EXTRA DIVE Geography and Climate

1. Read the text and say what it is about.

Canada occupies a major
northern part of North Amer-
ica, and borders on the Unit-
ed States in the south and the
U.S. state of Alaska in the
northwest, stretching from the
Atlantic Ocean in the east to
the Pacific Ocean in the west;
to the north lies the Arctic
Ocean. By total area (includ-
ing its waters), Canada is the
second largest country in the world and the largest on the continent.
The northernmost settlement in Canada (and the world) is Cana-
dian Forces Station (CFS) Alert on the Ellesmere Island  — just 817
kilometres from the North Pole. Canada has the longest coastline in
the world: 243,000 kilometres.
The population density, 3.5 inhabitants per square kilometre, is
among the lowest in the world. The most densely populated part of
the country is the Quebec City and Windsor Corridor (Southern Que-
bec  — Southern Ontario) along the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence
River in the southeast.
To the north of this region is the broad Canadian Shield, an area
of rocks scoured clean by the last ice age, rich in minerals, and dotted

30
with lakes and rivers. Canada, by the way, has more lakes than any
other country and has much of the world’s fresh water.
In eastern Canada, most people live in large urban centres on the flat
Saint Lawrence Lowlands. The Saint Lawrence River widens into the
world’s largest estuary before flowing into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.
New Brunswick and Nova Scotia are divided by the Bay of Fundy, which
experiences the world’s largest tidal variations. Ontario and Hudson Bay
are in the centre of Canada.
The broad flat Canadian Prai-
ries spread toward the Rocky
Mountains, which separate
them from British Columbia.
In north-western Canada,
the Mackenzie River flows
from the Great Slave Lake to
the Arctic Ocean. The tribu-
tary of the Mackenzie is the
Mackenzie River
South Nahanni River, which
is home to Virginia Falls, a
waterfall about twice as high
as Niagara Falls.
The Northern Canadian
vegetation varies from conif-
erous forests to tundra and to
the Arctic barrens in the far
north. The northern Canadian
mainland is ringed with a vast
archipelago containing some
of the world’s largest islands. Great Slave Lake

The Thousand Islands Bridge is an international bridge over the Saint Lawrence River 31
 The Bay of Fundy

Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada vary

depending on the location. Winters can be harsh in many regions of
the country, particularly in the interior and the Prairie provinces,
which experience a continental climate, where daily average temper-
atures are near −15 °C but can drop below −40 °C with severe chill
winds. In no coastal regions, snow can cover the ground almost six
months of the year (more in the north). Coastal British Columbia is an
exception; it enjoys a temperate climate, with a mild and rainy winter.
On the east and west coast, average high temperatures are gener-
ally in the low 20s °C, while between the coasts, the average summer
high temperature ranges from 25 to 30 °C, with occasional extreme
heat in some interior locations exceeding 40 °C.
Volcanoes
Western Canada has many volcanoes and is a part of the system
of volcanoes found around the margins of the Pacific Ocean, which
is called the Pacific Ring of Fire. There are over two hundred young
volcanic centres that stretch northward from the Cascade Range to
the Yukon Territory. They are grouped into five volcanic belts with
different volcano types and tectonic settings.

32 Mount Edziza, the highest confirmed volcano in Canada

1. northernmost [`n1:73nm3\st] adj найпівнічніший
2. density [`densti] n щільність; концентрація
3. densely [`densli] adv густо; щільно; вкрай, надзвичайно
4. shield [6i:id] n щит; захист; гірн. прохідницький щит
5. to scour [`ska\3(r)] v чистити; промивати; очищати
6. ice age (the Ice Age) [`ad ed4] n льодовиковий період; льодовикова епоха
7. to dot [d5t] v усівати; укривати
8. to widen [`wadn] v розширювати(ся); поширювати(ся)
9. estuary [`est6u3ri] n гирло (ріки); дельта
10. to experience [k’sp3ri3ns] v зазнавати; відчувати; випробувати
11. tidal [`tadl] adj  який спричиняється приливом і відливом;
пов’язаний з приливом і відливом
12. variation [~ve3ri’e6n] n зміна; переміна; відхилення; коливання
13. prairie [‘pre3ri] n прерія; степ
14. tributary [‘trbjut3ri] n притока
15. vegetation [~ved43`te6n] n рослинність
16. coniferous [k3`nf3r3s] adj хвойний; шишконосний
17. tundra [`t2ndr3] n тундра
18. barren [`b0r3n] n  пустир, пустище, пустка; adj безлісний,
неродючий; виснажений (про ґрунт)
19. mainland [`menl3nd] n материк; найбільший острів (архіпелагу)
20. to ring [r8] v оточувати (кільцем)
21. archipelago [~%:ki’pel3g3\] n архіпелаг; група островів
22. harsh [h%:6] adj  грубий; жорсткий; суворий; harsh climate  —
суворий клімат
23. interior [n`t3ri3(r)] adj  розташований у глибині країни; віддалений
від моря
24. severe [s`v3(r)] adj суворий; холодний, сильний (про бурю тощо);
severe frost   — лютий мороз

Virginia Falls on the South Nahanni River 33

 25. chill [t6l] adj студений; непривітний; холодний
26. to exceed [k`si:d] v перевищувати; виходити за межі
27. tectonic [tek’t5nk] adj геол. тектонічний
28. setting [`set8] n тло; фон; обрамлення

2. Read the text again and choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D) to complete
the sentences.
1. Canada occupies…
A. a small part of South America.
B. a major part of South America.
C. a major northern part of South America.
D. a major northern part of North America.
2. Canada borders on…
A. the UK.
B. the Netherland.
C. the United States and the state of Alaska.
D. France and Germany.
3. Canada has…
A. the longest coastline in the world.
B. the long coastline.
C. the short coastline.
D. the shortest coastline in the world.
4. The most densely populated part of the country is…
A. Manitoba.
B. the Quebec City and Windsor Corridor.
C. British Columbia.
D. Nova Scotia.
5. The Northern Canadian vegetation varies…
A. from forests to prairies.
B. from tundra to steppes.
C. from coniferous forests to tundra.
D. from mixed forests to forest-steppes.
6. Winters in Canada can be…
A. warm.
B. harsh.
C. hot.
D. neither cold nor warm.
7. There are many volcanoes in Canada and among them more than
… young volcanic centres.
A. 120
B. 250
C. 200
D. 100
34
3. Read the text again and complete the table.

The distance The pop- The most The The average

Borders of Forces Sta- ulation densely rivers of winter and
on tion from the density populated Canada summer tem-
North Pole is is part is are peratures are

4. Read and decide if these statements are true or false.

1. Canada occupies a major northern part of North America.
2. It borders on the United States in the south and Ukraine in the
northwest.
3. Canada is the second largest country in the world.
4. The northernmost settlement in Canada is Quebec.
5. The population density is 3.5 inhabitants per square kilometre.
6. The broad Canadian Shield is rich in minerals and dotted with
lakes and rivers.
7. Canada has more lakes than any other country.
8. Virginia Falls is about twice as high as Niagara Falls.
9. Winters are neither cold nor warm in many regions of the coun-
try.
10. Coastal British Columbia enjoys a temperate climate, with a mild
and rainy winter.
11. There are many volcanoes in Western Canada.

Polar Bear crossing the Hudson Bay 35

EXTRA DIVE Population
1. Read the text and say what it is about.

