - how will each of the points
relate to that?
4 Does Mark make either of the points 26 or 27?
Remember that this task might be the first task in
a conversation. In this case, you need to quickly
identify each of the speakers. There is always a mix Audio script
of male and female speakers, and speakers always Tutor: Mm, you might just be looking through
introduce themselves or each other before you have rose-tinted spectacles there Mark. There are plenty
to listen for any answers. of people who regret taking that route, you know. For
You know that the language you hear will not be every artist making a living, there are twenty living
exactly the same as what you read in the questions. on the breadline ...
Generally speaking, the language in the questions is Mark: OK, I take your point but I'm thinking ·about
simpler than in the recording. For Question 25, for the cost of three years at art school as well! Apart
example, you read do not earn much money but on from the actual fees, there are all the living expenses.
the recording you might hear phrases like are badly Students are running up at least a £30,000 debt by
off, are hard up, are broke or are counting the pennies. the end of their course!
Look at Questions 26-30. Think about what you might Lily: So, this studio you're planning to get - I take it
hear on the recording and write your ideas below. that'll be free, then? If you're contemplating working
26 .................................................................................................. in Paris or Prague, won't that cost practically the
same over three years?
27 ...................................................................................................
Mark: Maybe, but I'd be selling my paintings,
28 ................................................................................................... wouldn't I?
29 ................................................................................................... In this task type, you will sometimes have to identify
which of three people is going to perform a duty -
30 ...................................................................................................
write the introduction to a composition, for example.
The speakers will make suggestions and agree and
� Step 2 - Check what you will hear disagree before arriving at a decision. You will have
Look again at Questions 26 and 27 and at part of the to listen carefully to make sure you can confidently
audio script below. The questions are both related choose the correct option.
to financial matters and each of the speakers has
something to say. You will have to listen carefully
� Step 3 - Listen and do the task
to identify which of the speakers makes the actual
points. Answer the questions below and as you do so
highlight the relevant part(s) of the conversation.
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1
READING MODULE WRITING MODULE SPEAKING MODULE
J
• Questions 31-40
Questions 31-35
Complete the summary below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
and do not immediately associate it with laughter. People norm�lly laugh w!ien something is funny, so
33 .......................................... is not recognised as it sh.'ould be. Laughter is not simply a reaction to finding
something am�sing. A sfmilar 34 ............................ }.. �.. : .... ma� be t;igger�d by a range of negative feelings.
Summary completion
I kgui
• For this task, you must complete a summary, using idea of the topic. If there is a key word that you don't
information you hear on the recording. know, it is likely that that word will be explained early
• A summary completion task will usually be one on the recording. Listen for it carefully.
of two or three tasks applied to one section of the • Read the summary right through carefully and see
Listening test, so it will be a summary of just part of a how much you can predict. look at the words that
talk, lecture or conversation rather than all of it. come before and after each gap to make sure that
• Completing a summary can be easier than completing your answers fit both logically and grammatically.
notes or sentences, as the summary provides a more You may occasionally feel that you can guess some
complete picture of what the recording will be about. answers from your general knowledge, but you must
However, you have more to read before you listen, listen to check the exact words used on the recording.
and there is usually more paraphrased language to • Read the instructions carefully, as they will tell you
deal with. how many words you can use for each answer. You
• Bear in mind what a summary is. What you read will will generally be instructed to use either two or
be a condensed, simplified version of what you hear. three words.
Some of what you hear will be worded differently • You must write words that you actually hear. Do
from what you read. not rephrase or change the form of words you hear.
• There will usually be a heading at the top of the Answers will be incorrect if you misspell any words.
summary. Read this first, especially if the task is the • The questions follow the order in which you hear the
first task of the section, as it will give you a general information on the recording.
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Step-by-step guide
• Step 1 - Think first
Read the heading at the top of the summary. Are there any words you
don't recognise?
Read through the summary carefully. Are you able to make predictions about
the lecture you will hear? Can you work out the meaning of unfamiliar words in
the heading?
Look at each gap carefully and think about what part of speech each answer is
likely to be. Remember that in the task here, you are instructed to write no more
than two words for each answer. Do any gaps look like they will require more
than one word?
Note that because gaps can be filled with one or two words, it is not always
possible to know the part of speech before you listen. The first gap, for example,
could be filled with a single-word adjective or with an article and noun.
Look at Question 35 again carefully. The line we will no longer before the
gap suggests that the answer will be a verb. The line by people laughing
unexpectedly comes after the gap. What sort of grammatical structure might be
required here?
Look at the relevant part of the audio script below. Notice how the single word
unexpectedly in the summary paraphrases the longer line in all sorts of painful,
even tragic, situations on the recording.
Audio script
Once we accept that laughter and pain are related, we are less likely to be
shocked when people laugh in all sorts of painful, even tragic, situations.
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• For this task, you must choose the correct answer the multiple choice task is the second task, so-you
from three possible options, A, B or C. (Note that for already know what the lecture is.about,
the same task type in the Heading test, you are given • You will need to continue. to look carefully at each
four options A-D.) of three options as you listen to the relevant part of
• Multiple-choice questions in the Listening-test vary in the recording. If you realise you have missed the
terms of complexity. When applied to section 1, they information you need to answer a question, do not
will require you to listen to relatively straightforward panic. Focus carefully in order to answer the next
facts. When applied to sections 3 and 4, they will question.
test your understanding of opinions, arguments • Language used in the questions will paraphrase
and attitudes. They might sometimes require you to language used on the recording (they will not include
understand what is implied or suggested. exactly the same words and phrases). As you listen,
• Multiple-choice questions are either in the form of wh you will need to identify words and phrases on
questions (see Question 36 above), or sentences that the recording that mean the same as or something
need completion (see Question 37 above). Occasionally, similar to words and phrases both in the questions
a question will ask you which one of three options is and in the options. However, if you hear words on
not true or correct (see Question 38 above). the recording that are the same as words used-in
• The questions follow the order in which you hear the one of the options, do not assume that it means it is
information on the recording. Within each option, you the correct answer. It is your understanding of whole
may hear reference to the three options in any order. ideas that is tested here.
• As with all multiple-choice type tasks, don't try to • This type of multiple-choice task will often be
'break the code'. It is not possible to predict how combined with other multiple-choice type tasks (in
many answers will be A, B or C, or to find some both the Listening and Reading tests). You might
sort of pattern. There might be three consecutive A have three single answer multiple-choice questions,
answers, for example. " followed by a task that requires you to choose
answers form a list of five options, for example.
• Read through the questions and options as carefully
as possible and try to make predictions about the See page 60 for another type of multiple-choice task.
content of the whole lecture a·nd the specific part
of the lecture that r,elates to each question. Here,
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Step-by-step guide
• Step 1 - Think first 3 The key line mentions anger, fear and boredom. Is a
Read the question carefully and identify key words list of three emotions the same as various emotions?
and phrases that will help you recognise which part of Option C
the lecture is relevant. Here, you might not properly
1 Highlight the line that relates specifically to this option.
understand cathartic psychotherapy but you can
assume that you will hear the lecturer use the term. 2 Does a single burst of laughter mean the same as each
She might explain what the terms means, but you time a person laughs?
might also be able to answer the question without fully 3 Which key word means it is not possible to know how
understanding what it means. much?
Read each of the options carefully. Prepare to hear 4 Can we measure how much pain is released - do we
each one mentioned as you listen. Remember you may know how much pain is released?
hear reference to the three options in any order and Which option is the correct answer? Are you confident
that language you hear will not be exactly the same as that you have good reason to dismiss the other
language used in the options. options?
Read Question 36 again carefully. Then listen to the
first part of the lecture and identify the order in which • Step 3 - Check what you will hear
reference is made to the three options. Don't try to Look at Question 37 again and then listen to the next
choose the correct answer yet. part of the lecture. As you listen, answer the questions
1 ... 2 ... 3 ... below.
1 What phrases does the lecturer use instead of when
• Step 2 - Consider the possibilities we are children?
Look at the part of the audio script that is relevant to 2 Does the lecturer say that when children lose control it
Question 36 below and answer the questions about is acceptable or that it is something to avoid?
options A, 8 and C that follow.
3 What does the virtues of self-control mean?
Audio script 4 Does discomforting mean something like beneficial in
Cathartic psychotherapy utilises laughter as an option A?
essential medium for healing emotional pain. It's 5 Which verb does the lecturer use that means makes
specific to the release of anger, fear and boredom. last longer?
When people laugh, they free themselves of painful
6 Does she say that losing self-control makes feelings
feelings. The amount of pain the body releases
of pain and sadness last longer or that something else
during a single burst of laughter is immeasurable,
makes those feelings last longer?
but we know that the body will keep discharging pain
cathartically until there's no longer a need. Which option is the correct answer? Are you confident
that you have good reason to dismiss the other options?
Option A
If you are unsure, read the part of the audio script that
1 Highlight the line that relates specifically to this option.
applies to Question 37 before you check the answer.
2 Does discharge have more or less the same meaning
as release?
• Step 4 - Listen and do the task
3 Does this line suggest a limit or does it say that Apply the same step-by-step approach to
something will go on for however long is necessary? Questions 38-40.
Option B
1 Highlight the line that relates specifically to this option.
2 The preceding line mentions emotional pain. Is that
the same as negative feelings?
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IELTS
T ESTS 1
LISTENING MODULE WRITING MODULE SPEAKING MODULE
PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-12, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on pages 28 and 29.
r
IELTS: Test 1 � � READING MODULE � � PASSAGE 1
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were passionate fans of the radio drama Tinka Tinka Simplemente Maria first aired in the late 1960s. The
Sukh. The programme is claimed to have promoted central character was a rural girl who escaped to the
gender equality and encouraged renouncement of the city to find work as a maid. She learnt to read and,
local custom of demanding a bridal dowry. Enrolment more importantly, to sew, enabling her to become a
of girls in the local school rose by 25 per cent. In other successful fashion designer. The show was so popular
parts of the country, soap viewers were more likely to that when Maria married her literacy teacher, thousands
refute the commonly held view that a husband was of avid viewers collected outside the church to bestow
justified in beating his wife. gifts on the happy couple. Across the country, increased
enrolment in literacy classes coincided with the storyline.
A Rwandan radio serial Musekeweya has had an even
more notable impact. Devised and broadcast by Radio Back in Brazil, although they have lost viewers to
La Benevolendja, a partner of Oxfam, the story centres the internet, the influence of the novelas remains
on the conflict between two fictional tribes and the evident. The increased presence of slender blondes is
doomed romance between two of its characters. The credited with driving a shift away from what was once
project has the high hope of mending ethnic tension a nationwide preference for guitar-shaped brunettes.
and encouraging reconciliation. This may be fiction, 'Novelas in Brazil take on a greater importance than a
but the backdrop is very evidently the period just simple drama because they move people,' said Mauro
before the horrendous events of 1994. Alencar, the author of several books about the genre.
'But the novela is above all a reflection of society. It
One of the earliest programmes to have a far-reaching feeds off what is exposed in day to day life and recreates
impact on audiences was the Peruvian telenovela a fictional version.'
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PASSAGE 3
Questions 1-4
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
1 According to the text, which of the following features is typical of Brazilian telenovelas?
A There is a tendency to favour large families.
B Relationships are often unstable.
C Characters can not escape their social class.
D Storylines are generally realistic.
k UI
. • This task normally consists of questions that focus • Occasionally, a multiple-choice question will dir�ct
on a particular part of the passage rather than on you to a specific paragraph or section and check that
information spread throughout the passage. you understand the main poin_ t of it or the message it
• The exception to this is a 'global' question, which conveys (see Question 4 above).
checks your comprehension of the whole passage. • Multiple-choice questions often test your
'Global' questions might check that you understand understandihg of complex information and opinion.
the message that the passage conveys or the writer's You will need to read a specific part of the text very
purpose. You might need to choose the best summary carefully.
of the passage or the best title for it. A global question • Language used in the questions will paraphrase
is always the last question on a passage (see language used in the passage. You will often need
Question 12- the last question on this passage). to read very carefully to identify words and phrases
• Multiple choice questions are either in the form of in the passage and in the questions that mean the
wh questions (see question 1 above), or sentences same thing.
that need completion (see Questions 2 and 3 above). • Make sure that the option you choose answers the
Occasionally, a question will ask you which one of four question. An option will sometimes be true according
options is not true or correct - 'Which of the following to the text but not provide an answer to the question
statements about the city is NOT correct?' , for example. that you have been asked.
• If there are several multiple-choice questions, they � See page 86 for another type of multiple-choice task.
will follow the order of the relevant information in
the passage.
r
IELTS: Test 1 � � READING MODULE � • PASSAOE 1
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IELTS
T ESTS 1
LISTENING MODULE WRITING MODULE SPEAKING MODULE
PASSAGE 3
Questions 5-11
Classify the following ideas as referring to the country.
A Brazil ( alphabetical order)
B India
C Peru
D Rwanda
Write the correct letter A-D in boxes 5-11 on your answer sheet.
5 changes to wedding tradition
6 a relationship destined to fail
7 a desire to learn how to read
8 a reflection of real�life social and political unrest
9 domestic violence being less tolerated
10 changing perceptions of beauty
11 an apparent inability to separate reality and fantasy
Classification
Task guide
� For this task, you have to match pieces of information (generally statements) with
categories within the passage.
• You must not rely on what you think you might know about a category. You must locate
the part of the passage that supports the statement.
� Make sure that the information in the passage matches exactly the statement in the
question. Often, other statements will have a connection with the statement
but not match it exactly.
• The categories will be listed in a logical order, chronologically or alphabetically, for
example. Neither the categories nor the questions will be presented in the same order
in which they occur in the text. Make sure you write the letter you intend to write each
time you answer a question.
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l
Step-by-step guide
First, identify the part or parts of the passage which Question 5
provide information about each category. This will 1 Look again at the parts of the passage you identified in
mean that you can concentrate on the relevant part step 1 and find the part that relates to Question 5. You
of the passage and will not have to keep checking the want to find information about weddings in particular,
whole passage. Remember, though, that a category and a specific reference to a change in tradition.
may be mentioned in more than one part of the
2 The ninth paragraph contains information about a
passage.
wedding but does it specifically provide information
about changing tradition - yes or no?
• Step 1 - Locate the categories in the passage
Read through the passage and identify where
information about each category A-D is provided. 3 Which paragraph contains information about changes
In which paragraph(s) and where exactly in the to wedding tradition?
paragraph is the information?
A Brazil 4 Which word in the relevant paragraph means the same
as custom and which phrase is related specifically to
B India weddings?
C Peru 5 Does the whole sentence say that there have been
changes - yes or no?
D Rwanda
Now identify which country (A-D) this part of the
passage relates to. Write your answer for Question 5.
Question 6
• Step 2 - Read carefully
Read the list of ideas carefully as you read the relevant 1 Look again at the parts of the passage you identified
part of the passage carefully. in step 1 and find the part that relates to Question 6.
Here, you want to find information about a relationship
and specifically an unhappy one.
• Step 3 - Find the answers
For some questions, language used in the statements 2 Which is the relevant paragraph?
will paraphrase language used in the passage.
However, classification tasks involve more than 3 Which is the key line that paraphrases relationship
simply matching words and phrases with a similar destined to fail?
meaning. The aim of the task is to assess whether you
understand ideas in the passage and can match them
to the ideas expressed in the statements. Now identify which country (A-D) this part of the
passage relates to. Write your answer for Question 6.
Now apply the same step-by-step approach to
Questions 7-11.
Question 12
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
12 What is the conclusion that should be drawn from reading this passage?
A In the future, soap operas will shape the way many people live.
B People being influenced by what they watch on TV has some obvious benefits.
C Soap opera writers should ensure that their characters behave responsibly.
D Average family size will continue to fall in countries where soap operas are very popular.
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You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 13-27, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on pages 34 and 35.
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IELTS: Test 1 � � READING MODULE � � PASSAGE 2
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Deck and Railings handrails, are better for higher constructions._ Spiral steps
winding around the trunk are always fun and look more
Nothing can beat the experience of sitting outside a natural than a straight flight. If higher still, it is a good idea
tree house, among the leaves and branches, on an outside to break the journey with a series of landings. Sometimes
deck, balcony or veranda. A deck can be part of the it is possible to build a bridge or rope walkway from an
tree house platform, or it might be in a separate place nearby, adjacent tree, building or area of high ground. For really high
perhaps at a different level and reached by a rope bridge or tree houses, a rope pulley system with a harness or chair
wooden walkway. Whichever you choose, the deck must be may be the most convenient method. A rope pulley with a
surrounded by safe railings. Functional these may be, but as basket is indispensable for hoisting up provisions, whatever
with doors and windows, you can still give your imagination the height your tree house.
free rein. For something different, why not make a giant
hammock by attaching a strong rope net to the deck? Spread After all the effort involved in designing and building a
with pillows and cushions it makes a great place to relax. tree house, the last thing you want is for it to fall down.
Remember to check the floors, decks and railings frequently
for rot or weakness. Inspect any steps, ladders and walkways,
Tree House Access and repair damage immediately. Check the tree annually for
Now that you have built your tree house, how will you get growth and movement, and adjust or refix attachments to
up there? A simple wooden or rope ladder is fine if the the tree as necessary.
house is not far from the ground, but steps, ideally with
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Questions 13-18
Complete the sentences below with words taken from Reading Passage 2.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
13 .............................. will provide information about restrictions that might apply to y our construction.
14 Planning approval is not usually necessary for a small tree house that is not a .............................. .
15 A .............................. held securely in place is essential when working high up in a tree.
16 A tree house planned as .............................. can be built higher than one planned for children to play in.
17 You might not be allowed to prune a tree that has .............................. .
18 Small decks will benefit from .............................. at different times of the day.
Task guide
• For this task, you have to complete individual • The task will normally consist of sentences that focus
sentences, using information provided in the text. on a particular part of the passage rather than on
• The texts will come from a variety of sources and information spread throughout the whole passage. If
even if the subject matter is outside your experience, the sentences do relate to the whole passage, you will
such as this passage on tree houses, remember that need to scan the text to locate the relevant pieces of
all the informati.on you need to answer the questions information.
will be found in the text. • Sometimes, a sentence completion task will have its
• The task is similar to other gap-filling tasks (summary own heading, which will help you locate the relevant
or flow chart completion, for example), but each part of the passage.
· sentence is separate, and there is not necessarily • You must write words that appear in the text. Do
a connection between the specific topic of each. not use other words or phrases that you think make
Contrast this task with a note completion task, which sense, and do not change the form of words.
requires you to complete information in l"Ote form • Read the instructions carefully, as they will tell you how
rather than complete full grammatically conventional many words you can use for each answer. The number
sentences. of words varies in each task of this type, but you will
generally be instructed to use either two or three words
(see the instructions for Questions 13-18 above).
r
IELTS: Test 1 • • READINC MODULE • � PASSAGE 2
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IELTS
T ESTS 1
LISTENING MODULE WRITING MODULE SPEAKING MODULE
Questions 19-23
Label the diagram below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the reading passage for each answer.
platform
19 .................................................................. 20 ..................................................................
adds strength preferable to nails and screws
�
t
21.................................................................. 22 .................................................................. 23 ................................................................. .
constructed from plywood sheets adds protection most suitable materials for windows
or old boards
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Labelling a diagram
Task guide
• For this task, you have to complete a diagram • There might be some additional labels or descriptions
or series of diagrams (as is the case here), using on the diagram that you do not need to complete,
information provided in the passage. but which you should read to get a better idea of
• Words that you write as answers for this task will often what is shown.
be quite technical, and frequently words that you don't • The diagram(s) will usually show information
know. The aim is to check that you can understand (a technical process, for example) that is the focus
a description of a process (mechanical or biological, of a particular part of the passage rather than on
for example) or how something works, not to test information spread throughout the whole passage.
whether you already know specialised vocabulary. The diagram task will usually have its own heading,
• Contrast this task with a diagram labelling task in the and this will help you locate the relevant part of
Listening test. In the Listening test, you will usually the passage.
match given labels to parts of a diagram, writing the • Questions do not necessarily follow the order in
correct letter as your answer. In the Reading test, you which information is given in the passage as they
usually have to write words or phrases that appear do in most other task types (though in this particular
in the passage as answers. Occasionally, you have to task they do). Sometimes, particularly if the diagram
choose options from a box. shows a process, questions will be arranged around
• Sometimes, you will simply need to label an item on the page in a clockwise direction.
a diagram (see Question 19). Sometimes, you will • You must write words that appear in the passage.
need to complete a description of a diagram or part Do not use other words or phrases that you think
of it (see Questions 20-23). As in all gap-filling tasks, make sense, and do not change the form of words.
longer descriptions will paraphrase language used in
the passage.
Step-by-step guide
• Step 1 - Locate the task in the passage Question 19
Look at the title of the diagram task. In this case, you Apart from the description you have to complete, two
also have headings given to each section of the passage, other labels are provided for this first diagram. You
so locating the relevant part is straightforward. might already know trunk but if not, the meaning is
Sometimes, you will need to scan the passage for key clear from the diagram. The platform is the topic of
words that appear in the diagram title. If the diagram this section of the text, and platform occurs several
task does not have a title, you must look carefully at times. The label on the diagram should help you
the questions on the diagram, identify key words and understand exactly what the platform is. You need
then locate those key words in the passage. to label what it is that supports the platform.
As is the case here, the words used in the diagram task The passage says that if the platform is not supported
title will probably not be exactly the same as those by branches or posts, as is the case here, it needs
used in the passage. In which two sections of the something for extra strength. Which two words are
passage will you find answers to Questions 19-23? you going to write as your answer?
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Questions 24-2 7
Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-H from the box below.
Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 24-27 on your answer sheet.
24 An outside deck
25 A basic wooden ladder
26 A rope walkway
2 7 A rope pulley
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Step-by-step guide
The best approach to this task is to:
• read the beginning of each sentence.
• locate the specific part of the text that relates to it.
• read that part carefully as you read through the options (sentence endings).
• decide which option correctly matches the information given in the text and
so correctly completes the sentence stem.
• Step 1 - Locate the relevant part -of the passage and the question in the text
Remember that this task might relate to information provided throughout
the whole passage, so you might have to go back and scan the text from the
beginning. However, here, since the first two tasks (Questions 74-23) relate to
the passage up to the end of the section headed Windows and doors, it would
be a good idea to check first whether the final task relates only to the remaining
part of the passage.
Read Question 24 and find where an outside deck is mentioned.
Once you have found that, you know that the ·other questions (Questions 25-27)
will relate to information that follows, so you now know that you only have to
read the final two sections to complete the task.
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You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on pages 42 and 43.
Do animals think?
When an animal knows it is being chased and starts to run, is it
obeying some ancient instinct, or does it 'know' to be afraid?
A Mammals have brains so they can feel pain and c If humans can experience the universal emotions
fear and can react in disgust. If a wildebeest did of fear, anger, disgust, happiness, sadness, and
not feel pain, it would continue grazing as lions surprise, then so can mammals. But does an animal
slowly devoured it. If an antelope did not sense think about its state of fear? Does it have not just a
fear, it would not break into a sprint at the first hint mind but a theory of mind? Does it have a sense of
of cheetah. If a canine were not disgusted, it would its own identity and that of another being? Can it
not vomit; it would not be, as the saying goes, sick put itself in another animal's shoes, so to speak?
as a dog.
All animals communicate, but only humans have
Pain, fear and disgust are part of a mammal's survival language. The puzzle remains: do animals think?
machinery developed over tens of millions of years of Can they think about abstractions, about the past
evolution. Homo sapiens have, however, only been or about other animals? Researchers have wrestled
around for about 200,000 years so all three emotional with a series of experiments to see whether animals
states owe something to mammal origins. If football are capable of behaving as if they had the capacity
hooligans can feel those emotions, then so too do to learn, the will to improvise and the ability to
deer, foxes and dogs. The argument is about how guess what other animals are thinking. Dogs show
'aware' or 'conscious' non-human mammals might a remarkable capacity to guess human intentions
be during these emotional events. When an animal correctly. Dogs, however, have lived intimately with
knows it is being chased and starts to run, is it humans for 15,000 years, so are unlikely to make
obeying some instinct inherited from ancestors that ideal test subjects.
knew when to flee a danger zone or does it actually
'know' to be afraid? D Primates, humanity's closest relatives, show
unexpected abilities. Researchers from St Andrews
B That might be the wrong question. A human in 1999 counted 39 different ways in which
startled by a strange shape in a darkened corridor chimpanzees deal with food. Since these differ
experiences a pounding heart, lungs gasping for according to group and geography, they have used
air and a body in recoil. This is the well-known the word 'culture' to describe these differing methods.
flight or fight reaction. A human appreciates the full One female chimpanzee in Kyoto, convinced
force of fear and has already started to counter the researchers that she could place Arabic numerals in
danger a fraction of a second before the brain has ascending order one to nine. Monkeys astonished
time to absorb and order the information presented a team at Columbia University in New York in 1998
by the menacing figure. This is because mental by distinguishing groups of objects numbering one
calculations are too slow to cope with surprise to four. Chimpanzees in large captive colonies forge
attack. Pain precedes logic. Touch something alliances, switch sides and double-cross each other.
hot and you withdraw your hand even before you They have also been seen in the wild systematically
have time to think about doing so. Once again, the searching for leaves that have a medicinal effect.
wisdom is after the event. From such observations, a new branch of research
has been born. It is called zoopharmacognosy.
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E Chimpanzees and humans share a common for the rations when not being watched. It seems
ancestor, and 98% of their DNA. Do more distant the smaller pig could guess what the other was
mammal relatives share the capacity for cogitation? thinking and outsmart it. In a human, this is what
Several years ago, Keith Kendrick at the Babraham we call 'intelligence'.
Institute in Cambridge astonished the world by
revealing that sheep could recognise up to 50 Ci One of the animal world's highest achievers,
other sheep and up to ten human faces for at least however, is not a mammal at all. Betty the crow ·
two years after first seeing them. If a sheep can lives in an Oxford laboratory. She repeatedly picks
tell the difference between its flock members from up a straight piece of wire, bends it into a hook
flash cards and screen pictures, it must surely have and uses the hook to lift an appetising treat from
a sense of these other creatures even when they a tube too deep for her beak. Before achieving
are not there. Perhaps this means it also has an this feat for the first time, she had never previously
idea of 'self'. seen a piece of wire. So an animal far removed
from humankind could identify a challenge,
F More disconcertingly, pigs have demonstrated contemplate a simple matter of physics, identify
their own theory of mind. Mike Mendl of Bristol a tool shape, select a raw material, make a tool
University revealed astonishing evidence at the and retrieve the reward. Birds are cousins not of
British Association science festival in 2002. A larger mammals but of the dinosaurs. Humans and birds
and stronger pig that did not know where food last shared a common ancestor 200 million years
was hidden had learned to follow a weaker, but ago. Experiments like these confirm, over and over
better informed pig, to the trough. At this point the again, that other mammals are more like us than
weaker pig would start to use distracting behaviour we thought. It becomes increasingly difficult to
to keep the bully pig guessing, and only lunge know just what it is that makes humans different.
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IELTS
T ESTS
LISTENING MODULE WRITING MODULE SPEAKING MODULE
Questions 28-35
Reading passage 3 has six sections, A-G.
Which section contains the fallowing information?
Write the correct letter A-Fin boxes 28-35 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
28 an investigation into the extent of animal intelligence and awareness
29 the suggestion that an animal less recognised for its intelligence has an impressive memory
30 evidence that at least one species of animal has multiple intelligences
31 a comparison of what different living creatures experience emotionally
32 an account of a supposedly simple creature that has learnt a clever trick
33 acknowledgment that inherited abilities should not be seen as a measure of intelligence.
34 an explanation of what happens when a person is frightened
35 an account of how one animal got the better of anothq
Task guide
• For this task, the passage is divided into sections. Sometimes, each section will be a
single paragraph, but usually at least one of the sections will consist of more than one
paragraph. You must identify which section contains specific pieces of information.
• For this task, questions will not be worded as full sentences - they will not begin with
a capital letter and end in a full stop. The options are expressed as ideas, and will
frequently require you to identify evidence, a suggestion, a comparison, an explanation
and so on (see the range of these words used in this task).
• Sometimes, the same section will be the answer to more than one question. The
instructions will tell you when you can use a letter more than once. It is also possible that
a section will not be the answer to any of the questions, though the instructions will not
tell you this. Don't worry that you have not chosen a section as one of your answers..
• This task tests your overall understanding of the passage and the sections that make
it up. The idea is not to scan for words or phrases that appear in both a question and
a section of the text. Don't choose an answer simply because that option contains the
same words as a section of the passage. Key words that appear in questions will often
appear in a number of sections.
• Don't choose a section as an answer because it contains information related to
something in a question. Information in more than one section will almost certainly
relate to something in a question, but only one section will contain the precise
information you require.
• Because this task tests your understanding of the whole passage, any second task
applied to the passage will mean reading all or parts of the text again.
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Step-by-step guide
The best way to approach this task is to:
• read the first question and then look through the text to find the answer.
• go to the next question and repeat the process.
Question 28
� Step 1 - Know what you are looking for
1 The question refers to an investigation. That means you are probably
looking for:
A questions
B answers
C details and facts
2 The question refers to the extent of animal intelligence and awareness. That
means you are looking for:
A concrete examples of animals behaving intelligently.
B a list of which animals are most intelligent.
C reference to how intelligent animals are and how that might be assessed.
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Questions 36-40
Answer the questions below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS ONLY from the text for each answer.
36 According to the text, which animal is hunted and eaten by lions?
37 What sort of people are given as an example of low intelligence humans?
38 Which phrase in section B means run away or stay and confront the danger?
39 According to the text, which two animals successfully completed numerical tasks?
40 What type of tool did Betty the crow make from a piece of wire?
Short-answer questions
Task guide
• For this task, you have to write answers to separate who, what, where, when type
questions, using information that is provided in the passage.
• If this task is the first task applied to a passage, questions will usually apply to just one
part of the text and you will not have to scan the whole text before you understand
what the passage is about. When this task is the final task of two or three tasks,
questions will usually apply to the whole passage and you will need to read the text
again to locate answers. This task often comes after a task that requires you to read for
more general meaning, as is the case here.
• Read the instructions carefully, as they will tell you how many words you can use for
each answer - one, two or three words is usual. Sometimes instructions will say that
you will also need to use a number. Make sure you do not use more words than is
allowed.
• The questions follow the order in which information is given in the passage.
• Logically, most answers will be nouns, but other parts of speech are possible. Nouns
will usually be either uncountable or plural so that you do not have to worry about
whether or not to use an article. Occasionally, a short phrase will be an answer (if you
have been told to use up to three words). 0: Where was the gold discovered? A: in the
tomb, for example.
• You must write words that appear in the passage. Do not change the form of any words
that you use in an answer.
• Language used in the questions will paraphrase language used in the text (they will
not include exactly the same words and phrases). You will need to identify words and
phrases in the text that mean the same as or something similar to words and phrases
in the questions.
• Occasionally, a question will refer you to a specific paragraph or section of the text,
especially if you are required to identify a phrase that you may not be familiar with (see
Question 38).
• Occasionally, a question will require you to identify two answers (see Question 39). You
need to identify the two words and write and between them. You will only score one
mark for both answers and you will not score a mark if only one of them is correct.
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Step-by-step guide
The best way to approach this task is to:
• answer each question one at a time.
• locate the relevant part of the passage.
• identify the information that specifically relates to each question.
Question 36
• Step 1 - Locate the relevant part of the text
1 For this question, a key word in the question appears in the text (that will not
always be the case). What is that word and which is the relevant paragraph?
2 Now that you have located the key word, which word in the same sentence
means the same as eaten?
2 Are those people considered by most other people to be of low intelligence -yes
or no?
3 Does the sentence in which the phrase appears tell you that the writer believes
those people are of low intelligence -yes or no?
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IELTS
T ESTS
LISTENING MODULE READING MODULE SPEAKING MODULE
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by age and educational attainment, 2009
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15 to 19 ��
Oworking&
work related
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I
_ Bachelor's degree& higher b��=::S 28.6
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Step-by-step guide
• Step 1 - Make sure you understand the data 6 the number of hours women over 75 spend on leisure
presented activities and sports
Use some of the 20 minutes you have looking carefully
at the figure(s) and make sure you understand exactly • Step 5 - Organise your report
what they show before you start writing. Read the task 1 How should you start your report?
instructions again carefully, as they explain clearly A by writing about the number of hours older women
what the figures show. spend on each of the three areas of activity
Answer the questions. B by emphasising that women with lower levels of
1 How many primary activities does the data include? education do not spend so many hours working
2 Which section of the chart shows age differences? C by summarising a general trend that is shown in
Which section shows educational differences? the two parts of the figure
3 How many age groups are shown in the figure? 2 What would be the best way to order your points in
4 How many different levels of education does the chart the report?
show? A to identify three or four salient points relating to
age and level of education
• Step 2 - Identify an overall message or trend B to describe the two sections of the chart
It is likely that there will be some sort of general message individually in turn
in the data. Which of the statements below is true?
A Women between 25 and 54 with a degree level of • Step 6 - Use appropriate language
education spend more hours working. Complete these sentences about the data with the key
B Women under 25 with less than a high school words and phrases from the box below.
diploma level of education spend more time 1 Women in all age groups 25 to 54 spend roughly
enjoying leisure activities and sport. ............. number of hours per week working.
