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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the bird. For other uses, see Eagle (disambiguation) and Eagles (disambiguation).

Eagle

From left to right: golden

eagle (Aquila
chrysaetos), brown snake
 eagle (Circaetus
cinereus), solitary
eagle (Buteogallus
solitarius), black
eagle (Ictinaetus malaiensis)
and African fish
eagle (Haliaeetus vocifer).

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Aves

Order: Accipitriformes

Family: Accipitridae

Species

See text

Eagle is the common name for many large birds of prey of the family Accipitridae. Eagles belong to
several groups of genera, some of which are closely related. True eagles comprise the genus Aquila.
Most of the 68 species of eagles are from Eurasia and Africa.[1] Outside this area, just 14 species can be
found—2 in North America, 9 in Central and South America, and 3 in Australia.
Eagles are not a natural group but denote essentially any kind of bird of prey large enough to hunt
sizeable (about 50 cm long or more overall) vertebrates.

Description[edit]
Eagles are large, powerfully-built birds of prey, with heavy heads and beaks. Even the smallest eagles,
such as the booted eagle (Aquila pennata), which is comparable in size to a common buzzard (Buteo
buteo) or red-tailed hawk (B. jamaicensis), have relatively longer and more evenly broad wings, and
more direct, faster flight – despite the reduced size of aerodynamic feathers. Most eagles are larger than
any other raptors apart from some vultures. The smallest species of eagle is the South Nicobar serpent
eagle (Spilornis klossi), at 450 g (1 lb) and 40 cm (16 in). The largest species are discussed below. Like all
birds of prey, eagles have very large hooked beaks for ripping flesh from their prey, strong, muscular legs,
and powerful talons.
The beak is typically heavier than that of most other birds of prey. Eagles' eyes are extremely powerful. It
is estimated that the wedge-tailed eagle has a visual acuity twice that of a typical human.[2][3][4] This
acuity enables eagles to spot potential prey from a very long distance. This keen eyesight is primarily
attributed to their extremely large pupils which ensure minimal diffraction (scattering) of the incoming
light. The female of all known species of eagles is larger than the male.[5][6]
Eagles normally build their nests, called eyries, in tall trees or on high cliffs. Many species lay two eggs,
but the older, larger chick frequently kills its younger sibling once it has hatched. The parents take no
action to stop the killing.[7][8] It is said that eagles fly above clouds but this is not true. Eagles fly during
storms and glide from the wind’s pressure. This saves the bird's energy. Due to the size and power of
many eagle species, they are ranked at the top of the food chain as apex predators in the avian world.
The type of prey varies by genus. The Haliaeetus and Ichthyophaga eagles prefer to capture fish, though
the species in the former often capture various animals, especially other water birds, and are
powerful kleptoparasites of other birds. The snake and serpent eagles of the
genera Circaetus, Terathopius, and Spilornis predominantly prey on the great diversity of snakes found in
the tropics of Africa and Asia. The eagles of the genus Aquila are often the top birds of prey in open
habitats, taking almost any medium-sized vertebrate they can catch. Where Aquila eagles are absent,
other eagles, such as the buteonine black-chested buzzard-eagle of South America, may assume the
position of top raptorial predator in open areas. Many other eagles, including the species-rich
genus Spizaetus, live predominantly in woodlands and forests. These eagles often target various arboreal
or ground-dwelling mammals and birds, which are often unsuspectingly ambushed in such dense, knotty
environments. Hunting techniques differ among the species and genera, with some individual eagles
having engaged in quite varied techniques based on their environment and prey at any given time. Most
eagles grab prey without landing and take flight with it, so the prey can be carried to a perch and torn
apart.[9]
The bald eagle is noted for having flown with the heaviest load verified to be carried by any flying bird,
since one eagle flew with a 6.8 kg (15 lb) mule deer fawn.[10][11] However, a few eagles may target prey
considerably heavier than themselves; such prey is too heavy to fly with, thus it is either eaten at the site
of the kill or taken in pieces back to a perch or nest. Golden and crowned eagles have
killed ungulates weighing up to 30 kg (66 lb) and a martial eagle even killed a 37 kg (82 lb) duiker, 7–8
times heavier than the preying eagle.[9][12] Authors on birds David Allen Sibley, Pete Dunne, and Clay
Sutton described the behavioral difference between hunting eagles and other birds of prey thus (in this
case the bald and golden eagles as compared to other North American raptors):[13]
They have at least one singular characteristic. It has been observed that most birds of prey look back
over their shoulders before striking prey (or shortly thereafter); predation is after all a two-edged sword.
All hawks seem to have this habit, from the smallest kestrel to the largest Ferruginous – but not the
Eagles.
Among the eagles are some of the largest birds of prey: only the condors and some of the Old World
vultures are markedly larger. It is regularly debated which should be considered the largest species of
eagle. They could be measured variously in total length, body mass, or wingspan. Different lifestyle
needs among various eagles result in variable measurements from species to species. For example, many
forest-dwelling eagles, including the very large harpy eagle, have relatively short wingspans, a feature
necessary for being able to maneuver in quick, short bursts through densely forested habitats.[9] Eagles
in the genus Aquila, found almost exclusively in open country, are noted for their ability to soar, and have
relatively long wings for their size.[9]
These lists of the top five eagles are based on weight, length, and wingspan, respectively. Unless
otherwise noted by reference, the figures listed are the median reported for each measurement in the
guide Raptors of the World[14] in which only measurements that could be personally verified by the
authors were listed.[9]