Demographics
1. Toronto, Ontario 5,113,149
2. Montreal, Quebec 3,635,571
3. Vancouver, British Columbia 2,116,581
4. Ottawa  — Gatineau Ontario  — Quebec 1,130,761
5. Calgary, Alberta 1,079,310
6. Edmonton, Alberta 1,034,945
7. Quebec City, Quebec 715,515
8. Winnipeg, Manitoba 694,668
9. Hamilton, Ontario 692,911
10. London, Ontario 457,720
11. Kitchener  — Waterloo Ontario 451,235
12. St Catharines  — Niagara Ontario 390,31
13. Halifax, Nova Scotia 372,858
14. Oshawa, Ontario 330,594
15. Victoria, British Columbia 330,088
16. Windsor, Ontario 323,342
17. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan 233,923
18. Regina, Saskatchewan 194,971
19. Sherbrooke, Quebec 186,952
20. St John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador 181,113
21. Nunavut 29,474
According to Canada’s 2009 census the total population is about
33,820,000, the increase is about 5,4 % from 2001. Population growth
is from immigration and, to a lesser extent, natural growth. About
three-quarters of Canada’s population live within 150 kilometres off
the United States border, in urban areas concentrated in the Que-
bec City-Windsor Corridor (notably the Greater Golden Horseshoe,

Ethnic groups in Canada

36
 St John the Baptist St Josaphat Ukrainian Catholic Cathedral,
Ukrainian Catholic Shrine, Ottawa Edmonton

including Toronto and area, Montreal, and Ottawa), the BC Lower

Mainland (consisting of the region surrounding Vancouver), and the
Calgary-Edmonton Corridor in Alberta.
According to the 2006 census, there are 43 ethnic origins in Canada.
The largest ethnic group is Canadian (32,2  %) followed by English
(21  %), French (15,1  %), Scottish (15,2  %), Irish (13,9  %), German
(10,2  %), Italian (4,6  %), Chinese (3,9  %), Ukrainian (3,9  %), Abo-
riginal (3,8  %), Dutch (3,3  %), Polish (3,2  %), other groups (2,5  %).
Canada’s aboriginal population is growing almost twice as fast as the
Canadian average, and 3,8  % of Canada’s population claimed aborig-
inal identity in 2006.
Canada has one of the highest per capita immigration rates in the
world, because of economic policy and family reunification. In 2009,
approximately 265,000 new migrants were expected to arrive in Can-
ada. Newcomers settled mostly in the major urban areas of Montreal,
Toronto, and Vancouver.
Support for religious pluralism is an important part of Canada’s
political culture. According to the 2001 census, 77,1  % of Canadians
identify as being Christians; of this, Catholics make up the largest

Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré Notre Dame Basilica, Montreal Notre-Dame Cathedral, Ottawa 37

 The oldest continuously functioning synagogue in Baitul Islam Mosque, Maple, Ontario
Canada

group (43,6  %). The largest Protestant denomination is the United

Church of Canada (9,5  %), followed by the Anglicans (6,8  %), Bap-
tists (2,4  %), Lutherans (2  %), other Christians 4,4  %. About 16,5  %
of Canadians declare no religious affiliation, and the remaining 6,3  %
are affiliated with religions other than Christianity, of which the
largest is Islam, numbering 1,9  %, followed by Judaism (1,1  %).
1. census [`sens3s] n перепис (населення тощо)
2. ethnic [`e7nk] adj етнічний
3. origin [`5rd4n] n походження
4. identity [a`dent3ti] n  тотожність, ідентичність; справжність,
істинність
5. per [p-:] prep через, по; за, на; per capita  — на людину, на
душу населення
6. rate [ret] n норма; розмір; ставка; тариф; такса
7. reunification [~ri:~ju:nf`ke6n] n возз’єднання
8. migrant [`magr3nt] n переселенець
9. Christian [`krst63n] n християнин; християнка; adj християнський
10. Catholic [`k073lk] n католик; adj католицький; соборний
11. Protestant [`pr5tst3nt] n протестант; протестантка; adj протестантський
12. denomination [d~n5m`ne6n] n назва, найменування; віросповідання
13. Anglican [`08glk3n] n  людина англіканського віросповідання;
adj  англіканський

Saint Vital Roman Catholic Holy Trinity Anglican Church,

38 Church, Beaumont, Alberta Edmonton, Alberta
 14. Baptist [`b0ptst] n баптист
15. Lutheran [`lu73r3n] n лютеранин; лютеранка; adj лютеранський; Lu-
theran Church  — Лютеранська церква
16. affiliation [3~fl`e6n] n приєднання; приймання в члени
17. Islam [`zl%:m; iz`l%:m] n іслам
18. Judaism [`d4u:dezm] n іудаїзм, єврейська релігія

2. Read the text again and choose the best variant (A—C) to answer the questions
(1—5).
1. What is the population of Canada?
A. 31,612,105.
B. 33,820,000.
C. 32,820,000.
2. Which of the following statements is not true?
A. Population growth is from immigration and, to a lesser extent,
natural growth.
B. About three-quarters of Canada’s population live within 150
kilometres off the United States border.
C. There are 40 ethnic groups in Canada.
3. Which is the largest ethnic group in the country?
A. Ukrainian.
B. Canadian.
C. English.
4. Where do usually new migrants settle?
A. In the major urban areas of Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.
B. In the major areas of Ottawa, Quebec and Calgary.
C. In the major areas of Victoria, Winnipeg and Iqaluit.
5. Which of the following religious groups is the largest?
A. Catholics.
B. Lutherans.
C. Protestants.

St Volodymyr Ukrainian Orthodox St Joseph’s Church The oldest Protestant church

Church, Hamilton, Ontario in Montreal in Canada 39
EXTRA DIVE The Canadian Symbols
1. Read the text and say what it is about.
The Canadian Flag
The unique red and white Cana-
dian flag was officially unfurled for
the first time on February 15, 1965
on Parliament Hill, in Ottawa. Since
then, the national flag has been ac-
cepted as a symbol of the open and
caring society. The distinctive red
and white design stands for hope, freedom, dignity and opportunity.
There were other flags before this one, but they all looked like
the British flag. The red and white flag with the Maple Leaf in the
middle is the first Canadian flag. Red and white have been Canada’s
official colours since 1921. The Maple Leaf has been a symbol of Can-
ada since 1700.
The Canadian Coat of Arms
There is a fleur-de-lis on Canada’s coat of arms. The
Union Jack and the Royal Crown appear as symbols on
provincial flags and coats of arms. They represent the
historic connection between Great Britain and Canada.
The coat of arms includes three red maple leaves below
the royal arms of England, Scotland, Ireland and France.
The shield bears the royal arms of England (upper left);
Scotland (upper right); Ireland (lower left) and France (lower right).
The British lion holds the Union Jack. The unicorn holds the fleur-
de-lis of France. Canada received the coat of arms in 1921.
The Maple Leaf
The Maple Leaf has been a symbol of part of the design for the
coats of arms of the provinces of Quebec and Ontario.
1. to unfurl [~2n`f-:l] v розгортати (прапор)
2. to accept [3k`sept] v визнавати; приймати
3. caring [`ke3r8] adj який піклується
4. distinctive [d`st8ktv] аdj характерний, вільний, особливий
5. dignity [`dgnti] n гідність; величність, велич; достоїнство
6. maple [`mepl] n клен; maple leaf  — кленовий листок (емблема
Канади)
7. coat of arms [~k3\t 3f`%:mz] n герб
8. fleur-de-lis [`fl-:d3`li:] n  геральдична лілія (емблема французького
королівського двору)
9. Union Jack [~ju:ni3n `d40k] n державний прапор Сполученого Королівства
10. royal [`r13l] adj царський, королівський
40 11. shield [6i:ld] n щит, захист
12. unicorn [`ju:nk1:n] n міф. одноріг
2. Read the text again and answer the questions.
1. When was the Canadian flag officially unfurled?
2. As what has it been accepted since then?
3. What does the distinctive red and white design stand for?
4. What colours have been official since 1921?
5. What does the Canadian coat of arms include?
6. What does it mean?
7. When did Canada receive the coat of arms?

3. Compare the Ukrainian and Canadian flags. Explain the Ukrainian national col-
ours on the flag. What does our flag symbolise?