C Middle-aged women with a medium level of 2 ............. women grow older they gradually spend
education spend more time in household activities. more hours engaging in household activities.
3 The number of hours spent on household activities
• Step 3 - Identify salient information (1) is ............. determined by age............. by level of
Answer the questions to help you identify some of the education.
more salient information.
4 Women between the ages of 25 and 54 with a higher
1 Women with which level of education spend the least level of education spend ............. hours per week
hours per week at work? .... hours per week enjoying leisure
working and ..........
2 Does the number of hours spent on household activities activities and sports.
generally increase or decrease as women get older? 5 Women with the lowest level of educational
3 At what age do women have most time to engage in attainment spend more than 43 hours on leisure time
leisure activities and sports? and sports, ............. women with the highest level
4 Does the number of hours spent on household activities spend only between 28 and 29 hours.
vary significantly depending on education level? 6 The number of hours that women spend on household
activities does not vary significantly depending on
• Step 4 - Identify salient information (2) - choose education level, ..............
what to include in your report 7 Women with a degree level of education spend
lick the points below that you think you should ............. more hours p�r week working .............
definitely include in your report. Remember you are women with a high school diploma level of
aiming to use not many more than 150 words. You will education.
probably have to leave out some information that you
linking words and phrases
would like to include.
while as however
1 the low number of hours that women over 75 spend
working grammatical and lexical structures
2 the number of hours women with lower levels of than do the most more the fewest
education spend on leisure activities and sports than far the same
3 women between 25 and 34 spend fewer hours on Now write your report in answer to the task. Use your
household activities than women between 35 and 44 answers in Steps 1-5 to plan your report. Put some of
the sentences in Step 6 into a logical order to help you.
4 the more educated women are, the more time they
spend working There is a sample answer on page 207.
5 the big difference between the number of hours
women under and over 20 spend working
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However, others feel that junk food advertising does not contribute to the problem of obesity and should not be banned.
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience·and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.
Write at least 250 words.
I
Giving your opinion (1)
r
IELTS: Test 1 � • WRITINO MODULE • • TASK 2
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Step-by-step guide
� Step 2 - Organise your answer
Using your answers for step 1, put the paragraphs of a candidate's answer in
the correct order.
Paragraph 1 ............ Paragraph 2 ............ Paragraph 3 ............ Paragraph 4 ............
A Many people, including doctors and teachers believe that junk food
advertising should be banned 1 ............ they encourage people to eat
unhealthy food such as fizzy drinks and chocolate bars. They think that
advertising to children is effective in influencing what they choose to
buy and eat. They believe that children should be encouraged to eat
healthier foods such as fruit and vegetables and argue that there should be
advertisements for healthier options on TV and on the internet.
B There is strong evidence to suggest that obesity is a growing problem in
many countries of the world. 2 ............ it would appear that the problem
starts in childhood with many children becoming fatter because they eat junk
food - diets containing too much salt, sugar and fat. These eating habits
continue into adulthood. It is a very worrying trend 3 .............
C 4 ............, the idea of banning the advertising of junk food for children is
well-meaning but it falls short of actually helping children and parents.
Educating people young and old about how to build a balanced diet and
enjoy a healthy, active lifestyle is the best way forward.
D 5 ............, other people say that junk food advertising does not contribute to
the problem of obesity. They believe that the problem of obesity is caused
in large part by the fact that people are less physically active now compared
with the past. They think that people of all ages live a more sedentary lifestyle
where it is rare for them to walk any distance. Moreover, they 6 .......... ..
believe that banning advertising of junk food would simply make such foods
more desirable.
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LISTENING MODULE
PART 3
Step•by-step guide-------------
• Step 1 - Take the right approach how you know or where you met the person
The aim of the long turn is to show that you can speak Note: He's my uncle!
fluently and accurately about a familiar topic.
Extract: Well of course he's my uncle so he's part of the
family. I remember first really knowing him when I was
• Step 2 - Organise what you say about six and he was 14.
Read the first instruction on the card and think about
what you might say before reading through the list of what your relationship is like
points. Write down key words and phrases that you Note: like a big brother - same interests
want to use and refer to your notes as you talk. Extract: As I was growing up, Eddy was like a big
Part 2 - Example task brother more than an uncle. I looked up to him a lot.
Read the topic card below carefully. You have a minute We had the same interests - football and music.
to plan what you want to say. why the person has been so important
Describe a person who has been very important Note: advice I help I influence
to you. Extract: Eddy's been very important in my life for many
You should say: reasons. He's given me a lot of very good advice, he's
who the person is helped when I didn't want to talk to my parents and he
has influenced me a lot.
how you know or where you met the person
what your relationship is like • Step 4 - Say the right thing
and explain why the person has been so important. Even though you must speak uninterrupted for a
minute or so, don't just go on talking if you feel that
• Step 3 - Make notes you are repeating yourself, that you are going off the
Look at the candidate's notes and spoken extract for topic or that you have forgotten what you wanted to
each of the suggested points. Then write your own say. Take a moment to gather your thoughts, take a
note and extract for the same points. quick look at your notes and then start talking again.
who the person is Look at the follow-up question that the examiner asked
the candidate. Can you answer the question about the
Note: my uncle - father's younger brother
person you have made notes about?
Do you think you are like your uncle Eddy in some
Extract: I want to talk about my uncle Eddy. He's my ways?
father's brother. He's 15 years younger than my father
so not much older than me - only eight years, in fact.
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B ............................................................................................,.......................................................................
C ....................................................................................................................................................................
D ................................................................................................................................................................... .
E ....................................................................................................................................................................
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SECTION 2
SECTION 3
SECTION 4
� Questions 1-10
Questions 1-5
Complete the table below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.
Table completion
Tak 9ui
• This task requires you to listen and fill in a table with the correct information.
• You should look carefully at the whole table to see how the information is organised.
Pay particular attention to the column headings as they will indicate the type of
information you need to listen for.
• You must fill in the numbered gaps with the exact words and numbers that you hear.
• If you hear numbers, you can write the number as a word (e.g. forty) or as a
number (40).
• Read the instructions carefully. Notice how many words you can use to fill in each gap.
You may be asked to write a maximum of one, two or three words in each gap.
! • You need to listen carefully as the recording may contain other information which may
seem correct, but which will in fact be wrong for the purposes of completing the table.
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SECTION 2
SECTION 3
SECTION 4
Questions 6-10
Complete the flow chart below.
Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORDS for each answer.
Step 1
Log in to 6 ............. using your student number and 7 .............
Step 2
Step 3
Select 8 ............. of computer
Step 4
Select date of booking using 9 ............. options
Step 5
Complete your booking. Your name should appear on the booking 10 ............. .
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2
READING MODULE WRITING MODULE SPEAKING MODULE
� Questions 11-20
Questions 11-14
Choose TWO answers.
11 Doors Open
A is an annual event.
B lasts for one week.
C is a free event.
D happens in spring.
E is more than one hundred years old.
12 The Observatory
A is situated in Edinburgh.
B was built twenty years ago.
C regularly participates in the Doors Open event.
D is one hundred and twelve years old.
E is open to visitors every day of the year.
13 Planetarium Shows
A take place twice a day.
B are more popular on Saturday.
C run on Saturday and Sunday.
D run four times a day.
E finish at half past ten.
14 All tickets
A must be booked in advance.
B are already sold out.
C are on sale at the information point.
D must be booked online.
E are available for purchase from midday.
• This task requires you to answer each question by choosing two correct options.
• In order to receive one mark for these questions, you need to choose both correct
options. There is no half mark for choosing only one correctly.
• The length of the recording that you hear in this type of task will be less than when there
is one mark for each correct answer.
• You will probably hear some reference to each of the options on the list. It is, therefore,
important that you are clear what you are listening for. Only two of the options will be
the correct answers to the question.
• The options don't follow the order in which you hear the information on the recording.
• Make sure you read the list of possible answers very carefully; they are often quite
similar.
r
IELTS: Test 2 • • LISTENINO MODULE • • SECTION 2
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IELTS
T ESTS
READING MODULE WRITING MODULE SPEAKING MODULE
Questions 15-20
Complete the sentences. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS.
15 The tour of the telescope dome includes access to the ......................................... of the building.
16 Tour participants are advised to have suitable ......................................... .
17 Visitors to The Crawford Collection can see items from the astronomical ......................................... on display.
18 The children's craft workshops take place in the ......................................... .
19 During the craft workshops children can construct a model of a ......................................... .
20 Children also have the opportunity to colour a ......................................... .
Sentence completion
Task guide
� This task requires you to complete sentences by writing in information you hear on
the recording.
� Read the sentences carefully so that you are ready for the information when it occurs in
the recording.
� The questions follow the order of the recording.
� The order of information within each sentence may be different from that on the recording.
� The words used in the sentences will usually be synonyms or paraphrases of the words
that you hear on the recording - the words will be different but the meaning will be
the same.
� Read the instructions carefully. Notice how many words you can use to answer each
question. If you use more words, your answer will be wrong.
� For each gap, write the exact words that you hear- do not change their form in any way.
� After you have filled in the gap, check that the sentence is grammatically correct and
makes sense.
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SECTION 4
� Questions 21-30
Questions 21-23
Choose THREE letters A-G.
Which THREE examples of space junk are mentioned by the speaker?
21 ......................................................
22 ......................................................
23 ..................................................... .
A cans
B cooling tanks
C metal plates
D metal screws
E paint
F satellites
G whole rockets
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Questions 24-26
Which country is responsible for depositing the fallowing percentages of space junk?
Choose your answers from the box. Write the letters A-E next to questions 24-26.
A China
B Europe
C India
D Russia
E United States
24 28% ................
25 29% ................
26 37% ................
. Matching
Task guide Step-by-step guide-------,
� This task requires you to choose
an answer for each question from � Step 1 - Read the question
the same list of possible answers. The question asks you to listen for the countries and areas of the
� The options are usually listed world which are responsible for the percentage of space junk
alphabetically or similarly. For deposited. It is very likely that all the countries and areas of the
example, if the options are world will be responsible for disposal. This means you will need to
percentages they will be listed
read the question very carefully.
with the lowest first.
� You must read the question very Think about a different way to describe the percentage given in
carefully, as the possible answers Question 20. For example, 28% could be described as 'nearly one
may be mentioned in different third' or 'just under 30%'.
ways.
� Step 2 - Check what you will hear
Look at the audio script for Questions 24-26.
Audio script
Sam: So, who is to blame for depositing all this rubbish? Where
does it come from?
Ruth: Well, I knew you were going to ask me that Sam, so hang
on - you can take some of my notes if you like.
Sam: Thanks a lot, that's really helpful.
Ruth: Here, look. Over a third - 37% to be exact - comes from Russia.
But other countries are close behind. Another third - well just under,
actually, 29% is from America and then 28% is from China.
Andy: Yes, but other countries, like India, are adding to the rubbish
pile. And don't forget the European Space Agency also has space
craft in orbit.
You hear the countries and areas of the world mentioned very close
together. The possible answers are all heard and you must be able
to distinguish option A as the only correct one for Question 24.
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Questions 27-30
Complete the table below.
Choose your answers from the box and write the appropriate letters A-I next to questions 27-30.
A a grown up gorilla
B a double decker bus
C the desert
D Eastern Australia
E the 1980s
F 2001
G 100 tonnes
H the South Pacific
Task guide
• This task requires you to complete a table by Select your answer according to the meaning of
selecting from a list of possible answers. what you hear.
• Some of the information in the table will already be • Write only the letter of the option you choose.
filled in. You can use the location of this information Do not copy out the words of the option.
to help you follow the information on the recording. • Sometimes, a gap may have other words before
• You should read the list of possible answers carefully. it and/or after it. If this is the case, make sure the
Some of the options are likely to be similar and you answer you choose fits grammatically into the gap.
will need to make sure you choose correctly. • Possible answers may also be provided for forms
• Do not choose an option simply because it contains and other tasks.
one or more words you may hear on the recording.
r
IELTS: Test 2 • � LISTENINC MODULE • • SECTION 3
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Step•by•step guide----------.
� Step 1 - Think first
You don't have to write anything except letters in this task.
There are twice as many possible answers here as there are questions. Therefore,
the challenge is to select from more than one likely option.
You can prepare for this by checking which options may be rather similar to
each other. For example, options E and F refer to the time something happened.
Which options refer to geographical locations?
Which options refer to size and weight?
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IELTS
T ESTS 2
READING MODULE WRITING MODULE SPEAKING MODULE
� Questions 31-40
Questions 31-35
Complete the table below. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
SUPERMARKET LAYOUT
Table completion
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Questions 36-40
Which items do the following sentences apply to?
Write the correct letter, A, B, C, Dor E, next to questions 36-40.
A fruit and vegetables
B bread and milk
C cheap tinned foods
D flowers
E sunglasses
Classification
Task guide Step-by-step guide
• This task requires you to answer
a series of questions with the • Step 1 - Think first
same choice of answers in The words you hear on the recording may be different from the words used in
each case. the questions, ·but have the same meaning.
• Although the possible answers For example, in Question 36, 'referred to' might be 'described as'.
are the same for each question,
Look at Questions 36-40. Think of what you might hear on the recording and
the questions do not depend
on each other. You can get one
write your ideas:
question wrong, but the next 36 .................
one right.
37 ................ .
• Do not try to 'break the code'. It is
not possible to predict how many
38 .................
answers will be the same, or to 39 .................
find a pattern of any kind.
40 .................
• The questions follow the order of
the recording.
• Step 2 - Check what you will hear
• If you miss one question, leave it
and go on to the next one.
Look at the audio script for Question 36.
Audio script
And let's think back to flowers and newspapers - we talked about both of these
items earlier - and yes, they're displayed near the front to the right. Now,
they're known as distress goods.
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PASSAGE 3
You shoula spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on pages 70 and 71.
The idea that giant camels once roamed the scientists were able to identify the remains as those
Arctic along with polar bears and walruses is of an ancient camel. Indeed it was not evident at
startling. Yet this is the key implication of research first that the remains were actually fossils. 'The
published by scientists working on Canada's first time I picked up a piece, I thought that it
Ellesmere Island. Lying deep inside the Arctic might be wood' said expedition leader Dr Natalia
Circle, opposite Greenland's northern coast, Rybczynski of the Canadian Museum of Nature.
Ellesmere is one of the world's coldest, bleakest 'It was only back at the field camp that I was able
spots. However, researchers have also found it to ascertain that it was not only bone, but also
was the home of a 3.5 million year old species of from a fossil mammal larger than anything we had
camel that later evolved into the creatures that seen so far'.
now roam the Sahara and other hot spots. It seems
that evolution can still throw up surprises. However, it was the analysis of the collagen attached
to the bones that provided proof that these once
However, there is more to the project than merely belonged to the family Paracamelus, from which
uncovering the camel's unexpected evolutionary · all modem camels are descended. The results show
history. The researchers' work has also demonstrated an almost identical match to the modem,day one,
the power of a dramatic new technique for humped camel, the dromedary. A comparison of
investigating the pre,historic past. It is known the chemical makeup of the collagen with the
as collagen fingerprinting, and many researchers tissue from Ice Age Yukon camels revealed more
believe it could transform our understanding of than similarities - they were found to be closely
life on Earth. 'This is the first time that collagen related, and possibly the same species. In addition,
has been extracted and used to identify a species anatomical data suggest the leg bone found on
from such ancient bone fragments' said Dr Mike Ellesmere was one third larger than the same bone in
Buckley of Manchester University's Institute of a modem camel indicating that this giant creature
Biotechnology. 'This unlocks the huge potential of would likely have stood about 3.5 metres tall at the
collagen fingerprinting to better identify extinct hump. The findings suggest that mineralisation
.
species' . worked along with cold temperatures to help
preserve the proteins in the bones. 'This specimen
Collagen is a protein that forms the connective is spectacular and provides important clues about
tissue that holds bones together in an animal's how such exceptional preservation may occur' said
skeleton, and it was only by analysing scraps of the Dr Buckley.
material, found in the bones on Ellesmere, that
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In the past, scientists have speculated that the away from the camel find and from rocks of
camel still bears features that could have evolved approximately the same age, reveal that the
to cope with harsh polar winters. Traits found landscape hosted an open forest inhabited by
in modern camels, such as their humps which bears, rabbits, beavers and a pony,sized three,toed
serve as a fat store, would have benefited their horse. The findings indicate that these animals
ancestors during the deep winters when food was were living, even thriving, at latitudes where few
scarce. Other camel characteristics that would mammals can now exist.
have been useful in the frozen conditions include
the species' flat feet, which support the animal The idea is intriguing - but it is only the start.
on soft ground such as loose sand or in the same Collagen fingerprinting is several orders of
way that a snowshoe helps a person walk on snow. magnitude more effective at establishing links
Their large eyes would also have helped them peer between ancient fossils and modern species
through low light and forage for food during the compared with DNA fingerprinting, which has
long, Arctic winter. At that time, annual average been used up to now. Collagen does not break
temperatures in the area was about --4 degrees C, down as speedily as DNA and so it can be used
barely below freezing but still about 18 degrees C to study animals that are millions of years old and
warmer than the modern average. The camels establish links with modern species by studying
that evolved in North America may have then slight changes in their amino acid structure. As a
migrated across Asia via a land bridge between result, scientists are now focussing on a wide range
Alaska and Russia. of species, from angelfish to zebras, to uncover
links between ancient and modern animals. 'This
The Ellesmere Island site is about 1200 kilometres is going to provide some startling results', said Dr
further north than any previous camel find. Fossils Buckley.
unearthed at a location about ten kilometres
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PASSAGE 3
Questions 1-8
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.
Summary completion ·
I sk 9ui.de
• This task requires you to find pieces of information • In completion tasks, the questions follow the same
in the reading passage in order to fill in the gaps in a order as the relevant information in the reading
summary, passage.
• This task often, but not always, focusses on one part • Read the heading accompanying the summary task
or section of the reading passage, rather than on carefully as this can help you locate the section or
pieces of information spread throughout the text. part of the text you need to complete the task.
• This task requires you to use exact words and • Read the instructions carefully. Notice how many·
phrases from the text; the answers therefore all words you can use to answer each question. The
appear in the relevant part of the text. Do not try to number of words may vary; you may be asked to
use' different words that have the same meaning - write one, two or three words in each question. The
your answer will be marked wrong even if the instructions will also tell you if you need to use a
meaning is correct. number for your answer.
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Step-by-step guide-------.
• Step 1 - Locate the task in the text
First of all, you need to locate the task in the reading passage. Look
for clues.
If the task has a title, it may refer to something that only appears in
a particular section of the text.
In this case the title 'Collagen fingerprinting' helps because it is
referred to in part of the text only.
In which FOUR paragraphs is reference to collagen fingerprinting
made?
Question 1
Look at the words before and after the gap.
1 What kind of word is required in the gap?
A singular noun B plural noun C adjective
2 Which paragraph refers to the camel's history?
A paragraph 1 B paragraph 2
Now use your answers in step 2 to find the answer to Question 1.
Question 2
1 Which paragraph explains what collagen is?
A paragraph 2 B paragraph 3
2 Which word in the paragraph means the same or almost the
same or identical?
Now use your answers in step 2 to find the answer to Question 2.
Questions 4-8
Now answer Questions 4-8 using the same process.
Try to predict what kind of word is required in each gap by looking
at the surrounding context and the words before and after each gap.
Look for words and phrases in the text that mean the same or
express the same ideas as those used in the text surrounding the
gaps in the summary.
See also page 80 for another type of summary completion task.
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PASSAGE 3
Questions 9-13
Complete the notes below.
Write TWO WORDS OR A NUMBER ONLY for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet.
Had ideal feet for 12 ................. terrain so it didn't sink through 13 .................
Notes completion
Task 9uicle
• This task requires you to find pieces of information in the reading passage in order to fill
in gaps in notes.
• This task often, but not always focusses on one part or section of the reading passage,
rather than pieces of information spread throughout the text.
• This task requires you to use exact words and phrases from the text; the answers
therefore all appear in the relevant part of the text. Do not try to use different words that
have the same meaning - your answer will be marked wrong even if the meaning
is correct.
• In a notes completion task; the questions follow the same order as the relevant
information in the reading passage.
• You will not usually find any questions which rely on your general knowledge. For
example, this passage is about camels which you may know something about. However,
the answers should always be located in the passage.
• Read the instructions carefully. Notice how many words you can use to answer each
question. The number of words may vary; you may be asked to write one, two or three
words in each question. The instructions will also tell you if you need to use a number in
your answer.
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IELTS
T ESTS 2
LISTENING MODULE WRITING MODULE SPEAKING MODULE
PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on pages 76 and 77.
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E In spite of the encouraging pace of development, empty car A, or car B with driver, which is to
however, enormous hurdles still remain, blame for a driving mistake? In whatever form
notably how to engineer human common they emerge, automated cars will require the
sense. 'Imagine a situation where a box falls greatest overhaul of the law of the roads since
onto the road in front of you,' says John the rise of the automobile in the first half of the
Leonard, a mechanical engineering professor 20th century.
at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. G It seems unlikely, at least for the time being,
'The system needs to make a split-second that drivers will hand over their car keys.
decision to either go straight through it or to A lot of people actually like to drive and hate
swerve left or right - which might have worse being passengers. More likely we will see a
consequences than just going forward'. Other continuation of the gradual automation of cars
challenges include recognising the weaknesses that have been under way for two decades,
of automated cars: how do their sensors during which automatic lane-keeping, cruise
respond to glare, poor weather, or damage? control and parking aids have been gratefully
F However, no matter how good, their guidance taken up. A new Volvo, for example, now
systems . are, self-driven cars will still have maintains safe distances in heavy traffic without
accidents.lnwhichcase, who will be responsible human intervention, and Nissan is working on
the car manufacturer, the software developer software that anticipates a driver's next move,
or the human driver - for failing to override adjusting the car ahead of time. Piece by piece,
the computer at the critical moment? But will radars, lasers, car to car communication, and
the cars even have people on board? One of the the warning of dangers ahead will be added as
attractions, surely, will be in ordering them to well, slowly easing the wheel out of our hands.
come and pick us up: in which case will it be
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Questions 14-20
The reading passage has seven paragraphs A-G.
Choose the correct heading far each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct numbers i- x in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.
List of headings
The legal implications of automated driving
ii The limitations of the automated car
iii Towards a partial public acceptance of automated cars
iv The long dream of the automated car
v The downward trend in the demand for automated cars
vi The definition of an automated car
vii The current financial cost of developing automated car technology
viii The rationale behind the concept of the automated car
ix Common technological features of automated cars
x Remarkable success of automated cars on the road
14 Paragraph A
15 Paragraph B
16 Paragraph C
17 Paragraph D
18 Paragraph E
19 Paragraph F
20 Paragraph G
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Questions 21-26
Complete the summary below using words from the box.
Write your answers in boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet.
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LISTENING MODULE
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on pages 82 and 83.
Freerunning
A Freerunning - or Parkour -is an acrobatic discipline D This respect was not immediately evident to the
which turns the city into a playground. It has people whose buildings they were using. Informal
been described as jogging meets gymnastics, as groups of young men testing their skills on public
urban-steeplechase aerobics and as acrobatic or other people's property, naturally met with
performance art. disapproval and even hostility - and for many
B The discipline of Parkour-sport really is not an traceurs this was the thrill or even the point of
accurate way of describing it-was developed in doing it. Knowing that it was an underground
the suburbs of Paris in the 1980s when a group activity that belonged only to a select portion of
of friends began to use the architectural landscape urban youth was what made it special, what made
as their playground and gym. Fun was important it theirs.
for these founders, but for them Parkour was E The free, accessible nature of freerunning means it
not just a leisure activity, it was a way of life. As has the potential to engage groups of young people
in martial arts, Parkour involves mental discipline who are typically unmoved by traditional sports.
and self-improvement. It is not concerned solely Basically anyone can practise, anywhere - all you
with the acquisition of physical skills, but also with need is a decent pair of trainers.so the financial outlay
the improvement of one's mental and spiritual is negligible. There are no joining fees, no forms to
wellbeing. As one runner comments, 'It teaches fill in and no rules and regulations. However, there
me not to be scared in life, when new situations is a shared attitude among the original traceurs,
come to me, I deal with them calmly,like I would do which they feel is being jeopardised by its rapidly
before a new jump.' increasing popularity.
C So, freerunning provides a philosophy for life: why F The TV ads involving the early French founders
walk when you could run, leap,vault and somersault? of the discipline drew attention from all over the
Why go round obstacles when you could go under, world. A British documentary showed the founders
over and through them? Why use steps when running over the rooftops of famous London
there are handrails and sheer drops? The aim of a landmarks, which encouraged many to start to
freerunner,or traceur, is to travel in an uninterrupted practise themselves. Subsequently the French
flow over the cityscape, incorporating any obstacles were joined by a group of English traceurs called
into the journey. 'Flow' is a key word here. Using Urban Freeflow demonstrating the rapid growth of
fluid movements, which are both graceful and Parkour.
efficient, you try to flow like water through your G But it is this growing popularity and the acrobatic
surroundings. Freedom is another key aspect - the and spectacular performances which have attracted
sense of escaping from the restrictions of your so much attention, that may contain the very few
surroundings and routine. In attempting to become elements which some feel will change the nature
'fluid like water', the traceur tries to use the body of Parkour. The public approval and corporate
as efficiently as possible. At the same time,they have sponsorship which could popularise the sport
respect for their surroundings and disapprove of could actually destroy it. Yet that is the direction
anything, such as the grinding and waxing done by in which even some early traceurs would like it to
skateboarders, which damages them. take - away from the founders' original philosophy.
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H Media and big business have been attracted to the J The promoters of Parkour call it 'the coolest way
youthful appeal of the discipline. TY, which has done for young people to get fit and stay healthy' and
so much to popularise the activity,demands dramatic, 'a fitness regime designed by young people for
showy visuals, including flips and somersaults. These · young people' and there are organisations where
daring embellishments are known as 'tricking', the words 'cool' and 'young' spark a great deaf of
a term which, while it is an accurate description, interest. Councils, seeing this growing popularity,
might also suggest a false approach to the discipline. have started looking at ways to take the activity into
While the original traceurs might argue that true schools or even to create 'freerun parks' and major
Parkour should not involve competition, there are companies, meanwhile, are keen to have their brands
forces pushing it in that direction. associated with the youthfulness of the activity.
There are participants of course, for whom Freerunners on the street seem to be particularly
entertainment and showmanship are the point. sceptical about commercialisation. 'There are already
Inspired by YouTube clips, young people across special Freerunning trainers you can buy' says a young
Britain are adopting a form of freerunning which traceur, who like most, wears a simple T-shirt, baggy
includes competing to produce moves which are tracksuit bottoms and unbranded trainers for the
spectacular. Runners who want to display acrobatics sport. Another neatly summed up the contradiction
to each other are also more likely to stay in one within the notion of this young, rebellious activity
place, abandoning the physical journey and its becoming mainstream,'I don't think I would do it if it
random challenges. really took off.'
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IELTS
T ESTS 2
LISTENING MODULE WRITING MODULE SPEAKING MODULE
Questions 27-34
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the Reading Passage?
In boxes 27-34 on your answer sheet, write
Yes/No/Not Given
Task guid
• This task requires you to understand views expressed or claims"made by the writer of
the text.
• To answer each question, you will need to ask yourself three questions:
1 Is the same view expressed in the text?
2 Is the opposite view expressed in the text?
3 Is there no view on this subject matter in the text?
• For an answer to be 'No' the writer must directly state something that makes the
statement incorrect.
• Questions in which the answer is 'Not Given' involve the writer saying something
relevant to the statement in the question, but not expressing a view or making a claim
on the specific point mentioned in the question.
• The task requires you to look very closely at what the writer does say with each of
the questions.
• The questions follow the order in which the relevant issues are discussed or points
mentioned in the text.
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IELTS
T ESTS
LISTENING MODULE WRITING MODULE SPEAKING MODULE
Questions 35-3 7
Choose THREE letters A-F.
Write your answers in boxes 35-37 of your answer sheet.
Which THREE of the following statements about the discipline of freerunning are true according to the passage?
A It only focusses on the development of physical capabilities.
B It is evolving into a competitive activity.
C It involves a personal choice of movements.
D It encourages dangerous behaviour.
E It requires the ability to look beyond the traditional use of objects.
F It is mainly performed in freerun parks.
Questions 38-40
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2000 2011
EU Exports of Goods to India EU Exports of Goods to India
Austria Austria
Other
1%
United Kingdom
29% Finland
2% Finland
letherlands 2%
5%
Germany
25%
4%
France
10%
Spain France
2% 13% Netherlands
5%
Netherlands
4%
Germany
Germany
48%
38%
• Some Task 1 questions require you to interpret and • Remember that the aim is to select the most important
describe data presented in a pie chart. information and summarise it. Start by identifying a
• This task involves pie charts. Pie charts typically show how general trend, if there is one, and then the main points.
a number of elements make up a whole. Choose items of data that best illustrate a trend or the
message you want to get across.
• It is unlikely that you will need to interpret data shown in
a single pie chart. Data shown in two or more pie charts • Remember that it is impossible to describe everything
will require you to compare information. Occasionally, data the figure shows in 150 words. Concentrate on salient
shown in a pie chart might be combined with data shown in information that will be of interest to the reader.
another figure or a table. • You do not need to give explanations or invent reasons -
simply describe the data.
• When describing pie charts or graphs, you will need to use
comparative and superlative structures; If you describe • Make sure you write at least the minimum number of words
more than one pie chart which compares similar data, you specified in the instructions. Short answers will lose marks.
will need to use expressions to describe trend - increase, • On the other hand do not write too much. If you write a very
decrease, rise, fall, etc. long answer you may make mistakes and lose marks and
leave yourself less time to re-read and check your writing.
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J
tep•by•slep gui e _____________
> Step 1 - Make sure you understand the data > Step 5 - Organise your report
presented 1 How should you start your report?
Use some of the 20 minutes you have looking carefully A by writing about Germany's dominant position in
at the figure(s) and make sure you know what they show the EU export market
before you start writing. Read the task instructions
B by explaining that the charts compare the market
again carefully.
share that various countries have and show how
Answer the questions. the share of those countries has increased and
1 How many exporting countries in the EU are decreased
shown? Do all four charts show the same countries? C by saying that the United Kingdom's share of the
2 Which two countries are their exports relevant to? export market to India fell dramatically
3 Do the charts show the rate at which exports 2 Which would be the better way to organise the
increased or decreased or simply whether they report?
increased or decreased? A to state whether the share of the export market
to both India and China increased or decreased
> Step 2 - Identify an overall message or trend
for each of the EU countries shown
It is likely that there will be some sort of general message
in the data. Which of the statements below is NOT true? B to focus mainly on the EU countries whose
market share changed most noticeably over the
A Almost all of the EU countries exported the same
period shown
amount to India as they did to China in the two
years shown. > Step 6 - Use appropriate language
B The market share of exports to both India and Study the figures again carefully and complete the
China did not change very much for most of the sentences below. Choose a phrase from the comparing
EU countries over the period shown. box for spaces 1-6 and a phrase from the describing
C The e�port market share in either China or India trends box for spaces a-d.
changed significantly for only two or three EU 1 Germany's share of the exports to China market
countries. a ............ in 2000 to 48% in 2011.
2 For other countries, the market b ............
> Step 3 - Identify salient information (1)
Answer the questions to help you identify some of the 3 The United Kingdom exported 1 .......... than
more salient information. 2 .......... over the period but the difference was
3 .......... in 2000.
1 Which country increased its market share
significantly in both India and China over the period 4 Italy, for example, exported 4 ............ to both India
shown? and China.
2 Which country had a far smaller share of the export 5 Belgium, exported 5 ............. the amount to India
market to India in 2011 than in 2000? than to China but its share of the market in both
cases c ............ .
3 Which country exported far more to India than to
China in both years shown? 6 By 2011, that shared ............ to 13%.
7 In 2000, the United Kingdom was 6 ............ EU
> Step 4 - Identify salient information (2) - choose exporter to India with a 29% share of the market.
what to include in your report
Tick the points below you think should definitely be comparing
included in your report. Remember you should try not far greater
to use more than 150 words so you will have to leave more to India
out some information. to China
1 that Germany had the biggest share of the export more or less the same amount
market to both India and China by 2011
· the biggest
2 that Sweden's share of the export market to China
four or five times
decreased by nearly two thirds
3 that for the majority of countries, the market was describing trends
very stable and little change occurred had fallen
4 that the United Kingdom's share of the export changed very little
market decreased in both India and China was very stable
5 that the Netherlands share of the market increased rose from 38%
slightly in both India and China
Now write your answer to Task 1.
6 that Belgium exported far more to India than to
There is a sample report on page 208.
China in both years shown
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'I k guid
• Task 2 requires you to give your opinion on an issue.
• The task consists of a statement or statement followed by a question asking you for
your point of view.
• You should present a written argument to an educated reader with no specialist
knowledge of the topic given.
• The instructions you are given are not always the same, and you must read them
very carefully to make sure that you do exactly what you are asked to do.
• Some tasks focus on whether you agree or disagree with a statement or view. In
tasks of this type, you may be asked the following questions:
(a) Discuss both these views and give your opinion.
(b) Do you agree or disagree?
(c) To what extent do you agree with this statement or view?
• You must concentrate on presenting a clear and logical argument that the reader can
follow easily.
