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 T110(E)(A7)T
APRIL EXAMINATION

NATIONAL CERTIFICATE

BUILDING AND STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION N6

(8060026)

7 April 2016 (X-Paper)

09:00–13:00

REQUIREMENTS: Table BOE 8/2

Calculators may be used.

Candidates may use personal notes and text books.

This question paper consists of 4 pages, 1 diagram sheet and 3 schedules.

Copyright reserved Please turn over

(8060026) -2- T110(E)(A7)T

DEPARTMENT OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND TRAINING

REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
NATIONAL CERTIFICATE
BUILDING AND STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION N6
TIME: 4 HOURS
MARKS: 100

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1. Answer ALL the questions.

2. Read ALL the questions carefully.

3. Number the answers according to the numbering system used in this question
paper.

4. ALL the calculations must conform to the SABS building regulations.

5. ALL the calculations must be shown.

6. Show ALL the code references.

7. Use the attached SCHEDULES A–C to simplify your calculations.

8. Write neatly and legibly.

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(8060026) -3- T110(E)(A7)T

QUESTION 1

Calculate the size needed for a pad foundation to carry a square column that is
600 mm x 600 mm as well as the following loads with grade 30 concrete.

Dead load: 1 200 kN

Imposed load: 450 kN
Mass of the foundation: 150 kN

The safe bearing pressure of the ground is: 200 kN/m [10]

QUESTION 2

FIGURE 1 on the DIAGRAM SHEET (attached) shows a simple supported steel beam
that is bolted to two concrete beams.

2.1 Calculate the maximum point load at P that can be safely supported by the
beam.
The bending stress may not exceed 155 MPa. Ignore the self-mass of the
beam. For this calculation take Ze = 669,2 × 10–6. (6)

2.2 Use the BOE 8/2 tables (supplied) and choose a suitable I-section taper flange
from the structural steel section that will safely support the concrete beam when
Ze = 669,2 × 10–6. (1)

2.3 Assume the load at point P = 47,148 kN

Determine the magnitude and reactions of RL an RR. (8)

2.4 M 16, grade 4,6 bolts are used to secure the steel beam to the concrete beams
at RL en RR.

Determine the number of M 16 bolts needed if the maximum tensile stress may
not exceed 150 MPa and the point load at P is taken as 75 kN. (5)
[20]

QUESTION 3

FIGURE 2 on the DIAGRAM SHEET (attached) shows a built-up beam consisting of a

parallel flange I-beam and a channel iron profile. The effective length of the beam is
5 300 mm and the maximum bending stress may not exceed 210 MPa. A uniform
distributed load of 50 kN/m is carried by the beam.

Determine the maximum point load that the beam can safely carry at midpoint.
The self-weight of the beam must be included in the calculation. [20]

Copyright reserved Please turn over

(8060026) -4- T110(E)(A7)T

QUESTION 4

A square, hollow steel profile that is 100 mm by 75 mm with a wall thickness of 5 mm is

used as a column. The column is 4 250 mm long and is kept in place effectively with both
ends restrained against rotation.

Determine the maximum allowable compressive axial load that can be safely supported
by the column. [19]

QUESTION 5

A short axially-loaded reinforced concrete column with a diameter of 850 mm has to

support an ultimate load of 7 500 kN. Grade 30 concrete with high-yield longitudinal
reinforcing bars and mild steel links are used.

5.1 Calculate the minimum area of the longitudinal reinforcement and select
suitable bars. (12)

5.2 Calculate the pitch and diameter of the links required. (6)

5.3 Explain why longitudinal reinforcement must be used in a column. (2)

5.4 Draw to any suitable scale a cross-sectional view to show the positioning of the
reinforcements in the column. (5)
[25]