41
EXTRA DIVE Languages
1. Read the text, choose the correct answers and complete it. Say what languages
are spoken in Canada.
Canada’s two official languages are English and French. Official bi-
lingualism is …(1) in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the
Official Languages Act, and Official Language Regulations. English
and French …(2) equal status in federal courts, Parliament, and in all
federal institutions. Citizens have the right to receive federal govern-
ment services in …(3) English or French, and official-language minori-
ties are guaranteed their own schools in all provinces and territories.
English and French are the mother tongues of 59,7  % and 23,2  %
of the population …(4), and the languages most spoken at home by
68,3  % and 22,3  % of the population respectively. 98,5  % of the Ca-
nadians speak English or French (67,5  % speak English only, 13,3  %
speak French only, and 17,7  % speak both). English and French Of-
ficial Language Communities, constitute 73,0  % and 23,6  % of the
population respectively.
Although more than 85  % of the
French-speaking Canadians live in Quebec,
there is a …(5) quantity of the French-speak-
ing Canadians in Ontario, Alberta, and south-
ern Manitoba. New Brunswick, the only of-
ficially bilingual province, has an Acadian
population in the northern and south-eastern
parts of that province, …(6) 33  % of the popu-
lation. There are also clusters of Acadians in
south-western Nova Scotia, on Cape Breton Is-
land, and Prince Edward Island. Ontario has the largest French-speaking
population outside Quebec. French …(7) the official language in Quebec.
In other provinces French is used as a language of instruction in
courts, and for other government services in addition to English. In
Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec both English and French are spoken
in the provincial legislatures, and laws are enacted in both languages.
Several aboriginal languages have …(8) status in the Northwest Terri-
tories. Inuktitut is the main language in Nunavut, and one of three
…(9) languages in the territory.
Some of the most common non-official first languages …(10) Chi-
nese (1,012,065 first-language speakers), Italian (455,040), German
(450,570), Punjabi (367,505) and Spanish (345,345).

A B C D
1 definiteness definitely definite defined
2 had having have half
3 too either also both
42
 A B C D
4 respectively respective respect respectable
5 substantiality substantiate substantial substandard
6 constitution constitutional constituting constitutor
7 is are being been
8 official officially officiality officer
9 official non-official officership officiation
10 including included inclusion include

1. official [3`f6l] adj офіційний; службовий; формальний; казенний;

official language   — державна мова
2. bilingualism [~ba`l8gw3lzm] n двомовність; bilingual  — adj двомовний,
n  двомовець (людина, яка володіє двома
мовами)
3. to define [d`fan] v визначати
4. charter [`t6%:t3(r)] n хартія, грамота; право; статут
5. right [rat] n право
6. freedom [`fri:d3m] n право; почесні права і привілеї
7. equal [`i:kw3l] adj однаковий, рівний; рівноправний
8. status [`stet3s] n (pl. без змін) статус; status seeker  —
честолюбець, сноб
9. minority [ma`n5r3ti] n меншість; minorities  — національна меншість
10. respectively [r`spektvli] adv відповідно; щодо кожного зокрема
11. community [k3`mju:n3ti] n громада, община; об’єднання; співдружність
12. substantial [s3b`st0n6l] adj  міцний, солідний; істотний, значний,
важливий; великий
13. Acadian [3`ked3n] n франкомовний канадець
14. cluster [`kl2st3(r)] n група, купа; скупчення; гроно; пучок
15. court [k1:t] n  суд; Supreme Court  — Верховний Суд; court
of honour  — суд честі
16. legislature [`led4slet63(r)] n 
законодавчий орган; законодавча влада;
законодавчий орган штату (у США)
17. to enact [`n0kt] v  приймати, вводити в дію (закон); надавати
законної сили; проголошувати й постановляти
18. Punjabi [p2n`d4%:bi] adj пенджабський, панджабський; n панджабець,
пенджабець

2. Answer the questions.

1. What is the official language in our country?
2. What languages are spoken in Ukraine?
3. Are there any local dialects in our country?
4. If so, do people make a special effort to preserve those dialects?
5. Is it so important what language you speak in your opinion?
6. Do the people living in a country have to know the national lan-
guage?
7. What languages do you want to learn? And why? 43
EXTRA DIVE Canadian Cities
1. Read the text and say what it is about.
Ottawa, situated in Ontario
with a population of about 1  mil-
lion people, is the capital of Can-
ada. It occupies a magnificent site
on the Ottawan River, chief tribu-
tary of the St Lawrence River. It
is the seat of the government, the
city of imposing official buildings,
bridges and canals, streams and
cascades. The Parliament buildings
stand on the banks of the Ottawan
River. There is also the governor
general’s residence in Ottawa. It
is a large building surrounded by
attractive grounds. There are also
beautiful hotels, buildings, muse-
ums, theatres and halls in Ottawa.
Toronto, also situated in Ontar- Ottawa
io, is one of the largest cities of
Canada. It is the capital of Ontario and one of the major sophisticat-
ed theatregoing cities in North America. It is the third largest thea-
tre centre after New York and London in the English-speaking world.
There are more than 180 professional theatre and dance companies.
They stage dramas, comedies, musical and experimental productions.
More than seven million tickets a year are sold for the shows and a
half of them to theatregoers.
Toronto is the world’s most ethnically diverse city and welcomes
more immigrants than any other city in Canada. Its population is
about 4 million people nowadays. There are world-famous museums,
beautiful shops, restaurants and exhibitions in it.

44 The University of Toronto Toronto

 The CN Tower, Sky Dome, the Canadian National Exhibition, Roy-
al Ontario Museum, the University of Toronto, Chinatown are known
all over the world. The University of Toronto with its affiliated col-
leges (Victoria College, Trinity College and St Michael’s College) is
the largest in Canada and is noted for its high academic standing.
Yonge Street is the longest street in the world. It is about 1,900 kilo-
metres long. Its inhabitants are the British, Italians, Chinese, Portu-
guese, Greeks, French, Germans, Ukrainians, Poles, black Caribbeans,
Indo-Pakistans.
Montreal, situated in Quebec with a population of more than 3
million people, is also one of the largest cities of Canada and the cen-
tre of the province’s economic and cultural life. Although Montreal is
located 1000 miles from the ocean it is one of Canada’s most impor-
tant seaports.
It is also a large industrial, commercial and financial metropolis
and the head-quarters of Cana-
da’s two transcontinental rail-
way systems. There are a lot
of banks, industrial corpora-
tions and other national enter-
prises with their head offices
in it. The Bank of Montreal is
the most stately among many
impressive buildings.

Montreal 45
 Quebec Vancouver

There are a lot of places of interest in Montreal, too. It is indeed

a beautiful city with all its parks, museums, the Olympic Stadium,
Notre Dame Basilica, the Biodome and Botanical Gardens, the monu-
ment to Maisonnewe the founder of the city, avenues, streets and the
Mount Royal.
On the top of the mountain, you can ride in a horse-driven car-
riage, walk through the wooded trails of Beaver Lake and gaze down
upon the city from spectacular lookouts.
Quebec City is built upon a rock rising straight up out of the St
Lawrence River. About 700 thousand people live there. Quebec is a
very fascinating city full of the echoes of the past times. It is an
industrial, religious, educational centre and a port. The city is a mix-
ture of past and present and attracts tourists greatly.
Other major cities are Vancouver (more than 1,6 million people),
Edmonton and Calgary (about 800 thousand people each), Winnipeg
(about 700 thousand people), Victoria (about 600 thousand people).
Victoria and Vancouver are the only Pacific ports of Canada. These
cities are situated in British Columbia. Only about 10  % of the ter-
ritory is inhabited, and about three-quarters of the population of the
province live in these two cities, Vancouver and Victoria. Iqaluit is
the capital of the Canadian new territory Nunavut, and is situated
in the Arctic.

