Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dtic Ada529831
Dtic Ada529831
THE LUFTWAFFE
AIR SUPERIORITY
BLUEPRINT OR WARNING?
S
HORTLY AFTER the conclusion of World War Egyptian air force in 1967 and the coalition’s defeat
I, German military leaders made a decision to base of the Iraqi air force in 1991. German success, how-
their military strategy on a brief, highly mobile, ever, was context-dependent. The Luftwaffe was pre-
fast-paced, theater-level offensive. The Luftwaffe was pared to win air superiority within the framework of a
built around this concept of operations. We can mea short-offensive war. The air war over Europe became
sure its effectiveness in how well it performed its most a protracted struggle on all fronts, and the Luftwaffe
important task: the gaining of air superiority.1 The was forced onto the strategic defensive. Despite dra
Luftwaffe was organized, equipped, and successfully matic German adjustments, the Luftwaffe ultimately
employed to gain air superiority in short-offensive cam failed in its quest for air superiority. This failure may
paigns over continental Europe. This impressive of serve as a distant warning; the Germans devised a bril
fensive air strategy featured all-out independent op liant strategy that was forced into a context in which it
erations against opposing air forces as the means to could not succeed.
achieve air superiority. Many air forces have since Luftwaffe leaders sought victory within the short-
attempted to emulate the Luftwaffe’s early victories: war framework because German lessons of World War
impressive successes include Israel’s defeat of the I included the understanding that Germany could not
Form Approved
Report Documentation Page OMB No. 0704-0188
Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and
maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information,
including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington
VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it
does not display a currently valid OMB control number.
14. ABSTRACT
16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF
ABSTRACT OF PAGES RESPONSIBLE PERSON
a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE Same as 8
unclassified unclassified unclassified Report (SAR)
counter German ground advances or waging all-out some progress when the Germans changed their attacks
counterair campaigns. Concentration on the ground to London in an effort to draw RAF fighters into a cli
battle could lead to a quick defeat in the air, while a mactic air battle. Three weeks of day attacks on Lon-
concentration on the air war seemed impractical and don failed to defeat Fighter Command, at which point
pointless when German spearheads were succeeding the Luftwaffe abandoned its battle for air superiority
on the ground. German emphasis on an offensive over England with a shift to night terror bombing.
counterair strategy seemed well-placed as Luftwaffe The Germans were unable to attain a swift deci
units remained effective while enemy air forces were sion in the air for several reasons. The RAF was the
smashed trying to stop the onrush of panzers. Luftwaffe’s first adversary armed with an effective
Even with the Luftwaffe’s focus on air superior defensive air strategy. Fighter Command had a defen
ity, its victories were not without cost. Luftwaffe losses sive counterair (DCA) doctrine and was effectively
were high during each of its offensive campaigns. For trained and equipped for defensive operations. The
example, 36 percent of the Luftwaffe’s total strength British were able to successfully wage the defensive
was damaged or destroyed during the short (two-month) air battle without diversion. The absence of a ground
but intense battle for France.18 This was probably campaign meant that the RAF could concentrate on
deemed acceptable considering the fact that the French, beating back the Luftwaffe. German operational mis
Dutch, Belgian, and British air forces on the continent takes also contributed to the failure. German intelli
were defeated, and France and the Low Countries were gence, failing to identify the vulnerabilities of the
overrun. The high loss rate, however, would prove RAF’s defensive C2 network, overlooked this critical
unsustainable in a prolonged air war. center of gravity. Intelligence also failed to correctly
German offensive counterair campaigns failed assess the effectiveness of the attacks on Fighter
against England and the Soviet Union when they be- Command’s sector airfields, and this had resulted in
came protracted struggles. In the summer of 1940, the an ill-fated and premature shift to the blitz of London.