QUESTION 6

6.1 Name the THREE stresses that a column is subjected or exposed to. (3 × 1) (3)

6.2 Name THREE methods that may be used to protect the concrete while it cures.
(3 × 1) (3)
[6]

TOTAL: 100

Copyright reserved
(8060026) T110(E)(A7)T

DIAGRAM SHEET

3,5 2,2
RL RR p

FIGURE 1

260 × 90 × 37,9 kg/m

305 × 102 × 28,6 kg/m

FIGURE 2

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 (8060026) -1- T110(E)(A7)T

SCHEDULE A

CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF REINFORCING RODS

Quantity Rod diameter (mm)
of rods 6 8  10  12  16  20  25  32  40  50
1 28,3 50,3 78,5 113,1 201,1 314,2 490,9 804,2 1 256,6 1 963,5
2 57 101 157 226 402 628 982 1 608 2 513 3 927
3 85 151 236 339 603 943 1 473 2 413 3 770 5 891
4 113 201 314 452 804 1 257 1 964 3 217 5 026 7 854
5 141 251 393 566 1 006 1 571 2 455 4 021 6 283 9 818
6 170 302 471 679 1 207 1 885 2 945 4 825 7 540 11 781
7 198 352 550 792 1 408 2 199 3 436 5 629 8 796 13 745
8 226 402 628 905 1 609 2 514 3 927 6 434 10 053 15 708
9 255 453 707 1 018 1 810 2 828 4 418 7 238 11 309 17 672
10 283 503 785 1 131 2 011 3 142 4 909 8 042 12 566 19 635
11 311 553 864 1 244 2 212 3 456 5 400 8 846 13 823 21 599
12 339 603 942 1 357 2 413 3 770 5 891 9 650 15 079 23 562

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(8060026) -2- T110(E)(A7)T

SCHEDULE B

CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF REINFORCING RODS PER METER WIDTH OF FLOOR SLAB

Spacing Rod diameter (mm)
of rods.
Centre to
centre 6 8  10  12  16  20  25  32  40  50
50 565 1 005 1 571 2 262 4 021 6 283 9 817 16 085 25 133 39 270
75 377 670 1 048 1 508 2 681 4 189 6 545 10 723 16 755 26 180
100 283 503 785 1 131 2 011 3 142 4 909 8 042 12 566 19 635
125 226 402 628 905 1 608 2 513 3 927 6 434 10 053 15 708
150 188 335 524 754 1 340 2 094 3 272 5 362 8 378 13 090
175 162 387 449 646 1 149 1 795 2 805 4 596 7 181 11 220
200 141 251 393 565 1 005 1 571 2 454 4 021 6 283 9 817
250 113 201 314 452 804 1 257 1 963 3 217 5 027 7 854
300 94 168 262 377 670 1 047 1 636 2 681 4 189 6 545
350 81 144 224 323 574 898 1 402 2 298 3 590 5 610
400 71 125 196 283 503 786 1 227 2 011 3 142 4 909
500 57 101 157 226 402 620 982 1 608 2 513 3 927
Typical secondary Typical main
reinforcement reinforcement
(floor slabs)

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(8060026) -3- T110(E)(A7)T

SCHEDULE C

ISOMETRIC BLACK HEXAGON BOLTS AND NUTS

Nominal DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETER
size and Pitch of Maximum width of Maximum height of Maximum thickness Tensile stress Minimum distance
thread thread head and nut head of nut area in mm2 between centres
diameter coarse Across Across Black Faced on Black Faced one
pitch series flats corners underside side

M6 1 10,00 11,5 4,375 4,25 5,375 5 20,1 15

M8 1,25 13,00 15,0 5,875 5,74 6,875 6,5 36,6 20
M 10 1,5 17,00 19,6 7,45 7,29 8,45 8 58,0 25
M 12 1,75 19,00 21,9 8,45 8,29 10,45 10 84,3 30
M 16 2 24,00 27,7 10,45 10,29 13,55 13 157 40

M 20 2,5 30,00 34,6 13,90 13,35 16,55 16 245 50

M 22 2,5 32,00 36,9 14,90 14,35 18,55 18 303 55
M 24 3 35,00 41,6 15,90 15,35 19,65 19 353 60
M 27 3 41,00 47,3 17,90 17,35 22,65 22 459 67,5
M 30 3,5 46,00 53,1 20,05 19,42 24,65 24 561 75