46 Edmonton Calgary
1. tributary [`trbj3tri] n притока (про річку)
2. imposing [m`p3\z8] adj який вражає; показний, імпозантний
3. attractive [3`tr0ktv] adj привабливий; який притягає
4. grounds [gra\ndz] n сад, парк
5. theatregoing [`73t3~g3\8] n відвідування театрів
6. musical [`mju:zkl] n м’юзікл
7. production [pr3`d2k6n] n постановка (п’єси тощо); вистава, спектакль
8. theatregoer [`73t3~g3\3(r)] n театрал
9. ethnically [`e7nkli] adv етнічно; щодо етнічного складу населення
10. diverse [da`v-:s] adj  різний, відмінний; несхожий; різноманітний;
for diverse reasons  — з різних причин
11. affiliated [3`fletd] adj філіальний
12. noted [`n3\td] adj знаменитий; відомий; видатний
13. academic [~0k3`demk] adj університетський; академічний; навчальний
14. standing [`st0nd8] n репутація; ранг
15. industrial [n`d2stri3l] adj промисловий, індустріальний
16. commercial [k3`m-:6l] adj торговий, торгівельний; комерційний
17. financial [fa`n0n6l]  фінансовий; financial year  — звітний
фінансовий рік
18. metropolis [m3`tr5p3ls] n  столиця; велике місто; центр ділового
(культурного) життя
19. headquarters [~hed`kw1:t3z] n центр; головне управління
20. transcontinental [~tr0nz~k5nt`nentl] adj 
трансконтинентальний, що перетинає
континент; transcontinental railway  —
трансконтинентальна залізниця
21. stately [`stetli] adj величний; величавий; царствений
22. wooded [`wudd] adj лісистий; wooded terrain  — лісиста місцевість
23. trail [trel] n стежка

Winnipeg 47
 24. beaver [`bi:v3(r)] n зоол. бобер
25. to gaze [gez] v пильно дивитися; вдивлятися (at, on, upon)
26. spectacular [spek`t0kj3l3(r)] adj ефектний; захопливий
27. lookout [`l\ka\t] n краєвид; спостережний пункт (пост); дозорний;
a wonderful lookout over the sea  — чудовий
морський краєвид

2. Read the text again, look though the map of Canada and match the provinces
and territories to their capitals.
Ontario, Whitehorse, Quebec, Yellowknife, Nova Scotia,
Regina, New Brunswick, Edmonton, Prince Edward Island,
Winnipeg, Newfoundland, St John’s, Manitoba, Charlottetown,
Saskatchewan, Fredericton, Alberta ,Halifax, Quebec,
Northwest Territories, Toronto, Yukon Territory, Iqaluit,
Nunavut, Vancouver, British Columbia

3. Read the text given below and correct the information about Canada’s cities.
Ottawa is the capital of Canada, situated in British Columbia. Its
population is 6 million people. It stands on the river Thames.
Toronto, situated in Nunavut, is one of the largest cities of Can-
ada. It is the largest theatre centre of the English-speaking world.
There are more than 280 professional theatre and dance companies.
There are no immigrants in Toronto. It is the city for the English.
There are only some places of interest in Toronto.
48
 Montreal is situated in
New Brunswick. As Montre-
al is located 1000 miles from
the ocean it isn’t a seaport,
it is a small agricultural cen-
tre so we cannot see a lot of
places of interest but it is
worth visiting.
Quebec is built on a plain
not far from the St Law-
rence River. As the city is a
Victoria mixture of past and present
it doesn’t attract tourists
greatly. Other major cities
are Vancouver (more than
600,000 people), Edmonton
and Calgary (about 2 million
people each), Winnipeg and
Victoria (about 1 million peo-
ple each). Victoria and Van-
couver are the only Atlantic
ports of Canada. Iqaluit is
the capital of Newfoundland
Iqaluit
and is situated in the south
of the country.

Whitehorse

St John’s Yellowknife 49
EXTRA DIVE The Mountains of Canada
1. Read the text and say what it is about.
The are a lot of mountains in Canada.
The Rocky Mountains (or Rockies) are a major mountain range
in western North America. The Rocky Mountains …(1) more than
4,800  kilometres from the northernmost part of British Columbia, in
Canada, to New Mexico, in the United States. …(2) highest peak is
Mount Elbert in Colorado at 4,401 m
above sea level. The Rockies are dis-
tinct from the Pacific Coast Rang-
es (as named in Canada) or Pacific
Mountain System (as known in the
United States), which …(3) immedi-
ately adjacent to the Pacific coast.
The Rocky Mountains cover a major
part of western Canada  — British
Columbia, the Yukon Territory and
the western part of Alberta.
The eastern edge of the Rockies rises impressively above the In-
terior Plains of central North America, …(4) the Front Range of Col-
orado, the Wind River Range and Big Horn Mountains of Wyoming,
the Absaroka-Beartooth ranges and Rocky Mountain Front of Mon-
tana, and the Clark Range of Alberta. In Canada there …(5) three main
groups of ranges: the Continental Ranges, Hart Ranges and Muskwa
Ranges. Mount Robson in British Columbia, at 3,954  metres, …(6) the
highest peak in the Canadian Rockies. The Muskwa and Hart Ranges
together comprise what is known as the Northern Rockies (the Mac-
kenzie Mountains north of the Liard River are sometimes referred to
as being part of the Rockies but this is an unofficial designation).
The western edge of the Rockies …(7) subranges such as the Wa-
satch near Salt Lake City and the Bitterroots along the Idaho-Montana

50 Rocky Mountain Front of Montana

 border. The Great Basin and Columbia River Plateau separate these
subranges from distinct ranges further to the west, the …(8) promi-
nent among which are the Sierra Nevada, Cascade Range and Coast
Mountains. The Rockies do not extend into the Yukon or Alaska, or
into central British Columbia, where the Eastern System includes the
Columbia Mountains.

2. Read the text again and for each gap (1—8) choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D).
A B C D
1 stretches stretch stretching stretched
2 The ranges The range The range’s To range
3 are located located were located location
4 have included was included included including
5 is are were been
6 be was is are
7 includes include including have been included
8 more most was were
1. range [rend4] n пасмо; a range of mountains  — гірське пасмо
2. northernmost [`n1:93nm3\st] adj найпівнічніший
3. distinct [d`st8kt] adj різний, відмінний; несхожий; distinct from  —
який відрізняється від
4. immediately [`mi:di3tli] adv безпосередньо, прямо
5. adjacent [3`d4esnt] adj суміжний, прилеглий, сусідній
6. impressively [m`presvli] adv приголомшливо; виразно
7. interior [n`t3ri3(r)] adj  розташований у глибині країни; віддалений
від моря
8. to comprise [k3m`praz] v  включати; охоплювати; входити до складу;
складатися з
9. designation [~dezg`ne6n] n визначення; позначення
10. to extend [k`stend] v простягатися; тягтися; протягуватися