• Divide your answer into paragraphs. Start a new paragraph for each new topic.
• Make sure your answer is not too short (minimum 250 words) but also do not write a
very long answer.
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1/1,
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PART 2
PART3
Step-by-step gui:de
• Step 1 - Take the right approach E Would you prefer to live in a quiet place or a noisy
The examiner's questions are designed to give you the one?
opportunity to show that you can use your English to F Would you like to live in an isolated place with no
describe and explain things about yourself and familiar other people around you?
subjects, such as your home town.
Think about where you live. How would you describe it? • Step 3 - Write your answers
Underline any of the expressions that you could use to Look at the answers below and match them with
talk about it. Make a note of any other expressions that Questions A-F above.
you could use. 1 That's quite an easy question to answer. On the whole
I'd say that I need company. I'd feel rather lonely on
Place (capital, big, major) city, town, village, port my own without my friends and family around me so
Location In the north/south ... on the coast... no, I could never live somewhere with no neighbours!
located near ... situated not far from ... in a
2 It pretty much depends on the day of the week. I'm
commercial region
fairly busy on weekdays so tend to go to bed quite
Adjectives traditional, famous, industrial, modern, early but on Saturdays I generally go out late with
historical, friendly, cosmopolitan, isolated friends and party late on into the night!
Famous for tourism, shipping, finance, manufacturing 3 On the whole I'd say that I spend roughly the whole
of my week thinking about Friday as that marks the
• Step 2 - How much should I say?
beginning of the weekend for me.
A good principle here is to use adverbs to enable you
to provide a little extra information on the topic. For 4 I rarely spend time away from town so I'm used to all
example, if the examiner asks you whether you would the crowds but sometimes I think it would be pretty
prefer to live in a city or a small town, answers that good to get away from it all and escape to the peace
include adverbs of frequency and degree can help the and calm of the countryside.
conversation develop and flow more easily. 5 Actually I'd say that I like to be busy and have lots to
Look at these examples of answers which include adverbs do AND have time to relax.
of frequency and degree. Match the adverbs of frequency and degree 1-6 with their
I'd rather live in a city - it's much more exciting. I'd feel synonyms A-F.
pretty bored in a small town. 1 actually A rather
Part 1 - Example questions 2 generally B to some degree but not completely
Daily Life 3 quite C about
A Do you prefer to stay at home or go out during the 4 roughly D fairly
week? 5 partly E on the whole
B Do you think you lead a busy or a quiet life? 6 pretty F really
C Do you prefer staying up late or going to bed early? Then write your own answer to each question in step 3.
D Which day of the week do you most look forward to? Try to include adverbs of frequency and degree in your
answers.
r
IELTS: Test 2 • • SPEAKING MODULE • • PART 1
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PART 3
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Step•by-step guide--------------.,
• Step 1 - Take the right approach D Would you agree that it is useful for people to do
The questions in this part of the test are designed voluntary work to help other people?
to allow you to show that you can discuss a range E What changes have there been in the welfare
of ideas in English. system in your country?
Part 1 and 2 focus on your own life and personal
experiences. • Step 3 - Complete the answers
Part 3 encourages you to show you can express ideas Match 1-5 with A-E to form complete answers.
that go beyond personal details. 1 I think generally speaking it is a positive thing to do
The examiner assesses your language abilities, not and not only for the individual
your opinions. Express your opinions clearly and freely 2 Well, I think it depends on peoples' different
and try to include as much information on the topic as perspectives on the right way to live
you can. 3 It's become very different from my parents and my
grandparents experience. There is far more financial
• Step 2 - Say the right thing and practical support for people these days
In most of your answers to the examiner's questions,
4 Of course it is. It makes the world a safer and fairer
you will be expressing an opinion or giving some kind
place
of interpretation.
5 I've noticed that very young children enjoy sharing
You will not be stating simple facts.
and playing together outside the classroom
You should try to introduce what you say with
A although I think that most people would agree
appropriate phrases for the kind of answer you give.
that truth, honesty and cooperation are important
values in any society.
Part 3 - Example questions
B compared with the help given to previous
A What are the most important values to teach generations.
to young people these days?
C so we must make sure that they are encouraged
B Do you think it is important for countries to do this in lessons too.
to co-operate in order to solve global problems?
D while it also ensures the planet is preserved and
C How important is it for children to learn to help
protected for the generations to come.
others in school?
E but for the community as a whole.
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Step-by-step guide-------
• Step 4 - Write your own answers.
Now write your own answers to questions A-E.
You can use expressions from the sample answers in step 3.
A ..............................................................................
B ··············································································
C ............................................................................. .
D ··············································································
E ..............................................................................
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SECTION 2
SECTION 3
SECTION 4
� Questions 1-10
Questions 1-3
Choose THREE letters A-G.
Which of the following reasons does Kate mention for wanting a cleaner?
A A cleaner can do a more thorough job than she can.
B Her husband is especially busy at work.
C There has recently been damage to the house.
D Her husband is unwilling to do housework.
E She and her husband cannot cope with all their responsibilities.
F Other people she knows have a cleaner.
G The price of cleaning has dropped.
Questions 4-10
Complete the notes below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.
4 ...................
Reliable home cleaning
Call 5 ................... on 07984 6 ...................
Top quality cleaning
7 ...................
Garden care 8 £................... per hour
Thorough spring clean 9 £ ........ .
10 ................... available
Call now - and put your feet up!
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IELTS
T ESTS
READING MODULE WRITING MODULE SPEAKING MODULE
SECTION 3
SECTION 4
� Questions 11-20
Questions 11-14
Questions 15-20
Label the plan below.
Choose three answers from the box and write the letter A-I, next to questions 15-20.
A Snack bar
B Children's toilets
C Year 6 classroom
D Bicycle bay
E Nursery
F Staff toilets
G Hall
H Year 5 classroom
I Extra hours facility
Balfour Road
16 ..... 15 ..... 17 . . . ..
playground
main
building playground
18 . . . ..
20 ..... 19 .....
Wilson Street
Farley Road
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� Questions 21-30
Questions 21-23
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
21 How does Matt feel about taking a gap year?
A It's an option firmly in his plans.
B It would be a waste of time.
C It's something he might consider.
22 Sandy wants to do a gap year to
A see as much of the world as possible.
B gain experience and knowledge.
C make money.
23 Sandy's parents
A think she has made the right decision.
B are worried about the future.
C feel that she may regret her choice.
Questions 24-25
Which of the following ideas do the students mention as benefits of taking a gap year?
Choose TWO letters A-F.
A young people becoming more mature
B students becoming experts on certain topics
C students having clearer goals
D fluency in a foreign language
E an extra sense of spirit and adventure
F a greater likelihood of academic success
Questions 26-30
Complete the table below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the recording for each answer.
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� Questions 31-40
Questions 31-34
Complete the summary. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
A predator is any animal that hunts and kills prey for food. The prey is not necessarily a 31 ....................... . For
many animals, 32 ....................... fills most of their time. Predators and prey can change roles - some animals find
themselves in two different places on 33 ....................... . Defence mechanisms are an important contributor to survival.
34 ....................... can be the result when species lack defence mechanisms.
Questions 35-40
Which creature uses each defence mechanism?
Choose your answers from the box and write the letters A-I next to questions 35-40.
A bird
B butterfly
chameleon
D frog
mollusc
Fporcupine
skunk
H turtle
I zebra
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IELTS
T ESTS 3
LISTENING MODULE WRITING MODULE SPEAKING MODULE
PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on pages 100 and 101.
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follow suit in the rhythms and intervals they use. On Towards the end of my evening with Philip Ball, I asked
the latter measure, Elgar is considered by some to be whether music's effects on the brain can be harnessed
the most 'English' of all composers, perhaps explaining for good. It was a perfect set-up for him to examine
why his music is so frequently the background to the so-called 'Mozart effect' - the belief that playing
important national pageants. your children classical music will make them brainier.
He cited an experiment conducted in 1996, which
Similarly, concepts of what is harmonious boil down to concluded that playing babies rock music had a more
a matter of convention, not acoustics. The older beneficial effect than did playing them Mozart. T he
generation struggle with modern music and complain essential factor was not the music per se, but the fact
that it is dissonant -"full of horrible jarring notes that that it put the children in bright spirits.
are difficult to listen to. However, dissonance has
always been in music. Beethoven and Chopin are full of For Ball, the definition of the 'music instinct' is that we
it. It is all a matter of convention. What we regard as are predisposed to make the world a musical place.
consonant now was thought dissonant in the Middle Apart from the tiny proportion of the population who
Ages. The augmented fourth was thought sinister back really are tone-deaf, it is impossible to say: 'I am not
then, when it was dubbed 'diabolus in musica'. We still musical,' even if it may seem that way whenever you
find it slightly unsettling today, which might explain why get dragged along to participate in karaoke.
it is so popularly used in heavy metal.
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PASSAGE 3
Questions 1-6
Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-I from the box below.
Write the correct letter A-I in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
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Questions 7-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet, write
7 Steven Pinker believes that humans' ability to enjoy sounds was an important development.
8 English and French musicians compose music that is similar in style.
9 Elgar composed music that typified his country of origin.
10 Older people tend to listen to classical rather than popular music.
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You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on pages 104 and 105.
r04
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E Rag-pickers generally live either in slums, often G In India, the informal sector has an essential role
the shop or warehouse of a middleman, or outside because it is able to undertake recycling, which the
in alleyways and on footpaths. Some sleep in municipality cannot. However, although it is critical,
dustbins. Their access to basic amenities and especially to the handling of solid waste, the sector
essential services is virtually non-existent. The is unable to optimise its work. There is a stark lack
police regularly beat them or burn their bags of of awareness and specific skills, as well as very
waste, leaving them with nothing to show for a day's poor working conditions. The services provided by
work. Municipal workers charge rag-pickers to be this sector are poorly understood and ultimately
allowed to forage in a bin, and if it is a lucrative bin, free to consumers, so are currently unappealing
the rates gradually increase. Once ensconced, the to the private sector. Recycling, at least for now,
municipal worker makes them do additional work, must be seen as the flip side of urban middle class
sweeping or loading trucks. It is not unknown for consumption.
the police to pick up rag-pickers and force them to
clean the police station. The state's attitude towards informal recycling is
F Sadly and shockingly, this whole process schizophrenic. On the one hand, in conferences
subsidises the consumption of various materials by and seminars, the sector is praised and rag-pickers
the city's wealthier citizens. The example of plastics complemented for their contribution. On the other
is a good example. According to a report by the hand, the sector is ignored by planners and policy
Ministry of Environment, the plastics industry is makers, who look to reform municipal systems.
growing at 10% per annum, and almost 52% of this The current Third Master Plan for Delhi, though still
is expected to be used in the packaging sector. being drafted in secrecy, has been largely criticised.
Packaging is a short life use and it will be collected for having 'left out the informal sectors'. This lack of
and processed as waste by the informal sector. It planning perpetuates the image of the sector as an
will be undertaken in a manner which ensures that illegal and illegitimate one, which is projected as
ecologically, economically and socially, the costs encroaching upon the city, rather than serving it.
will be internalised by this recycling chain.
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Questions 14-21
Reading passage 2 has seven sections, A-G. Which section contains the fallowing information? Write the correct letter A-G in
boxes 14-21 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
14 an account of a typical day's labour
15 examples of cruelty and specific exploitation
16 an accusation that double standards are operating
1 7 a description of a hierarchical system
18 an allegation that wealthier people are not doing what they could
19 an assertion that the rich benefit from the hard work of the poor
20 a summary of how a business has changed over time
21 a claim that recycling is economically beneficial to the authorities
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Questions 22-26
Complete the summary below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.
The notion of recycling in India has changed hugely. At one time, people 22 ............................. everything from
newspapers to household containers. Now, with the 23 ............................. disposable products and plastic packaging,
people simply throw things away instead of putting them asid� for 24 ............................. . The 25 ............................
takes care of the whole recycling process nowadays. Rag,pickers are at the bottom of a 26 ............................. with
everyone from the various middlemen to the factory owners and their agents looking down.
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MODULE
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on pages 108 and 109.
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In the first half of the 20th century, Italians embraced If we assume that good food means only old or slow or
factory-made pasta and canned tomatoes. In the second homemade food, we miss the fact that many industrial
half, Japanese women welcomed factory-made bread foods are better. Certainly no one with a grindstone
because they could sleep a little longer instead of getting will ever produce chocolate as sophisticated as that
up to make rice. As supermarkets appeared in Eastern produced by 72 hours in a conching machine. And let
Europe, people rejoiced at the convenience of ready us not forget that the current popularity of Italian food
made goods. Culinary modernism had proved what was owes much to two convenience foods that even purists
wanted: food that was processed, preservable, industrial, love, factory pasta and canned tomatoes. Far from
novel, and fast, the food of the elite at a price everyone fleeing them, we should be clamouring for more high
could afford. Where modern food became available, quality industrial foods.
people grew taller and stronger and lived longer.
If we romanticise the past, we may miss the fact that
So the sunlit past of the culinary Luddites never existed it is the modern, global, industrial economy (not the
and their ethos is based not on history but on a fairy local resources of the wintry country around New York,
tale. So what? Certainly no one would deny that an Boston, or Chicago) that allows us to savour traditional,
industrialised food supply has its own problems. fresh, and natural foods. Fresh and natural loom so
Perhaps we should eat more fresh, natural, locally large because we can take for granted the processed
sourced, slow food. Does it matter if the history is not staples - salt, flour, sugar, chocolate, oils, coffee, tea -
quite right? It matters quite a bit, I believe. If we do produced by food corporations.
not understand that most people had no choice but to
devote their lives to growing and cooking food, we are Culinary Luddites are right, though, about two
incapable of comprehending that modern food allows important things: We need to know how to prepare
us unparalleled choices. If we urge the farmer to stay at good food, and we need a culinary ethos. As far as good
his olive press and the housewife to remain at her stove, food goes, they've done us all a service by teaching us
all so that we may eat traditionally pressed olive oil and how to use the bounty delivered to us by the global
home-cooked meals, we are assuming the mantle of economy. Their ethos, though, is another matter. Were
the aristocrats of old. If we fail to understand how scant we able to turn back the clock, as they urge, most of us
and monotonous most traditional diets were, we fail to would be toiling all day in the fields or the kitchen, and
appreciate the 'ethnic foods' we encounter. many of us would be starving.
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Questions 27-29
Questions 30-34
30 The writer does not believe that a ......................... philosophy of food production is superior to an industrialised
philosophy of food production.
31 In the past, the majority of fresh, natural food ......................... and could not be relied on.
32 Most people's intake consisted largely of........................., which required a great deal of preparation.
33 The ......................... of food was unrecognisable once it had gone through the various processes of making it edible.
34 For the ancient Greeks, a ......................... full of food was preferable to a garden full of fruit.
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Questions 35-40
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 35-40 on your answer sheet.
35 What does the writer say about peasants?
A They had a better diet than most people living in cities.
B They were largely self-sufficient.
C Much of what they produced went to a landowner.
D They created imaginative soup and flatbread dishes.
37 Which of the following is NOT an important factor mentioned in the eighth and ninth paragraphs?
A the development of take-away food as an option
B the arduous nature of food preparation before mass-production
C the global benefits of industrialised food production
D the range of advantages that industrialised food production had
38 What is the important point the writer wishes to make in the tenth paragraph?
A There are disadvantages to modem food production as well as advantages.
B People need to have a balanced diet.
C People everywhere now have a huge range of food to choose from.
D Demand for food that is traditionally produced exploits the people that produce it.
39 The writer mentions chocolate, pasta and canned tomatoes in the same paragraph because
A the industrialised version has advantages over the natural version.
B they are all products associated with a sophisticated lifestyle.
C they are all products that have suffered from over-commercialisation.
D they are the most popular examples of industrial foods.
40 What is the overall point that the writer makes in the reading passage?
A People should learn the history of the food they consume.
B Modem industrial food is generally superior to raw and natural food.
C Criticism of industrial food production is largely misplaced.
D People should be more grateful for the range of foods they can now choose from.
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LISTENING MODULE
·a5 60%
0
50%
0
·.;.
0
a. 40%
0
CL
30%
20%
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Years
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� PART 1
Example questions
• Do you have a group of close friends or one best friend?
• What is it about your closest friends that you like? (Why do you enjoy their company?)
• What sort of things do you do with your friends?
• Are any of your childhood friends still close friends now?
• Have you met anyone recently who you think will become a close friend?
� PART 2
Example task
Read the topic card below carefully.
You will have to talk about the topic for between a minute and two minutes.
You have one minute to think about and plan what you will say.
You can make notes if you wish to.
� PART 3
Example questions
• Do people have more material possessions nowadays than they did in the past?
• Have material possessions become more important to people over time?
• If so, why do you think this is?
• Have some people lost sight of what is really important in life?
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SECTION 2
SECTION 3
SECTION 4
� Questions 1-10
Questions 1-4
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
1 The workshop takes place on
A the 5th.
B the 6th.
C the 16th.
2 The maximum number of participants is
A five.
B twelve.
C fifteen.
3 The workshop lasts for
A half an hour.
B one hour.
C over an hour.
4 Each workshop participant must contribute
A £2.
B £5.
C £10.
Questions 5-6
Choose TWO letters A-F.
Which TWO items must participants bring to the workshop?
A a bag
B a container
C floral supplies
paper
a penknife
scissors
Questions 7-10
Complete the booking form below.
Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
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� Questions 11-20
Questions 11-12
List TWO materials which are suitable for wrist rests.
11 ...........................
12 ...........................
Questions 13-17
Complete the notes below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
Questions 18-20
Answer the questions below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS/AND OR A NUMBER for each answer.
18 How far should the wrist rest be placed from the keyboard?
19 Which parts of the hand should you place on the wrist rest?
20 When is the best time to use a wrist rest?
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� Questions 21-30
Questions 21-23
Choose the correct letter A, B or C.
21 What is Hannah doing research on?
A domestic waste
B industrial waste
C construction waste
22 How does Hannah feel about the amount of waste?
A not surprised
B angry
C shocked
23 What proportion of food purchased goes to waste?
A one quarter .1 - '1.>.!f e
Questions 24-30
TIS Cl>
Complete the table with NO MORE THAN ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER.
,/.
{ 1
r
IELTS: Test 4 � • LISTENING MODULE � • SECTION 3
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IELTS
T ESTS
LISTENING MODULE READING MODULE WRITING MODULE SPEAKING MODULE
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
Questions 31-40
Tier 5
encouragement to work on individual 40 ....................
39 ····················
development of skills and talents
Tier 4
receipt of rewards such as free mobile phones and 38 ....................
37 ....................
recognition of hard work
Tier 3
Social needs
involvement in decision making and discussion of 36 ....................
opportunities for social interaction and 35 ....................
Tier 2
good job terms such as employment contract and
a 34 .................... in old age
33 .................... needs
Tier 1
Basic physical needs
good working conditions such as access to staff canteen and 32 ....................
money for food and 3 1 ....................
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PASSAGE 2
PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on pages 120 and 121 .
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G The findings raise the question of how, and said. 'We'd ideally like to have shoe treads
from which species, humans inherited their with the right wrinkle shapes for our foot
wrinkling skin. 'My guess is that all primates topography. And we'd ideally like to have the
have pruney fingers, but our only evidence treads flatten so that the entire shoe grips
at the moment beyond humans is from the ground once the water is squirted out
macaques,' said Changizi. At his lab in Idaho, through the channels.'
Changizi has done a similar, though more H One question that remains is why fingers are
rudimentary, experiment and reached the not wrinkled all the time, even when they are
same conclusions as the Newcastle team. not in water.The answer may be that wrinkling
'The obvious application here is biologically comes at a cost: the loss of sensitivity.
inspired rain treads for your shoes,' Changizi
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Questions -1-6
Complete the ser{ter{ces. Us� NO'MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-6 ·o� your ans�er sheet.
",..
1 It Kp0ssible that" wrinkling evolved to enable people to maintain a secure ......................... in wet conditions while
running and walking.
2 Wrinkles on:
- fingers may have helped our ancestors to handle ........................ an1 ·weapons in the rain: ..
3 for a long Jim� i_
t_wa§ l:!�SUIBed. thg.t wrin,k_le� were_the result of the skiQ in wa�er.
·!,_· '..." ._ . . . . . . . H ._'... . . . . . . .
4 Changizi showed that the pattern of the skin works in a similar way to ........................ or run,off channels on the sides
of hills.
5 The researchers found that there was ........................ in the time it took for wrinkled fingers to move dry objects.
6 Scientists want to find out how many other ........................ display the same trait of wrinkles as humans.
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Questions 7-13
Complete the summary using words from the reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.
Wrinkled fingers help us to grip objects better underwater and they work in much the same way as 7 ........................
help cars stay on the road. New research shows that wrinkles are caused by the 8 ........................ constricting below the
skin in reaction to the water. The wrinkles help divert water away from the 9 ......................... . Scientists had previously
discovered that 10 ..................... fingers did not wrinkle underwater. This suggests that the wrinkling mechanism is
controlled by the 11 ........................ and must be some kind of 12 ........................ response. It is not clear why our
fingers are not permanently wrinkled but scientists believe it may be due to the need to maintain the 13 ........................ of
the fingertips.
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IELTS
T ESTS
LISTENING MODULE WRITING MODULE SPEAKING MODULE
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on pages 124 and 125.
A Scientists have discovered that the hardness of a occurs primarily through the eyes. While the power
chair directly influences the way someone feels about of vision is irrefutable, this is not the whole story. Our
another person. In an astonishing study, volunteers work suggests that greetings involving touch, such as
given wooden seats were less flexible while negotiating handshakes and cheek kisses, may in fact have critical
the price of a new car than people who sat on a padded influences on our social interactions in an unconscious
cushion. The finding is part of an astonishing series of fashion'.
experiments that reveal the links between our attitudes C The researchers carried out a set of experiments on
to other people - and the texture of objects all around volunteers to test how objects' weight, texture and
us. In one experiment, people given a soft blanket to hardness unconsciously shape judgements about
hold were less likely to judge someone as rigid or strict other people. The results, published in the journal
than those handed a hard wooden block to play with. Science, make fascinating reading. In one experiment,
In another experiment, people who were given heavy 86 volunteers were invited to a lab, seated in either
clipboards to hold rated job applicants as more serious wooden chairs or soft seats and asked to imagine
than people given a lightweight board - even though shopping for a new car at a dealer's. After being
both groups of job applicants were identical. told the sticker price of the car they were invited to
B The findings suggest that the behaviour of everyone - write down their first offer price and a second price,
from high court judges and teachers to job interviewers assuming the dealer rejected the first offer. Those in
and politicians - is influenced by something as hard chairs were less flexible in their haggling skills
mundane as the seat they are using, or the feel of and were far less willing to drop their prices during the
the pen in their hand. Researchers who carried out negotiations, the researchers found.
the experiments believe the link between touch and D Another study asked 49 volunteers to examine a
emotion goes right back to early childhood. Physical piece of soft blanket or hard block of wood before
concepts such as roughness, hardness and warmth are looking at a scenario set in a workplace describing a
among the first that infants develop - and the. study meeting between a boss and employee. The scenario
suggests that these are crucial to how people eventually was designed to be ambiguous - and included friendly
develop ideas about people and relationships such conversation between the characters as well as an
as understanding the meaning of a warm smile or a exchange of sharp words. Volunteers who were given
hard heart. Christopher Nocera, who led the study at the hard block of wood to handle judged the employee
Harvard University said, 'Touch remains perhaps the to be more rigid and stricter than those who had been
most underappreciated sense in behavioural research. given a blanket to hold. In a third experiment, a
People often assume that exploration of new things similar scenario was given to volunteers after they had
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completed a five piece jigsaw. Half the volunteers were the study said, 'It is behavioural priming through the
given a smooth puzzle while the others were given one seat of the pants. Our minds are deeply and organically
covered with sandpaper. Again, those who were given linked to our bodies'. Not only is touch an important
the rough object rated the relationship between the sense for exploring the world, but it also shapes our
characters as harsher and more adversarial than those understanding of it, reflected in the use of everyday
given the smooth jigsaw. phrases such as 'take the rough with the smooth', 'have
E Even the weight of a clipboard can influence a soft spot for someone' or 'a prickly situation'.
someone's attitude, the study found. The researchers F Past studies have shown that people judge strangers
asked 54 volunteers to give their impression of a job to be more generous and caring after they have held a
applicant by reading their CVs. When the CVs were warm cup of coffee, rather than a cold drink., 'Physical
given to the volunteers on heavy clipboards, they experiences not only shape the foundations of our
were rated as far more serious than when the identical thoughts and perceptions, but influence our behaviour
CVs were attached to flimsy, lightweight clipboards. towards others, sometimes just because we are sitting
Dr John Bargh of Yale University, who took part in on a hard instead of a soft chair'.
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IELTS
T ESTS
LISTENING MODULE WRITING MODULE SPEAKING MODULE
Questions 14-21
Complete the table below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 14-21 on your answer sheet.
To find out how the weight of Volunteers evaluate CV s on Volunteers with heavy clipboards
an object influences behaviour either heavy or lightweight rated job applicants as 14 ...........
clipboards about the position
To find out how the 15 ........... Volunteers arrange a 16 ........... Volunteers were less likely to
of an object influences before reading about a characterise the interaction as
behaviour conversation between two people difficult if the pieces were 1 7 .......... .
To find out how the hardness of Volunteers hold hard or soft Volunteers were more likely to view
an object influences behaviour objects before watching a scene the worker as strict if they held a
which takes place in a 18 ........... 19 .......... .
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Questions 22-25
Complete the sentences using the list of words and phrases A-Hin the box below.
Write the correct letter, A-Hin boxes 22-25 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
22 The way people view the outside world is directly affected by the physical touch of their ............. .
23 Soft textures are thought to encourage people to demonstrate a greater degree of ............. .
24 Hard materials may encourage people to display feelings of ............. .
25 The sense of touch is reflected in the use of language, including common ............. .
A aggression
experiences
expressions
flexibility
influences
F interaction
G perceptions
surroundings
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Question 26
t letter, A, B, C, or D.
Which is the best alternative title for Reading Passage 2? Choose the correc_
Write the correct letter in box 26 on your answer sheet.
A Use your eyes more than your hands if you want to talk tough
B Touch: the most important sense in human communication
C Sit on a comfortable chair if you want a good bargain
D A hard chair can give you a hard heart
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You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on pages 129-30.
Owl secrets
It always appeared to fly in the face of logic. But imaging specialists like me who deal with human
now, the biological secrets that allow owls to injuries caused by trauma to arteries in the head
rotate their heads without cutting off their blood and neck have always been puzzled as to why rapid,
supply have finally been unravelled. Scientists twisting neck movements did not leave thousands
have discovered four major adaptations in owls of owls lying dead on the forest floor from stroke.
designed to prevent injury when the animals rotate 'The carotid and vertebral arteries in the neck of
their overly large heads by up to 270 degrees. most animals - including owls and humans - are
The study found that the birds' unique bone very fragile and highly susceptible to even minor
structures and vascular systems let them move tears of the vessel lining.'
with increased flexibility. Scientists at John Hopkins To solve the puzzle, the researchers studied the
University School of Medicine in the US studied bone and blood vessel structures in the heads and
snowy, barred and great horned owls after their necks of the birds. An injectable contrast dye was
deaths from natural causes. They found that the used to highlight the birds' blood vessels, which
vertebral artery enters the neck higher than in were then dissected, drawn and scanned to allow
other birds, creating more slack. Unlike humans, detailed analysis.
owls were found to have small vessel connections The most striking finding came after researchers
between the carotid and vertebral arteries, injected dye into the owls' arteries, mimicking
allowing the blood to be exchanged between the blood flow, and manually turned the animals'
two blood vessels. This creates an uninterrupted heads. They found that when they turned the
blood flow to the brain, even if one route is heads, the blood vessels below the jaw bone
blocked during extreme neck rotation. expanded as more dye entered, creating pools of
The adaptation gives the birds a huge range of blood capable of maintaining the energy supply
vision without having to move their bodies and to the brain and eyes. They showed that the big
arouse detection by prey. The lack of similar carotid arteries, instead of being on the side of
adaptations in humans could explain why humans the neck as in humans, are carried close to the
are more vulnerable to neck injury, the experts centre of rotation just in front of the spine. As a
concluded. When humans attempt sudden and consequence, these arteries experience much less
violent twists of their neck they risk damaging the twisting and turning. The potential for damage is
lining of their blood vessels, which can result in a therefore greatly reduced. This contrasted starkly
fatal blockage or stroke. Study senior investigator with human anatomical ability, where arteries
Doctor Philippe Gailloud, said: 'Until now, brain generally tend to get smaller and smaller, and do
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not balloon out as they branch out. This creates so vulnerable to bone injury from chiropractic
the risk of clotting after sudden neck movements therapy. Extreme manipulations of the human head
such as whiplash. are really dangerous because we lack so many of
Researchers say these contractile blood the vessel-protecting features seen in owls.'
reservoirs act as a trade-off, allowing birds to pool Medical illustrator Fabian de Kok-Mercado said:
blood to meet the energy needs of their large 'In humans, the vertebral artery really hugs the
brains and eyes, while they rotate their heads. hollow cavities in the neck. But this is not the
The supporting vascular network, with its many case in owls, whose structures are specially
interconnections and adaptations, helps minimise adapted to allow for greater arterial flexibility and
any interruption in blood flow. The study results movement.' It is a powerful adaptive trait, but it is
demonstrate what physical properties are needed not unique. Plenty of birds have a similar ability to
to allow such extreme head movements, and look behind them. Red tailed hawks for example
explain why injuries sustained from treatments are almost as flexible as their nocturnal cousins.
that involve manipulating bones with the hands 'There are lots of advantages to being able to look
such as chiropractic therapy can have such over your shoulder and see something coming - if
serious consequences for humans. Dr Gailloud you're trying to avoid predators or detect prey',
added: 'Our new study results show precisely he added.
what morphological adaptations are needed to The team's findings were published in the journal
handle such head gyrations and why humans are Science.
r30
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Questions 27-34
Complete the summary using the list of words and phrases A-M below.
Write the correct letter, A-Min boxes 27-34 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
How can owls rotate their heads by 27 ........... 270 degrees? The many small bones that make up the neck and spine enable
them to achieve 28 ........... movement.A research team has discovered that in 29 ........... ,their vascular network has
adapted to make the rotation possible. Owls' carotid arteries are 30 ........... the spine, at the centre of rotation. This means the
arteries endure 31 ........... strain when the head is turned. In addition,the vessels 32 ........... their heads can expand, creating
reservoirs of blood to supply the brain when the head is turned. And the cavities in the neck vertebrae, through which the
vessels pass, are extremely 33 ........... , giving the vessels space to move around when twisted. All this is necessary because thei1
eyes can't move: owls can only look 34 ........... ahead.
A flexible
B as much as
C at the base of
D in front of
E intense
F limited
G far less
H multiple
I in excess of
J to the side of
K various ways
L large
M straight
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Questions 35-40
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-H below.
Write the correct letter, A-H in boxes 35-40 on your answer sheet.
35 The bone structure and circulatory system of owls has evolved in order to
36 Humans' arteries tend to
3 7 Scientists injected dye into the blood vessels of dead owls in order to
38 When humans attempt sudden twists of their neck they are more likely to
39 The back;up arteries of owls are designed to
40 Owls have a huge range of vision which enables them to
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Year/degree of
Fatal Serious Slight Total
injury
1998-1999 49 162 653 864
1999-2000 62 200 933 1195
2000-2001 72 244 1066 1382
2001-2002 95 392 1390 1877
2002-2003 80 416 1683 2179
2003-2004 68 437 1862 2367
2004-2005 77 411 3424 3912
2005-2006 49 476 3296 3821
2006-2007 58 - - -
% increase 18 194 405 342
98/99-2005/06
or 06/07
Describing tables
Ta$k 9uicle
• Task 1 writing tasks may require you to interpret and describe in the row or column, and look for patterns where there are a
data presented in the form of a figure. You have already seen series of rising or falling figures.
data represented in bar graphs, pie charts and line graphs. • Remember that the aim is to select the most important
• Tables are the simplest way of showing data. They are the information and summarise it. Start by identifying a general
ideal medium, when there is too much data to show in a trend, if there is one, and then the main points. Choose items
bar chart or line graph. However, your report of information of data that best illustrate a trend or the message you want to
shown in a table will be very similar to a report of information get across.
shown in other figure types. • Remember that it is impossible to describe everything
• Though tables are simplistic in form, reading the data, the figure shows in 150 words. Concentrate on important
identifying relevant information and deciding what to include information that will be of interest to the reader.
in your report can be a challenge. There are numerous items • Do not give explanations or invent reasons - simply describe
of individual data without lines or bars to help you notice the data.
obvious rises, falls or peaks. • Make sure you write at least the minimum number of words
• When you read information shown in a table, read along the specified in the ins�tions. Short answers will lose marks.
rows and down the columns looking for figures that stand out. • On the other haFYtfdo not write too much. If you write a very
Identify figures that are higher or lower than the other figures long answer you may make mistakes and lose marks.
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Task 9ui
• Some tasks ask you to discuss whether an issue is a positive • Remember that tasks in the Writing module will be assessed
development or trend, while others ask you to discuss the according to certain criteria:
advantages and disadvantages of something. In tasks of this Content: Have you included all the relevant information?
type, you may be asked the following questions:
Organisation: Does your answer flow well and is it clear and
Do you think this is a positive or a negative development/trend? easy to read?