Luftwaffe attempted to defeat the Royal Air Force Lastly, German will and capability to sustain air losses
(RAF) in a short-offensive campaign against Fighter was found lacking as the campaign extended over many
Command. The operational air goal was to gain air costly weeks. As a result, the Germans were unable to
superiority over southeastern England.19 After an un defeat the RAF, and the air war in the west slid into a
successful attempt to battle the RAF over the Channel, lengthy stalemate.
the Luftwaffe waged a three-week OCA campaign The offensive air war against Russia enjoyed ini
against RAF bases (and to a limited extent, RAF pro tial successes as the OCA effort rapidly gained air su
duction) in late August. This campaign was making periority over the western Soviet Union. The Red Air
German bombers like the Heinkel He III were good weapons for conducting airfield attacks because their range and
payload were adequate to reach air bases that were likely to hold the bulk of the enemy air force.
5 AIR POWER JOURNAL FALL 1995
controlled air communications and control regiments, stroying 69 B-17s.26 In the west, the last major fighter
aircraft warning regiments, fighter groups, and flak operation took place on 1 January 1945 when the
regiments.23 This defensive organization expanded and Luftwaffe’s entire operational fighter force was com
was refined as the threat posed by the Allied air offen mitted to Operation Bodenplatte (Ground Plate), a raid
sive grew. against Allied airfields in the Low Countries and
Defensive counterair requirements spawned nu France.27 Bodenplatte highlights the emasculation of
merous technical changes. The Luftwaffe produced the Luftwaffe. The operation was executed by single-
and integrated air surveillance radars, airborne inter engine fighters (the bomber force was nearly nonex
cept radar, flak fire-control radars, and automated istent), by inexperienced pilots in a mission holding
fighter control systems.24 Armor and armament grew, little possibility of success. Trained and equipped for
sacrificing range and maneuverability (attributes de air-to-air, the German pilots suffered approximately 30
sirable for offensive fighters) to counter Allied bomb- percent losses in this single mission.28 Although both
ers.25 German fighter armament expanded to include these operations destroyed Allied aircraft on the ground,
bomber-killing aerial bombs, rockets, and heavy (30- they amounted to little more than pinpricks consider
mm) cannon. Aircraft production reflected the shift to ing the numbers of aircraft the Luftwaffe still faced.
the defensive as bomber production was sacrificed for In analyzing Luftwaffe performance in World War
the sake of increased defensive fighter production. As II, many have found it easy to criticize Luftwaffe lead
the Luftwaffe lost its offensive capability, former ership. A generation of American and British strategic
bomber and transport pilots were converted to fighters bombing advocates have taken German air leaders to
for the defensive battle. task for failing to build four-engined heavy bombers,
To the Luftwaffe’s credit, defensive operations yet these two great insular nations (which were able to
achieved some successes through 1943. Although Ger devote far more resources to their bomber fleets) were
man fighters were unable to turn back the bomber raids, unable to produce enough heavy bombers to yield
they quickly forced the RAF’s Bomber Command into meaningful results before 1944. Furthermore, Ameri
less effective night operations and inflicted prohibi can heavy bombers were unable to operate freely over
tive losses on unescorted bombers of the American Germany until effective long-range escort fighters were
Eighth Air Force. Daylight operations over Germany widely available. A criticism with more merit was that
were suspended after the second Schweinfurt raid. This the Luftwaffe High Command, particularly Chief of
German success was, however, only a pyrrhic victory. Staff Hans Jeschonnek, was shortsighted. German
By Schweinfurt, the Luftwaffe had lost hundreds of training practices tended to support this position; in
valuable planes and irreplaceable pilots. Although particular, Jeschonnek’s commitment of Luftwaffe
Luftwaffe leaders had displayed considerable doctri training units in contingencies was quite damaging
nal and operational flexibility in the shift to the defen considering the fact that training assets are crucial in
sive, the air war had become an attritional struggle the lengthy wars of attrition.29 The Luftwaffe was slow to
Luftwaffe could not win. When the Americans resumed recognize that it was in an attritional air war and to
the offensive in 1944, the unexpected appearance of implement the measures needed to wage one success-
long-range escort fighters tipped the exchange rate in fully. There is a strong possibility that Hermann Göring
the air clearly in their favor. and Jeschonnek were guilty of overconfidence in their
The Combined Bomber Offensive wrested the ini short-offensive air war strategy.30 The Luftwaffe High
tiative from the Luftwaffe. Defensive fighter opera Command failed to seriously prepare for the possibil
tions were reactive in nature and incapable of forcing a ity that their preferred strategy could fail.31 Neverthe
favorable outcome for the Luftwaffe. Marvelous tech less, the Luftwaffe made remarkable adjustments in
nological improvements such as jets, rocket fighters, the shift from offensive to defensive air operations, and
and surface-to-air missiles that might have negated it is a credit to the German Air Staff and operational
Allied long-range fighters came too late to be of con- commanders that the Luftwaffe remained a factor for
sequence. Allied numbers drove the Luftwaffe from so long against such staggering opposition.