Coast Mountains 51
EXTRA DIVE Lakes, Rivers and Waterfalls of Canada
1. Read the text and say what it is about.
The lakes, rivers and waterfalls of Canada are …(1) all over the
world. Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world
(82,414 sq km), 563 km long and 257 km in its greatest width. It is
not only the …(2) but the deepest (a maximum depth of 397 m) of the
Great Lakes. Lake Superior drains into Lake Huron through the St
Marys River and …(3) the waters of many short, swift-flowing streams
including the Nipidon, Kaministikwa, St Louis and Pigeon rivers.
The waters of Lake Superior are purer than those of the lower lakes
and are minimally polluted. Lake Superior is part of the Great Lakes  —
St Lawrence Seaway system, and it is …(4) by oceangoing vessels through
the Sault Sainte Marie Canals which bypass rapids in the St Marys Riv-
er. The lake does not …(5) com-
pletely, but ice impedes naviga-
tion from mid-December to the
end of March at the lake’s outlet
and from early December to the
end of April in harbours on the
south shore. Recreation facilities
are found in Pukaskwa National
Park (Ontario) and at state and
provincial parks on the lake’s
shores and islands.
Lake Erie is the …(6) larg- Great Lakes
est lake of the five Great Lakes
and the tenth largest globally. It is the southernmost shallowest and
smallest by volume of the Great Lakes. The lake is named after the
Erie tribe of Native Americans who lived along its southern shore.
Lake Winnipeg is a very large (24,514 sq km) lake, too. It is lo-
cated in Central North America in the province of Manitoba. It is the
largest lake within the borders of Southern Canada, it is part of the
most undeveloped and pristine large watershed of southern Canada.
It is the sixth largest freshwater lake in Canada, but it is relative-
ly shallow (depth of 12 metres) …(7) a narrow, 36-metre-deep chan-
nel between the northern and southern basins. And it is the eleventh
largest freshwater lake on the Earth.
There are many islands in the lake and most of them are undevel-
oped and pristine. The east side of the lake has pristine boreal for-
ests and rivers that …(8) as a potential United Nations World Heritage
Park in the future. Its remote sandy beaches, large limestone cliffs
and many bat caves are interesting for tourists to see. It is used as
one of the largest reservoirs in the world.
Lake of the Woods occupies parts of the Canadian provinces of On-
tario and Manitoba. It separates a small land area of Minnesota from
52
the rest of the United States. The
lake drains into the Winnipeg
River and then into Lake Winni-
peg. Lake of the Woods is rather
long and wide and contains over
14,552 islands and its coastline
is the longest among Canadian
lakes. There are many other small
and large lakes in Canada.
There are a lot of rivers in
Canada, too. They are the Sas- Athabasca Falls
katchewan River, Red River,
Winnipeg River, Poplar River, Manigotagan River, Rainy River, Black
Sturgeon River, English River, Broad River, Lee River, Whiteshell
River, Whitemouth River, St Lawrence River, Dauphin River, Blood-
vein River, Berens River, Assiniboine River and many, many others.
The Saskatchewan River is a …(9) river in Canada, approximately
550 km long, flowing across Saskatchewan and Manitoba to drain into
Lake Winnipeg. Through its tributaries the North Saskatchewan and
South Saskatchewan its watershed encompasses much of the prairie
regions of central Canada, stretching westward to the Rocky Moun-
tains in Alberta and into northern Montana in the United States.
The Winnipeg River flows from Lake of the Woods in the province
of Ontario to Lake Winnipeg in the province of Manitoba and even-
tually empties into Hudson Bay …(10) the Nelson River. This river is
235 km long.
The Winnipeg River became an important transportation route to
western Canada for fur traders and explorers. There are also many
lakes along the Winnipeg River where it widens. The Bloodvein River
is a pristine river on the east side of Lake Winnipeg. This wildered
area has no logging roads, mines or hydro developments nearby. Many
native locals and tourists enjoy …(11) in this remote and clean river.
Swimming in this river in summer is very pleasant because of the
warm water, unlike mountain rivers. This clean and warm water river
drains from the Canadian Shield into Lake Winnipeg.
It is a unique area, one of many Canadian Rivers that are to be
preserved and protected for future
generations.
The Poplar River runs towards
the eastern shore of Lake Winnipeg.
It is a protected river with pristine
forests and many undeveloped lakes
and creeks along it.
This wildered river is one of a
few rivers in southern Canada that
are still very pristine and clean
with little or no development along
Moraine lake the shoreline and in the entire 53
 watershed. There are no ma-
jor mines, roads, hydro or log-
ging areas in the region. The
area provides an …(12) habitat
for a segment of the threatened
woodland caribou, and also pro-
tects habitat for the chestnut
lamprey, a species of special
concern. The river is a popu-
lar place for fishing, canoeing, Tulabi Falls, Nopiming Provincial Park, Manitoba
ecotourism and sightseeing. In
summer and autumn the water is very warm for swimming unlike gla-
cier and mountain waters. The area has woodland black bears, lynx,
bobcats and other animals. Many species of birds nest in the region
including the bald eagle and the great grey owl.
The Manigotagan River is located in Manitoba. It flows into the
eastern side of Lake Winnipeg and it is a rare remote river of South-
ern Canada. The last southern herd of woodland caribou in Canada
can be found near this river and in Nopiming Provincial Park. The
river was recently protected as an important ecological area popular
for canoeing.
There are many other rivers that with cliffs, rapids and waterfalls
along them run through tundra, forests and prairies of Canada.
In Canada there are not only a lot of rivers but also a lot of falls.
One of them is Niagara Falls.
…(13) in southeastern Ontario, Niagara Falls is internationally re-
nowned for its serene landscapes, striking natural beauty and variety
of outdoor activities. It draws millions of visitors each year.
Niagara Falls is the second largest waterfall on the Earth, with
the first being Victoria Falls in southern Africa.
If you happen to be travelling during the winter season, you can
see the famous “ice bridge”. As the cold mist meets the cold water of
the falls, ice formations build up at the banks. If it gets cold enough,
the “ice bridge” extends across the entire river, from New York to
Ontario.
Every year, Niagara Falls attracts more than 14 million tourists
from all over the world. Ever since Aaron Burr’s daughter selected
this place for honeymoon in 1801, it has become the honeymoon cap-
ital of the world.
Cameron Falls is a pretty wa-
terfall to visit, to take photos and
just enjoy the attraction. Silver-
ton Falls is a relatively quiet wa-
terfall within the boundaries of
Banff National Park. Athabasca
Falls is famous for many people
coming here because it features
54 Niagara Falls a pretty mountain backdrop.
 Sunwapta Falls is also known more
for its background than the falls
itself.
Where the famous Canadian
Rockies are located and where
mountains and glaciers are mixed
the waterfalls are dominated on
the western border with British
Columbia. These are Alberta Wa-
Frozen waterfalls, Alberta, Canada
terfalls. What strikes people is
that Athabasca Falls, Sunwapta
Falls, Blackiston Falls have gorgeous mountain backgrounds.
Takakkaw Falls is a striking waterfall. The word “takakkaw” means
“magnificent” in the Cree.
The Johnston Canyon Waterfalls are all the waterfalls found with-
in Johnston Canyon itself. There are many, many other waterfalls in
Canada, too.
In short, Canada is the country of lakes, rivers and waterfalls that
are …(14) all over the world.
1. width [wd7; wt7] n ширина; широта; in width  — завширшки
2. depth [dep7] n глибина, глибочинь; depths  — безодня; depths
of the ocean  — глибини oкеану
3. to drain [dren] v стікати в річку (озеро)
4. swift [swft] adj  швидкий; be swift to hear, slow to speak  —
більше слухай, менше говори
5. pure [pj\3(r)] adj чистий; чистісінький; абсолютний
6. oceangoing [`3\6ng3\8] adj океанський (про судно)
7. vessel [`vesl] n  судно, корабель; fishing vessel  — рибальське
судно
8. to bypass [`bap%:s] v обходити; іти обхідним шляхом
9. rapid [`r0pd] n поріг ріки; бистрина; перекат; rapids — пороги
річки
10. to impede [m`pi:d] v перешкоджати, заважати; затримувати; to  im-
pede negotiations  — ускладнювати переговори
11. outlet [`a\tlet] n стік; витікання
12. harbour [`h%:b3(r)] n гавань, порт
13. recreation [~rekri`e6n] n  відпочинок; розвага; відновлення сил; rec-
reation facilities  — місця для відпочинку
й  розваг
14. globally [`gl3\b3li] adv у світовому масштабі, всесвітньо
15. volume [`v5lju:m] n об’єм; маса; інтенсивність
16. undeveloped [~2nd`vel3pt] adj незабудований; нерозвинений; необроб­лений
(про землю)
17. pristine [`prsti:n] adj первісний; стародавній; чистий, незіпсований
18. watershed [`w1:t36ed] n  геол. вододіл; водозбірна площа; басейн (ріки)
19. relatively [`rel3tvli] adv досить; відносно
20. basin [`besn] n водойма; басейн (ріки, озера, моря)
21. boreal [`b1:r3l] adj північний, арктичний 55
 22. remote [r`m3\t] adj віддалений; відлюдний, глухий
23. limestone [`lamst3\n] n мін. вапняк
24. cliff [klf] n круча, стрімка скеля; крутояр
25. bat [b0t] n зоол. кажан
26. reservoir [`rez3vw%:(r)] n басейн; водойма; резервуар; запас
27. tributary [`trbjut3ri] n притока
28. to encompass [n`k2mp3s] v оточувати; торкатися
29. eventually [`vent6u3li] adv в кінцевому рахунку; в результаті; зрештою
30. to empty [`empti] v впадати (про ріку)
31. via [`va3] prep через; шляхом, за допомогою
32. transportation [~tr0nsp1:`te6n] n переведення, транспортування
33. fur [f-:(r)] n хутро; beaver fur  — хутро бобра; a fur coat  —
шуба; to stroke (rub) the fur the wrong way  —
гладити проти шерсті, роздратовувати (когось)
34. trader [`tred3(r)] n торговець, крамар; a trade route  — торговий
шлях
35. wildered [`wld3d] adj непрохідний, непролазний; n wilderness  —
пустеля; дика місцевість; незаймана природа
36. logging [`l5g8] n  лісозаготівля і транспортування лісу;
лісорозробки
37. nearby [`n3ba] adv поблизу, неподалік, недалеко; по сусідству
38. locals [`l3\k3lz] n місцеві мешканці
39. creek [kri:k] n невелика затока (бухта); гирло ріки
40. essential [`sen6l] adj необхідний, обов’язковий; неодмінний
41. habitat [`h0bt0t] n  біол. місце поширення (тварин, рослин);
природне середовище
42. segment [`segm3nt] n частина; частка
43. threatened [`7retnd] adj який знаходиться під загрозою
44. woodland [`w\dl3nd] n ліс; adj лісовий
45. caribou [`k0rbu:] n карибу, канадський олень
46. chestnut [`t6esn2t] n бот. каштан, каштанове дерево
47. lamprey [`l0mpri] n мінога
48. glacier [`gl0si3(r)] n льодовик, глетчер
49. lynx [l8ks] n рись (pl. lynx or lynxes)
50. bobcat [`b5bk0t] n зоол. руда рись
51. eagle [`i:gl] n орел; an eagle-owl  — орн. пугач
52. herd [h-:d] n стадо, череда, гурт
53. internationally [~nt3`n06n3li] adv у міжнародному масштабі
54. renowned [r`na\nd] adj прославлений, відомий, знаменитий
55. serene [s3`ri:n] adj ясний, прозорий; спокійний; безхмарний
56. striking [`strak8] adj дивовижний, вражаючий
57. to draw [dr1:] v (drew; drawn) притягувати; привертати (увагу)
58. honeymoon [`h2nimu:n] n  медовий місяць; to go for a honeymoon  —
поїхати у весільну подорож
59. to feature [`fi:t63(r)] v характеризуватися, відрізнятися (чимсь); бути
характерною рисою (ознакою) чогось
56 60. background [`b0kgra\nd] n фон, тло; місце події; задній план
2. Read the text again and for each gap (1—14) choose the correct answer (A, B,
C or D).