To what extent is this a positive trend/development? Use of language: Have you used appropriate linking words and
• Remember to concentrate on presenting a clear and logical phrases? Have you used a range of grammatical structures? Is
argument that the reader can follow easily. there a good range of vocabulary and is it used accurately?
• Remember to divide your answer into paragraphs
appropriately.
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c All in all I think multi-national companies need to Now write your answer for Task 2.
focus less on profit and do more to support local T here is a sample answer on page 210.
businesses and communities.
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� PART 1
Example questions
� PART 2
Example task
� PART 3
Example questions
• Do you think that being successful is always a good thing? Why? Why not?
• To what extent does a good education encourage people to be successful?
• How far do you think that older people view success differently from younger people?
• Are children these days under too much pressure to succeed compared with children in the past?
• Do you think that attitudes to success differ in different parts of the world?
r
IELTS: Test 4 ; ; SPEAKING MODULE
36
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SECTION 2
SECTION 3
SECTION 4
� Questions 1-10
Questions 1-4
Complete the notes below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
Questions 5-10
Choose the correct letter A, B or C.
5 What is the caller's first complaint?
A The car she wanted to use was not in the correct location.
B She had to phone the Car Pool to ask where the car was.
C Another Car Pool member still had the car.
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T ESTS s
IELTS
� Questions 11-20
Questions 11-13
Complete the flow chart below. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
All cultures had bows and arrows - 12 ............................... best�known for using them
Questions I 4-15
Complete the summary below. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
SAFETY PROCEDURES
All equipment must be used properly and safely. Archers must not think of the bows and arrows as
14 ............................... Nobody is allowed to enter the 15 ............................... until told to do so by the group supervisor.
Each participant must use their weapon only when instructed to do so.
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Questions 16-20
Label the diagrams below.
Ch?ose five answers from the box and write the ktters A-J next to questions 16-20.
18 ...............
I
arrow
t
�
·A bracer
B chest guard
C drawstring
D fibre glass
E fletching
F hand guard
G quiver
H shaft
I sight
J tension
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� Questions 21-30
Questions 21-28
Complete the sentences below. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
21 Leo is worried about not being able to ..................... when he revises.
22 The tutor says that students need ..................... to make studying productive.
23 The tutor suggests that ..................... subjects or topics should be studied after something less demanding.
24 The tutor tells Leo to weigh up his ..................... and those he feels less confident about.
25 The tutor suggests that an ..................... in one or two exams might be preferable to only just passing a higher number
of exams.
26 Leo wonders if he should realistically expect to ..................... some of his exams.
27 The tutor says that applying a ..................... is essential when deciding what to revise.
28 Leo and the tutor agree that he prefers a .................. ; .. style of learning.
Questions 29-30
Choose TWO letters A-F.
Which of the following does the tutor believe to be true about revising with peers?
A Paying attention can become more difficult.
B Study can be very well organised.
C Students become too competitive.
D Students can mark each other's work.
E The right kind of criticism can be valuable.
F It develops social skills.
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5
READING MODULE WRITING MODULE SPEAKING MODULE
� Questions 31-40
Questions 31-34
Answer the questions below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORD for each answer.
31 Where was Sir Alfred Hitchcock from?
33 What did the British movie Blackmail have that made it unique?
34 What was the title of Hitchcock's first failed attempt at making a movie?
Questions 35-40
Choose the correct letter A, B or C.
35 Why did Hitchcock want the camera to move in a particular way?
A It meant that scenes could be filmed more quickly.
B It changed the way the viewer followed the action.
C It was what viewers expected.
36 What does the lecturer say about the filming of the shower scene in Psycho?
A Hitchcock was wasting valuable time.
B Today's filmgoers are not interested in such detail.
C Spending a week filming one scene would now be too expensive.
38 According to the lecturer, viewers of Psycho identify with the murderer because
A the character they initially relate to is dead.
B he is a likeable character.
C the other characters are not very interesting.
39 The lecturer believes that before Hitchcock
A directors always acted in their own films.
B directors did not play such an important role in film�making.
C people knew what the director looked like.
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MODULE
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-12, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on pages 142 and 143.
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'The good storyteller, who had a large writers have not only given us moving stories
repertoire stored in his memory, seated at but told them, often times, in words that
his own fireside, in an honoured place in the resonate to the rhythm of our soul.
house of a neighbour or at a wake, was assured
of an attentive audience on winter nights. Nor At the end of that trip, we found time to visit
was it only adults who wished to hear tales. the site of Yeats' grave in County Sligo. The
My father described to me how himself and weather that day was more than desperate,
other children of eight years of age would as a biting wind whipped leaves around the
spend hours, night after night, listening to an Drumcliffe cemetery. I took a quick snapshot
old woman storyteller in South Kerry, and an of his grave, and stood there, part of his poem
old man in the same area told me that, as a When You are Old and Gray wafting through
youth, he and his companions used to do all my thoughts.
the household chores for an elderly neighbour
each winter evening in order that he might I thanked him for sharing his gift of words
be free to spend the night telling them long with the world and asked him to help me do
folktales ...' the same. Weeks later after we had returned
home, I had the photos developed (there were
The desire to tell stories, to weave narratives, no digital cameras back then) and was amazed
is still central to the Irish people, as their at what I saw. There, above his grave, floated
works of literature demonstrate. James Joyce, a form, a shape - a hazy gauze of white that
W.B. Yeats, C.S. Lewis, Frank Mccourt, Maeve I could not explain. I like to think his Irish soul
Binchy, Niall Williams, and countless other was wishing me well as a writer.
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H:LTS
T ESTS
LISTENING MODULE WRITING MODULE SPEAKING MODULE
PASSAGE 3
Questions 1-6
Answer the questions. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
1 Which word did the gas pump attendant use that so impressed the writer?
2 Which TWO words in the second paragraph mean the accent and rhythm of the Irish voices the writer heard on her trip?
3 Which three physical features of the landscape of Ireland does the writer describe as having an unreal quality?
4 According to the writer, which basic elements of life do the Irish appreciate and embrace better than people elsewhere?
5 Which idea did the writer John O'Donohue believe to be preferable to determination and a desire to achieve?
6 What is the Irish word for a person who entertains with stories?
Questions 7-10
Complete the notes. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
• tales were recalled from the storyteller's 7 ..........................
• storytellers were 8 .......................... guests at social gatherings
• both 9 .......................... were attentive listeners
• storytellers sometimes exchanged stories for 10 ..........................
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Questions 11-12
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 11-12 on your answer sheet, write
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IELTS
T ESTS 5
LISTENING SPEAKING MODULE
PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 13-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on pages 146 and 147.
Marriage works -
and it's the answer to the
misery of loneliness
A This week the Office for National Statistics (ONS) C It's not the relatively young, or the very old, who
confirmed that more of us than ever are living are the main drivers of this demographic change.
alone. This won't trouble the author Colm T6ibfn, As the ONS makes clear, the largest increase in
who once eulogised the freedom that living alone solitary living is down to the 45-64 age group. Almost
gives him, likening his solitary existence to that of two and a half million Britons in that age category
'a cloistered nun'. This is a terrifying image, surely, have no one with whom to share their home, an
and not a metaphor for a life most of us would seek increase of more than 800,000 households since
to inhabit. Certainly not my friend Helen: successful, the mid-Nineties. Even allowing for the increase
well-off, homeowner; but tired of her single life, of in total population size, that's still a noticeable
the near-constant awareness that she's running out change, and they don't all enjoy the experience.
of time to have children, as fast as she's running I suspect there are more divorced parents, like
out of the energy to embark on another round of my friend Mark, poking about their fridges for a
futile first dates. Nor my friend Mark, divorced dad, pre-packed meal for one, than there are cloistered
active in his daughter's life - but who still, at the Irish novelists.
end of the weekend, returns the child to her mother- ,
before driving back to his re-emptied house, where D This would all be fine, were this phenomenon
he spends the evenings with PlayStation and Sky merely to affect matters as concrete as housing.
Sports. But evidence suggests a link between solitariness
and poorer health outcomes (mirroring, bleakly,
B In discussing solitary lives, we should ignore the the evidence about the outcomes for children
Colm T6ibfns - financially independent people raised in single-parent households). One paper
who realise that, for them, living alone brings more I read showed a significant increase in the
advantages than otherwise. Most people of my prescription of antidepressants to the solitary,
generation had such a stage in their lives - between compared with cohabiting couples. Correlation
university, and settling down - but we didn't want doesn't prove a sociological theory, of course, but
it to last forever. In any case, with property prices it's hard to ignore the link between living alone,
as they are, such self-selected solitude is not an and other detrimental life choices.
option for much of the succeeding generation.
Set aside, too, those figures pertaining to the very E The issue demands a political response: marriage
elderly; not because there aren't real problems is the most important institution to act as a bulwark
faced by those (usually female) 'survivors', but against loneliness, and the British Government
because their existence is a function of the uneven should promote it. Instead, the government is
impact of medical advances and lifestyle changes unwinding its insidious 'couples penalty': a finan
on the longevity of each of the genders. cial punishment for initially setting up home with a
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partner, and then after divorce, (probably the result the motto 'once bitten, twice shy'. The changes to
of the stress brought on by all the expense), a further child benefit for the well-off hardly help either.
charge for a change to living conditions. The Centre
for Social Justice discovered that the people most C Not very long ago, the then Home Secretary,
penalised for living together are - surprise - among Michael Howard deployed a powerful phrase in
the poorest.This must be fixed. What's more, couples defence of his criminal justice policy: 'prison works'.
who arrange to 'live apart together' shouldn't be It's time we used a similar phrase, in defence of
demonised for rationally navigating the snares of the social justice: marriage 'works' too. It works for
benefits system. most people and definitely for civic society, yet
we find it hard to say this, and shy away from its
F But if we acknowledge that a financial penalty can political implications. What started as a desire not
cause the poorest to avoid marriage, why assume to judge 'lifestyle choices' has bred a generation
that monetary considerations don't affect the better living in lonely, quiet despair. Loneliness is a much
off? First, because politicians are scared to reward harder political issue to tackle than, say, house
marriage in the tax system, and second, because building, but- if we believe in society at all- hardly
our divorce laws so scar those who endure them one of lesser significance.
that, I suspect, we've produced a generation with
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IELTS
T ESTS 5'
LISTENING MODULE WRITING MODULE SPEAKING MODULE
Questions 13-19
Reading passage 2 has seven paragraphs labelled A-G.
Choose the correct heading for each from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number i- x in boxes 13-19 on your answer sheet.
List of headings
Middle age solitude is growing
ii The institution of marriage needs a motto that resonates
iii The young and the elderly are not relevant to the debate
iv The system is clearly unfair
v The real issue is a lack of affordable housing
vi For many, the benefits of a single life are exaggerated
vii The wealthy are affected by the same measures
viii Most men would rather be single
ix Loneliness has a range of consequences
x Couples must work harder to make relationships work
13 Paragraph A
14 Paragraph B
15 Paragraph C
16 Paragraph D
17 Paragraph E
18 Paragraph F
19 Paragraph G
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Questions 20-26
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the reading passage?
In boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet, write.
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5
LISTENING MODULE WRITING MODULE SPEAKING MODULE
PASSAGE 1
PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on pages 150 and 151.
'The sounds uttered by birds offer in several respects the of expression into a uniquely sophisticated form of
nearest analogy to language,' Charles Darwin wrote in language.
The Descent of Man (1871), while contemplating how
humans learned to speak. Language, he speculated, 'There were these two pre-existing systems,' Miyagawa
might have had its origins in singing, which 'might says, 'like apples and oranges that just happened to be
have given rise to words expressive of various complex put together.' These kinds of adaptations of existing
emotions.' structures are common in natural history, notes Robert
Berwick, a co-author of the paper, who is a professor
Now researchers from MIT, along with a scholar from of computational linguistics in MIT's Laboratory for
the University of Tokyo, say that Darwin was on the Information and Decision Systems, in the Department
right path. The balance of evidence, they believe, of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. 'When
suggests that human language is a grafting of two something new evolves, it is often built out of old parts,'
communication forms found elsewhere in the animal he says. 'We see this over and over again in evolution.
kingdom: first, the elaborate songs of birds, and Old structures can change just a little bit, and acquire
second, the more utilitarian, information bearing types radically new functions.'
of expression seen in a diversity of other animals. 'It's
this adventitious combination that triggered human The new paper, 'The Emergence of Hierarchical Structure in
language,' says Shigeru Miyagawa, a professor of Human Language,' was co-written by Miyagawa, Berwick
linguistics in MIT's Department of Linguistics and and Kazuo Okanoya, a bio-psychologist and expert
Philosophy, and co-author of a new paper published in on animal communication. To consider the difference
the journal Frontiers in Psychology. between the expression layer and the lexical layer, take
a simple sentence: 'Todd saw a condor.' We can easily
The idea builds upon Miyagawa's conclusion, detailed create variations of this, such as, 'When did Todd see a
in his previous work, that there are two 'layers' in condor?' This rearranging of elements takes place in the
all human languages: an 'expression' layer, which expression layer and allows us to add complexity and ask
involves the changeable organisation of sentences, questions. But the lexical I.
ayer remains the same, since it
and a 'lexical' layer, which relates to the core content involves the same core elements: the subject, 'Todd,' the
of a sentence. His conclusion is based on earlier work verb, 'to see,' and the object, 'condor.'
by linguists including Noam Chomsky, Kenneth Hale
and Samuel Jay Keyser. Based on an analysis of animal Birdsong lacks a lexical structure. Instead, birds sing
communication, and using Miyagawa's framework, learned melodies with what Berwick calls a 'holistic'
the authors say that birdsong closely resembles the structure; the entire song has one meaning, whether
expression layer of human sentences, whereas the about mating, territory or other things. The Bengalese
communicative waggles of bees or the short, audible finch, as the authors note, can loop back to parts of
messages of primates are more like the lexical layer. previous melodies, allowing for greater variation and
At some point, between 50,000 and 80,000 years communication of more things; a nightingale may be
ago, humans may have merged these two types able to recite from 100 to 200 different melodies.
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By contrast, other types of animals have bare-bones for the next five years.' He adds that he would like to see
modes of expression without the same melodic further comparison of birdsong and sound production
capacity. Bees communicate visually, using precise in human language, as well as more neuroscientific
waggles to indicate sources of foods to their peers; research, pertaining to both birds and humans, to see
other primates can make a range of sounds, comprising how brains are structured for making sounds.
warnings about predators and other messages.
The researchers acknowledge that further empirical
Humans, according to Miyagawa, Berwick and Okanoya, studies on the subject would be desirable. 'It's just a
fruitfully combined these systems. We can communicate hypothesis,' Berwick says. 'But it's a way to make explicit
essential information, like bees or primates, but like what Darwin was talking about very vaguely, because
birds, we also have a melodic capacity and an ability we know more about language now.' Miyagawa, for
to recombine parts of our uttered language. For this his part, asserts it is a viable idea in part because it could
reason, our finite vocabularies can generate a seemingly be subject to more scrutiny, as the communication
infinite string of words. Indeed, the researchers suggest patterns of other species are examined in further detail.
that humans first had the ability to sing, as Darwin 'If this is right, then human language has a precursor in
conjectured, and then managed to integrate specific nature, in evolution, that we can actually test today,'
lexical elements into those songs. 'It's not a very long he says, adding that bees, birds and other primates
step to say that what got joined together was the ability could all be sources of further research insight.
to construct these complex patterns, like a song, but
with words,' Berwick says. MIT-based research in linguistics has largely been
characterised by the search for universal aspects of all
As they note in the paper, some of the 'striking parallels' human languages. With this paper, Miyagawa, Berwick
between language acquisition in birds and humans and Okanoya hope to spur others to think of the
include the phase of life when each is best at picking up universality of language in evolutionary terms. It is not
languages, and the part of the brain used for language. just a random cultural construct, they say, but based in
Another similarity as Berwick puts it is that 'all human part on capacities humans share with other species. At the
languages have a finite number of stress patterns, a same time, Miyagawa notes, human language is unique,
certain number of beat patterns. Well, in birdsong, in that two independent systems in nature merged, in
there is also this limited number of beat patterns.' our species, to allow us to generate unbounded linguistic
possibilities, albeit within a constrained system. 'Human
Norbert Hornstein, a professor of linguistics at the language is not just freeform, it's rule-based,' Miyagawa
University of Maryland, says the paper has been 'very says. 'If we are right, human language has a very heavy
well received' among linguists, and 'perhaps will be the constraint on what it can and cannot do, based on its
standard go-to paper for language-birdsong comparison antecedents in nature.'
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. "
'
·. . . .. · . �.: ..
��;{ "� :
Questions 27-29
Answer the questions. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 27-29 on your answer sheet.
27 Who initially identified similarities between human language and birdsong?
28 What do most animals wish to convey through the sounds they make?
29 Which word in the second paragraph is used to emphasise that the development of human language probably happened
by chance?
Questions 30-35
Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-J from the box below.
Write the correct letter A-Jin boxes 27-34 on your answer sheet.
30 Birdsong
31 The waggle of bees
32 Human language
33 The expression layer of human language
34 The lexical layer of human language
35 Melody
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Questions 36-38
Complete the summary. Use ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 36-38 on your answer sheet.
Questions 39-40
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 39-40 on your answer sheet.
39 Miyagawa, Berwick and Okanoya want their research to
A give people the confidence to challenge theories of evolution.
B persuade people that early humans imitated birds.
C help people appreciate the achievements of mankind.
D encourage people to understand more about how language has evolved in humans and animals.
40 What is the conclusion that can be drawn from reading this passage?
A Birdsong is more complex than most people would imagine.
B Humans probably sang before they talked.
C Human language is less sophisticated than we tend to believe.
D Insufficient research has been conducted into the origins of human language.
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computer - precision
control of motors
gripper - built-in
elbow - allows sensors control force
movemenVgives flexibility
alternative end-effectors
(spray painVdrill holes/weld metal)
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Describing a process
Task 9uicle
• Tasks in Task 1 task may require you to describe • Frequently, tasks of this type demand that you use
a process shown on a flow chart or step diagram. sequencing devices such as to start with, after that,
Sometimes you will have to describe how a machine meanwhile, finally and so on.
operates. • This task will almost certainly require you to show
• The task assesses your ability to understand that you understand how to use active and passive
and describe a process. You need to give a well structures naturally.
organised, logical overview of the process and • Make sure you write at least the minimum number
each of its stages. of words specified in the instructions. Short answers
• The information you need will be provided with the will lose marks. On the other hand do not write too
diagram. You will need to expand on the information much. If you write a very long answer you may make
provided, but you do not need to invent any of your mistakes and lose marks.
description.
Because this type of Task 1 task can vary quite
• Some diagrams will show technical processes and considerably, it is important that you practise as
you might not be familiar with some key words. many different sample tasks as possible.
Don't worry - the diagram will make clear what very
important words mean and you will often be able to Remember that tasks in the Writing test will be
use words without fully understanding their meaning. marked according to the criteria described on
page 134 - content, organisation and use of language.
Step•by·•t•p guide
• Step 1 - Make sure you understand what the A by saying that a mechanical arm can perform
diagrams show different functions when fitted with different end
Use some of the 20 minutes you have looking carefully effectors
at the diagram and make sure you understand exactly B by saying that a computer controls three motors
what they show before you start writing.
C by saying that the mechanical arm is fitted to a
1 Read the task instructions again carefully, as they base, which is usually stationary
explain clearly what the diagram shows.
2 Which order below would be the most logical
Answer the questions. order in which to describe the various stages of the
1 Which key word in the instructions does not appear process?
on the diagram? .............. . A each joint from shoulder to wrist/ computer and
2 What are the three examples of that word in the motors I alternative end-effectors
diagram?............... ............... ............... B computer and motors/ alternative end-effectors/
3 Are each of the three words in question 2 found both each joint from shoulder to wrist
in the mechanical arm and human arm? C alternative end-effectors/ each joint from shoulder
4 Is the purpose and function of each part of the to wrist/ computer and motors
mechanical arm clear?
5 \s the purpose and function of the computer and each • Step 3 - Use appropriate language
of the motors clear? Write a sentence using the prompts below. Decide if
the verb should be used actively or passively.
6 Are any of the verbs on the diagram unfamiliar? Can
you work out more or less what they mean? 1 mechanical arm/ fix/ to a base
2 shoulder/ functions/ human shoulder
• Step 2 - Organise your description 3 joints/ mechanical arm/ connected/ separate motor
For this type of Writing task, you should start by
4 computer/ control/ motors
showing that you understand what the diagram shows.
Write an introductory sentence that paraphrases the 5 gripper/ replace/ various end-effectors
instructions and gives a little expansion. Now write your answer to Task 1.
1 Once you have written the introductory line, how There is a sample answer on page 211.
should you start your description of the process?
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IELTS
T ESTS
LISTENING MODULE READING MODULE SPEAKING MODULE
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Write at least 250 words.
There is a sample answer on page 211.
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� PART 1
Example questions
• Do you get much free time?
• Tell me about what you most enjoying doing in your free time?
• Is it important for you to spend free time outside in the fresh air?
• Are you enthusiastic about outdoor activities?
(If yes - Tell me about the activities you enjoy doing outside?
If no - what is it about outdoor activities you don't like?)
� PART 2
Example task
Read the topic card below carefully.
You will have to talk about the topic for between a minute and two minutes.
You have one minute to think about and plan what you will say.
You can make notes if you wish to.
� PART 3
Example questions
Let's talk some more about important events in people's lives.
• Is it important for people to have events that they can look forward to?
• Do you think people enjoy different kinds of events as they grow older?
• What are the most important events in people's lives? Why?
• What is the best way to remember a special event?
1571
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SECTION 2
SECTION 3
SECTION 4
� Questions 1-10
Questions 1-2
Complete the notes below.
Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD for each answer.
Questions 3-7
3 Anya found out about the mall walking programme
A on the mall website.
B from a friend.
C on a notice board.
4 Most mall walkers
A walk before starting work or college.
B start their walk at 9am.
C walk every weekday.
5 Mall walking groups meet at
A the entrance to the mall.
B the food court.
C the information kiosk.
6 The number of people who participate in each mall walk is usually
A fewer than 10.
B between 10 and 15.
C around 50.
7 Mall walks generally last
A half an hour.
B one hour.
C one and a half hours.
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Questions 8-10
Complete the form below.
1591
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� Questions 11-20
Questions 11-15
Answer the questions below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.
11 Who works in the Beehive building?
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12 What nationality was the architect of the building?
. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
13 In which year did construction of the building start?
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14 How long did it take to construct?
························ · ·· ········································· ···················· ···················· ············································ ·········· ·····
15 How tall is the building in metres?
· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · .· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·
Questions 16 and 1 7
Which TWO facilities does the speaker mention?
16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Questions 18-20
What does the speaker say about the following features of the building?
Write the correct letter, A, B or C next to questions 18-20.
A bronze
B marble
C steel
D timber
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� Questions 21-30
Questions 21-24
Complete the summary below.
Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
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Questions 25-30
Choose THREE letters A-G.
Which THREE things are discussed by the speakers?
25 .................
26 .................
27 .................
A ways to prepare for a speed reading test
B making good use of the whole range of library services
C using the internet as a resource to test your reading speed
D what books and resources are available in the library
E practical ways to improve reading speed
F limitations of many speed reading techniques
G the comparison between speed reading and sport
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Questions 31-40
Complete the notes below. Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
Eco,tourism
Aims:
To encourage tourists to travel in a responsible way
To reduce the 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of tourism (for example, rubbish, 3 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and criminal activity) .
Alternative Tourism
Is different from traditional holidays (for example, beach and sightseeing holidays)
Examples:
3 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and adventure trips
Sustainable Tourism
Shares the same 34 ................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . as eco,tourism
Travel is not restricted to 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (can include travel to urban areas too)
Involves adhering to local 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (for example, dress and language)
Voluntourism
Combines volunteering with tourism
Involves assisting with building work in local communities and participating in 3 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Examples:
Tree planting in Costa Rica
Assistance with sustainable 38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in Cuba
Cleaning up local 39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in Jamaica
Animal conservation in 40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . and Ecuador
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PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which is based on Reading Passage 1 on pages 164 and 165.
A For several years students of the internet have spend between five and 20 hours a week just
noticed that young people are abandoning clearing their inboxes. The distraction and
email in favour of alternative electronic ways time-wasting of email have been a regular
of staying in touch. A leading US internet part of office life for more than a decade.
research firm, ComScore, recently reported a More than I 07 trillion are now sent each
59% decline in the use of internet-based email year, of which half are spam. The rest are a
services by 12 to 17 year-olds, an 18% decline mix of round robins, personal messages and
among 25 to 35 year-olds, and an 8% badly written memos that pile up in archives
fall among 35 to 44 year-olds. There are even and do little to boost productivity. Research
signs that email is beginning to lose favour in shows that it takes 64 seconds to regain
the workplace too. concentration after reading an email and
when you consider that US office workers
B Europe's largest IT company, Atos Origin, have been measured checking their emails
intends to scrap internal emails altogether. Its and swapping windows on their computer
staff will still use email to correspond with screens an average of 37 times an hour, that
clients and other businesses but to talk among adds up to major distraction.
themselves they will adopt a variety of newer
services such as instant messaging services and D Employees will be expected to use collaboration
older methods - namely talking face to face. and social media tools instead of email to
The company's chairman prompted headlines communicate with co-workers. In English, that
around the world when he mentioned he means newer types of electronic messaging
had not sent an email in more than three services. One such service is instant messaging.
years. But in fact a number of companies Devised in the 1990s by people playing games
have been quietly moving away from using on the net, instant messaging or IM is much
email as the primary way of communicating simpler and more responsive than email.
within the company. Intel, for example, has IM users can see when colleagues are online
been experimenting with 'no-email Fridays' and· then communicate in small, continuous
encouraging its engineers to solve problems trails of dialogues on their screens, much more
by phone or face to face instead. like a phone call. These messages tend to be
deleted as they go, thus avoiding clogged up
C The move, in part reflects the preferences of email inboxes and archives. Less formal than
its workers, many of whom are under the age email, they are also a far more efficient way of,
of 30. However, it is also happening because for example, trying to arrange a meeting. lM or
the volume of email is becoming unsustainable. 'chat' facilities often form part of larger social
Employees who usually get 200 emails a day, networks, such as Facebook and Twitter.
r64
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E The immediacy of these synchronous messaging then fades, leaving us feeling flat and bored
systems enable people to stay in touch and until the next one comes. But whether this
broadcast information to each other - their makes us less productive is open to question.
location, activities, plans and daily schedules - Research has found that people work better
without the need for constant emailing. 'Status in bursts of concentration interrupted by
updates' in which users post a simple message breaks - even for pointless emails - than long
that can be read by all their contacts, enable sustained spells.
people to see and share information that
might not be worth an email but can be useful G There is still an estimated three billion email
nonetheless. All such 'easy chat' services were accounts in the world, a figure that dwarfs any
born of an engagement with the internet that other form of communication. Email also retains
just didn't exist when email overtook the world several distinguishing qualities. Unlike the galaxy
of communication in the early 1990s. of social networks and IM services on the
internet - all requiring different accounts and
F Until about a decade ago, most neuroscientists often their own software - email systems are
thought the brain stopped developing after all fundamentally compatible. It doesn't matter
childhood. But the constant distraction which programme you send it from. And
and torrent of information that we subject even its annoyances contain advantages: email
ourselves to - via email, surfing the web, archives have proved to be hugely valuable,
TY, multi-tasking - is now thought to alter and because it is an asynchronous medium
the way we think. The new technology is, (the recipients choose when to open their
in effect, rewiring our brains. Scientists messages) this means we can try and preserve
have drawn parallels between the use of some control over our time.This is not the end
electronic communication and addiction to of email - it will remain a bedrock of businesses
food stimulants that release small amounts for some time to come. It's simply the end of its
of dopamine in the brain. We feel a buzz of monopoly.
excitement when a message arrives, which
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PASSAGE 3
Questions 1-6
The reading passage has seven paragraphs labelled A-G.
Which paragraph contains the fallowing information?
Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
1 reasons for the appeal of social networking tools over email
2 a description of alternatives to email as a form of communication in the workplace
3 a reference to why one business plans to reduce its flow of internal email
4 a brief conclusion of findings on the effects technology has on our attention span
5 evidence of a decline in the popularity of email
6 a reference to some positive features of email as a form of communication
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Questions 7-10
Write your answers in boxes 7-10 of your answer sheet.
List FOUR examples of information that can be communicated using the medium of Instant Messaging.
7 ....................
8 ....................
9 ....................
10 ....................
Questions 11-13
Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage.
Use NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 11-13 of your answer sheet.
11 Young people use social networking tools that provide the level of .................... they want.
12 The advantage of social networking is that it puts people in control of the .................... they see.
13 Email is an .................... , so you don't know if someone has read your message.
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You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which is based on Reading Passage 2 on pages 168 and 169.
A Paint your room red if you want attention to better performance', said Dr Zhu. 'We show
detail and paint it blue to prompt creative that if the task requires detailed attention, red
thinking. This is the conclusion of a study into will help more, but if the task is creative in
how colour is likely to affect the human mind. nature, blue will be more beneficial. It really
Scientists who monitored the performance depends on the nature of the task'.
of more than 600 people as they underwent
C Humans, like other primates, have
a series of psychological tests found that red
trichromatic, three colour vision, which
stimulated a person's attentiveness whereas
evolutionists believe came about as a result
blue stimulated the imagination and inspired
of the need to distinguish easily between
more of a risk�taking attitude.
ripe and unripe fruit in a forest. But the
B The researchers found that the volunteers were influence of red and blue on our modern way
unaware of the effect that colour had on their of thinking is probably a learnt behaviour
thinking and suggest that the findings could be rather than being innate, Dr Zhu said. We
used for anything from choosing the interior think the difference between red and blue is
decoration of a school or university to the due to learnt associations, she said. That's why
marketing of products and services. Previous I expect that if in another culture red is often
research produced contradictory conclusions associated with other meanings, we might not
in terms of the benefit or otherwise of exposing be able to replicate the results of this study.
people to a background colour of red or blue Thanks to stop signs, emergency vehicles
while asking them to carry out a thinking task, and teacher's red pens, we associate red with
according to Juliet Zhu of the University of danger, mistakes and caution. The avoidance
British Columbia in Vancouver, who carried motivation, or heightened state, that red
out the study published in the journal Science. activates makes us vigilant and so helps us
'Prior research found conflicting results in to perform tasks where careful attention is
terms of which colour - red or blue - leads to required to produce a right or wrong answer.
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D Blue meanwhile, is associated with a clear sky whereas a blue background was more likely to
or an open ocean, and as such it is the colour stimulate ideas about what the camera could
that encourages us to think 'outside the box' be used for. Similarly, an advertisement for
and to be creative. It is also the colour of a fictional brand of toothpaste was found to
calmness and tranquillity. Dr Zhu explained, have a greater impact for a negative message,
'Through associations with the sky, the ocean such as 'cavity prevention,' if red was used as
and water, most people associate blue with the background colour. But blue had a greater
openness, peace and tranquillity. The benign impact for a positive message, such as 'tooth
cues make people feel safe without being. whitening' . Dr Zhu said that the background
creative and exploratory - not surprisingly, colour used in advertisements could have
it is people's favourite colour. Six different subtly different effects on a potential consumer.
psychological tests were carried out on the When the background colour of ads was red,
volunteers. One involved a memory task; people formed more favourable evaluations of
recalling 36 words within a two;minute period. products featuring specific product details as
People did better when the background colour opposed to evocative or creative messaging.
on the computer screen was red, whereas blue
F However, blue produced the opposite effect.
led to more false recalls. Another challenged
Dr Zhu said, 'If we are setting up educational
people to think of as many different uses for a
facilities that intend to enhance performance
pile of bricks as they could. Red or blue did not
on detail;oriented tasks, such as memory and
affect the total number of ideas, but blue did
proofreading, or if we want people to remember
result in a significantly higher score in terms of
important side;effects of medications, then
the creative content of the idea.
the colour red should be more appropriate.
E Several of the tests investigated how colour However, if we want to set up a brain;storming
affects a person's attitude to an advertising session for a new product;development process
campaign. A red background stimulated or coming up with innovative ideas, then go
a person's attention to the detailed with blue'. 'Blue if you want to be creative, red
technological capabilities of a camera, if you want to be diligent'.
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Questions 14-21
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-L, below.
Write the correct letter, A-Lin boxes 14-21 on your answer sheet.
A recent study has found that the colour red can encourage people to produce 14 .......... work and blue can make people
15 .......... to take risks. Researchers conducted tests on volunteers to find out whether cognitive performance 16 ..........
when people saw red or blue. The volunteers performed a series of tasks with words or images displayed against red or
blue backgrounds on computer screens. Red groups were 17 .......... in tests of memory. They performed 18 .......... on
tests which required more creative responses, such as inventing different uses for a pile of bricks. Blue groups produced
19 .......... ideas. The study also tested responses to advertising and found that advertisements which listed product
details were 20 .......... with the volunteers when displayed on red backgrounds. Advertisements which used imaginative
designs were 21 .......... than those displayed on blue backgrounds.
A more successful
B more detailed
C less well
D actually
E increased
F more effective
G more appropriate
H more popular
I varied
J more likely
K more original
L less appealing
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Questions 22-26
Classify the fallowing statements as referring to
A red
B blue
Write the correct letter A or Bin boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.