the skies. Amidst a quickly failing defensive campaign, After 1941, the Luftwaffe faced a situation it could
the Luftwaffe held onto its deep-rooted offensive pref not win. The question this suggests for contemporary
erence. The waning German bomber and fighter forces strategists is, How does one keep from stumbling into
each performed swan songs in OCA efforts. The last a strategic box canyon? The Luftwaffe experience sug
meaningful achievement of the Luftwaffe manned gests that we must recognize that there are limitations
bomber force was the June 1944 raid on the Ukrainian to a nation’s preferred military strategies. Simply
city of Poltava. Night bombers caught the American stated, there are battles and adversaries one will be
shuttle bombing force on the ground, damaging or de armed and trained to fight, and there will be fights that
7 AIR POWER JOURNAL FALL 1995
one must avoid militarily. Unfortunately, military of 9. Luftwaffe Regulation 16, Luftkriegsführung (1935),
ficers are not able to pick the wars they are ordered to pars. 103-4.
fight. Facing such a situation, the general and his staff 10. “Surprise attacks by our forces at the start of the
must be aware that the endeavor they are contemplat war can catch the enemy forces at their peacetime bases.
ing may not conform to preconceived doctrine, and their Even if they take rapid evasive measures, the enemy leader-
ship may experience crippling damage.” Ibid.
forces may not be optimally trained, organized, or
11. John F. Kreis, Air Warfare and Air Base Air De
equipped for the situation. Furthermore, the com fense (Washington, D.C.: Air Force Office of History, 1988),
mander must realize that he can enter a conflict under 91.
favorable conditions, but he may not be able to dictate 12. Truppenamt (Luft), Richtlinien für die Führung des
the nature of a war once begun. When this happens, he Operativen Luftkrieges, May 1926, par. 40.
must first recognize the fact that the war is no longer 13. General der Flieger Joseph Kammhuber, “Problems
of the nature desired. He must then adjust his strategy in the Conduct of a Day and Night Defensive Air War,”
to the situation as it exists. Hopefully, the commander USAF Historical Study no. 179 (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: USAF
and his staff have thought out alternate possibilities Historical Division, 1 October 1953), 123.
and made preparations for them. The Luftwaffe’s ex 14. Generalleutnant Adolf Galland, “Defeat of the
perience, however, warns us of the very real possibil Luftwaffe: Fundamental Causes,” Air University Quarterly
ity that adjustments may only be able to affect situa Review 6, no. 1 (Spring 1953): 30.
15. Luftkriegsführung, pars. 265, 275.
tions at the margins and that no amount of doctrinal or 16. General der Flieger Wilhelm Speidel, “The GAF in
operational flexibility can save a hopeless situation. France and the Low Countries, 1939-1940,”USAF Histori
After 1941, the only solution to the Germans’ prob cal Study no.152 ( Maxwell AFB, Ala.:USAF Historical
lems was political, not military. This leads us back to Division, 1958), pt. 3, vol. 2a, pars. 248 and 263. With air
the start: the general may have to tell the politician superiority achieved over the entire Western Front, the
that there are limits to what can be done militarily. The Luftwaffe was able to dedicate nearly all of its efforts to
alternative is to try to make the best of a descent into army support after 14 May 1940. Speidel was chief of staff,
an abyss. Luftflotte 2, during the campaign. See Karl F. Hilebrand,
Die Generale der Deutschen Luftwaffe, 1935-1945, vol. 3
Notes (Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag, 1992), 320-22.