M 33 3,5 50,00 57,7 22,05 21,42 26,65 26 694 82,5

M 36 4 55,00 63,5 24,05 23,42 29,65 29 817 90
M 39 4 60,00 69,3 26,05 25,42 31,80 31 976 97,5
M 42 4,5 65,00 75,1 27,05 26,42 34,80 34 1 120 105
M 45 4,5 70,00 80,8 29,05 28,42 36,80 36 1 300 112,5

M 48 5,0 75,00 86,6 31,05 30,42 38,80 38 1 470 120

M 52 5,0 80,00 92,4 34,25 33,50 42,80 42 1 760 130
M 56 5,5 85,00 98,1 36,25 35,50 45,80 45 2 030 140

Copyright reserved
 MARKING GUIDELINE

NATIONAL CERTIFICATE

APRIL EXAMINATION

BUILDING AND STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION N6

7 APRIL 2016

This marking guideline consists of 6 pages.

Copyright reserved Please turn over

MARKING GUIDELINE -2- T110(E)(A7)T
BUILDING AND STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION N6

NOTE: (√) = 0.5

() = 1

QUESTION 1

Size: A = Load total = Wt √

Ground bearing pressure 1

= Wt
1

= 1200 + 450 + 150 √

200

= 9 m2 

L = A
= 9 √
= 3m √ (3)

Design load:
SABS 0100-1 4.2.2.1 √
W = 1,2 Gn + 1,6 Qn Gn = 1 200 + 150 = 1 350 kN √
= (1,2 × 1 200) + (1,6 × 450)
= 2 160 kN  (2)

M= wlby y = (3 – 0,6)/2 = 1,2 √

A2

= 2 160 × 3 × 3 × 1.2 √
9×2

= 1 296 kN/m  (2)

Effective depth:
SABS 0100-1/4.2.2.1 √
M
K Use K as 0,156
bd 2 f cu

M
d 
b k cu

1 296
d √
3 000 x 0,156 x 30 x 10 6

= 303,822 mm  (3)
[10]

Copyright reserved Please turn over

MARKING GUIDELINE -3- T110(E)(A7)T
BUILDING AND STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION N6

QUESTION 2

2.1 BM = Ze × σ 
= 669,2 × 10– 6 × 155 × 106 
= 103,726 kN/m 
BM = P × L 
P = 103,726 
2,2 (6)
P = 47,148 kN 

2.2 203 × 102 × 25,3 kg/m Z table BOE 8/2  (1)

2.3 Calculations for RL √ Calculations for RR √

Take moments about RL √ Take moments about RR √
CWM = ACWM CWM = ACWM
47,148 × 5,7 = RR × 3,5  RL × 3,5 = 2,2 × 47,148 
90,801 = RR  RL = 1,9 × 47.148 
3,5 3,5
RR = 76,784 kN  RL = 29,636 kN  (8)

2.4 Make use of RR = 76,784 kN

F = Pv n Aeff √ Aeff = 157 mm2 SASCH √

= 150 × 157 
= 23,550 kN

No. of bolts = 76,784 √

23,550 √
= 3,26 √ Make use of 4 bolts √ (5)
[20]

QUESTION 3

ATOT = A1 + A2 Table BOE 8/2

= 3,639 × 10-3 + 4,828 × 10-3
= 8,467 × 10-3 mm2

Calculate: NA (2nd moment of area)

AT Y = A1r1 + A2r2 (r2 = 308,9 + 23,6 = 332,5 mm) 

(r1 = 308,9  2 = 154,45 mm) 

= 3,639 × 10-3 × 154,45 × 10-3 + 4,828 × 10-3 × 332,5 × 10-3 

Y = 2,1673 × 10-3 
8,467 × 10-3

Y = 0,260 m (255,976 mm) 

Copyright reserved Please turn over

MARKING GUIDELINE -4- T110(E)(A7)T
BUILDING AND STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION N6
IxxT = [IxxI + A(r2)] + [IyyC + A(r2)] 
= [54.39 × 10-6 + 3.639 × 10-3 × 0.15445 2] + [3.173 × 10-6 + 4.828 × 10-3 × 0.3325 2] 
IxxT = 678,1362 × 10-6 