22 It may help.people recall information more easily.
23 It may encourage people to experiment with ideas.
24 It may enable people to avoid dangerous situations.
25 It may make people less wary about taking risks.
26 It may enable people to concentrate more easily.
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IELTS
T ESTS
MODULE
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which is based on Reading Passage 3 on pages 172 and 173.
r72
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F The first recorded case of disappearing bees strawberries and blackberries, to nuts, carrots,
was in America 150 years ago, and, ever broccoli and onions - are pollinated by bees.
since, large numbers have vanished at regular So is cotton and much livestock fodder, such as
intervals throughout North America, Europe clover. A study by Cornell University found that
and Australia. These losses have been given bees helped produce around 60 billion dollars
many different names: disappearing disease, worth of food around the world - fifteen billion
spring dwindle, May disease or autumn dollars in the US alone, where many commercial
collapse. In America, there were 5.9 million beekeepers take their hives on a five month tour
maintained colonies in 1947; today there are of the country, pollinating California's lucrative
only 2.44 million. If bees keep disappearing at almond trees, for instance, then Florida's citrus
this rate, it is estimated that there will be none trees and Maine's blueberries. Without bees,
left in America by 2035. wind-pollinated grasses would continue to
grow, but flowers and vegetable beds would
G 'If the bee disappeared off the surface of the be devastated, and there would be far less
globe' the mathematician Albert Einstein is food for birds and mammals to eat. It has been
reputed to have said, 'then man would only calculated that the 'service' that bees provide is
have four years of life left'. This may be an essential for the production of one in three of
exaggeration but scientists believe that if the our mouthfuls of food. In southern Sichuan in
honey bee did disappear, farming as we know China, where honey bees have been wiped out,
it would collapse. More than 90 commercial pear trees have to be pollinated by hand - an
crops -from apples, peaches and citrus fruits to extremely labour intensive business.
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Questions 2 7-33
The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Which paragraph contains the fallowing information?
Write the correct letter A-Gin boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
2 7 the contribution bees make to the survival of less common plant species
28 one unlikely explanation for the decline in bee numbers
29 a definition of the killer condition affecting bees
30 one example of an alternative way to pollinate crops
31 the damaging effects of chemicals on bees
32 several names previously used to refer to the fall in bee population
33 some puzzling features of Colony Collapse Disorder
Questions 34-36
Complete the sentence with ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER from the reading passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 34-36 on your answer sheet.
34 There may be a link between the ability of bees to return to their hives and exposure to frequencies from ........... .
35 Many crops including fruit and vegetables rely on bees and these include food such as .......... which cows eat.
36 In total, bees contribute approximately $ .......... to global food production.
Questions 3 7-40
Which FOUR factors linked to the decrease in bee numbers are mentioned in the text?
Choose FOUR letters A-G and write them in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.
A climate change
B genetically modified crops
C hive invasion by insects
D lack of genetic biodiversity
E malnutrition
F migratory beekeeping
G pesticides
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2014 2020
0 I�·
local artists'
history
gallery ,f;....,
I�· "'f,,. I
museum � plant beds/
0
bandstand
children's
fountaino administrative fountain playground
buildings
[J ""'"' . . �
I ibrarv--+-----++-
'
I
/
�/
bars and restaurants
I
Describing changes to a map or plan
Task guide
� In Writing Task 1 you may have to describe changes � As with reports describing figures, the aim is to
illustrated on a diagram, map or plan. give an overview of the information presented,
� There will normally be two diagrams showing a past then select the most important information and
and present situation or in the first diagram how a summarise it. Describe the most obvious changes
place looks now while the second diagram shows a that will clearly affect people the most.
number of proposed changes. � It will not be possible to describe everything the
� Occasionally, this task will require you to describe figure shows in 150 words. However, the diagrams
the development of a product design. will be designed to include a realistic amount of
� Look carefully at the dates at the top of the diagram. information and you must ensure you describe the
If changes have already been made, you will need major changes you can see.
to use mainly the present perfect. If changes are � You do not need to give explanations or express an
planned in the future, you will need to use a range of opinion about what the diagram shows.
future forms, including future perfect. � Remember that tasks in the Writing test will be marked
� These task are designed to give you the opportunity according to the criteria described on page 134 -
to show that you can use a range of structures. Vary content, organisation and use of language.
the forms you use to show what you are capable of.
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IELTS
T ESTS
LISTENING MODULE. READING MODULE SPEAKING MODULE
Step-1,y..,step guide--------------.
� Step 1 - Make sure you understand what the B by identifying one main building or feature that
diagrams show will be replaced by another
Use some of the 20 minutes you have looking C by stating which buildings and features will not
carefully at the diagrams and make sure you be affected by the development
understand exactly what they show before you start
2 What would be the best way to order points in the
writing.
description?
Answer the questions.
A to work around the diagram in a clockwise
1 Do you have to describe changes that have been direction from the top left corner describing each
made or changes that will be made? building or feature in turn
2 How could you divide the changes roughly into two B to describe changes to the buildings and then
separate groups? changes to the square itself (or vice versa)
3 Does access to the square change in any way?
If so, how? � Step 4 - Use appropriate language
Choose the correct option in each sentence below
� Step 2 - Identify salient information about the development to the square and buildings.
Answer the questions to help you identify some of 1 By 2020, some significant changes will have been
the more salient information. made/ be made to both the town and ...
1 How does access to the square differ in the second 2 The town hall will remain I remains but all the
diagram? administrative buildings will replace I be replaced by
2 Which two features labelled on the first diagram are new shops.
not affected by the changes? Complete each sentence below.
3 How many of the buildings around the square 3 Presently, it is possible ..............................................................
labelled on the first diagram will be affected?
4 Which feature labelled in the square on the first 4 The plan is to make the square accessible from all
diagram will go? four sides, which will mean ....................................................
5 How many new features in the square itself are
labelled in the second diagram? 5 What is now the history museum ....................................... .
� Step 3 - Organise your description 6 The bandstand will be pulled down. In its place ............
1 How should you start your description?
A by paraphrasing the instructions and showing Now write your answer to Task 1.
that you understand what sort of changes are
There is a sample report on page 212.
planned
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6
LISTENING MODULE READING MODULE SPEAKING MODULE
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Write at least 250 words.
There is a sample answer on page 212.
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� PART 1
Example questions
• Do you like to travel around or stay in one place when you're on holiday?
• What has been your most interesting travel experience?
• Do you prefer to go on a long holiday or a short holiday? Why?
• What do you think people can learn from travelling to different countries?
• What do you think people find interesting about travelling around your country?
� PART 2
Example task
Read the topic card carefully.
You will have one minute to talk about the topic for one to two minutes.
You have one minute to think about what you are going to say.
You can make notes to help you if you want.
� PART 3
Example questions
• How much satisfaction do you think people get from helping others?
• Do you think people who do jobs that involve helping others get paid enough? Why? Why not?
• What personal qualities do people need to do jobs that involve caring for others?
• Do you think that paying a lot of money always means that you get good service?
• Do you think that peoples' attitude to helping others is different now compared with in the past?
• Some people say that there is less consideration for others these days. What do you think?
r78
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� Test 1
Task 1 (page 48)
The chart shows that the number of hours women spend on three primary activities - work, leisure and
sports, and household activities - varies depending on age and level of education. Women between the
ages of 25 and 54 with a higher level of education spend the most hours per week working (27) and they
spend the fewest hours enjoying leisure activities and sports. Not surprisingly, women under 20 and over
64 spend far fewer hours working.
Women spend between 35 hours and 50 hours a week on leisure activities and sports with teenagers
(36 hours) and women over 75 enjoying the most leisure time (50 hours) per week.
As women grow older. they spend more hours engaging in household activities. Young women spend an
average of around 10 hours a week rising to 20 hours per week for women of working age. However, the
number of hours spent on these household activities does not vary significantly depending on
education level.
lhere is stror:9 eVid..e� to StA_g_gest tha.t obesiiy is a. .9ro..uir:9 problem in ma..rty cru.ntries of the world... In fact, it
wru.ld.. a.p�r tha.t the problem sta.rts in childhood.. with ma..rty children becomir:9 fatter beca.LlSe they a.re ea.tir:9
ju.nk food.., in other words diets conta.inir:9 too rruch sa.lt, su._ga.r a.nd.. fat. lhese ea.tir:9 ha.bits contiro..e into
a.d..u.lthood... It is a. very worryir:9 trend.. indeed...
Ma.ny people, inclu.d..ir:9 doctors a.nd.. teachers believe tha.t ju.nk food.. a.d..vertisir:9 shou.ld.. be ba.nned.. beca.u.se they
encou.ra..9e people to ea.t 'ba.d.. 1 food.. su.ch a.s fizzy d..rinks a.nd.. chocola.te ba.rs. "They think tha.t a.d..vertisir:9 to
child..ren is effective a.nd.. influ.e�s who..t they choose to bu.y a.nd.. ea.t. lhey believe tho..t children shou.ld.. be
encou.ra._ged.. to ea.t healthier foods su.ch a.s fru.it a.nd.. v�eta.bles a.nd.. a.r.9u.e tha.t there shou.ld.. be a.d..vertisements
for healthier options on 1V a.nd.. on the internet.
1-t�ver, other people sa.y tha.t ju.nk food.. a.d..vertisir:9 does not contribu.te to the problem of obesity. "They feel
tho..t the problem of obesity is ca.u.sed.. in la.t:ge pa.rt by the fact tho..t people a.re less physica.lly a.dive no..u
compa.red.. with the pa.st. "They think tha.t people of a.II a._ges live a. more sed..enta.ry lifestyle lU'\ere it is ra.re for
them to LU:tlk a.rty d..ista.�. Moreover, they a.Isa believe tha.t ba.nnir:9 a.d..vedisir:9 of ju.nk food.. wou.ld.. simply ma.ke
su.ch foods more d..esira.ble.
In my opinion, the idea. of ba.nnir:9 the a.d..vedisir:9 of ju.nk food.. for children is well-mea.nir:9 bu.t it falls short o�
a.ctu.oJly helpir:9 children a.nd.. pa.rents. �d..u.ca.tr:9 people you.r:9 a.nd.. old.. a.bad hew to bu.ild.. a. bet.la.need.. diet a.nd..
erjjoy a. healthy, a.dive lifestyle is the best LU:ty forLU:trd...
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IELTS
M ODEL WRITINC A.NSWERS
i\14Hiil,',1·1·l'l!i
TEST 2
� Test 2
Task 1 (page 88)
The pie cJ..arts sWJw ft.at clurirq the period- 2()()() a..rd- 2()11, so/Vie EU c.ourifries e;xportecl MOre to
Wia.. ft.a,r, to C,.l,iir,a.. a..r,cl others e:xportecl MOre to C,.l,iir,a.. tha..r, to Ir,clia... lhelj a..fso sWJw tt.a,t trie
e:xporfs of sorv,.e EU c.our,fries to edher Ird-,a.. or CJvr,a.. iw;,reasecl, whlle H1e e:xporfs of others
clec.rea..secl.
The UK e:xportecl MOre to Ir,clia.. over fhis period- wt the clifferef!C.e wa..s fa..r greater ifl 2DDD.
!her,, fhe UK wa..s fhe biggest EU e:xporter to Ird-ia.. wdh a.. 2q 0lo sha..re of the Ma..Y'ket. � 2()11, ft.at
sha..re t.a,cl fa..lfefl to 13°/o. G-errv,.a..� htlcl bec.orv,.e th.e biggest EU e:xporter to Inclia.. wdh a.. 25°/o sha..re.
G-errv,.a..� a..lso e:xporfecl fa..r MOre to C,.l,iir,a.. over fh.e period- with ds share of fh.e e:xporfs to C,h,ir,a..
risirq froM 38 °/o to 48°/o. � 2011, &errv,.a..� wa..s th.e biggest EU e;xporfer to both. 011fltl a..flcl Inclia...
f=or other C.OUflfries, fh.e Ma..Y'ket wa..s sfa..bfe. Ifa..llj e:xporfecl MOre or less H1e sa..Me a..MOUflf to both
c.our,fries ,r, fh.e period- shOwJ1. Belgiurv,., e:xporfecl a..ppro;xirv,.a..fe/ij f,ve f,rv,.es the a..MOur.f to Inclia.. ft.a,J'I
to Cii,r,a.., but ifs sha..re of fhe Ma..Y'ket C.htlf\4ecl ven1 ftfffe.
In many countries boys and girls are educated together in mixed schools from primary through to secondary level. It is no doul:
true that educating children in this way reflects the reality of the world outside the classroom. Co-educational schools give th
two sexes the chance to mix and feel easy in each other's company and that is a good preparation and foundation for
adulthood.
However, many people think that boys and girls can achieve more by being educated separately. They believe that single-sex
schools offer children the opportunity to concentrate on their school work. They claim that in mixed schools, boys and girls
spend too much time trying to attract each other instead of focussing attention on their subjects. As a result they have Iese
opportunity to reach their full academic potential.
However, in my opinion there is just as much distraction in a single-sex school as in a mixed school. Students in single-sex
schools will still wish to impress their peers but in their case it will be members of the same sex. It could also be argued that
the choice of subjects open to students in a single-sex school may be more traditional, limited and restricted compared to
those offered in a mixed environment. For example, it may be more difficult for boys to choose subjects such as dance or
languages in a single-sex school where pressures against them from other boys would be stronger.
In conclusion, I believe that co-educational schools provide both girls and boys with equal opportunities. Both sexes therefore
have chances to develop the academic and social skills they need to live and work alongside each other in adult life.
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NilM@:'1!·1·1�11
TEST3
� Test 3
Task 1 (page 112)
The 1rtA.ph >how> pMt M,d projected fat1Are overwei1ht rtA.te> i" "i"e ColAl\trie>, blAt the
i".forMtA.tio" doe> l\ot >ttA.rt i" the >tA.Me yetA.r tor tA.11 colAl\trie>. The 1rtA.ph >hows thtA.t
overwei1ht rtA.tH htA.ve i"cretA.Sed "'"d tA.re e>q:.ected to co ....ti"IAe i"cretA.>i"1 i" tA.11 the
ColAl\trie> ;how", tho1A1h More rtA.i:,idly ii\ >OMe thtA." ii\ o±he.rs.
The U ....ited �ttA.tH hM the hi1hest perce. ....ttA.1e o.f overwei1ht people, "'"d thtA.t
perce ....ttA.1e i> ri>i"1 More '1"'ick.ly thtA." i" tA.IMoSt tA.11 the other co1A"trie>. E>y 2020,
7r% o.f AMerictA."S tA.re expected to be overwei1ht.
The perce. ....ttA.1e o.f overwei1ht people i" AIA>trtA.litA. htA.S ri>e" eve" More 'l"'ick.ly thtA." i"
the U,..ite.d �ttA.te>, tho1A1h the tA.ctlAtA.I perce ....ttA.1e is lower. There wM tA. drtA.MtA.tic
i"creMe o.f 10% be.twee" the Mid-"i"eties tA."d 2000.
'" f,..11tA.,..d, �ptA.i" "'"d FrtA.,..ce, the.re WM (A Sli1H fall be.twee." 2000 tA."d 2oor. '" lttA.ly,
H,e perce,..ttA.1e re.MtA.i,..ed coMttA.,..t tA.t jiASt IA"der 40% tor the dectA.de. 1,.. etA.d1 o.f those
co1A,..trie> 1 however, the perce ....ttA.1e htA.> i"cretA.;ed over the ltA.>t ;ix or seve" yetA.r> "'"d
is expected to keep i"creMi"1 · £"11"-"d is projected to htA.ve tA.I\ overwei1ht i:,oplAltA.tio"
close to thtA.t ot the U"ited �ttA.tH by 2020.
KoretA. i; the o"ly A;i°"" co1A,..try showl\. The perce."t°"1e o.f ove.rwei1ht i:,eople. is far
lower thtA.I\ ii\ the other ColAdries, b1At it is risi"1 tA.IMoSt M stetA.dily. E>y 2020, .3r%
o.f KoretA.I\S will be overwei1ht.
Watching television is a normal part of everyday life for people of all ages. It enables us to relax and enjoy a variety of
programmes in a comfortable and safe environment. It can also be argued that it brings families and friends together;
providing a source of conversation. In my opinion, these are all good reasons to watch TV.
However; there is no doubt that there is a lot of violence portrayed on TV. Even children's cartoons such as Tom and Jerry
can feature examples of violence. A child can watch Jerry close the lid of a piano on Tom's hands and see him in pain.
However; I think that children can tell the difference between fantasy and reality. In this case they know that Tom will
recover quickly because it is not real. Watching such a scene will have no influence at all on a child's behaviour.
It is understandable that parents worry about the amount of violent scenes that feature in dramas and films. And there
can be no doubt that fights and shooting are often part of an average evening's entertainment. Many people believe that as
a result, society has become more violent and that we have become more used to violence. However; parents can exert
control over the amount of exposure their children have to the violent content and so any negative effects can be reduced.
In conclusion, I think that violence is a reality in our society these days and TV needs to reflect that reality. As Jong as
people discuss the violence that is portrayed on TV with their children and keep an open mind about what they are viewing,
violent behaviour will not result.
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� Test 4
Task 1 (page 133)
lhi.:s -ta.b\e. .s'now.s how ma.n viciim.s we,(e in)lX"ed fa.-ta.ll , .se(ioo.sllj and .sligh"titj a...s a. (e.soH
lj lj
of a..s.sa.oH-.s wiih gon..s and �nlves ove.c a. -ten- ea.( pe.nod in t?crta.in.
lj
1he -ta.b\e. .shows -tha.-t -the -to-ta.I _nllmbe( of inllX"ie.s inc(ea..sed blj �42% ove.c -the pe(iod.
lhe. -to-ta.\ inaea..sed .s-tea.dil!j fcom 199B -to 1000, oor -then fell .sligh111j in -the final ljea.(.
1he nllmbec of .slight inlone.s a.I.so (o.se d(a.ma.iica.ll!j b 40',%. 1he nllmbe( of .senoo.s inllX"ie.s
lj
inc.(ea..sed, rot" blj a. \e..s.s d(a.ma.iic 194o/o. 1he nllmbe( of fa-ta.ti-ties did no-t inc.(ea..se moc.h, ihoogh
-the IB% inc.(ea..se does no-t -tell -the w'nole s-toc , 1he nllmbe( of fa-tali-ties f\oc.-toa.-ted
lj
vi0\e.ni11j wiih a. d(amaiic (i.se be-tween 199B and 2002 and a.n eqoa.ll (ema.�a.b\e. fa.II
lj
be-tween 200? and 200"·
1he ljea.( 2001 -to 2002 .saw -the nllmbe( of dea.ih.s pea.� a.-t 9? - a. figoce significa.ni1
1j
highe( -than a.-t -the beginning and end of -the; pe.(iod. In -the .same ljea.(, -the nllmbe(.s of
.se(ioo..s and .slight in)l)(ies we,(e no highe( -than woold be expec-ted.
Ovecall, -the figl)(es demons-tca.-te -tha.-t noo-fa.-ta.l in)lX"ie.s fcom gon and �nife wme (o.se
.s-tea.dillj, while -the nllmbe( of dea.ihs f\oc.-toa.-ted qorte wildl!j.
G-loba,lisatio;, is sh:ipiiYJ our world,. Ncdio;,s are rVIOViiYJ e,foser a.rd e,foser toget'1er bot"1 ee,o;,orvtie,a,ffy a.rd wlturaffy, a.rd
tlriis is ope;,irq up opportw,ities for rapid, e,o;,fa,e,f betwee;, people arow,d, t/rie world,. 'f<ee,e;,t d,evefopMe11ts i;,
tra;,sporfatio;, a;,c/., i;,forMatio;, ted,;,ology Mea;l t"1at t/rie world, is fast bee,oMiiYj o;,e big village, irna,bited, blj people �
are d,evelopiiYJ i;,e,reasirqfy siMJfar f,festyfes. l;, e,ifies auoss t/rie world,, t/rie sa.Me food, a.rd s"1oppirq e,"1a,i11s are
d,oMi;,a,tirq t/rie "1ig"1 streets, t/rie sa.Me fifMS are s"1owiiYj i;, e,i;,eMas a,;,d, t/rie sa.Me t1/I/Asie, is d,owrdoa,d,ed,. Weed,, IAk.ere
i;, t/rie world, tlriese d.,a,ys is it ;,of possible to htA.tj a e,a,;, of t/rie sa.Me soft d,r;;,k?
lhere is ;,o d,ou};f t"1at globa,fisatio;, "1a,s brOWJM wit"1 it MtliV_1 be;,efits, wit"1 i;,e,rea,siiYJ opportw,ities to travel a.rd t/rie
ability to s/riare i;,forMatio;, to � t)f.)..t a few. It "1as t'1erefore i;,e,rea,sed, t/rie d,oie,es for MafVj people i;, bot"1 work
a;,c/., fife a,s a �le.
tlowever, it is iMforfa,;,t to r� t"1at tlriere are ;,egative aspee,ts too. G-/oba,fisafio;, "1as e11Viro11Me11fal iM(?lie,a,fio;,s
sue,t, as air travel a.rd pressures o;, ee,o-sysfeMS. l;, a,d,d.,itio;,, beuuse phjsie,a,f bord,ers a;,c/., bour,c;la,ries are
d,isappeariiYJ, qfoba,fisatio;, risks d,epriViiYj ;,a,tio;,s of wt,..a,t Makes ea,e,l, o;,e w,ique. F=or ex�fe, foe,a,f wsfoMS a.rd
f�ua,ges are slowly d,isa.ppeariiYJ a.rd sMalf loe,a,f t)f.)..Si;iesses are beiiYJ rep/a,e,ed, blj large t1/I/Aft;;,a,tio;,a,f C,OMfa;,ies.
l;, e,o;,e,fusio;,, I tlriirik t"1at qloba,lisa,tio;, "1a.s tt,e pote;,tiaf to e,rea,fe weaft"1 a;,c/., iMpY'OVe livirq sta,;,cJ.,a,rd,s t)f.)..t it "1as to
be lria,;,c/.,/ed, i;, a, susfai;,a,bfe way. l;, Ml::1 View, t1/I/Afti;,a,tio;,a,I e,oMfa,;,ies "1ave a respo;,sibility to Make sure Hiis "1appe;,s
blj fowssiiYj fess o;, profit a.rd d,oiiYj More to support /oe,a,f t)f.)..si;,esses a.rd C,OMt1/l/;(i1ities.
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� Test 5
Task 1 (page 154)
1\,-,e d..io...9ro..m sha.us tho..t o.. rnecha.niu:ll o..rm functi0n5 in o.. UXl.Y tho..t is vay similo..r to the hu.mo..n o..rm.
1he rnecha.niu:ll o..rm ha.s joints just like o.. hu.mo..n o..rm, ea.ch of u.hch phys o.. simila.r role. To sto..rt Wtth,
the rnecha.niu:ll o..rm is fixed.. to o.. base o..t the shcu.ld..a. 1he base is u.su.oJly sto..tiona.ry, but
occo..siona.lly the o..rm is fixed.. to o.. movable base. A pivot bctwun the shcu.ld..a a.nd.. the base enables
the whole o..rm to rota.te.
1\,-,e shcu.ld..a functi0n5 ju.st like o.. hu.mo..n shcu.ld..a, ra.isi� o..nd.. IOJJcZri� the o..rm. 1he elbcw in the mid..d..le
of the o..rm o..llows further movement o..nd.. .9ives the whole o..ppa.ro..tu.s flexibility. In the sa.me UXl.Y tha.t
the hu.mo..n u.tist o..llows the ha.nd.. to move, the u.tist on the mecha.niu:ll o..rm o..llows the .9rippa, or o..ny
o..ltana.five end..-eff�tor, to both flex o..nd.. rota.te.
£a.ch of the jOints in the rnecha.nica.l o..rm is con�ted.. to o.. sepa.ra.te motor, u.;hch i5 in tu.rn connected..
to o.. compu.ta. 1he compu.ta controls the motors, ensl..lri� paf�t pr�ision.
1he _9rippa ca.n be replo..ced.. with vo..rlou.s end..-eff�tors for specific o..pplica.tons. A rnecha.niCO..I o..rm mo..y
be fitted.. UJiTh o..n end..-eff�tor tho..t spro..ys pa.int, d..rills holes or LUeld..s meta.I, for exo..mple. In-built
pressure sensors control the force tha.t the .9ripper or o..ltana.five end..-eff�tor o..pplies.
Eco-tourism is definitely becoming more popular. More and more people are interested in travelling in a
responsible way in order to help protect both the geographical areas they visit and at the same time
show respect to the local inhabitants who live there. In my opinion, however, it is debatable whether this
can be regarded as a wholly positive development.
There are, however, some good examples of eco-tourism. For example, staying in a homestay instead of a
large hotel means that the costs of your accommodation goes straight back into the community. Most
homestay arrangements include meals so this means that local suppliers will benefit from your stay.
In conclusion, I think that the growth of eco-tourism is a positive trend but we need to make sure the
term is fully understood by the travel companies, the local communities and the tourists themselves.
Eco-tourism should minimise the negative effects of tourism and truly contribute to conservation
efforts. This means co-operating with local people so that they can manage these natural areas.
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&13HIH1�1·mfil
TEST 6
� Test 6
Task 1 (page 175)
1he. di61r4'.M Shows tM.t by 2020, SoMe. si1r..i.fico..r..t cho..r..1e.s will ho..ve bee" M6.de to botli tlie
towr.. S<:ttAO..re itsel.f o..r..d Hie. btAildi"1s tho..t S1Arro1Ar..d it.
J:reser..tly 1 it is �ssible to er..ter the. S'qtAo..re. .froM three. o.f the .fo1Ar streets S1Arro1Ar..di"1
it. lhe. l)IO..r.. is to MO..lc:.e it o..ccessible .froM o..11 .fotAr sides, which will M£o..f\ lc.r..oelc:.i"1 dowr.. the.
old o..dMir..istro..tive. btAildi"1S to creo..te o.. wo..llc.wo..y throlA1h. 1he. towr.. ho..11 will re.Mo..ir.. btAt o..11
tlie o,.d,-..ir..istro..tive. b1Aildi"1s will be re.l)lo..ce.d by r..e.w s�s.
"The bottoM l)O..rt o.f tlie SqtAo..re. will 1Ar..de.r10 vAft cho.."1 e. too. "The. btAildi"1 s ctArre.r..tly the.re. 1
ir..cl1Adi"1 the. libro..ry 1 will M6.lc:.e. wo..y .for o.. r..tAMbe.r o.f r..e.w bo..rs o..r..d re.sto..tAr6.r..ts. Are.Af· o.f
cove.red seo..ti"1 .for these. esto..blish""e."ts will be. �rovide.d ir.. the. scitAo..re. itse.l.f.
At the. tOI) o.f tlie SGJtAo..re. 1 tlie .fish MO..rlc:.e.t will be. re.l)lo..ce.d by o.. r..e.w S1Al)e.rM6.rlc:.e.t 1 °""d
who..t is r..ow the. history MIASe.tAM will be. o.. loco..l o..rtists' 10..lle.ry.
lhe. St:JtAo..re. itse.l.f will we.lcoMe. SoMe r..e.w .feo..ttArM. "The. .fo1A,..to..ir.. will re.Mo..ir.. ir.. its ce.....tro..l
�S'itio" blAt the. bo..r..ds-to.."d will be �!AIied dowr... Ir.. its �lo..ce. will be. two lo..r1e.. �16.r..t beds-. A
childre.r.. 's- �lo..y1ro1A"d will be cot\.S'tr1Acte.d close. to the.. covered seo..ti"1 o..re.Af l)reviotASly
Me.l\tiol\e.d.
More and more of us are recycling. In fact, we can see recycling bins everywhere - on street corners and outside
supermarkets - with different coloured bins for different products from glass bottles to clothing. We also have constant
reminders to separate our newspapers and tin cans by way of advertisements and leaflets reinforcing the message. But it is
debatable whether the environmental benefits of recycling are really worth the cost.
The cost of recycling all our used goods is increasing. These costs include the cost of collecting, sorting and reprocessing all
the materials. Some people say that these costs are justified because recycling helps reduce the amount of waste sent to
landfill sites where rubbish is buried forever. However, it is important to remember that many landfill sites have few negative
environmental impacts and there is no practical limit on the amount of waste that can be stored.
Some people believe we need to focus more on the amount of waste we are producing in the first place. They think that
advertisements promoting recycling should be replaced by those encouraging us as consumers to buy no more than we need.
Supermarkets should stop using promotions that tempt us into buying three cans of soup for the same price as two. They
should also stop giving customers plastic bags free of charge.
In conclusion, I think that we should focus much more attention on the amount of waste we are producing than on the amount
of waste we are recycling. The most important thing is for us to change the way we shop and what we consume in the first
place.
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ee BRITISH
eecoUNCIL 7-id p
IELTS AUSTRALIA
CAMBRIDGE ENGLISH
Language Assessment
Part of the University of Cambridge
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IELTS L-R v1.0 DP787/394
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---- . -------------------------------------------·
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IELTS
ANSWER KEY'
Step 4 (Test Questions 8-10)
8 Answer: C
LISTENING Section 1 Note See answer to Step 3 above. The guest thinks
that he passed the museum earlier but the receptionist
� Questions 1-7 corrects him and at the same time provides the answer
for question 9.
Step 1 9 Answer: A
1 A 2 A 3 A 4 B (zipcode) or D (postcode) Note The guest gives the location of the gallery: 'just
5 A or D 6 A 7 B after we went through that big square you mentioned'
but you must listen carefully as he thinks that was the
Step 2 (Test Questions 1-7) museum. The receptionist clarifies by saying: 'That's
It will be assumed that you know to use capital letters to actually an art gallery'.
begin names of people and places. 10 Answer: G
1 Answer: Martin Note The guest makes clear that you are to start listening
Note The first name is not spelt out as it is a reasonably for the location of the conference centre. You hear
common name. It is mentioned earlier in the conversation the receptionist say: 'Just cross over the road and go
also. straight down ...' so you know that you are to follow
the directions and choose between F, G and H. You
2 Answer: Hartley
are looking at the map upside down and you need to
Note The guest's surname is spelt out because it is not
recognise which way is left and which way is right. The
common. It is also mentioned earlier in the conversation
receptionist says: ' ...you just have to go right ...' and
and the distinction between t and dis made clear.
option G is the only option on the right.
3 Answer: Carlisle Way
Note The first part of the street name is spelt out, and
repeated, because you would not be expected to know
it. The receptionist helps you by asking for the spelling LISTENING Section 2
and the guest points out that the Sis not pronounced. � Questions 11-14
The second part of the street name is not spelt out as
you should know it.
Step 1
4 Answer: LW4 6RU
Note The post code is given clearly. In some recordings Allotment will almost certainly be an unfamiliar word, but it
there may be a distracter for example someone gets a letter comes directly before gardening so you can deduce that it
or number wrong and the speaker corrects him or her. might be a type of gardening. The word is explained at the
start of the recording.
5 Answer: hartleynitram
Note Email addresses are long so you are only required Reading the notes will help you to understand that:
to write part of the address. You must make sure you • allotment gardens are bigger than conventional gardens
write only the characters that are missing from the notes. and people can grow more.
The name is repeated and explained, and you are told • allotments provide social interaction and exercise.
that it is all one word. Email addresses are usually written • people must pay to have an allotment.
in lower case, but the speaker clarifies that to make sure • allotments have an environmental benefit.
you do not use capital letters.
6 Answer: passport All answers here will be nouns. Many gaps in a note
Note The term ID type is not actually heard but you can completion task will require nouns but other parts of speech
understand that the receptionist wants the passport for this are possible.
purpose. Earlier in the conversation, the receptionist says
Step 2 (Test Questions 11-14)
that she will need a passport number as a form of ID.
7 Answer: 16 11 Answer: social backgrounds
Note Short numbers like this will not usually be Note See guidance given in Step 3
repeated. It is common to check that you can distinguish 12 Answer: gym
between numbers that sound very similar - 13 and 30, Note See guidance given in Step 3
14 and 40 and so on. The fact that the room is on the first 13 Answer: green space
floor might help you decide that it is 16 rather than 60 if Note The notes are worded more simply and concisely
you are in doubt. than you hear on the recording. Active language becomes
passive in the notes. 'Urban areas' paraphrases 'clogged
� Questions 8-10
up towns and cities' and 'wildlife' paraphrases 'wild
plants, birds, insects and occasionally bigger animals.'
Step 3
14 Answer: pollution
C is correct because it is just before the museum if you Note The underlined part of the audio script below leads
come from the airport. D is just after the museum if you you towards the answer which is provided at the end of
come from this direction. the sentence. 'What's more, locally grown food doesn't
have to be transported long distances, and that helps to
reduce road traffic and hence pollution.'
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Option C
LISTENING Section 4
1 'The amount of pain the body releases during a single
� Questions 31-35 burst of laughter is immeasurable ... '
2 yes
Step 1 3 immeasurable
4 no
Laughter is the noun from the verb laugh. Therapy will
probably be an unfamiliar word but psychological coming The correct option is B.
directly before it should help. Reading the summary will
Step 3
help you understand that therapy means something similar
to treatment and that laughter is not usually associated with Question 37
psychological therapy. 1 'during our early years'
2 that it is something to avoid
Step 3 (Test Questions 31-35)
3 People have more respect for other people who do not
31 Answer: serious express strong emotions.
Note See guidance given in Step 2. 4 No - it means the opposite.