1. For the purposes of this article, air superiority is 17. Dispersal reduced the generation and sustainability
considered to be the ability to pursue one’s goals in the air of sorties and hampered command and control.
without prohibitive interference from the enemy. In the World 18. Williamson Murray, Strategy for Defeat: The
War II context, this interference stemmed from the offen Luftwaffe, 1933-1945 (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University
sive and defensive action of opposing air forces. Press, 1983), 40.
2. Von Seeckt’s position was soundly based on a com 19. Strategic goals were less clear-cut, but the first step
prehensive postwar analysis conducted by the German staff. of any plan required air superiority.
James Corum, The Roots of Blitzkrieg: Hans von Seeckt and 20. Muller estimates that 60 to 80 percent of the
German Military Reform (Lawrence, Kans.: University Press Luftwaffe’s effort went to direct army support in 1942-43.
of Kansas, 1992), 37, 66. Muller, 103.
3. The benefits of air superiority were evident to the 21. German Army Regulation 487,Führung und Gefecht
German air staff. This study called for the fighter force to der Verbundenen Waffen (1923), pt. 2, par. 77.
“shoot down as many enemy aircraft as possible in order to 22. Adolf Galland, The First and the Last: The Rise
provide our own aerial forces with freedom of movement, and Fall of the German Fighter Forces, 1938-1945,trans.
to protect our own aerial observation, to hinder enemy ob Mervyn Savill (New York: Bantam Books, 1978), 199.
servation and protect our troops, installations and cities from 23. Stephen McFarland and Wesley Newton,To Com
aerial attack.” Truppenamt (Luft),Studie einer Offiziers über mand the Sky: The Battle for Air Superiority over Germany,
die Fliegerwaffe und ihre Verwendung(circa 1925). 1942-1944 (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Press, 1991),
4. Hans von Seeckt, Gedanken eines Soldaten (Ber 51.
lin: Verlag für Kulturpolitik, 1929), 93-95. 24. Kammhuber describes automated Luftwaffe sys
5. German Army Regulation 300, Truppenführung tems including the Y- Gerät (a transponder) and Uhu 2 (a
(1934), par. 759. ground-to-air data link) in his air defense analysis.
6. Richard Muller, The German Air War in Russia(Bal Kammhuber, 194,199.
timore: Nautical and Aviation Publishing, 1992), 7. 25. General Galland asserted that Bf109s “defaced in
7. Ibid., 36. this way were as good as useless for fighter combat.” Galland,
8. General Wolfram von Richthofen was a notable ex 152.
ception. He questioned early air superiority efforts if they 26. Muller, 213.
had to come at the expense of ground support during the 27. Bodenplatte was launched after the Luftwaffe failed
attack on Poland. Cajus Bekker,Luftwaffe War Diaries(New to achieve local air superiority (with fighter patrols) over
York: Ballantine Books, 1966), 16. their ground forces advancing through the Ardennes.
8 AIR POWER JOURNAL FALL 1995
28. Danny S. Parker, To Win the Winter Sky: Air War 30. For example, in February 1940, Göring ordered
over the Ardennes, 1944-1945 (Conshohocken, Pa.: Com further aircraft development halted “based on his optimistic
bined Books, 1994) 448. assumption that the war would be a short one as Hitler had
29. Richard Suchenwirth identifies Jeschonnek’s ne promised.” Richard Suchenwirth,Command and Leadership
glect of the training program and “ruthless raids” on train in the German Air Force, USAF Historical Study no.174
ing resources as a major factor in the defeat of the Luftwaffe. (Maxwell AFB, Ala.:USAF Historical Division, 1969), 158.
Richard Suchenwirth, “Historical Turning Points in the Ger 31. Kammhuber warned in his postwar writings, “It is
man Air Force War Effort,” USAF Historical Study no.189 better to prepare for the least favorable turn of events, even
(Maxwell AFB, Ala.: USAF Historical Division, 1959), 20- though it may not occur, than to be caught unprepared.”
28. Kammhuber, 3.
Disclaimer
The conclusions and opinions expressed in this document are those of the author cultivated in the freedom of expression,
academic environment of Air University. They do not reflect the official position of the US Government, Department of
Defense, the United States Air Force or the Air University.