Calculate bending moment:

M=σI
Y
= 210 × 106 × 678,136 × 10-6 
0,260
= 547,725 kN/m 

UDL = 50 × 103 + [ (28,6 + 37,9) × 9,81]  m  Table BOE 8/2 

= 50 × 103 + 652,365 
= 50,652 kN 

BM = wl2 + wl 
8 4

547,725 × 103 = 50,652 × 103 × (5,3) 2 + w × 5,3 

8 4
547,725 × 103 = 177 757,0313 + 1,325 w 

W = 279,221 kN  [20]

QUESTION 4

A = BD – bd I = BD3 - bd3 √
= (100 × 75) – (90 × 65) √ 12
= 7 500 – 5 850 √ r=IA √
= 1 650 mm2 

I
r √
A

BD 3  bd 3
r √
12 A

r  100  75  90  65  12  1 650 √

3 3

= 4,21875  2,00202   1,98 √

= 33,459 mm  

Effective length = 0,7 L (SABS 0162-3) (Tab. 19) √

= 0,7 × 4 250
= 2 975 mm 

Copyright reserved Please turn over

MARKING GUIDELINE -5- T110(E)(A7)T
BUILDING AND STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION N6

Ratio = l
r
= 2 975 √
33,459
= 88,915 
Pc ≈ 112 MPa 
K = M (SABS 0100-1/4.3.3.4.1) √
b d2 fcu

K= 287,766 × 103 √
(7 300)(200)2 × (30 × 106)

K = 0,0329 × 10-9 

Use K as 0,0329 ‹ 0,156  No compression reinforcement is required 

Lever arm length:

Z = d[0,5 + 0,25 – (k/0,9)] √

Z = (0,2)[0,5 + 0,25 – (0,0329/0,9)] √
Z = 0,199 Use 0,2 

As = M √
0,87 σ y z
= 287,766 × 103 √
0,87 × 450 × 106 × 0,2
= 3 675 mm2 

Use 12  20  A = 3 770 mm2  [19]

QUESTION 5

5.1 Diameter = 850 mm; Ultimate load = 7500 kN

Area of concrete =  0,852 = 0,567 m2 

4
N = 0,4  cu A c + 0,67 A sc  y 4.7.4.3 
7 500 × 10 = 0.4 × 30 × 10 × (0,567 - Asc) + 0.67 Asc × 450 × 106 
3 6

7500 × 103 = 6,804000 × 106 – 12 × 106 Asc + 301,5 × 106 Asc 

289,500 × 106 Asc = 696 000 

Asc = - 696 000 

289,500 × 106 

Asc = - 2,40415 × 10-3 m2  use = 2 404 mm2 

Use minimum steel required 12  16 OR 3  32 (12)

Copyright reserved Please turn over

MARKING GUIDELINE -6- T110(E)(A7)T
BUILDING AND STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION N6

5.2 Diameter of links: SABS 4.11.4.5.1 √

 = 0.25 × compression bar or  = 0.25 × compression bar

 = 0.25 × 16 √  = 0.25 × 32 √
=4√  = 8√

Use minimum:  = 8 √ Use minimum:  = 8 √

Maximum spacing = 12 × the smallest compression bar √

Max Spacing = 12 × 16 Spacing = 12 × 32 √

Max Spacing = 192 mm Spacing = 384 mm √

 6 @ 125 mm cross centres √  8 @ 175 mm cross centres (6)

5.3 Longitudinal reinforcement must be used when building, because the concrete
combined with the steel helps the building to carry the load and the
combination of both gives it strength. (2)

5.4 NOTE: This drawing can be drawn to any suitable scale, but it must show the
positioning of the reinforcement. (5)
[25]

QUESTION 6

6.1  Tensile stress

 Compressive stress
 Shear stress (3 × 1) (3)

6.2  Protects the new concrete from the heat

 Protects the new concrete from the cold
 Protects the new concrete from damage (3 × 1) (3)
[6]

TOTAL: 100

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