32 Answer: humour 5 'prolongs'
Note The lecturer asks,' ... how is it that laughter can 6 something else - it is NOT losing self-control that can
be such a vital part of the therapy process?' and then make negative feelings last longer.
provides the answer: 'It's normally identified with The correct option is A.
humour ...' The phrase 'identified with' paraphrases
'related to' in the summary. Step 4 (Test Questions 36-40)
33 Answer: healing process 36 Answer: B
Note The answer is given: 'Perhaps this is why so Note See guidance given in Step 2.
many people in the medical world feel that laughter's 37 Answer: A
frequently misunderstood and undervalued as a cathartic Note See guidance given in Step 3.
healing process.' Active language rephrased as passive 38 Answer: C
language and vice versa is very common in the listening Note The lecturer suggests A when she says that
test. 'emotions are stored in the body rather than the mind'.
34 Answer: response She also suggest option B when she says that: 'Laughter
Note The answer is given: ' ... process that releases is probably the least threatening cathartic process'.
emotional pain, it follows that stress, anxiety and tension The correct answer is C because she says that laughing
may prompt the same response.' 'Be triggered' in the is 'a stepping stone to other forms of emotional release'
summary paraphrases 'prompt' in the lecture. 'Negative NOT that laughing replaces them.
feelings' in the summary condenses 'stress, anxiety and
39 Answer: B
tension' in the lecture. Note The answer is given: 'Traditionally, mental health
35 Answer: be shocked practitioners have viewed laughter as a way of hiding
Note See guidance given in Step 2. painful emotion. In contrast, cathartic psychotherapy
understands that laughter releases emotion.' The view
� Questions 36-40
described in the sentence challenges the view described
in the first. A is incorrect- the lecturer doesn't say that
Step 1 the medical professions should encourage patients to
Question 36 understand the seriousness of their conditions. Option C
is incorrect- the lecturer's overall message is that doctors
The lecturer mentions the options in this order. should encourage patients to laugh.
1 B 2C 3A
40 Answer: C
Step 2 Note The lecturer emphasises that laughter can change
the way people see things; not their circumstances. The
Question 36 key line is: 'It enables them to take a different view, a
Option A view from which terrible misfortune can seem so much
1 '... the body will keep discharging pain cathartically until more bearable.' Later the line 'Life's most tragic events
there's no longer a need.' often have an essence of absurdity, and this can be
2 yes 3 something will go on for however long is the trigger point for laughter' reinforces the point. Be
necessary careful that you don't choose B as your answer because
you hear control- the lecturer talk about what people
Option B cannot control; not what they can.
1 'It's specific to the release of anger, fear and boredom.'
2 yes
3 yes
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11 Answer: C Step 3
Note In Peru, viewers attended a fictional wedding and
bought presents for a fictional couple. Question 19
12 Answer: B diagonal bracing
Note The text states that there are various benefits of
Question 20
people watching soaps in several countries. The text
does not imply that soap operas will have a growing or rope lashing
ever more dramatic influence on people's lives - A is
Test Questions 21-23
not the correct option. The text does not criticise any of
the storylines or suggest that storylines should be more 21 Answer: floor
responsible - C is not the correct answer. It may be true Note This will be the easiest of the five labels. You
that family size will continue to fall in those countries, might be able to label the diagram simply from the line:
but the text does not actually state or even suggest 'Once the platform is secure, you need to add the floor'.
that - Dis not the correct option. The additional information about plywood sheets and
floorboards helps.
22 Answer: roofing felt
READING passage 2 Note You will probably know the word 'roof' but it is not
a suitable answer. The passage says that 'the roof should
• Questions 13-18 be covered and protected with roofing felt'.
23 Answer: Perspex or Plexiglas
Step 1 Note The diagram shows a window. The label stipulates
materials (plural) so you must write both materials as
14 Planning approval 15 no actual words
your answer. Perspex or Plexiglas are names of products
16 children 17 prune 18 small decks
and, strictly speaking, should be capitalised, though you
Step 3 would probably not be penalised for using lower case
letters.
Question 13
• Questions 24-2 7
Yes - it is necessary to use all three words
Answer: local planning authorities Question 24
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them up. A is not the correct answer. The text says that 33 Answer: C
outside decks can be separate and on different levels but Note The final part of the section says that dogs can
not that they should be. D is not a correct answer. No p'
robably guess human intentions because they have
part of the text says that convention is preferable - the spent so much time with humans over many years. It is
section about outside decks suggests that using your an inherited ability. It draws the conclusion that dogs 'are
imagination is preferable. G is not a correct answer. More unlikely to make ideal test subjects' since an inherited
sophisticated stairs can be designed to wind around ability should not be seen as a measure of intelligence.
a trunk. H is not a correct answer. The text says that a 34 Answer: B
construction should not be too big but there is nothing Note The section describes 'a human startled by a
about size relating to any of the sentence stems. strange shape' and the reaction ·to that. It goes on to
mention 'fear', 'danger' and 'a menacing figure'.
35 Answer: F
READING Passage 3 Note The section is an account of how one pig could
'guess what the other was thinking and outsmart it'.
� Questions 28-35
� Questions 36-40
Question 28
Question 36
Step 1
Step 1
1 A 2C
1 lions/ the first paragraph
Step 2 2 devoured
Answer: C
Step 2
Question 29
a wildebeest
Step 1 Question 37
1 C 2 B
Step 1
Step 2 the 2nd paragraph
1 sheep 2 other sheep and human faces
Step 2
Answer: E
1 football hooligans
Test Questions 28-35 2 yes
28 Answer: C 3 yes - he says that 'if football hooligans can feel those
Note The section poses several questions. The questions emotions, then so too do deer, foxes and dogs'. He
all ask how intelligent animals might be and how aware is suggesting that football hooligans are no more
they are of themselves and other animals. intelligent that other creatures.
29 Answer: E Test Questions 36-40
Note The section introduces sheep and more distant
mammal relatives, implying that they are not expected 36 Answer: a wildebeest
to be as intelligent as apes. It states that the scientist Note See Step 1 and 2 above.
astonished the world, once more implying that a sheep is 37 Answer: football hooligans
not known for its intelligence. The sheep's achievement Note See Step 1 and 2 above.
was to recognise and tell the difference, which means that 38 Answer: flight or fight
it has a good memory. Note You know the answer is in section B. You know that
30 Answer: D that section is a description of a frightening experience
Note The section states that chimpanzees deal with food and a person's reaction to it. The second part of the
in different ways, can place numerals in order, relate to section explains what the flight or fight reaction is.
one in a sophisticated way and understand that certain 39 Answer: chimpanzees and monkeys
leaves have a medicinal value. Note You have already read the passage to complete
31 Answer: A the first task and will remember whic� section describes
Note The introductory section mentions a number animals completing numerical tasks. A chimpanzee (the
of different living creatures, including humans, and plural form appears later in the section) placed Arabic
compares how they experience various emotions. numerals in ascending order, and monkeys distinguished
groups of numbered objects. Primates and chimpanzees
32 Answer: G
or primates and monkeys are not correct answers as
Note The section introduces the crow as not a mammal
both chimpanzees and monkeys are primates.
at all and later states that birds are the cousins of
dinosaurs, suggesting that a crow is a simple creature. 40 Answer: a hook
The section describes in detail the elaborate process Note Betty 'repeatedly picks up a straight piece of wire,
(clever trick) of using a hook to lift food. bends it into a hook and . .'. Using an article with 'hook' to
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answer the question is logical and natural here, though Use of language
you will probably not be penalised for writing only 'hook' Linking devices help the language to flow and facilitate
as your answer. following the message.
Complex grammatical structures for comparison are
required. It is important that expression is varied and that
exactly the same simple structures are not repeated. Passive
WRITING Task 1
structures are combined naturally with active structures.
There is a sample answer on page 207. Vocabulary usage here is also related to comparison. Note
that this description does not require the use of verbs
Step 1 in the way a report of a line graph or bar chart that shows
1 three 2 the top part/the bottom part 3 eight 4 four change over time would do.
Step 2
WRITING Task 2
C
There is a sample answer on page 207.
Step 3
1 women with less than a high school diploma level
2 increase
3 when they are older - over 65 and especially over 75
4 no LISTENING Section 1
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25 Answer: E
LISTENING Section 2 Note United States is given in the task but you hear
• Questions 11-20 'America'.
26 Answer: D
11 Answer: A, C
Note You hear:'Over a third- 37% to be exact - comes
Note A is a correct answer because 'takes place every year'
from Russia'.
paraphrases'annual'. C is a correct answer because 'there is
absolutely no charge' paraphrases 'is a free event'. � Questions 27-30
12 Answer: A, C
27 Answer: B
Note· A is a correct answer because you hear:' Yes, it's
Doors Open day here in Edinburgh ...' Option C is a 28 Answer: C
correct answer because you hear: 'The observatory Note You hear: 'ft fell into the fndian Ocean and the
has been involved in this event for more than 20 � of Western Australia'. D is also incorrect because
it refers to 'Eastern Australia'.
� ... '
13 Answer: C, D 29 Answer: G
Note C and D are correct because you hear that the Note You hear:' ... that particular space junk weighed
shows 'will run four times both today and tomorrow 100 tonnes!'
Sunday'. 30 Answer: H
Note You hear: 'It plunged straight into the South
1
14 Answer: A, C
Note A is a correct answer because you hear 'we are �- Notice 'fell into' in the table paraphrases
operating a booking system for these shows'. This 'plunged' in the recording.
means they have to be booked in advance. C is a correct
answer:' ... will be available on a first-come first served
basis here - at the information point'. LISTENING Section 4
15 Answer: roof
Note Grammatically the key word to fit the space is a .� Questions 31-35
noun. You hear:'Visitors will even have the opportunity Step 1 (Test Question 31 )
to get onto the roof'.
16 Answer: shoes The missing information is an adjective, to qualify 'zone'.
Note Grammatically the key word to fit the space is
Step 2
a noun. You hear:'I hope that those of you who are
interested are wearing your most comfortable� .. .' 1 dead
17 Answer: library 2 the article 'the' is already provided in the table.
Note Grammatically the key word to fit the space 31 · Answer: dead
. is a noun. You hear:'The Crawford collection is an Note The phrase 'sometimes called' in the table
astronomical li.bra.!y'. paraphrases 'often referred to' in the recording.
18 Answer: visitor centre 32 Answer: stock
Note You hear:'Now we have a craft workshop for Note The phrase 'free of' in the table paraphrases 'clear
children here in the visitor centre'. of' in the recording. You hear:'Yes, it's pretty much clear
19 Answer: telescope of stock altogether!'
Note You hear ' ... they can make their very own model 33 Answer: adjust
of a telescope'. The key must be a singular noun form as Note The missing information is a verb form. You hear:
the word 'a' appears before the gap. 'This is where they adjust. For example, the place where
20 Answer: planet they might put their keys in their pockets ...'
Note Grammatically the key word to fit the space is a 34 Answer: dwell
noun. You hear:'Now, we have a craft workshop for Note You hear: 'So, near the front door, you might
children here in the visitor centre where they can make also find what we call the� zone'. The key word is
their very own model of a telescope and colour their very repeated in the next sentence.
own � ! ' 35 Answer: offers
Note You hear:' ... this is the area of the supermarket
where the strongest� are displayed'.
LISTENING Section 3
� Questions 36-40
� Questions 21-23
36 Answer: D
Answer: D, E, F
37 Answer: A
• Questions 24-26 Note You hear: 'Yes, fruit and vegetables are always at
the front because they give the supermarket a healthy
24 Answer: A
image'. B is not a correct answer as although reference
Note You hear: '29% is from America and then 28% is
is made to bread and milk they are not located at the
from China'.
front of the supermarket.
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� Questions 4-10
The starting point is made clear: 'let's start at the Balfour
Road entrance, since that's where most of you come and go
4 Answer: Dusters from.'
Note The name of the cleaning company is not spelt for 15 Answer: C
you but it is repeated and Jill says 'as in people who Note The speaker explains what the two new classrooms
dust'. Dust is a verb you should know. Dusters is spelt will be used for: 'this one on the left of the two rooms
as it is pronounced. So even if you don't know the word, will be the new Year 6 classroom'. Further clarification
you can guess the spelling. about the location is then given: 'there's no direct
5 Answer: Abby entrance from the playground'.
Note The name is fairly easy but is spelt for you. 16 Answer: G
6 Answer: 650918 Note You know where the new entrance area now is and
Note The number is repeated but is said quickly both the speaker says that there will be an additional entrance
times. 0 is pronounced oh but could also be said as zero. to the hall from that area. She clarifies by saying:
1 in this number could be difficult to catch as it merges 'children will be able to get to the hall from two different
with the O that follows. directions - from inside the main building and from the
7 Answer: ironing new entrance area.'
Note The answer clearly completes a list of three 17 Answer: I
services, two of which are given. Garden care Note You hear the speaker say that the second
paraphrases 'look after your garden' in the recording. classroom's 'principal use will be for the pre-school
Ironing is a tricky word to spell - the r is silent but is a and after school clubs' which means the same as an
word that you should know. Extra school facility.
8 Answer: 9.50 18 Answer: E
Note The answer is repeated. You should know that Note The speaker moves on to the issue of the nursery
speakers don't usually say pounds when the figure school and then talks about the whole area on the other
includes both pounds and pence: it's nine pounds but it's side of the main school building. The only option here is
nine fifty. the nursery.
9 Answer: 45 19 Answer: D
Note The answer is not repeated. Note See note for answer 20 below.
10 Answer: organic products 20 Answer: B
Note You hear: 'They can use organic products if you Note The speaker introduces the part of her talk that will
want them to' which means they are available. deal with the remaining items by saying 'down here on
the other side. of the top playground'. You need to listen
to the information relating to both the bicycle bay and
children's toilets to distinguish between them, though
LISTENING Section 2 it is unlikely that a bicycle bay will have an interior
� Questions 11-14 entrance. She says the staff toilets are not marked on the
plan so F is not a correct answer.
11 Answer: the playground
Note You hear 'a few of you are worried that there'll be The remaining A is not a correct answer. The speaker states
hardly any playground left.' This sets the context of the clearly that there will not be a snack bar.
talk. You need to add the article 'the' as it is not included
in the sentence.
12 Answer: feedback LISTENING Section 3
Note The speaker says 'The school governors and the � Questions 21-25
developers want to hear your feedback ... ' and then later
'Your feedback's very important.' It is useful to know the 21 Answer: C
collocation give feedback. Note Matt says that he hadn't considered taking a gap
13 Answer: update
year before reading the article and when Tara says that
Note The information is reordered in the question
he is planning to put off going to university, he corrects
sentence and each week paraphrases weekly. The word her. It is clearly not a firm plan yet (A is not correct).
An is given before the space which means that the
He says 'I hadn't really considered it as an option, but
answer must begin with a vowel. This should help you reading this has got me thinking.' So he certainly does
choose the word you need. not think it would be waste of time (B is not correct).
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one step further.' This means do something more than 9 Answer: True
would normally be expected. He then explains that a Note The 7th paragraph tells us 'Elgar is considered by
predator that eats some frogs will 'keel over (fall to the some to be the most 'English' of all composers.' It then
ground) and drop dead.' says that his music is 'frequently the background to
important national pageants.' You don't need to be told
explicitly that Elgar was from England.
READING Passage 1 10 Answer: Not Given
Note The 8th paragraph says 'the older generation
� Questions 1--6 struggle with modern music' and that for them it is
1 Answer: C 'difficult to listen to.' However, we do not know that
Note 'Mechanical vibrations' occurs in the first necessarily means popular music rather than modern
paragraph. The paragraph asks how 'mechanical vibra classical music. The text does not actually tell us what
tions,' or sound in other words, can have such, 'a moving older people listen to. Even if you believe the statement
effect.' to be true yourself, you should not choose True as your
answer.
2 Answer: G
Note Philip Ball told the writer that 'listening to much 11 Answer: True
current pop music was as demanding as listening Note The 8th paragraph mentions the particular
to Bach or Beethoven.' Challenging in the question note - 'the augmented fourth' and then tells us that it is
paraphrases demanding in the text. popularly used in heavy meat because it is known to be
unsettling.
3 Answer: A
Note The 3rd paragraph tells us about pattern detection. 12 Answer: False
The phrase in the question 'simplify complex musical Note The writer tells us that he expected Philip Ball to
combinations' summarises what the rest of that stress the benefits of children listening to classical music.
paragraph explains. The 4th paragraph tells us 'We come In fact, Ball says quite the opposite - that listening to rock
equipped with all sorts of rules' ... i.e. it is innate. music is more beneficial.
4 Answer: F 13 Answer: Not Given
Note The 5th paragraph explains the roles played Note The final paragraph says that very few people are
by various parts of the brain. It states that we use not at all musical. The reference to karaoke is humorous
'hippocampus to recover musical memories.' Note here - the writer suggests that when he participates in
that the role of the temporal lobe is also explained but karaoke he feels that he is totally unmusical. The text
that none of the sentence beginnings applies to its role does not say anything about the type of people who
so D is not a correct answer to any of the questions. enjoy karaoke. It is important here that you don't select
False as your answer because you believe yourself that
5 Answer: I
people who enjoy karaoke are musical - the text does not
Note The 5th paragraph tells us 'the brain gives out
provide the information.
the same signal of confusion when it encounters
sentences that do not make sense as it does when the
syntax of music sounds wrong and when chords do not
complement one another.' The whole of the second part READING Passage 2
of the sentence is summarised in the phrase 'listening to
discordant music.' � Questions 14-21
6 Answer: E 14 Answer: D
Note The final line of the 5th paragraph says 'there Note The relevant section describes the day of a
is something special about a pitch that is double the rag-picker. Phrases 'He or she will begin work as early as
frequency of another; the interval better known as an 4am' and 'By late afternoon' ... help to locate the section
octave.' quickly.
15 Answer: E
B and H do not relate to any information given in the
Note The relevant section lists examples of exploitation
passage.
and cruelty: 'the police regularly beat them or burn
� Questions 7-13 their bags/ municipal workers charge rag-pickers to be
allowed to forage in a bin/ municipal worker makes them
7 Answer: False do additional work/ the police to pick up rag-pickers and
Note Steven Pinker says the opposite - that 'sounds force them to clean the police station.'
accidentally generate pleasure.' His use of the term
auditory cheesecake emphasises that he does not 16 Answer: G
think the ability to enjoy sounds was an important Note The relevant section states: 'The state's attitude ... is
development. The final line of the 6th paragraph 'The schizophrenic. On the one hand, ... the sector is praised
ability to hear them in the first place evolved to respond and rag-pickers complemented. ... On the other hand, the
to other kinds of stimuli' reinforces the point. sector is ignored by planners and policy
makers'.
8 Answer: False
Note The 7th paragraph introduces the notion of the 17 Answer: B
'national character' of music and then explains how Note The relevant section describes 'a table-top pyramid'
English and French compositions are actually very different. and explains the role of each person within it.
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LISTENING Section 2
WRITING Task 2 � Questions 11-20
11 Answer: foam rubber
There is a sample answer on page 209. Note You hear: 'Now the one I'm holding in my hand is
1 made of foam rubber'.
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Answer key
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paragraph that explains why old and young people 26 Answer: Yes
(students at university) are not relevant to the issue. Note The writer suggests that 'divorce laws so scar those
15 Answer: i who endure them' and that 'we've produced a generation
Note The paragraph explains that the number of people with the motto "once bitten, twice shy"' - meaning that
living alone in the 45-64 age group is increasing. once you have been bitten, you are less likely to go and
try something again.
16 Answer: ix
Note The paragraph mentions outcomes and then
lists poor health, depression and other detrimental life
choices as consequences of loneliness. READING passage 3
17 Answer: iv
� Questions 27-29
Note In paragraph E, the writer claims that the
Government is insidious and explains why couples are 27 Answer: Charles Darwin
punished and penalised, especially couples who are poor. Note The first paragraph tells us about Darwin as an
18 Answer: vii introduction. He is also mentioned later in the passage.
Note The paragraph explains why the better-off are also A key line is 'Language, he speculated, might have had
affected by Government policy. its origins in singing.' Simply Darwin would probably be
accepted as a correct answer.
19 Answer: ii
Note The final paragraph states that marriage needs a 28 Answer: information
phrase (motto) similar to one used in another area of Note The 2nd paragraph tells us about the elaborate
political life - criminal justice policy - that people will sounds that birds make and then about 'the more
hear and take notice of. utilitarian, information bearing types of expression
The writer compares the issue of supporting marriage seen in a diversity of other animals.'
with the issue of house-building. No paragraph focuses 29 Answer: adventitious
on the issue of house-building - v is not a correct answer. Note The answer is a word that many native speakers
The passage focuses mainly on the disadvantages of would be unfamiliar with (though you may know the noun
solitude and gives just one example of a man who enjoys advent). You must work out what the word means from
living alone - viii is not a correct answer. The writer the surrounding language and clues you are given.
probably does support couples who make every effort to
stay together but no part of the passage focuses on this - � Questions 30-35
x is not a correct answer. 30 Answer: H
� Questions 20-26 Note The passage describes birdsong as elaborate and
other animal communication utilitarian. Various parts of
20 Answer: No the passage equate birdsong with human language. The
Note Although the writer understands why Colm T6ibin 6th paragraph describes the complex nature of the songs
enjoys his solitary lifestyle, he states clearly that most that two specific birds are able to use.
other people would not. The second part of the first para
31 Answer: D
graph describes his lifestyle as a terrifying image and not
Note The 3rd paragraph tells us the waggle of bees is
a metaphor for a life most of us would seek to inhabit.
'more like the lexical layer' (of human language). The 7th
21 Answer: Yes paragraph tells us that bees 'communicate visually, using
Note The writer clearly focuses on the less positive side precise waggles to indicate sources of foods to their
of his two friends' lives. peers.'
22 Answer: Yes 32 Answer: G
Note The key sentence that provides the answer is 'Most Note The passage overall explains that human language
people of my generation had such a stage in their lives combines aspects of birdsong (emotional) and the
- between university, and settling down - but we didn't language used by other creatures (practical).
want it to last forever.'
33 Answer: B
23 Answer: Yes Note The 3rd paragraph tells us that 'an 'expression'
Note The writer says that older women live alone due layer, which involves the changeable organisation of
to 'the uneven impact of medical advances and lifestyle sentences.'
changes on the longevity of each of the genders' - The 5th paragraph goes into more depth and says
meaning that they have outlived their husbands. that 'This rearranging of elements takes place in
24 Answer: Not Given the expression layer.'
Note The writer describes divorced men 'poking 34 Answer: E
about their fridges for a pre-packed meal for one'. Note The 5th paragraph tells us 'the lexical layer remains
This suggests divorced men eat a lot of convenience the same, since it involves the same core elements'
food but does not say that they don't enjoy cooking. (relatively few components). An example of those core
25 Answer: No elements are then given.
Note At the end of paragraph E, the writer suggests that 35 Answer: F
he understands why some people deceive the benefits Note The 6th paragraph tells us that 'The Bengalese finch
system by claiming not to live together. He says that (a bird) ... can loop back to parts of previous melodies'
these couples 'shouldn't be demonised for rationally and that the 'nightingale (another bird) may be able
navigating the snares of the benefits system'. to recite from 100 to 200 different melodies.' The 7th
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3 There are, however, some good examples of eco-tourism. work or college after their walk ...' 8 is mentioned but
For example, staying in a homestay instead of a large refers to the starting time of lectures so is incorrect.
hotel means that the costs of your accommodation Crefers to the days people mall walk, not what most
goes straight back into the community. The homestay walkers do, so is incorrect.
arrangements often include the meals so this means that 5 Answer: B
local suppliers will benefit from your stay. Note You hear:' ... just over there at the food court' and
repeated. A and Care mentioned but they do not refer to
Notes
the meeting place.
Content points
The answer should address all the points mentioned in 6 Answer: B
the task. It should discuss the increasing popularity of Note You hear: 'Normally about 10 to15 people show up
eco-tourism as well as both the positive and negative for each walk'. The phrase 'show up' matches the words
aspects of this kind of travel and provides examples of each 'participate in' in the question. Cis mentioned but does
point. The conclusion should answers the question asked. not refer to the number of participants.
7 Answer: B
Organisation
Note You hear: 'You can expect to walk for one hour but
The answer flows well with a clear progression of ideas.
some groups do less.' A and Care mentioned but do not
Each aspect of the task is dealt with in a logical order. Ideas
refer to the length of time in general.
and views follow each other logically and are linked well.
Each of the positive and negative aspects of eco-tourism 8 Answer: Karchevskaya
mentioned includes supporting examples. The answer is also Note It is important to listen carefully to the spelling
appropriately divided into paragraphs. given in the recording. The key is given as follows: 'Yes,
K-A-R-C- H- E-V-S -
K-A-Y-A'. Sometimes the speaker will
Use of language repeat the spelling but this does not always happen.
linking: Phrases such as 'However' and 'In conclusion' are 9 Answer: Apartment 12
used to introduce parts of an argument. 'On the whole' is Note The information given in the notes indicates
used to introduce a general conclusion. 'Even if' is used for that you need to listen for a number. You hear:
linking contrasting facts and ideas. The phrase 'at the same 'Apartment 12, 2 Burlington Street'.
time' is used to indicate an additional point is going to be
made. 10 Answer: 0757 6345003
Grammatical structures: Noun phrases such as 'staying in a Note The notes require you to listen for a telephone
homestay' are used. Reflexives are also used appropriately number. The key is given in the following part of the
'the tourists themselves'. Modal verbs are used throughout recording and then repeated. 'I'll just read that back -
to express possibility and likelihood, e.g. 'may in fact cause 0757 6345003'.
problems to an area's wildlife'.
Vocabulary: Some good adjective/noun collocations are
used which are relevant to the topic - these include 'good LISTENING Section 2
view', 'responsible way' and 'positive development'. There
are also some good examples of verb/noun collocations - • Questions 11-20
these include 'conserve resources', 'limit waste' and 'cause 11 Answer: Prime Minister/cabinet
problems'. Note You need to listen for the name of a person or
people. The key is given in the following part of the
recording 'This is where ... the Prime Minister and
the cabinet meet'. Because there are only two words
allowed, omit the article 'the'.
LISTENING Section 1 12 Answer: Scottish
Note You need to listen for a nationality. Remember to
• Questions 1-10 use a capital letter when writing your answer. The key
1 Answer: traffic is given in the following part of the recording: 'It may
It is important to read the notes you are required to come as a surprise for you to learn that the architect
complete carefully. The recording mentions the first two wasn't a New Zealander. No ! In fact, it was designed by
advantages so you have to listen for the others. You hear: a Scottish architect - Sir Basil Spence'. Two nationalities
'We won't have to worry about the traffic'. are given in the recording so you have to listen carefully
in order to write the correct one.
2 Answer: rest rooms
Note The phrase 'you're always close to rest rooms ... 13 Answer: 1969
and water ...' in the recording matches the phrase 'easy Note You need to write a date and the key is given in the
access to' in the notes. following part of the recording, 'Construction began on
building the underground car park ... at the end of the
3 Answer: C nineteen sixties - in 1969'. Another date is mentioned
Note You hear: 'on the notice board on the first floor'. A earlier - 1964 - but this would be an incorrect answer
and B are mentioned by the information assistant and as it refers to a visit the architect made to New Zealand
not by Anya so both of these are incorrect. years before construction started.
4 Answer: A
Note The speakers discuss the time that the walks start.
You hear: 'Actually, most members go straight on to
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� Questions 22-26 'In Southern Sichuan in China, where honey bees have
been wiped out, pear trees have to be pollinated by hand -
22 Answer: A an extremely labour intensive business'.
Note The answer is given in paragraph D which focuses
on the memory tasks. 'One involved a memory task, 31 Answer: E
recalling 36 words within a two-minute period. People Note This paragraph focuses on how chemicals such
did better when the background colour on the computer as pesticides can affect bees. 'The pesticides attack the
screen was red. nervous system and disorientate them, interfering with
the bees' vital communication'.
23 Answer: B
Note The answer is given in paragraphs A and D. ' ...blue 32 Answer: F
did result in a significantly higher score in terms of the Note This paragraph makes reference to several names
creative content of an idea'. ' .. whereas blue stimulated the that refer to the decrease in bee numbers. 'These losses
imagination and inspired more of a risk-taking attitude'. have been given many different names: disappearing
disease, spring dwindle, May disease or autumn collapse'.
24 Answer: A
Note The answer is given in paragraph C. 'Thanks to stop 33 Answer: B
signs, emergency vehicles and teacher's red pens, we Note This paragraph mentions some unusual features
associate red with danger, mistakes and caution.' of Colony Collapse Disorder and goes on to explore why
they are unusual. 'The vanished bees - strangely never
25 Answer: B found - are thought to die singly far from home. The
Note The answer is given in paragraph A. 'blue phenomenon is odd for a number of reasons'. The word
stimulated the imagination and inspired more of a 'puzzling' used in the question is described as 'strange'
risk-taking attitude'. and 'odd' in the text.
26 Answer: A 34 Answer: mobile phones
Note The answer is given in paragraph A. 'a series of Note Paragraph D makes reference to a possible
psychological tests found that red stimulated a person's correlation between the movement of bees and mobile
attentiveness'. The word 'attentive' corresponds to phones. 'More fancifully, some even blame mobile phones,
'ability to concentrate' as referred to in the question. which are said to interfere with bees' navigation systems'.
35 Answer: clover
READING passage 3 Note The answer is given in Paragraph G.
36 Answer: 60 billion
� Questions 27-40 Note The answer is given in Paragraph G. 'A study
by Cornell University found that bees helped produce
27 Answer: C
around $60bn of food around the world - $15bn in the US
Note This paragraph focuses on the ways in which
alone.' Note that the figure $15 billion is also mentioned
bees help ensure the survival of less common plant
but this refers to US only and so would not be correct.
species. 'In a spiral of decline, as bee numbers drop, the
remaining islands of wild flowers may not be pollinated 37-40 Answers: A, D, F, G
and some could simply die out. Especially at risk are rare Note Reference to climate change (A) is made in
varieties and the insect and animal species that depend Paragraph D, 'Another (possible explanation for the
on them'. The word 'rare' used in the text is referred to decline in bee numbers) sees the cause in the disruptive
as 'less common' in the question. effects of climate change'. Reference to the lack of
genetic biodiversity (D) is given in Paragraph D. 'The
28 Answer: D
impact of all such factors (except the last) is exacerbated
Note A number of possible reasons for the decline in bee
by the shrinking size of the gene pool ... ' The way in
numbers are given in this paragraph and one of these
which bees are moved from place to place (migratory
theories is described as 'unlikely' to be an explanation.
beekeeping -F) is described in Paragraph D, 'In America,
'More fancifully, some even blame mobile phones, which
bees are hauled around the country to pollinate crops'.
are said to interfere with bees' navigation systems'.
Further reference to the movement of bees from place to
The phrase 'more fancifully' in the text is referred to as
place is also given in Paragraph G.
'unlikely' in the question.
29 Answer: B
Note The definition of the mysterious killer condition
WRITING Task 1
affecting bees refers to CCD and-is given in paragraph
B. 'The malady occurs when most of the bees suddenly There is a sample answer on page 212.
disappear from the hive leaving it with only queens, eggs
or pupae ('the brood') and a few immature workers still Step 1
remaining. The vanished bees - strangely never found - 1 changes that will be made
are thought to die singly far from home'. The sentence 2 changes within the square itself and changes to the
refers to what the condition is and what happens. The buildings around the square
word 'mysterious' used in the question is referred to as 3 Yes - there will be access from all four sides
'strangely' in the text. Reference to CCD is also made in
Paragraph A but a definition is not given in that paragraph. Step 2
30 Answer: G 1 There will be access from all four sides/ There will a
Note This paragraph provides an example of an
new walkway
alternative way of pollinating crops - pollination by hand.
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as you can see. Allotments do need a water source though and there influential people regularly come in lo oking for talent. Your work is
are stone sinks outside the sheds. A hosepipe can be attached to the showcased in a way that just won't happen if you're working in isolation.
tap for easy watering. Some of the plots have a pond, though they're Mark: Yes, yes - I do see all that. I'm just not convinced. I sometimes
not always popular as they tend to attract insects. And this plot has a question the value of a creative course full stop. I mean, I often feel almost
compost bin at the end opposite the shed for recycling organic waste ... . guilty when I tell people that I'm studying art. I see this look on their face,
Right, so, how to go about getting ... as though they think I should be doing something more useful. I feel that if
I get a studio and start working, at least I'd be paying my way.
Tutor: I think the key factor here is that being at art school exposes
you to critical appraisal. Perhaps the most essential function of further
education is the constant feedback and constructive criticism. It's
� PART 3 essential to personal development, no matter what the field is.
Lily: Hi Mark. How's it going? Lily: Yes, we all know artists who paint as a hobby - people who have
been doing it for years. They think they're experts and wonder why other
Mark: Oh, hi Lily. I'm OK. Have you decided what course you're going
people haven't recognised their talents. If only they'd become part of a
to apply for, then?
creative community, they'd understand why that hasn't happened!
Lily: Yes, illustration. I've already applied to one college, actually.
