CIV E 372: Structural Analysis

Prof. Yong Li, PhD, P. Eng.

Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
University of Alberta

Email: yong9@ualberta.ca
Office: ICE 6-259
 Pre-Lecture Question

• Calculate the deflection at c and the rotation at b

30kN
a b
c
x x
10m 5m

Dr. Yong Li Department of CEE, University of Alberta 2

 Deformation Calculation

Dr. Yong Li Department of CEE, University of Alberta 3

 Motivations

• Structural analysis
o Internal forces (e.g., moment, shear, and axial forces)
o Reaction forces (e.g., used for the design of foundations)
o Deformations (e.g., beam deflections)
 Linear elastic structural analysis
– Deformations vary linearly with applied loads
– The principle of superposition works

• Why deformation analysis

o Excessive deflection check for structural functionality and
performance
o Essential for structural analysis of statically indeterminate
structures (to be covered)

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 Sources of Structural Displacements/Deformations

• Truss members
o Axial forces  Axial deformation

• Beam-Column members
o Axial forces  axial deformation
o Shear forces  shear deformation
o Moment  flexure deformation

• Others
o Support movement
o Temperature effect
o Fabrication error

Dr. Yong Li Department of CEE, University of Alberta 5

 Objectives and Methods

• Structural deformation (e.g., slopes, deflection)

P

 cv

• Analytical methods
o Double (direct) integration metｈｏｄ & qualitative sketch
o Conjugate beam method (Otto Mohr in 1868）
o Moment area method (Charles E. Greene in 1873)
o Work-energy method
o Superposition
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 Direct （Double) Integration Method

• Important equation
o Used to calculate the deformation caused by flexure
 dV  x 
For Euler beams:  dx  q  x 
d 2v  x   2
M  x   EI   x   EI  EIv d M  x  q  x
2
dx  dx 2

q( x)
EI
v x
M ( x) M ( x)  dM ( x)
x
V ( x ) dx V ( x )  dV ( x)

Dr. Yong Li Department of CEE, University of Alberta 7

 Direct （Double) Integration Method

• Double (Direct) Integration Method

o After M(x) is obtained from statics, the double integration
of the differential equation will have the deflection

M  x
  x   v  x    v  x dx  C1   dx  C1
EI
 M  x 
v  x    v  x dx  C2     dx  C1 dx  C2
 EI 

 M  x 
v  x     dx dx  C1 x  C2
 EI 
Determined from 2 disp.
boundary conditions

Dr. Yong Li Department of CEE, University of Alberta 8

 Direct (Double) Integration Method

• Example q
o Moment along the beam
1 1 EI
M ( x )  qLx  qx 2 x
2 2
L
1 1
qL qL
2 2

Dr. Yong Li Department of CEE, University of Alberta 9

 Direct (Double) Integration Method

• Example q
o Moment along the beam
1 1 EI
M ( x )  qLx  qx 2 x
2 2
L
1 1
o Double integration qL qL
2 2

 M  x 
v  x    dx dx  C1 x  C2
 EI 
1 1 1 2
EI  2
 qLx  qx dxdx  C1 x  C2
2
1 1 1 4
  qLx 3
 qx   C1 x  C2
EI  12 24 

Dr. Yong Li Department of CEE, University of Alberta 10

 Direct (Double) Integration Method

• Example q
o Moment along the beam
1 1 EI
M ( x )  qLx  qx 2 x
2 2
L
1 1
o Double integration qL qL
2 2

 M  x 
v  x    dx dx  C1 x  C2
 EI 
1 1 1 2
EI  2
 qLx  qx dxdx  C1 x  C2
2
1 1 1 4
  qLx 3
 qx   C1 x  C2
EI  12 24 

o Boundary conditions Vertical movement at right end

1 1
v  0   C2  0, v  L   qL4  C1L  0  C1   qL3
24 EI 24 EI
Vertical movement at left end
Dr. Yong Li Department of CEE, University of Alberta 11
 Direct Integration Method

• Example q
o Deflection
EI
x
1 1 1 4 1
v  x   qLx 3
 qx   qL3
x L
EI  12 24  24 EI 1 1
qL qL
1 1 1 2 2
 qLx 3  qx 4  qL3 x
12 EI 24 EI 24 EI

3 4
L 1 L 1 L 1 3 L 5qL4
vmi d    qL    q   qL    
 2  12 EI  2  24 EI  2  24 EI 2 384 EI

Dr. Yong Li Department of CEE, University of Alberta 12

 Direct (Double) Integration Method

• Example P

o Moment along the beam

EI
M ( x)   P  L  x  x
L
P

Dr. Yong Li Department of CEE, University of Alberta 13

 Direct (Double) Integration Method

• Example P

o Moment along the beam

EI
M ( x)   P  L  x  x
L
P
o Double integration
 M  x 
v  x    dx dx  C1 x  C2
 EI 
1
 P  L  x dxdx  C1 x  C2
EI 


1 1 3 1 2
  Px  PLx   C1 x  C2
EI  6 2 

Dr. Yong Li Department of CEE, University of Alberta 14

 Direct (Double) Integration Method

• Example P

o Moment along the beam

EI
M ( x)   P  L  x  x
L
P
o Double integration
 M  x 
v  x    dx dx  C1 x  C2
 EI 
1
 P  L  x dxdx  C1 x  C2
EI 


1 1 3 1 2
  Px  PLx   C1 x  C2
EI  6 2 

o Boundary conditions
v  0   C2  0, v '  0   C1  0
Vertical movement at left end Rotation at left end
Dr. Yong Li Department of CEE, University of Alberta 15
 Direct Integration Method

• Example
o Deflection
1 1 3 1 2
v  x   Px  PLx 
EI  6 2 

EI

1 1 3 1 2 PL3
v  L    Px  PLx 
EI  6 2  xL

3EI
 

1 1 2  PL3
v '  L    Px  PLx  
EI  2  xL 2 EI

Dr. Yong Li Department of CEE, University of Alberta 16

 Qualitative (Intuitive) Deflection of Beams

• Exercise: b
30kN
a
c
x x
10m 5m
Note: pay attention to the coordinate systems

150kNm

What are the moment functions? M

Question: what are the boundary conditions?

Dr. Yong Li Department of CEE, University of Alberta 17

 Moment-Curvature Relationship

• Important equation

For Euler beams:

d 2v  x 
M  x   EI   x   EI 2
 EIv
dx

• To sketch beam deflection diagrams according to

moment diagrams
o Use moment curvature (i.e., second order derivative of
deflection) relationship
 M = 0 in a continuous beam is an inflection point where the
curvature changes the sign

Dr. Yong Li Department of CEE, University of Alberta 18

 Qualitative (Intuitive) Deflection of Beams

• To sketch beam deflection diagrams according to

moment diagrams
o Use moment curvature (i.e., second order derivative of
deflection) relationship
 Tension is on the side of the M diagram
– M > 0 is corresponding to positive moment (concave upward)

– M < 0 is corresponding to negative moment (convex upward)

o Use displacement/rotation boundary conditions

 Hinge/pin or roller: zero displacement but free rotation
 Fixed-end/rigid connection: no (relative) displacement and no
(relative) rotation
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 Qualitative (Intuitive) Deflection of Beams

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 Qualitative (Intuitive) Deflection of Beams

• Example: P2

P1

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 Take-away Summary

• Double integration method

o How does it work?

• Limitations of this method

o Any idea?

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