A B C D
1 knowing known to know knows
2 large larger largest most largest
3 to receive received receiving receives
4 reached reaching reaches was reaching
5 freezed freezing freeze to freeze
6 four fourth forty fourteen
7 to exclude excluded excluding was excluded
8 are being were promoted promoted to promote
promoted
9 short major one long
10 on under via above
11 canoeing and canoe and fish to canoe and canoed and
fishing fish fished
12 essentiality essence essential essentially
13 To locate Location Located Was located
14 known knowing to know knew

3. Look at the map of Canada and mark all the rivers, waterfalls and lakes you
know on it.

4. Compare the rivers, waterfalls and lakes of Canada and Ukraine. Say which
country is richer in lakes, waterfalls and rivers. Give your reasons. 57
EXTRA DIVE Canada’s Fauna
1. Read the text and say what it is about.

1.
Canada has multiple ecosystems, rang-
ing from the lush forests of British Co-
lumbia to the prairies of Western Canada
and to the tundra of Northern Canada. opossums
With a large land mass and small popula-
tion density, the wildlands of Canada pro-
vide important habitat for many animals,
both endangered and not.
Mammals are found in all the regions
of Canada.

2.
grey wolf
They are the bats, carnivores, artiodac-
tyls, cetaceans, insectivores and rodents,
only one species of marsupial, the opossum,
can now be found in Southern Canada.
Because of its large wild spaces, Can-
ada is home for many large mammals,
some of which have been extirpated in
more densely populated areas, for exam-
ple, the grey wolf and the brown bear. caribou

3.
For example, the area around Low-
er Consolation Lake has several walking
trails which are, from time to time, re-
stricted because of grizzly bear activity.
Well known as “Canadian” are the
mammals of the north such as the cari-
bou, moose, musk ox, wolverine and arctic moose

58 polar bear grizzly brown bear black bear

 fox. Other wide-ranging mammals of econom-
ic significance include the black bear, beaver,
muskrat, mink, marten, red fox and timber
wolf. The North American beaver is a major
symbol of Canada.
Two-thirds of the 3,000 bison in Canada
range freely on the northwest shore of Great
musk ox Slave Lake. Other herds of bison are also locat-
ed in the Taiga Plains ecozone, at Nahanni-Li-
ard and at Hay-Zama. There are also such mam-
mals in Canada as a lynx, coyote, bobcat, brown
rat, snowshoe hare and many, many others.

4.
The most commonly known birds include
the Canadian goose, snowy owl and common
wolverine raven. Another prominent Canadian bird is the
whooping crane, whose only breeding grounds
are protected in Wood Buffalo National Park.
There are also a lot of other birds such as an
American robin, a mallard, a  white-throat-
ed sparrow, a ruby-throated humming bird,
a blue heron, a falcon, a ring-necked duck,
an eagle, a hawk, a red-tailed hawk, a sharp-
tailed grouse, a woodpecker and others.

5.
arctic fox
They are albatrosses, auks, frigatebirds,
gannets, penguins, petrels and they feed ex-
clusively at sea. In addition, many species
of cormorants, grebes, gulls, loons, pelicans,
ducks, terns and others feed either entirely
or mainly at sea. The phalaropes are the only
shorebirds that feed at sea.
Each spring millions of birds wing their
way north to Canada. They fly alone, in pairs,
in flocks and in strict formations. Birds mi-
beaver
grate north by day and by night. Songbirds are

mink marten muskrat 59

 mostly night flyers where the darkness offers
protection from predators. Hundreds of spe-
cies of birds fly north to Canada each year.

6.
Lizards live along the southern border
with the United States of America. Turtles
can be found in all ten of Canada’s southern
provinces except Newfoundland and Labra-
bison
dor. Nunavut, the Yukon, Newfoundland and
Labrador have no reptiles.
Canada has more than 40 types of amphibians, including sala-
manders as well as frogs and toads. Canada’s salamanders are found
everywhere, except the three northern territories.

7.
Frogs and toads are found in every region of Canada.
Canada’s rivers are famous for Atlantic salmon on the east coast
and Pacific salmon on the west coast. Many of Canada’s freshwater
lakes and streams are home to rainbow trout, Arctic char and brook
trout. A lot of fish can be found in seas and oceans, including Atlan-
tic cod, haddock, halibut and many others, although some of these
are in decline.
There are several types of whale, some of which are hunted. They
are blue whales, killer whales, sperm whales, beluga whales and small
whales.

8.
The St Lawrence beluga represents the southern limit of the spe-
cies’ worldwide range. This beluga lives mainly in the St Lawrence
River.
There are five groups of beluga found in Canadian waters: the St
Lawrence River population, the Cumberland Sound population, which
is threatened, Eastern High Arctic/Baffin Bay population, which is of
special concern, and both the Ungava Bay population and the Eastern
Hudson Bay population, which are both listed as endangered.