Tutor: Yes, I think Lily's right. It's important to keep developing and
Mark: I didn't even know there were places that did just illustration. responding to feedback. Anyway, don't go making any rash decisions.
Lily: There aren't many. Most combine it with other areas like painting Come and ...
and graphic art. Unfortunately, there are no courses in London so I've
opted for Birmingham.
Mark: Mm, Birmingham - I'm not sure I'd want to study there.
Lily: Well, from what I've heard, you're thinking of not studying
anywhere, Mark! � PART 4
Mark: Look, I haven't made any decisions yet, but I'm wondering what Lecturer: Good morning everyone. I do hope you didn't get too wet
the point of carrying on at art school really is. I mean why not just get a getting here this morning. The subject for my talk - I think we could all
studio and paint? do with some to take our minds off this atrocious weather - is laughter.
Lily: Aren't you enjoying art school now, then? The laughter I want to look at is specifically related to psychological
Mark: Yes, I am, but this is a foundation course, isn't it? I wanted to try therapy and the treatment of physiological disorders - something we've
out all the different areas - you know sculpture, computer graphics - a been looking at over the last week or so. Now, when we start talking
bit of everything. Now I know that I really just want to paint, though, I about psychological therapy, laughter isn't something that immediately
may as well get a studio and do it. springs to mind. Therapy is a� business, and it's generally
approached with an appropriate degree of seriousness. After all, people
Lily: There's nothing more for you to learn, then?
seek treatment and enter therapy for serious reasons. They're often at
Mark: I didn't say that. critical junctures in their lives and they need professional help.
Lily: This isn't all about a fear of being rejected is it? I mean, I know you The question is, how is it that laughter can be such a vital part of the
hate applications and interviews and so on. You're not looking for a therapy process? It's normally identified with humour, and thus generally
way out of all that, are you? deemed appropriate only in lighter, more frivolous circumstances,
Mark: No, of course not. I'm no more scared of� than anyone when it's acceptable to find a situation funny. Perhaps this is why
else. I mean, people not buying your work - that's real rejection, isn't it? so many people in the medical world feel that lau ghter's frequently
Tutor: Hi, do you mind if I join you? misunderstood an d undervalued as a cathartic healing process.
Now, humour certainly is one trigger for laughter but it isn't the only
Lily: We were talking about next year and applying for courses.
trigger. If we take as a starting point the fact that laughter is a physical
Tutor: I couldn't help overhearing. What's this all about then, Mark? Is it process that releases emotional pain, it follows that stress, anxiety and
true that you're thinking of not continuing at college? tension may prompt the same response. Psychologists frequently point
Mark: I'm looking at other options - yes. I've been reading about out that humans don't laugh because they're happy. They're happy
artists who claim there's no real advantage in learning formally. because they laugh. Once we accept that laughter and pain are related,
There's this Scottish guy who just went to Paris and got a studio. we are less likely to be shocked when people laugh in all sorts of
He's doing really well now ... In fact, one of the fine art students painful, even tragic, situations.
here dropped out of her course at the end of the first year and just Cathartic psychotherapy utilises laughter as an essential medium for
went to Prague. She loves it there! healing emotional pain. It's specific to the release of anger fear and
Tutor: Mm, you might just be looking through rose-tinted spectacles there bor edom. When people laugh, they free themselves of painful feelings.
Mark. There are plenty of people who regret taking that route, you know. The amount of pain the body releases during a single burst of laughter
For every artist making a living, there are twenty living on the breadline ... is immeasurable, but we know that the body will keep discharging pain
Mark: OK, I take your point but I'm thinking about the cost o f three cathartically until there's no longer a need.
years at art school as well! Apart from the actual fees, there are all the The only obstacle to the process is the self-constraint we learn to
living expenses. Students are running up at least a £30,000 debt by the impose on ourselves during our early years. We're taught the virtues
end of their course! of self-control from infancy, and any loss of that control during an
Lily: So, this studio you're planning to get - I take it that'll be free, emotional outpouring is discomforting. We fail to realise that when
then? If you're contemplating working in Paris or Prague, won't that we lose control, we actually gain in many other ways. Our cultural
cost practically the same over three years? preference for processing feelings cognitively, instead of feeling them
physically, maintains and prolongs emotional distress. Patients who
Mark: Maybe, but I'd be selling my paintings, wouldn't I?
have had upbringings during which feelings were suppressed may
Tutor: In fairness, Mark, very few artists start selling work just like that. have quashed their ability to laugh, cry and become angry. Clinicians
Mark: Yes, but will studying for another three years mean that I will can help individuals regain these cathartic processes, enabling them to
definitely be able to sell my work? release deep-rooted emotions that may be an obstacle to happiness.
Tutor: It won't guarantee it, but it'll make it more likely - in my opinion Only now has research begun to validate the notion that emotions are
anyway. stored in the body rather than the mind. Recently developed cathartic
techniques allow practitioners to teach patients how to access their hidden
Lily: Remember that there are plenty of artists who make their name
emotions and release them. The more catharsis the patient experiences,
while they're studying. Art schools put on end of year exhibitions and
the more rapidly he or she progresses through the healing process.
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Laughter is probably the least threatening cathartic process, at least to Zara: Bio-medical students only? Great! Just when we thought we'd
the person expressing the laughter, and so it has an essential role. It's found the perfect place to study ...
often a stepping stone to other forms of emotional release, like crying nm: Wait a minute. This one sounds good ... The RMIT library ...
or showing rage.
Zara: The RMIT library? I've never heard of it. Where is it?
So, why, you might ask, has the mental health community been so
slow to accept laughter as a healing tool? Well, for reasons I've already nm: It's on Swan Street - near the central bus station.
outlined. Like any expression of the true self, laughter is radical and Zara: Swan Street? Ah, yes. I know where that is - it's a really long
revolutionary, and laughing at what is seemingly misfortune upsets street though. Do you have a number?
conformity. We, in the medical professions, must challenge the nm: Yes, number three hundred and sixty Swan Street. The full
antiquated view that adult laughter is silly and inappropriate. We have address is Level 5, Building 8, 360 Swan Street.
to ensure that patients don't reject the healing power of their laughter,
Zara: OK - I think we'd need to get the bus there but that's not a
in the fear that others will see them as making light of their issues.
problem. So, when's it open?
Traditionally mental health practitioners have viewed laughter as a
way of hiding painful emotion. ln contrast, cathartic psychotherapy Tim: It's open from 10 till midnight on weekdays ...
understands that laughter releases emotion. Through laughter, feelings Zara: And what about weekends?
erupt from within into the outside world. If people suppress laughter,
Tim: Er ... 10 in the morning - but it closes at 6 o'clock on Saturdays
they also stifle the release of pain. and Sundays. But, listen it says here it has excellent computer and
The catharsis of laughter doesn't change people's circumstances, but it internet facilities. I like the sound of that!
does change the way people relate to those circumstances. It enables
Zara: Me too! In fact, I like the sound of it SO much I think I'll take
them to take a different view a view from which terrible misfortune can advantage of their excellent computer facilities right here and now.
seem so much more bearable. This allows people to remember, to feel,
and to explore without fearing that they'll be trapped by what they can't Tim: And how exactly are you going to do that? Your laptop isn't
control. Life's most tragic events often have an essence of absurdity, working!
and this can be the trigger point for laughter. Some people deal with Zara: I know, I know. So can I borrow yours?
emotional pain instinctively, and come along to therapy already laughing Tim: OK, here's the RMIT library website ... So we want the bookings
and crying. There are many others, however, that need assistance. page ... OK, first of all, you need to log onto .b.Q.o.klt.
Zara: Bookit?
Tim: Yeah, that's it. Bookit.
Zara: OK, now, it's asking me for my student ID and my password.
�� PART 1 Tim: OK, so just type in your student number.
Zara: Hi, there, Tim! You look tired! Zara: I think I can just about remember it.
nm: Hi Zara! I AM tired - well, it IS Swot vac after all! Tim: And now your password ...
Zara: Swot vac? Ah, yes of course - exam period! Don't remind me! Zara: OK
I'm pretty exhausted myself! I'm finding it very difficult to study - it's Tim: So next you need to choose the resource type you want to book.
so noisy where I live! I can't concentrate with all that traffic outside! I Zara: That's easy. A PC.
definitely need to find a quieter place to study.
Tim: So now what you need to do is click on �-
nm: Me too! Actually, I've just downloaded some information about the
Zara: Location? OK. Now, it's giving me a floor plan. It looks like I've
best libraries in the city. Take a look at this - it's the Bailey Library ... .
got a choice of 18 computers.
Zara: The Bailey library ... Isn't that the really old library on Parkville
Tim: Great! So click ori' one of the PCs.
Campus?
nm: Yeah, that's the one. It's the oldest in the city. And it says here that Zara: I'm choosing this one - it's right next to the window.
PC Number 4 to be exact! So, what do I do now?
it's really popular with students.
Tim: So now you have to choose the dm of booking. So, when do you
Zara: Popular with students? That means it's noisy and crowded!
want to book it for?
nm: OK, OK, I see what you mean. But we could try to get there early
Zara: Let's go for tomorrow. That's Friday June 6th.
to make sure we get good seats and a large desk to work at. It's open
from half-past eight in the morning until 10 o'clock in the evening Tim: And just click.
Mondays to Fridays. Zara: I just have. So, why isn't it working?
Zara: 10? That's very early - I study much better after midnight. Just Tim: You've got to go into� options.
look at the size of my folder here! I've got SO much to get through.
Zara: It's working now. Friday June 6th.
Basically I need to be in the library 24n to get all my revision done!
Now, if the Bailey is THAT popular, it must be open at weekends! Tim: OK, so now you need to choose a time.
nm: Yes of course it is! It opens at 11 o'clock in fact and it closes at 5pm. Zara: Let's go for late afternoon - 5pm.
Zara: Great! Not exactly what I call ideal for late night study. Count me Tim: Right, let's do it.
out! Zara: Great - it says booking completed and there's my name on the
nm: OK, OK. Here's another one - the Brown Library... . booking schedule. Result!
Zara: Ah, yeah ... I think I've gone past it a couple of times. It's close to
Stratton Street, right?
nm: Yes, Stratton Street and Royal Parade
Zara: Royal Parade? Well, that's convenient for me - my apartment's
��PART 2
just a few minutes' walk away from there! When's it open?
nm: Well, it says here it opens at 7 in the morning and you'll be Guide: Welcome to all of you ... can everyone see me and hear me?
pleased to hear that it closes well after midnight - 2am in fact! And we Good, my name's Cathy, and I'm here to tell you about the special
can go there any day of the week. programme of events going on here at the Royal Observatory. Yes, it's
Doors Open Day here in Edinburgh and we're delighted that you have
Zara: That sounds ideal! chosen to make this very special building part of your own open doors
nm: Oh, wait a minute. WE can't use it - it's only open to bio-medical day experience.
students.
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Now, I'll make a start with giving you some background information Sam: So, who is to blame for depositing all this rubbish? Where does it
about the Doors Open event. Doors Open takes place every year in come from?
September and the Observatory is one of the many buildings - ill of Ruth: Well, I knew you were going to ask me that Sam, so hang on -
them in fact - that open their doors to visitors for one weekend you can take some of my notes if you like.
and yes, there's absolutely no charge, it's all completely free. The
observatory has been involved in this event for more than 20 years - Sam: Thanks a lot, that's really helpful.
and every year we attract more and more visitors - like you - who want Ruth: Here, look. Over a third - 37% to be exact - comes from Russia.
to find out more about great buildings in the city! And hopefully, you'll But other countries are close behind. Another third - well just under,
leave with a better understanding of the universe too! actually, 29% is from America and then 28% is from China.
OK, now let's run through today's programme of events. There are many Andy: Yes, but other countries, like India, are adding to the rubbish pile.
activities to choose from so make sure you make the most of your visit. And don't forget the European Space Agency also has space craft in
Now, there will be planetarium shows throughout the day. Now, orbit.
these will run four times both today and tomorrow - Sunday. These are Ruth: That's true. We're talking serious space junk, here!
popular so, please note that we are operating a booking system for Sam: Pretty serious, I'd say! So come on, what do you think are the
these shows. Tickets for the two shows we're running this morning - chances of something solid dropping from space onto our heads?
the first showing at 10.30 and the second at�- will be available on
Andy: Good question. Everyone asked that! Dr Chadwick said at least
a first-come first served basis here - at the information point. Tickets
one piece of junk falls to earth every single day. But look at it this way,
for the two afternoon shows at 2pm and then at 3pm will be released
Earth IS a pretty big place so actually the statistical chances of being hit
later on - at midday. So booking is essential as spaces go very quickly.
are extremely low.
We also have some special tours of the observatory available. These
Sam: So, are you saying I'm more likely to win the lottery?
include a tour of the telescope dome and visitors will even have the
opportunity to get onto the roof! I hope that those of you who are Ruth: Well, just think about it - two thirds of the Earth is ocean ...!
interested are wearing your most comfortable shoes and that you can Andy: That's true! But in time almost all these pieces of rubbish will fall
keep up the pace! It will be worth the effort of climbing all these stairs to Earth because the object's orbit is decreased by its gravitational pull.
- you'll have stunning views over the city when you reach the top! But the good news is that they don't cause any serious damage. You
Now, for those of you who want to take things at a more leisurely pace know they can't actually survive the heat generated on re-entry? They
there will be an opportunity to visit the Crawford Collection and learn simply burn away.
about the instruments that have been built here and there will also be Ruth: But that's not always the case - there are exceptions. Chunks of
some items from the collection on view. For those of you who don't the United States UARS satellite recently fell into the Pacific Ocean ...
already know - the Crawford Collection is an astronomical library.
Sam: The UARS satellite?
And not only that - it ranks as one of the most important astronomical
libraries in the world. You are promised a real treat here! Ruth: It was this six tonne satellite launched by the space shuttle
Discovery way b ack in 1991. So it had been up in space for twenty
And it's great to have so many younger visitors here today. Now, we
years but stopped working in 2005. It weighed 5,700 kilos -
have a craft workshop for children here in the visitor centre where they
can make their very own model of a telescope and colour their very Andy: And that's about the same as a double decker bus apparently!
own planet! Please note that all children must be accompanied by an Ruth: And, I'll just check my notes ... here it is ... yes ... the largest of
adult. So, as you can see it's a pretty full timetable and there's a lot these great big chunks that fell into the sea weighed about .1filLkg -
going on. Now, any questions .... think of the weight of an adult gorilla Sam and you get the picture ... !
Sam: A nice soft landing then ...
Andy: Dr Chadwick said 'imagine a couple of washing machines tied
together and travelling at 100 mph and you'll get an idea'! And do you
remember Skylab? That was another US space station - and it fell to
H PART 3 Earth at least three decades ago, in 1979. It fell into the Indian Ocean
and the deserts of Western Australia.
Sam: Hey did you manage to go to the talk by Dr Chadwick this
morning, Andy? Ruth: According to what I wrote down ... that particular space junk
weighed 100 tonnes! And let's not forget Mir - the Russian space
Andy: I was there - what happened to you, Sam?
station. Mir weighed 135 tonnes - far, far larger than UAR$ and it fell to
Sam: My bike had a puncture! Seriously ... Anyway, Ruth, I bet you Earth in 2Q0.1- it plunged straight into the South Pacifi c'
took some notes - can you fill me in?
Sam: All very interesting! Listen, I've got some junk of my own to sort
Ruth: Sure! It was all about space junk - really interesting, actually. out - my bike ... that's the second puncture this week ... .
I mean, I knew about how much rubbish humans are dumping here on
Ruth: Come on, I'll help you fix it.
planet Earth but I had no idea how much junk there is flying around
in space! Did you know that there are literally millions of pieces of
rubbish orbiting the Earth as we speak?
Sam: Not until now, I didn't!
Andy: They reckon that around 100 tonnes of very small objects - like
mainly dust - drops on earth every single day!
H PART4
Ruth: Yes, that's what she said. Lecturer: Hello everyone. Let's get started on the final lecture in
our module on retail psychology. Today we're going to focus on
Sam: I thought space junk was all man-made? I can't believe they
supermarket layouts and how retailers display their products to
know so accurately how much is actually out there. Do they track and
encourage us as customers to spend as much of our money as
monitor it all the time?
possible. It's an interesting topic. Now, most of us don't actually realise
Andy: Yeah, they do. According to the talk there are nearly 25,000 that the layout is deliberately designed to make us part with our
objects larger than 10 centimetres in diameter now orbiting the earth. money. But, in fact, millions of pounds are spent on research into the
Sam: And what does all this space junk consist of? Isn't it all discarded psychology of shoppers and what motivates us to buy.
parts of rockets that were either broken or left behind after space So, let's have a look at an actual supermarket layout - now here's the
missions, like Apollo and all those spacecraft from years ago? � to the store - just here. This area immediately around the
Ruth: Well, yes, but not only that. All other kinds of debris that we've entrance - is what retailers refer to as the decompression zone or the
dumped in space too. Anything from dead satellites to loose me.tru dead zone. This is where the customers recover from the environment
� There are even tiny particles of � and liquid coolant. outside. And by that I mean this is where they '.a.dl.u,.sr. For example
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the place where they might put their keys in their pockets or take Jill: I thought you said having a cleaner was a waste of money - that
off their sunglasses - these kinds of things. So, what do you notice you'd never pay somebody to do what you can do perfectly well
about this area? It's very empty isn't it? Yes, it's pretty much clear of yourself?
� altogether. This area is not designed or used to sell us anything. Kate: Well, yes ... maybe I ... but things have changed. Things are really
Basically the supermarkets never put any merchandise here because hectic for Greg at work all of a sudden. He's never home till after eight.
they know that no-one's ready to buy yet. However, the retailers want I end up doing everything. The house looks like such a mess - I never
their customers to feel comfortable. If they're in a relaxed state of get time to tidy up before I go out to work and in the evenings I just
mind, they're much more likely to stay longer and spend money! about manage to cook and wash up.
Now let's look back at the entrance again. Now, it's interesting but we Jill: Well, you shouldn't be the one doing everything if you're working
know that three quarters of us look right not left when we go into a as well. That's not fair, is it?
supermarket - so 1..5% of people! This gives the supermarkets a great
opportunity to hit us with promotions and offers. So near the front door, Kate: I think Greg's just shattered. To be fair, he's pretty domesticated -
you might also flnd what we call the dwell zone. The dwell zone is the we've always pretty much shared the chores. It's just a temporary thing
area on the right hand side by the front door where you are encouraged I think ... I hope ... We're basically both trying to juggle too much. The
to relax and browse - you will usually find newspapers and flowers here last thing we want to do at the weekends is start cleaning, we want to
to help you do exactly that. Moving on from the dwell zone we come to relax a bit.
the power aisle. Basically, it's the main route customers return to after Jill: It's not because all the neighbours have got a cleaner, is it?
venturing into nearby aisles and so this is the area of the supermarket Kate: Mm, you know me too well! I guess there is a bit of that. I feel
where the strongest offers are displayed. So you might see a sign that like the poor relation when I tell them I do all the cleaning myself. They
reads 'B arbecue time!' and you'll see all the items you could possibly can't believe I fit in so much.
need for a barbecue - the charcoal, the sauces, the skewers and the
Jill: Never worry about what other people think!
drinks - everything you need - all in one place. Were you planning a
barbecue before you went shopping? Do you even have a garden. Yes, Kate: No ... anyway ... one way or another, we need a cleaner. Well, as
the power aisle has a very powerful effect on sales even though most of long as it's not too expensive, that is.
us don't even realise we are being sold to here. Jill: I don't think it's expensive - and it's money well spent. We only
Now let's think about fruit and vegetables for a moment. They're stopped having Trisha come in every week because I was off work with
always located towards the front. Now, why do you think this is? the baby so I could do most of it myself.
Yes, fruit and vegetables are always at the front because it gives the Kate: So, how much is it?
supermarket a healthy image.
Jill: Well Trisha was £8 an hour. I can't say that's what everyone
And let's think back to flowers and newspapers - we talked about both charges.
these items earlier - and yes, they're displayed near the front on the Kate: That isn't bad, is it? It's less than I thought. Oh, well, I think we
right. Now, they're known as distress goods. Why's that? Well, these can run to £8. How many hours did she do?
are the goods that we often buy in a hurry or on impulse. In other
words these are the items we didn't actually intend to buy at all - but Jill: Four hours a week.
the supermarkets want us to put them in our trolleys even before we Kate: That sounds about right. Can you give me her number, then?
even start our proper shopping! Jill: Ah, sorry, no ... she's not around anymore. She went back to Wales
Now, what about everyday items like bread or milk or cereals? They're ... I think it was Wales anyway ... a couple of months ago.
always placed right at the� of the supermarket. Yes, in this area Kate: Oh no, that's a shame.
here. Again, this is a deliberate strategy by the supermarkets - basically
they want us to walk through the whole store to get them in the hope
Jill: Wait a minute, though. We've had some leaflets through the door
recently. Let me see if I can find one. I put one here by the phone, I'm
we will buy other things on the way. That's why items like these are
sure.
often called 'destination goods'!
Now where products are placed on the shelves makes a real difference.
Jill: Ah yes, here we are. It's a company - they're called �.
We read shelves a bit like we read a book - our eyes go from left to Kate: Dusters?
right. And they want you to focus on the more expensive items so they Jill: Yes, as in people who dust. You have to phone Ab.b.y on ...
place them at eye level. It's often quite hard to spot items like cheap
Kate: Is that Abby with E-Y?
tinned food. Why is that? Well, they're normally placed� on the
shelves. Basically, the supermarkets don't want the cheapest products Jill: No, it's A - DOUBLE B - Y.
to be the ones you see first. Kate: OK.
Finally, let's have a look at the checkout area here. Now, we all know Jill: And it's a local number - �.
that sweets are deliberately placed within the reach of children at the Kate: 650918. OK. Got it!
checkout. But all kinds of things are displayed at checkouts these days.
In fact, supermarkets can change what's on offer, almost by the hour. Jill: They do � and can look after your garden too, apparently.
It's a quick and easy way for them to rotate their stock. So, if the sun Kate: Mm, ironing would be helpful ... I loathe ironing. So, do they say
comes out, the check-out is an ideal place to display sunglasses and if how much it is?
it rains, umbrellas can be placed there instead. Now, does anyone have Jill: Yea, it's � an hour - that's for all the different services.
any questions?
Kate: £9.50 ... a bit more expensive, then.
fflfb
Jill: They do a spring clean for ill.
Kate: So, that's one big clean ... do they say how many hours that is?
Jill: No, it just says spring clean. I guess it's five hours - so it's a bit
� PART 1 cheaper than five hours of cleaning would be normally.
Kate: Well, Jill I'm glad you had a nice holiday. We'll have to try it Kate: Yes, probably. That might be a good idea to start off with.
ourselves sometime. Jill: You'll like this too, Kate. They can use organic products if you want
Jill: Yes Kate, you really should! I'll give you a contact number for the �.
hotel we stayed in. Anyway, I must be ... Kate: Oh, yes, I'd prefer that. I don't like using strong chemicals, they're
Kate: Oh, I know what I meant to ask you ... sorry. It was about a cleaner. so bad for the environment. OK, I'll give them a call. Thanks for that!
Jill: Oh yes?
Kate: Yes. We've been talking about getting somebody to come in and
help out. You had a cleaner not long ago, didn't you?
Listening scripts
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��PART 2 � PART 3
Head teacher: Good evening, everyone and thanks for making it along - Tara: What's that you're reading, Matt?
I know how busy you all are with term coming to an end. Matt: Oh, hi Tara. It's an article about taking a gap year before going to
As you know, the aim of this meeting is to show you the plans university.
we've got to add two new classrooms and how that will affect the Tara: Is that what you're thinking of doing, then?
playground. Now, I've heard that quite a few of you are worried that
Matt: Well, I hadn't really considered it as an option, but reading
there'll be hardly any playground left - but I want to reassure you that
that's not the case at all. I think there's been quite a lot of uninformed this has got me thinking. I'm looking forward to starting at uni but I
talk going on and people have started worrying unduly. I certainly hope wouldn't mind a bit of time to myself first.
I can dispel any of your concerns this evening. Sandy: Hi guys, what are you talking about?
Firstly, I have a plan of what the school should look like, which I'll Matt and Tara: Hi, Sandy, how's it going?
project onto the screen. The school governors and the developers want Tara: Matt's reading about gap years. He wants to put off going to uni.
to hear your feedback before making final decisions. Your feedback's
Sandy: I think a gap year's a great idea. I'm definitely thinking about it.
very important. When I've gone through the plan with you, you can ask
questions and we'll discuss those queries in detail. There'll be plenty Matt: Are you? What would you do with the year?
of time to tell us what you think over the coming weeks. And once the Sandy: Well, the programmes I've looked at involve volunteering of
plans are a little more developed, they'll be available online. There'll be some kind. I wouldn't want to just go travelling for a year - I couldn't
a weekly update and once the actual construction begins, you'll be able afford that anyway. The idea would be to work and help people, but
to check progress as it happens. more importantly to grow up and come back knowing more about the
Personally, I'm very happy with where we've got to. I knew we had to world than I do now. Obviously, I'd choose somewhere hot and sunny.
have the extra space but I must admit I worried long and hard about what Tara: So, what exactly is volunteering? I mean ... OK ... I understand it
we might have to sacrifice for it. The developers have certainly convinced means doing something for nothing ... but what does it mean in terms
me that we've made the right decision. of a gap year?
Right, can everyone see the plan now? Good. Let's start at the Balfour Sandy: Yeah, it means working with programmes in countries where
Road entrance, since that's where most of you come and go from. The people need support or some kind of aid.
Farley Road entrance and lower playground won't be affected at all.
Tara: Mm, I bet your mum and dad aren't quite as enthusiastic as you
Now, as you come in to the top playground the two new classrooms are about all this.
will be on the right. There'll be a new gate and the steps down will be
rebuilt. There'll be a ramp for disabled visitors too. Sandy: On the contrary. They're really supportive. They can see all the
pluses. They realise that I don't know exactly where I want to be in ten
On the plan here, only the parts of the building affected by the plans
years' time. They think it'll give me time to figure things out and not
are shown. I'll explain why the hall is marked on later. So, as I said,
make decisions I might regret later.
the new classrooms will be to the right of the entrance, and as you can
see, will take up very little of the playground space. We feel the year six Matt: I think I'd be worried about how the university look at it, though.
children need their own area away from the younger children. So, this Don't you think it suggests you're just putting off studying?
one on the left of the two rooms will be t he new year 6 classroom. As Sandy: Definitely not. Our tutor told us that a lot of universities
you can see there's no direct entrance from the playground. The plan encourage students to take a gap year. They see a year away growing
is to include a small entrance area here from the playground for coats up and maturing as an asset. Students arri ve in higher education with
and boots and so on. Entrance to the classroom will be from that area. an extra year of life experience - depending on what you do with the
There'll also be an additional entrance to the hall from this cloakroom time, obviously!
- so children will be able to get to the ha ll from two different directions Tara: Yes, I can see that tutors might like having a few well-travelled
- from inside the main building and from the new entrance area. l hope students around - I mean ones that have a more developed
that's clear. Now, as you all know, the hall doubles up as the cafeteria perspective.
at lunchtime. One of the rumours I heard was that we're planning to
dispense with the cafeteria and open up a snack bar. I can categorically Sandy: I think they also appreciate that students who come back
state that replacing healthy school meals with a snack bar is not from a year away doing something worthwhile have a stronger sense
remotely in our thoughts. of direction and a clearer idea of what they hope to achieve. They
probably speak at least a few words of another language, too. The
The other new classroom - that's the one with the playground entrance most important thing for the unis is that students are motivated.
here - is going to be an exciting new venture for us. That's because iN
Tara: So, anyway, what does your article say about the options? Do they
principal use will be for the pre-scho ol and after school clubs. More
and more parents want that facility outside school hours and we need a suggest where students should go on their gap year?
dedicated space to run these activities. Matt: Well, apparently, Australia's the country where the highest
I think there were also worries about the nursery school, though I'm percentage of students take a gap year and it's the most popular
not really sure why, to be honest with you. I can tell you now that the destination for gap year students from other countries as well as Britain.
whole area on the other side of the main school buildi ng will be totally Tara: Mm, I like the sound of a year in Australia ...
unaffected. The nursery will continue operating as it does now. There Matt: They say here that there are three main attractions. The
will be a couple of smaller constructions - modernization work really - abundance of great coast, beautiful beaches, learn to surf, all that
down here o n the other side of the top playg round. Cycling into school stuff. Then there's the amount of time you can spend enjoying outdoor
is getting more and more popular so we're replacing the old bike sheds � like hiking and loads of sports. And thirdly, the cosmopolitan
with a brand new bicycle bay. There'll be space for sixty bikes. lli cities - especially Sydney which apparently is awesome. It's a great
children's toilets will also be modernized and the children will be able country for young people because there's so much to do, loads of
to enter them from insi de the school building rather than from the adventure and sunshine obviously ...
playground as they do now. They'll be brand new staff toilets in that
Sandy: Sounds good to me!
part of the building too, I'm pleased to say.
Matt: Unfortunately, it says here, the cost of getting there in the fir st
So, I hope that's at least started to allay a few fears. Take a few
place can be prohibitive. However you make your way there, it's
minutes to look at the plan - I'll get out the way. Then, I'll answer a few
expensive - unless the bank of mum and dad help out, that is ... Then,
questions if you have any. Does that ...
look - they also mention various places in Africa but they single out
Ghana. Students can get involved with the construction of new schools
or teaching the kids that are already in them.
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Tara: That does sound really rewarding and interesting, I have to say. Now, of course, animals are caught - they're frequently caught - but
I guess there's a huge sense of achievement with something like that - that might not mean the game's up . Some animals make themselves
and you get fantastic life experience from living in another culture. difficult or horrible to eat. Hedgehogs have sharp spines that deter a
Sandy: I think you pick up some real prac tical skills too - skills you can predator from tucking in even when it's captured its prey. The predator
bring back with you. is very likely to give up when a spine gouges an eye or gets lodged in
its throat . Numerous species of creature - turtles or snails, for example -
Matt: Another place I really like the sound of is Nepal ...
have developed a tough outer shell that makes it almost impossible
Tara: What's the attraction there? to devour. One of my favourite creatures is the skunk, which emits
Matt: Most of the volunteering involves teaching again and it's that a repulsive smell on being cornered - enough to send any attacker
sense of achievement that people are after. They also say - let me read haring back into the undergrowth. In a similar way, some sea-dwelling
it - students are attracted by the simplicity of daily existence. I think molluscs can emit an ink cloud that fills the surrounding water
they mean you have to spend a year without your computer and all the concealing it from a predatory fish that may be circling. There are frogs
rest of it. It's all about going back to basics. that go one step further. They're so poisonous that even if a predator
does try and eat them, it'll probably keel over and drop dead first(
Sandy: So, where do people stay?
Now, you'll probably be surprised but I'm going to go on to talk about
Matt: They live on farms or in mountain retreats.
plants. Yes, many plants have defence mechanisms in exactly the same
Tara: Mm, I'm not so sure I could manage that. I don't mind hard work way as animals. You've probably all been stung by a nettle ....
but I like a hot shower at the end of the day.
Sandy: Yeah, I imagine the food's not great either.
Matt: They do actually say here that one of the things volunteers miss
is good food choices'. Anyway, there are plenty of other options. Why
don't you read the rest ... •�PART 1
Receptionist: Good morning, you're through to the Tree house at the
Botanic Garden. How can I help?
Lubna: Oh, Hello, I'd like to book a place on the ... er ... Japanese floral
art workshop.
• PART 4
R: Ah, yes, do you mean our workshop on the 16th?
Lecturer: In today's lecture, I'm going to talk about avoiding predation.
Lubna: No, it's on the 6th - Saturday the 6th.
What does that mean? I hear you say. Well, you probably know the
word predator- I'm sure you've all seen 'Predator' the movie? Well, a R: Ah, yes - got it up here on screen now! Japanese Floral Art
predator is any animal that hunts and kills another animal. That animal workshop ... That's great - you're just in time - we're nearly full!
- and I was going to say that smaller animal but it's not always the case Twelve people have already booked a place and this w orkshop is
- is the prey. An owl, for example, is a predator and a mouse is its prey. limited to fifteen participants. It's one of our most popular workshops -
A lion is a predator and a much bigger animal, a buffalo, for example, in fact it's the fifth one we've run! And this is the last one this term.
is its prey. So when I say avoiding predation, what I mean is not being There won't be another workshop until next year now.
caught and eaten. For many small animals, not being caught and Lubna: Oh great, thanks a lot. And can I just check the start time? It
eaten is pretty much a full-time job. Many animals that are predators says on the leaflet I've got here that it begins at 12.30.
themselves may be the prey of another usually bigger animal - this is R: That's right - it finishes at 1.30. Most of our other workshops are
what we popularly call the food chain.
only half an hour long but this one is longer. In fact we're thinking of
So, how do animals avoid predation? Well, they have what we call running some longer ones in the future.
defence mechanisms. These are ways in which the species has adapted
Lubna: Oh, I see. Well I'm really glad it lasts for a full hour - I don't
over time to give it an advantage over its predators. Any adaptation
think I would be able to come up with any kind of floral arrangement in
of this kind increases the species' chances of survival. Over time,
less time than that - and certainly not in 30 minutes!
species that have not adapted - that is developed some sort to defence
mechanism - have met with extinction. R: Me neither! Now, one more thing - the workshop itself is free but
we're asking participants t.o....p_a_y £5 each - just to cover the cost of the
There are various forms of defence. The first is probably very obvious floral supplies.
and that's speed. Predators can't feed on what they can't catch.
Running away is a very effective defence mechanism, as some of you Lubna: That's fine.
can probably remember from primary school! Flight is even more R: Now before I book you a place I'll just give you some information
effective Species which have developed the ability to fly over time about what'II happen on the day.
have an enormous advantage. Far more birds would be a meal out in R: Basically, it's a real hands-on workshop so you'll be making your
the wild if they couldn't fly. own floral arrangement that you can take home afterwards.
The second mechanism is protective coloration. You might hear the Lubna: That's great - I'm really looking forward to that.
word camouflage used too but I personally find that too simple a term
when it comes to the animal kingdom. Protective coloration includes
R: Now, a couple of important things - please remember to .b.ring
a number of slightly varied mechanisms within the overall term. scissors or cutters to the workshop - unfortunately we only have a
Some animals blend in with their background. A chameleon is a good limited number of pairs to lend people who forget them on the day.
Last year, some participants ended up using penknives which are not at
example. It sits on a rock and it looks like a rock - it sits on a tree and
all suitable for floral arranging!
it looks like the branch of that tree. Butterflies have what we think of
as beautiful patterns not to be beautiful but to confuse and warn off Lubna: Right - I'll make a note of that.
potential assailants. They blend in with the flowers around them but R: And you'll also need to bring your own container.
may also look like something else. Some butterflies hav e patterns that
Lubna: Do you mean a bag - that sort of thing?
look like huge eyes and a would-be predator is scared off
R: No, you need a shallow container - basically it has to be shallow
There are all sorts of stories about how the zebra got its stripes and
with a wide base so that you can use it to work on your arrangement. It
not many people really know what the stripes are there for. Well, that
can be pottery, wood, plastic, whatever you like.
type of coloration is called dazzle camouflage. A zebra stands out
when alone and stationar y but when zebras move rapidly in a herd Lubna: Oh, of course. I see. I'm sure I can find something suitable.
their stripes create m otion dazzle - a confusing, flickering mass to the R: And when you arrive for the workshop - ask for Elizabeth McMillan.
eye of a lion or cheetah that might be giving chase. Selecting a target She's leading the event - she's a really experienced workshop leader.
becomes far more difficult. She's been running the event for us for many years so you'll certainly
be in good hands!
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Lubna: That's good to know. Another advantage of a wrist rest is that it stops your hands from
R: Now I'll just take your details for the booking form. Can I have your dropping off the edge of the keyboard. A wrist rest can also relieve
first name? tension and soreness in your neck and shoulders. And how does it
do that exactly? Well, it removes the weight of your arm from your
Lubna: Yes, it's Lubna. shoulders and neck altogether. So, there are a lot of benefits aren't
R: Lubna - can you spell that for me? there? However, most people never learn how to use a wrist rest
Lubna: L-u-b-n-a. correctly. In fact, leaning your wrists on a wrist rest for long periods
can put a lot of pressure on the undersides of your wrists. Just here.
R: And your surname?
So, to make the most of your wrist rest, it's really important to follow
Lubna: Awan.
a few basic tips. First of all, make sure you place your wrist rest
R: Is that A-w-a-m? approximately 1 ½ inches away from your keyboard - like this. And,
Lubna: No, it's an 'n' at the end. never, ever place your wrists directly on your wrist rest. Instead, place
the palm or ball of your hand on the rest. And another thing - don't use
R: Thank you. And a contact number - just in case we need to get in
the wrist rest ALL the time - particularly when you're typing. Instead,
touch with you before the workshop?
your hands should be on the wrist rests during break periods - so
Lubna: Yes, it's 0759 830 5321. between your typing sessions. This will avoid you putting strain on your
R: Thanks, that's all the information we need so that's you booked in. wrists and fingers. Now, does anyone have any questions before we
Oh, actually, just one more thing ... would you like to be on our mailing move on to computer glasses?
list? This means that we can send you information about future events
and workshops. All we need is your email address.
Lubna: Yes, that's great. My email address is Lawan25@yahoo.com
R: OK, I'll just read that back - L-a-w-a-n 25 at yahoo.co.com
Lubna: Yes, that's correct. ��PART 3
R: OK, I'll pop all your details on the system and we'll see you at the Tutor: Well, we've been looking at the issue of waste this term and as
workshop next weekend. you know it's a huge area to research. Now, just to recap on our last
session - we identified a range of sources of waste. Can we just run
Lubna: Thanks a lot for your help. Bye!
through these very briefly before we make a start?
Hannah: Yes, I've got a note of them here - we've got waste from
industry commerce, quarrying and construction. And then of course,
there's household bins and litter.
Tutor: Great - Now you were going to focus on industrial waste,
H PART2
weren't you? How's the research going?
Trainer: Hello everyone, and welcome to the second session on health Hannah: Well, actually I decided to go with household waste in the end
and safety and today we're focussing on health and safety when using and focus on food. I've been looking at exactly what we throw out and
a computer. Now, can you all gather round this workstation here?
how much. Now maybe this won't come as much of a surprise to you
That's great, thanks. but I was really �at just how much food we throw away in the
OK, now, let's look at some equipment that is specifically designed UK. We throw away over 7 million tonnes of food every single year -
for safe computer use. Firstly, take a look at this item here - yes, the 7.2 million to be exact.
sloped slab in front of the keyboard. Does anyone know what it is?
Tutor: That's quite right. In the latest survey, it's been estimated that
That's right - it's a wrist rest. And it does a lot more than take up room
we're wasting one third of the food we buy.
on your desk I can tell you. Well, what does it do exactly? In actual fact,
it's specifically designed to support your wrist when you're typing or Hannah: Exactly! That's like one in every three bags of food shopping
when you're using a computer mouse. going straight into the bin! I think the worst thing about it is that more
than half of this is food we could actually have eaten ... so to give you
Now the one I'm holding in my hand is made of foam rubber. Come
some examples - things like unopened pots of yoghurt, whole chickens
on now, have a feel - you know you want to! Now, it's very flexible,
- yes, people actually throw out whole chickens.
isn't it? The padding is firm but it also gives way when you press it -
just like this. Here's another type, by the way - this one is filled with Tutor: OK - now have you got any figures to support this? It's important
9.fil. Now, like the foam rubber type, it's got a firm surface but when to include these in your final assignment.
you press it like this, it gives way with a little spring. However, not all Hannah: Yes - I've got a note of them somewhere - yes, here they are.
wrist rests are flexible like that. Some are made from hard plastic. That Let's start with yoghurts - now 1.3 million of them go straight in the bin
doesn't sound like a comfortable support for your wrist does it? So, and 5 500 whole chickens. Oh, and I've got another example - bread -
NOT to be recommended! an amazing 7 million slices of bread are completely wasted too.
OK, so we know what kind of material we're looking for in a wrist Tutor: OK, you've got some solid figures there. And don't forget to
rest. But what else do we have to think about before we choose one? explore the reasons why we throw out food we haven't even opened.
Now look again at the foam rubber wrist rest here. You can see that One interesting point worth making here is that basically we often
the slope of the wrist rest and the height and the width too match the completely forget about what we've bought. So we stick the box
front edge of the keyboard here. And there are no sharp edges - look of eggs in the fridge and our packets of biscuits at the back of the
- it's really nice and smooth. cupboard and they just lie there completely unused. And on the subject
Now, we know it's a busy time for you all at the moment. You're busy of eggs you might be shocked to learn that we throw away 0.7 million
with assignments in between the hours you're spending browsing the of them every single day and the same amount of packets of ��
net and going on social networking sites! Well, just think about how Hannah: I think that people need to think more about how they are
hard your wrist has to work! So, using a wrist rest like this one can storing and using the food they buy.
really help in a number of ways. First of all, it helps you keep your Tutor: That's a good point. What do you think is the problem there? Do
wrist straight when you're using your computer. I'm demonstrating this we all need to change our attitude to food?
now - as you can see, my wrist is neutral and straight rather than bent
up and down. See what I mean? Now, it can also provide padding for Hannah: Definitely. Part of the problem is that we've come to expect
your hands - it works in much the same way as a � so it makes our food to look uniform and, well, perfect. So, we want our apples to
your desk much more comfortable. Now, please note I DID say cushion be green all over and to be a certain shape and size. This means the
rather than pillow. We don't want you students to be too comfortable! farmers and then we as consumers end up throwing away perfectly
good food just because it has a blemish or a mark. What's wrong with
a green apple that has some red colour on it too? What's wrong with
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a tomato that has a slightly strange shape? But that kind of attitude help them reach their true potential. Persona/ Development plans can
may explain why there is so much waste. In fact, these are exactly the help workers make progress and achieve higher goals.
foods we waste most of. We throw out far more of those than we do So, there we have it. The hierarchy of needs - achieving each of these
bakery items like cakes and biscuits. And just to give you some idea of tiers - one level at a time and moving up the pyramid motivates us
quantities - we're throwing out 5 1 million whole potatoes 4.4 million to achieve the next. Now, does anyone have any questions before we
whole apples and 2.8 million whole tomatoes on a daily basis. And move on?
then there are the sell-by and use-by dates - they encourage us to
throw away food long before it goes off.
Tutor: Thanks, Hannah. You've highlighted an interesting point - that
waste is very much a social issue. OK, let's leave it there. We can look
at the issue of initiatives to reduce ... .
� � PART 1
Man: Hello, York Car Pool. How can I help?
Woman: Oh, hello, Look, I used one of the cars earlier and I want to
complain. I'm not one to make a fuss usually but this isn't the first time
H PART4 there's been a problem. I'm getting fed up with it.
Man: I'm sorry, to hear that. Can I take your membership number first?
Lecturer: OK, everyone - let's make a start with the second module
of our Business Management course. And we're thinking about Woman: Yes, it's 520016.
motivation. Yes, motivation - the drive to achieve and to get things Man: Five-two-double-oh-one-six. Is that Julie speaking?
done. Now, what motivates you to get up in the morning? A strong
Woman: Yes, Julie Gold.
desire to get that assignment finished? Or maybe you want to get more
training in before this weekend's inter-university football match? Man: Hi Julie. Now let me just check your booking. Your complaint's
about the most recent booking, is it?
Let's focus on motivation in the workplace. Why is it so important for
workers to be motivated? Think about it - if you feel motivated, you're Woman: Well, yes this complaint is ... but like I say it's not the first.
far more likely to feel loyal to your employer and take a real pride in Man: OK, so that was the Fiat, registration number YPT723S, in City
getting the job done. Street this morning at 10.30?
So, how can a company motivate its workers to work well? Well, Woman: Yes, that's it. 10.30. But no I think it was the car in Baker Road.
let's have a look at this - it's called the motivational pyramid and it Man: My records say City Street. That's the grey Fiat.
was developed by a man called Abraham Maslow - he called it the
hierarchy of needs. He argued that people are motivated by five Woman: Oh yes, Baker Road was yesterday.
essential needs. And he formed this pyramid here to illustrate each of Man: And that booking was fine?
them. And you can see the five tiers or levels on the pyramid. Maslow Woman: Well, yes that one was.
said that workers are motivated at these five levels of need so let's look
Man: Good, so what exactly was the problem today, then?
at each of them in turn.
Woman: OK ... I went to pick the car up and it wasn't in the parking
OK now, so, let's start at the bottom of the pyramid - just here. Now
b.a.¥, I was in quite a hurry and I have to say it was very stressful. Of
these are the basic, physical needs. These are the needs that motivate
course, I thought somebody else still had the car out. Anyway, I was
us to survive and have food and�- So, we're motivated to work in
about to phone when I saw the car on the other side of the street about
return for money so that we can actually eat and keep warm. But even
a hundred metres down. Can't you make it clear to users that they have
at this basic level we're not just motivated by money alone. We're also
to park the cars back in the bays?
motivated to work if we've got good facilities in the workplace. What kind
of facilities are we talking? Well, these facilities could be a staff restaurant Man: Well, yes, we do. If I had to guess, I'd say that the previous user
to have our lunch in or a� to put our personal belongings in. left it there because the bay was occupied. We'll phone to check and
find out, but that's the most likely explanation.
Now after we've got these things, we are then motivated to move up to
the second level of need on the pyramid. And here on the second tier Woman: But people aren't supposed to be occupying the parking bays,
we can see� needs. We're motivated to work hard when we feel are they?
safe and secure. Well, we're much more likely to work well if we've got Man: Well no, but they do. They usually think it's OK to park for a few
a formal job contract. It makes us feel safe doesn't it? And what about minutes.
a� when we're old and no longer able to work? And we're also
Woman: Well, in that case, shouldn't members wait until somebody
much more likely to feel safe and secure if we know there is a sick pay
comes back to get their vehicle? I mean in that situation I always hoot
scheme we can fall back on if we're ill and have to take time away from
and keep on hoot ing to alert the car owner to the fact I'm there and
work.
that I expect them to move. It usually takes only a few minutes. I wish
OK, so here we are at the third tier - yes, just here - social needs. Now people would show a little more patience.
social needs refer to the need people have to belong or to be part of a
Man: As I say, I'll phone and ...
group. Team work 's a very important motivator. What does this mean
in practice? Well, it might mean encouraging workers to get together Woman: There are other things I want to discuss. When I did eventually
to discuss various issues within the organisation - for example Q.a¥ get to the ca r I was shock ed at how filthy it was - both inside and out.
increases. The wheels and the bottom of the vehicle were covered in mud. Inside
the carpets were muddy too and the back seat covered in dog hair. It's
Then we move on to the next tier - the fourth one here - self-esteem.
pretty obvious that the last user had driven out to the country to take
This means the kind of motivation that encourages us to experience
his dogs out walking. Can't there be some rules about what people can
a real sense of achievement. So, how can a company make this
and can't use the cars for?
happen? Well, they can use a system of rewards - giving rewards
to individual workers as a way of saying thank you and celebrating Man: I hear what you're saying, Julie. I think this is a fair point and I'm
their achievements. What kind of rewards are we talking about? Well, very sorry. I certainly will call the previous user to take this up.
examples of these include fre e gym memb ership, or gifts such as Woman: And make sure that the cars are given a decent valeting
contract-free phones. This kind of recognition can make us feel valued every so often. Right, one more thing! Once I'd dusted off the seat
and as a result we feel more motivated to move up to the final level of and found the keys - I expected them to be left under a seat or in the
the pyramid. On the final tier we've got self-fulfilment. Now this is the door compartment - I finally started up the engine. I was dismayed to
motivation that inspires us to be creative, and feel challenged in the see how low the f uel gauge was. This has been the case before and
workplace. So, what does this mean in practice? Well, it means making it's really annoying. I thought the membership regulations state quite
sure that workers have the opportunity to do the training they need and clearly that it's the driver's responsibility to fill up when the gauge goes
at the same time provide them with a personal development plan to below the quarter-full mark.
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Am I right? perfectly possible - most master archers do this - but having one will
Man: Yes, that is what we say. certainly help you to start off with.
Woman: So, how come I had to sort that out before I could get on with Now I'll put the bow down and show you an arrow. The shafts of our
my journey? arrows are wooden but fibre glass arrow shafts are now common too.
Traditionally, as I'm sure you'll know, the fletching at the top of the
Man: Look, I think all things considered, we'll compensate you for your arrow - I mean not the tip end of the arrow - was made of feathers. We
experience today. How does that sound, Julie? have some arrows with feather fletching but we also have some with
Woman: Are you going to scrap the payment for today's booking? what we call vanes. That means the fletching is made of solid plastic.
Man: Well, I could do that but now the booking's on the system, it's All of you have a quiver with six arrows in it. You should tie the strap
complicated. I'd rather offer you complimentary hours. Today's booking of the quiver around your waist like this. As I've said, you take an arrow
was for four hours, so we'll say you have four hours of uncharged from your quiver when I say so - when it's your turn and not before.
usage taken off your next bill? Oh, I nearly forgot - protection. Everyone has a chest guard and hand
guard like those that I'm wearing - I'll show you how to put the chest
Woman: But what if my next booking is for less than four hours?
guard on in a moment - and a bracer. The bracer's a smaller arm pad
Man: Don't worry. The booking will not be charged and the remaining that protects the inside of your arm from the string. For those of you in
amount will automatically go forward to the booking after that. All you a T-shirt today that's important but the bracer will also stop the string
have to do is key free hours into the comments option when you make catching on the sleeve of a jumper or jacket. Right, so before we pick
the booking online. up the bows, let's have a look at these chest guards ... .
Woman: OK, I guess I should say thank you but I'm still very cross
that ...
� PART 3
Tutor: Hi Leo. What is it to you wanted ask me about?
H• PART2
Leo: I'm worried about the exams. I don't mean if I pass them or not.
Man: OK, can you gather round again? Is everyone here? ... No, we're I mean about revising. I don't think I know how to revise. I mean
missing two ... Ah, here they come now. Right, the next activity is the every time I start looking back over my work, I just switch off. I can't
last one before lunch. concentrate.
So, archery ... and I can tell you this activity is the favourite of a lot of Tutor: I don't think you're the first student that ever said that, Leo. Are
our visitors. It's great fun and very relaxing. It can also be competitive. you revising at the right time? I mean are you leaving it until too late
I think we should get the idea, have some practice and then introduce a at night when you've got no energy left? It's hard to achieve anything
bit of competition if you're up for it. Good idea? when you're exhausted.
I'm going to start with the basics. Archery is the practice - or art, some Leo: No, not really. It doesn't seem to make any difference what time
might say - of using a bow to propel an arrow. Archery was initially it is.
used for hunting and combat - an important aspect of warfare in the
Tutor: Well, are you worrying too much about the subjects you feel
distant past. Today, archery is largely a recreational activity and sport.
you're not very good at? I mean are you revising only what you find
The very first bows and arrows - and we're going back thousands of difficult?
years - were very simple. The bow was straight but bent into a curve
Leo: Mm, I guess I am doing that. Isn't that the best approach to revision?
when the string was pulled back. The further back the string was
drawn, the greater the tension and the faster and further the arrow Tutor: Not necessarily. I'd say it's better to revise something you enjoy
flew. Later, bows were designed to be curved. This meant there was and something you feel confident about first. That'll get you into the
an existing inbuilt tension and the archer, that's you in a few minutes, swing of things and then you can go on to more challenging things.
exerted less energy drawing back the string. When curved bows were Anyway, you have to think about the whole purpose of revision. Is the
not in use, they were unstrung. That means the string was taken off so objective to do as well as you possibly can in your strong subjects or to
that the bow was not left in a state of tension. bring your weaker subjects up to an acceptable level?
I think it's interesting that almost every culture had bows and arrows Leo: I'm not sure I see the point of revising what I think I'll pass
at some time during their development. Of course we've all seen anyway.
Native Americans with bows and arrows in the movies but the very Tutor: But revising a stronger subject might mean getting an�
oldest bows originate from Scandinavia and northern Europe. The use rather than a B. That might be more rewarding and beneficial in the
of bows and arrows died out with the invention of firearms, though I long run. You might look back and feel a greater sense of pride in
must point out that the earliest gunners ... were far less efficient than getting a couple of A grades than you would about scraping through
an expert archer. Archery as a recreational activity started to become three or four other subjects.
popular not long after that. Anyway, that's enough history. Do go
Leo: Yes, I see what you're saying. I hadn't thought about it like that before.
online, though, if you want to know more.
Tutor: I'm not saying that that's what you should do - I'm trying to he\p
Right - the practical side. First of all safety. Now you might have played
you see the possibilities.
with bows and arrows when you were kids but these bows and arrows
aren't�- They're not dangerous if used properly and safely but they Leo: Yes, I see that. Do you think I should accept that there are one or
certainly can be dangerous if used carelessly. So everyone, please stand two subjects 1'11 li!ll and just forget about them?
here, on this side of the line until I say otherwise. Nobody walks towards Tutor: Oh, I wouldn't want to give you that advice. I think you should
the targets until I say it's safe do so. When I say so, everyone puts down go into each of the exams at least hoping for a pass grade. My advice
their bow and then we can all go into the target area. Each of you will would be to set a time limit on how long you'll spend on each subject.
fire one at a time. I don't want to see anyone load their bow when it's not You may want to spend a little longer on the subjects you find most
their turn. When you've fired, you put your bow down and wait until it's difficult, but not an excessive amount of time.
your turn again. Is that clear? Leo: Yes, thanks. That's helpful advice. Do you have any more tips
Let's take a look at the equipment. The bows are fairly heavy - you about how to go about the actual studying? I mean how I can I keep
might be surprised. We'll spend a moment practising holding the bow focused?
properly before we load one up. I'm holding it now in the position in Tutor: Well, what sort of learner do you think you are?
which you'll hold it. The drawstring is here and again you might be
surprised at the tension. You'll need to practise drawing back the string. Leo: What do you mean?
Just above the middle of the bow here is the .s.i.gbt. You look through Tutor: Well, if you're a Y.i..s.llitl learner, you like seeing things. From what
this as you would with a rifle. Using a bow and arrow without a sight is I know of you, I think you probably are a very visual learner.
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Leo: So, what does that mean in terms of revising? So what were Hitchcock films about and who were some of his typical
Tutor: You probably learn best with images or diagrams. You could try characters? It would be wrong to say that Hitchcock made horror movies
organising information into tables or flow charts. - suspense movies or psychological thrillers, but not horror. Hitchcock
rarely showed acts of violence. The effort went into building up tension
Leo: Mm, I do sometimes make mind maps ...
- creating a sense of unease. The viewer knows that som ething terrible
Tutor: Good idea! I think mind maps can really help you organise your is going to happen - they don't need to actuall y see it.
thoughts. And another thing, have you thought about revising with
Although his stories feature psychopaths, murderers and fugitives on
other students?
the run, the real strength of his work is the complex examination of his
Leo: I didn't think that would be a good idea. I mean if I can't characters. His movies borrow many themes from psychoanalysis, so
concentrate by myself, I certainly wouldn't be able to concentrate when it's not surprising that his masterpiece is called Psycho.
there's another person there to distract me.
However, a recurring theme in Hitchcock's stories is the twist ending.
Tutor: Mm, that probably isn't true. Another person might help you That's when the story ends in the way viewers least expect it to. I
focus. Lots of students get together with a friend - sometimes in mean, the good guy turns out to be the bad guy, for example. Think of
groups- to revise. They usually work out some sort of structured Psycho- it's the element of surprise that makes the end so creepy.
procedure. Now, Hitchcock's movies feature many other elements of surprise
Leo: OK, I'll think about it. I guess, with a friend you could test each - daring elements in fact. Again, I'll refer to Psycho. Marion is
other. I mean revise for a while and then take it in turns to ask each the principal character and it is her that the viewer relates to and
other questions. empathises with. Marion has stolen money and the viewer wants to
Tutor: Now you're thinking in the right direction. You could also write know if she will get away with her crime or be caught and punished.
short summaries or essay introductions, say, and then read and Suddenly a third of the way into the story, Marion is murdered and
comment on each other's work. Bot h positive and c ritical comments the entire dynamic changes. The original storyline is put on hold and
coming from a pee r ca n be very h elpful. There are all sorts of a whole new story begins. No longer able to identify with Marion, the
collaborative strategies and, apart from anything else, having company viewer begins to empathise with the n ew principal character - and that,
is so much nicer than struggling through alone. of course, is the murderer, Norman! In this way, Hitchcock manipulates
the audience into seeing the story from a whole new perspective.
Leo: OK, you've given me a lot to think about. Thanks for your time. I
feel much more positive than I did. Did you know that Hitchcock played a small part in each of his movies?
He always had a cameo role, and this was a very clever move, as it
Tutor: I'm really glad to hear that. Coming to see me in the first place
helped him become known - filmgoers could put a face to the director.
was very sensible. Do come back and tell me how things are going in a
Some might even say that befor e Hitchcock the director was a far less
couple of weeks.
significant individual in the film-making process. Nowadays, however,
people go to see a particular director's movie regardless of who's
starring in it.
H PART 4
Lecturer: We've been talking about prominent film directors and today,
I want to talk about one of the most influential directors of them all - H PART 1
Sir Alfred Hitchcock. I doubt there's anyone here who hasn't seen at
Anya: Hey Janos. Have you seen this notice here?
least one of his movies. Let me give you some film titles - put your
hand up if you've seen it! OK, The Birds ... Vertigo. ... Rear Window ... Janos: What's that?
The 39 Steps ... Marnie ... and, of course, the most famous of them all Anya: Join - our - mall walking programme - get fit ... for free. Now
Psycho. I like the sound of that. I can't afford to keep up my gym membership
OK, good. I can see you're all familiar with Hitchcock, then. Now, this term - it's too expensive.
people assume that Hitchcock was from America - perhaps because Janos: I know what you mean. But what exactly is mall walking?
he spent so much of his life working in Hollywood - but he was in fact Sounds a bit boring to me!
born in London in 1899. He didn't actually emigrate until he was� Anya: Hold on - OK - it may sound boring but it might be a great
yea rs old. opportunity to take exercise. Think about it - a climate controlled
Most film critics would agree that Hitchcock had a huge impact on environment where you can take exercise without having to worry
cinema. And you may be surprised to learn that he started making about the wind or the rain ...
movies as early as the 1920s, when most films were silent. His first
Janos: Wind and rain? Have you actually looked at the weather outside!
attempt, in 1922, actually ended in disaster. The film was ironically called
It's snow and ice out there! I only came into the mall to keep warm!
Num ber 13, and production stopped at a late stage due to financial
problems. but before he left Britain in 1939, he'd already made classics Anya: Well, it IS winter and we ARE in Canada after all. So just think-
like Blackmail, - the first film with sound made in Britain - The Man Who by mall walking we can exercise indoors instead of outdoors!
Knew Too Much and The 39 Steps, and he was considered Britain's top Janos: Great!
director. Anya: And, another thing. We won't have to worry about the �
So, why was Hitchcock so influential? To start with, he pioneered Just think- no busy roads to cross.and no rush hours to think about.
techniques, especially in the genre of the psychological thriller. He Come on- it's worth a try!
was known as The Master of Suspense. During a career that spanned Janos: You're still not exactly selling it to me ... Imagine walking past
more than half a century, Hitchcock created a distinctive- perhaps the same stores - and they're not even open! So, what's the point of
unique - style. One of his innovations was to use a camera the way a that?
person watching would. This gave filmgoers the sense that they were
Anya: Oh come on, Janos. Just think about it as an opportunity to
voyeurs rather than just viewers. He exploited camera angles and used
window shop and keep an eye out for bargains. And what about all
innovative editing techniques to build suspense and maximise anxiety.
the amazing decorations and displays we can take a look at? I think it
His eye for detail was astonishing. Did you know that the famous
sounds like fun!
scene in Psycho in which Marion is murdered in the shower took a
whole week to film? Yes, a scene little more than a minute long. There Janos: Did you say 'fun'? Walking on a hard surface like concrete? Give
were around sixty camera positions, and the set had to constantly be me grass any day - much more comfortable on the feet.
deconstructed and reconstructed. Today, that kind of almost obsessive Anya: And there's another thing. In a mall you're always close to mst
perfection simply wouldn't be cost effective. A week filming one scene [OQ[IlS ... and water come to that. What could be better than that?
would blow the budget!
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Josh: Well, the majority of people read at an average rate of 250 going to focus on how ways in which tourists can actually benefit local
words a minute. So, that means that an average page in a book or a people and natural areas if they travel responsibly - and this kind of
document would take you around one or two minutes to read. travel is known as eco-tourism.
Milena: So up to two minutes a page? That sounds quite fast to me. Now, there's no one definition of eco-tourism - in fact, it can be
I reckon I spend at least five minutes on each one. interpreted in a number of different ways - this means it represents
Josh: But just think about it. Imagine if you could double that rate to different things to different people. And sometimes people
fillQ words a minute. You could zip through all the articles and books in misunderstand eco-tourism altogether - they think of it as just
half the time. Another thing is that it can help you understand the basic spending time in nature or natural areas. However, the truth is far more
structure of an idea or an argument much better. complex. However in essence it aims to minimise the negative impacts
of tourism that we looked at earlier on in the course - problems such
Milena: You make speed reading sound like some kind of sport!
as litter and water pollution, crime and so on AND at the same time, to
Josh: Well, actually, speed reading is a bit like playing sport - I like to encourage travellers to have a positive impact on the places they visit.
think it's similar to running.
Now there are many other words to describe a similar idea to eco
Milena: Running? Much too fast for me! I'm more of a jogger! You're tourism. In fact, the terms 'alternative tourism', 'sustainable tourism'
not selling it to me very well! or 'responsible tourism' are often used to mean the same thing. But in
Josh: OK, OK, but just think about what it takes to be a fast runner. You fact, although the main ideas behind them are similar, there are small
can learn the techniques but to get really good at it and build up your differences. And let's briefly look at these now.
speed, you really need to practise. Alternative tourism is any kind of tourism that is not mass tourism.
Milena: But athletes train for hours every day! And by mass tourism we mean hundreds, if not thousands of people
going on, for example, their two weeks a year beach holidays or
Josh: That's true but your reading speed can improve if you practise a
traditional sightseeing tours. Alternative tourism includes travel such
few basic techniques. The first thing to do is to actually find out how
as backpacking and adventure holidays. And the term 'alternative' also
fast you're reading at the moment.
includes 'eco-tourism' which is what we are mainly focussing on today.
Milena: So, time my current reading speed? But I read so slowly it will
Now, what about 'sustainable tourism'? Sustainable tourism has the
be really depressing to find out just how slow I am!
same ideals as eco-tourism but it isn't limited to natural areas. So, you
Josh: Believe me - timing yourself is a really good idea and it's so easy can have a sustainable tourist experience in a city or a town. And then
to do. There are lots of online speed reading tests. You just enter the we have responsible tourism - what does that mean exactly? Now,
words 'reading speed test' into google and loads will come up. You basically this involves acting responsibly and respectfully as a guest
could also do a reading comprehension test and see how well you when we travel overseas. And what do we mean by 'respectful'? Well,
understand what you're reading. being respectful might involve asking permission to take photographs
Milena: I don't know ... or go into someone's home observing some of the customs of the local
community, such as dress or making an effort to learn the language.
Josh: But remember to read at your normal speed and time yourself on
a few different pages - the average of your times should indicate your Now eco-tourism can be passive or active. So, what do we mean by
average reading speed. passive tourism? Well, let's think of some specific examples. A passive
tourist might buy their holiday package from a company that donates
Milena: What do I do next?
part of their profits to local charities. Or a passive tourist might book
Josh: Well, the next thing to do, and this is really important, is to g,e.t environmentally-friendly accommodation. This means choosing to stay
rid of distractions. I used to think that music in the background while I in a hotel which may use solar power as a source of energy or changes
was reading was a good thing but it wasn't for me. I found I increased sheets and towels for their guests less frequently.
my speed by working without any noise whatsoever.
Now, active eco-tourism's a way for people to enjoy everything that
Milena: I usually read in the library but there always seem to be people nature has to offer and at the same time enable them to leave a
talking around me. positive mark on the environment. Now, this kind of eco-tourist is
Josh: Well, try using earplugs to block out all the distractions. Another sometimes referred to as a voluntourist - that's a combination of
important thing is to set yourself targets. Basically if you know what volunteer and tourist - you get the idea. Now, voluntourists prefer to
your goal is you're more likely to achieve it. experience a new place in an active way - and this doesn't mean sitting
Milena: My goat? Well, that's easy. I need to find out about the in a tourist bus or listening to a pre-recorded guide! Basically, they
problems of accessible transport in Africa and then think about some want to physically connect with the place they're visiting - and this
solutions. I know what I need to do but I keep skipping back to a includes connecting with humans and animals. Now their approach to
sentence I've just read and at other times I go back a few pages just to travel can make a real difference and can really benefit the places and
make sure that I've read something right. the communities they choose to visit. Voluntourists often help local
people construct and repair buildings or it could mean being willing to
Josh: I know what you mean. Actually a lot of people do that when they help a community with nature conservation.
read - they re-read material when they don't actually need to. It's called
'regression' and it's important to get out of the habit of doing it. You can So let's think of some specific examples of this kind of work in action.
reduce the number of times your eyes skip back by running your finger Now, voluntourists have helped local communities to plant hundreds
or a pencil along each line you read. Your eyes will follow the tip of your of trees and installed identifying signs in the rainforests of Costa Rica.
finger and this helps you avoid skipping back. Why not give that a try? They've also helped with sustainable food production in Cuba and
in Jamaica they've been involved in the cleaning up of local �.
Milena: Yes, I think I'll give it a go but I suppose the first thing to do is And in Thailand they've worked on building ecologically sustainable
find out what my reading speed is. What a thought! reforested habitats. Now, some of the work that voluntourists do also
involves looking after endangered animals like the giant panda project
in Japan or the animal sanctuary project in Ecuador. Now this work
doesn't just involve interacting with wildlife but involves educating
local people about the need to protect wildlife. Now, before we explore
H· PART4 wildlife tourism in more detail, does anyone have any questions ... ?
Man: Good morning, everyone - let's make a start. Now, over the last
few weeks we've looked at some key areas in the 'travel and tourism'
module - we've already charted the origins and development of
tourism and we've also looked at the negative effects of tourism on
both local·communities and the environment. So in this lecture we're
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