60 red fox lynx bobcat

1. to range [rend4] v  коливатися в певних межах; водитися
(в  якійсь місцевості); мандрувати; пастися
2. bat [b0t] n зоол. кажан
3. carnivore [`k%:nv1:(r)] n зоол. м’ясоїдна тварина
4. artiodactyl [~%:t3\`d0ktl] n зоол. парнокопитна тварина; adj парнокопитний
5. cetacean [s`te6n] n  зоол. який відноситься до китів та дельфінів;
кит; китоподібний
6. insectivore [n`sektv1:(r)] n зоол. комахоїдна тварина
7. rodent [`r3\d3nt] n зоол. гризун
8. marsupial [m%:`su:pi3l] n зоол. сумчаста тварина
9. to extirpate [`ekst-:pet] v знищувати; винищувати
10. trail [trel] n стежка
11. to restrict [r`strkt] v обмежувати, тримати в певних межах
12. grizzly [`grzli] v зоол. ведмідь-гризлі
13. moose [mu:s] n зоол. американський лось
14. wolverine [`wulv3ri:n] n зоол. росомаха
15. arctic fox [`%:ktk `f5ks] n зоол. песець
16. beaver [`bi:v3(r)] n зоол. бобер
17. muskrat [`m2skr0t] n зоол. ондатра; мускусний щур
18. mink [m8k] n зоол. норка
19. marten [`m%:tn] n зоол. куниця
20. red fox [`red f5ks] n зоол. червона американська лисиця
21. bison [`basn] n зоол. бізон, американський зубр; (pl. bison)
22. lynx [l8ks] n рись (pl. lynx or lynxes)
23. coyote [ka`3\ti; k1`3\ti] n зоол. койот, степовий вовк
24. rat [r0t] n зоол. пацюк; щур
25. goose [gu:s] n орн. гуска; гусак
26. owl [a\l] n  орн. сова, сич, пугач; a snowy owl  — полярна
сова
27. raven [`revn] n орн. ворон, крук
28. to whoop [hu:p; wu:p] v кричати; ухкати (про пугача); закашлятися
29. crane [kren] n орн. журавель
30. to breed [bri:d] (bred, bred) v розмножуватися; плодитися; висиджувати
(пташенят); виводити
31. robin [`r5bn] n орн. вільшанка; дрізд
32. mallard [`m0l%:d] n орн. дика качка, крижень

coyote snowshoe hare snowy owl whooping crane 61

 falcon eagle hawk woodpecker

33. sparrow [`sp0r3\] n горобець; a white-throated sparrow  — горобець

з білою шийкою (з білим горлечком)
34. ruby [`ru:bi] adj рубіновий, яскраво-червоний
35. humming bird [`h2m8 b-:d] n орн. колібрі; a ruby-throated humming-
bird  — колібрі з яскраво-червоним горлечком
(з  яскраво-червоною шийкою)
36. heron [`her3n] n зоол. чапля
37. falcon [`f1:lk3n] n орн. сокіл
38. eagle [`i:gl] n орел
39. hawk [h1:k] n  яструб; a red-tailed hawk  — червонохвостий
яструб
40. grouse [gra\s] n (pl. без змін) орн. шотландська куріпка;
a  sharp-tailed grouse  — гострохвоста куріпка
41. woodpecker [`wudpek3(r)] n орн. дятел
42. albatross [`0lb3tr5s] n зоол. альбатрос
43. auk [1:k] n орн. гагарка
44. frigatebird [`frg3tb-:d] n орн. фрегат
45. gannet [`g0nt] n орн. баклан
46. penguin [`pe8gwn] n зоол. пінгвін
47. petrel [`petr3l] n орн. буревісник salamander
48. cormorant [`k1:m3r3nt] n орн. великий баклан
49. grebe [gri:b] n орн. поганка
50. gull [g2l] n орн. чайка
51. loon [lu:n] n орн. гагара
52. phalarope [`f0l3r3\p] n зоол. плавунчик

sharp-tailed grouse frigatebird ruby-throated grebes

62 humming bird
53. to wing [w8] v  летіти, здійснювати політ; a bird wings the
sky  — птах летить у піднебессі
54. flock [fl5k] n зграя
55. songbird [`s58b-:d] n співочий птах
56. predactor [`pred3t3(r)] n хижак
57. reptile [`reptal] n  зоол. плазун; підлабузник; продажна душа
(людина)
58. amphibian [0m`fbi3n] n амфібія, земноводна тварина
59. salamander [`s0l3m0nd3(r)] n зоол. саламандра; сумчастий пацюк
60. frog [fr5g] n жаба
61. toad [t3\d] n  зоол. жаба; the biggest toad in the paddle  —
місцевий верховода
62. rainbow trout [~renb3\ `tra\t] n іхт. райдужна форель
63. char [t6%:(r)] n іхт. голець
64. brook [bruk] n струмок
65. cod [k5d] n (pl. без змін) іхт. тріска
66. haddock [`h0d3k] n (pl. без змін) іхт. пікша; розм. тріска
67. halibut [`h0lb3t] n іхт. палтус
68. decline [d`klan] n занепад
69. whale [`wel] n зоол. кит
70. sperm whale [`sp-:m wel] n зоол. кашалот
71. beluga [b`lu:g3] n зоол. білуха; іхт. білуга (pl. beluga or belugas)
72. worldwide [`w-:ldwad] adj світовий, всесвітній; поширений у всьому світі
73. to threaten [7retn] v загрожувати; бути загрозою (небезпекою)
74. concern [k3n`s-:n] n  відношення; турбота; занепокоєння; участь;
інтерес, зацікавленість
75. to list [lst] v заносити до списку; складати список
76. to endanger [n`dend43(r)] v піддавати небезпеці; ставити під загрозу
77. cougar [`ku:g3(r)] n зоол. пума, кугуар; пантера
78. order [`1:d3(r)] n зоол. ряд; підклас
79. to consider [k3n`sd3(r)] v розглядати; вважати
80. diverse [da`v-:s] adj різний, відмінний; несхожий; різноманітний
81. walrus [`w1:lr3s] n зоол. морж
82. porpoise [`p1:p3s] n зоол. морська свиня; бурий дельфін
83. avifauna [~ev`f1:n3] n зоол. пташина фауна (певної місцевості)
84. to comprise [k3m`praz] v включати; охоплювати; складатися

whale belugas gannets walrus 63

 2. Read the text again and match choices (A—K) to the gaps (1—8). There are
three choices you do not need to use.
A. These large mammals are the polar bears, which inhabit the coast-
al zone of Hudson and James bays, Ungava Bay and the northern
Labrador coast, the grizzly bears, the cougars. The cougar is the
second largest cat.
B. Members of six orders of mammal inhabit Canada.
C. The fauna is considered to be diverse in Canada.
D. There are a lot of different trees in Canada.
E. Among Canada’s marine mammals there are also Atlantic walrus-
es and harbour porpoises.
F. Canada has 43 species of reptiles, including turtles, lizads and
snakes. Only crocodiles aren’t found in Canada.
G. There are more than 250 species of birds that live either partially
or exclusively at sea and they are known as “seabirds”.
H. Some years ago I visited Canada and saw a lot of places of inter-
est.
I. Canada’s avifauna comprises 462 species of birds.
J. The rare pacific giant salamander lives in British Columbia’s
coastal rainforests.
K. When I’m in a bad mood I go for a walk with my friends.

3. Compare the fauna of Canada and Ukraine and fill in the table. Name the coun-
try in which the fauna is richer to your mind.

Animals Birds Fish

Canada Ukraine Canada Ukraine Canada Ukraine

64
Canada’s Flora EXTRA DIVE
1. Read the text and say what it is about.
The flora of Canada is quite …(1), due
to the wide range of ecoregions and envi-
ronmental conditions present in Canada.
The main biomes of Canada are:
• tundra;
• boreal forests;
• mixed forests;
• broadleaf red forests (broadleaved);
• prairies;
• Rocky Mountains, where vegetation
includes various types of tundra and
forests.
From the warm, temperate broadleaf maple
forests of southern Ontario to the frigid
Arctic plains of Northern Canada, from
the wet …(2) rainforests of the west coast
to the arid deserts, badlands and tundra
plains, the biodiversity of Canada’s plants
is extensive. About 4,100 species of plants
are native to Canada, and about 1,200 ad-
ditional non-native species are recorded as
established outside cultivation there.
There are a lot of different bright-
ly coloured flowers in Canada. They at-
tract insect or bird pollinators by colour,
scent and nectar which may be secreted in
some part of the flower. The characteris-
tics that attract pollinators account for Douglas firs

the popularity of flowers and flowering

plants among humans.
In the forests we can find …(3) differ-
ent trees, not only coniferous trees (fir,
pine, larch, spruce) but also birches, wil-
lows, alders and aspens. The very south-
ernmost parts of the boreal forests may
also have trees like oaks, maples and elms
scattered among the conifers.
There are many species in Canada that
can grow as trees or shrubs, depending
on the environment. Counting the 30-odd
shrubs that assume tree form under …(4)
conditions, there are about 140 native Ca-
nadian trees. The largest and oldest grow Hook. Aljos Farjon
65
 in the Pacific temperate rainforest. A Douglas fir is an imposing ex-
ample and, although it does not reach the size of redwoods or the age
of bristlecone pines, specimens 90 m tall, 5 m in basal diameter and
older than 1000 years have been …(5). Canada’s tallest reported tree
(95  m) is a Stika spruce, the “Carmanah Giant”, in the Carmanah Val-
ley on the west coast of Vancouver Island. Canada’s tallest Douglas
fir, 94,3  m in height and 8,07 m in cir-
cumference, stands near Coquitlam, BC.
Angiospermous plants are found in
almost every habitat from forests and
grasslands to sea margins and deserts.
They display a huge variety of life
forms …(6) trees, herbs, bulbs and epi-
phytes. The largest plant families are
Stika spruce
orchids, and daisies and legumes.
Gymnospermous plants are seed-bear-
ing plants, such as cycad, ginkgo, yew
and conifer.
The …(7) group of living gymnosper-
mous plants are the conifers (pines and
cypresses) and the smallest is ginkgo,
a  single living plant species found in
China.
There are around 1000 species of
cycad
gymnospermous plants.
There are also a lot of different
kinds of fern.
Many ferns from tropical rainforests
are epiphytes, it means they only …(8) on
other plant species; their water comes
from the damp air or from rainfall run-
ning down branches and tree trunks.
There are also some purely aquatic ferns
ginkgo such as water and mosquito ferns.

66 Autumn forest in the region of Charlevoix, Quebec

 Canadian Yew Tamarack Larch

Ferns do not have seeds or flowers either, instead they also repro-
duce via spores.
There are around 13,000 species of fern.
Mosses, hornworts and liverworts are small plants. They …(9) a vi-
tal role in regulating ecosystems because they provide an important
buffer system for other plants, which live alongside and benefit from
the water and nutrients that they collect.
Some moss and liverwort species are amongst the first to colonise
open ground. Mosses and liverworts are also very good indicators of
habitat quality as many plant species in this group are …(10) to levels
of moisture in the atmosphere, which are lower in disturbed habitats
because there is less shade.
Mosses and liverworts do not have seeds or flowers. Instead they
reproduce via spores.
There are around 20,000 species of mosses and liverworts.
1. boreal [`b1:ri3l] adj північний, арктичний
2. mixed [mkst] adj  змішаний; різнорідний; a mixed forest  —
мішаний ліс
3. broadleaved [`br1:dli:vd] (broadleaf) adj бот. широколистий
4. prairie [`pre3ri] n прерія; степ
5. vegetation [~ved43`te6n] n рослинне життя; рослинність
6. temperate [`temp3r3t] поміркований; помірний (про клімат); a  tem-
perate country  — країна з помірним кліматом
7. rainforest [`renf5rst] n тропічний ліс

Calypso Orchids White Moss Heather 67

 Swamp white oak Camperdown Elm

8. arid [`0rd] adj  сухий, безводний; посушливий; an arid re-

gion  — пустельна область
9. desert [`dez3t] n пустеля
10. badlands [`b0dl0ndz] n неродючий ґрунт; місцевість, уражена ерозією
11. biodiversity [~ba3\da`v-:s3ti] n різноманітність, різноманіття (тварин і рослин)
12. extensive [k`stensv] adj обширний, великий; широкий
13. cultivation [~k2lt`ve6n] n розведення, вирощування; розвиток
14. pollinator [`p5l3net3(r)] n бот. запилювач (комаха або рослина)
15. scent [sent] n запах, аромат; пахощі; the scent of flowers  —
аромат квітів
16. to secrete [s`kri:t] v фізл. виділяти
17. to account (for) [3`ka\nt] v пояснювати
18. flowering [`fla\3r8] n цвітіння, квітування; adj квітучий; flowering
plants  — бот. квіткові рослини
19. coniferous [k3`nf3r3s] adj хвойний; шишконосний
20. fir [f-:(r)] n бот. ялиця; ялина
21. pine [pan] n бот. сосна
22. larch [l%:t6] n бот. модрина
23. spruce [spru:s] n бот. ялина, смерека; хвойне дерево
24. alder [`1:ld3(r)] n вільха
25. aspen [`0sp3n] n осика; adj осиковий; to quake (to tremble) like
an aspen leaf  — тремтіти як осиковий листок

68 Britton & RoseGwil Lewis Reimers Alfredo Fuentes

 sphagnum moss liverwort

26. oak [3\k] n бот. дуб

27. maple [`mepl] n  бот. клен; a maple leaf  — кленовий листок
(також як емблема Канади)
28. elm [elm] n бот. в’яз, ільм, берест
29. to scatter [`sk0t3(r)] v розсіювати; розкидати
30. conifer [`k5nf3(r); `k3\nf3(r)] n хвойне дерево
31. to assume [3`sju:m] v  приймати, брати на себе, набувати; to as-
sume responsibility  — брати (на себе)
відповідальність; to assume airs — зазнаватися
32. imposing [m`p3\z8] adj переконливий; який вражає; показний
33. redwood [`redw\d] n бот. секвоя; каліфорнійське мамонтове дерево
34. cone [k3\n] n бот. шишка
35. specimen [`spesm3n] n екземпляр; зразок
36. basal [`besl] adj основний, який лежить в основі; головний
37. to report [r`p1:t] v описувати, змальовувати; повідомляти; робити
офіційне повідомлення; робити офіційний
висновок
38. height [hat] n висота; височина; giddy height — запаморочлива
висота
39. circumference [s3`k2mf3r3ns] n мат. окружність; коло
40. angiospermous [~0nd43`sp-:m3s] adj бот. покритонасінний, квітковий (про
рослину)

Canada Goldenrod Twisted Epiphytes 69

 41. margin [`m%:d4n] n край, грань; кайма, облямівка; узлісся
42. to display [d`sple] v показувати, демонструвати
43. herb [h-:b] n трава; рослина (особливо лікарська); to  gather
herbs  — збирати лікарські рослини
44. bulb [b2lb] n бот. цибулина
45. epiphyte [`epfat] n бот. епіфіт; грибковий паразит (тварини)
46. orchid [`1:kd] n бот. орхідея
47. daisy [`dezi] n бот. маргаритка
48. legume [`legju:m] n рослина з родини бобових
49. gymnospermous [~d4mn3\`sp-:m3s] adj бот. голонасінний
50. seed-bearing [`si:d~be3r8] adj бот. насіннєносний
51. cycad [`sak0d] n бот. саговник
52. ginkgo [`g8kg3\] n бот. гінкго
53. yew [ju:] n бот. тис; тисове дерево
54. cypress [`sapr3s] n бот. кипарис
55. fern [f-:n] n бот. папороть
56. aquatic [3`kw0tk] adj водяний; водний
57. mosquito [m3`ski:t3\] n москіт; комар
58. moss [m5s] n бот. мох; плаун, лишайник
59. hornwort [`h1:nw-:t] n бот. кушир
60. liverwort [`lv3w-:t] n бот. печіночник
61. buffer [`b2f3(r)] n тех. буфер
62. nutrient [`nju:tri3nt] n поживна речовина; adj поживний
63. moisture [`m1st63(r)] n вологість, вогкість; волога; сирість

70
2. Read the text again, choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D) and fill in the
text.

A B C D
1 diversely diverse to diversify diversion
2 temperature to temper temperate temperance
3 a lot of much most least
4 favour favourableness favourable favourite
5 report reporting reporter reported
6 including to include included inclusion
7 larger largest much many
8 to grow grow grew grows
9 playing played play to play
10 to sensify sensitiveness sensitivity sensitive

71