Ran
Common name Scientific name Body mass
k

1 Steller's sea eagle Haliaeetus pelagicus 6.7 kg (14+3⁄4 lb)

2 Harpy eagle Harpia harpyja 6.35 kg (14 lb)

3 Philippine eagle Pithecophaga jefferyi 5.95 kg (13 lb)
4 White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla 4.8 kg (10+1⁄2 lb)[15]
5 Martial eagle Polemaetus bellicosus 4.6 kg (10+1⁄4 lb)[15]

Ran
Common name Scientific name Total length
k

100 cm (3 ft 3 in)

1 Philippine eagle Pithecophaga jefferyi
[16]

2 Harpy eagle Harpia harpyja 98.5 cm (3 ft 3 in)

3 Wedge-tailed eagle Aquila audax 95.5 cm (3 ft 2 in)

4 Steller's sea eagle Haliaeetus pelagicus 95 cm (3 ft 1 in)

5 Crowned eagle Stephanoaetus coronatus 87.5 cm (2 ft 10 in)

Ran
Common name Scientific name Median wingspan
k
 1 White-tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla 218.5 cm (7 ft 2 in)

2 Steller's sea eagle Haliaeetus pelagicus 212.5 cm (7 ft 0 in)

3 Wedge-tailed eagle Aquila audax 210 cm (6 ft 11 in)[17][18]

4 Golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos 207 cm (6 ft 9 in)

5 Martial eagle Polemaetus bellicosus 206.5 cm (6 ft 9 in)

Habitat[edit]
The eagles are generally distributed in all types of habitats and nearly all parts of the world. The birds
can be found in northern tundra to tropical rainforests and deserts. In North America, bald eagles and
golden eagles are very common.
The other nine species are endemic to Central and South America. The birds have a highly concentrated
population in the Africa and eastern hemisphere. Several islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans are also
rich and have distinct species of eagles.[19]

Distribution[edit]

 Australasian
o Australia: wedge-tailed eagle (range extends into southern New Guinea), white-
bellied sea-eagle (range extends into Asia), little eagle.
o New Guinea: Papuan eagle, white-bellied sea-eagle, pygmy eagle.
 Nearctic (USA and Canada): golden eagle (also found in Palearctic), bald eagle.
 Neotropical (Central and South America): Spizaetus (four species), solitary eagles (two
spp.), harpy eagle, crested eagle, black-chested buzzard-eagle.
 Palearctic
o Eurasia: Golden eagle,[20] White-tailed eagle.
 Africa: African fish eagle, Martial Eagle, Crowned eagle, Verreaux's eagle, Tawny eagle, Long-
crested eagle

Groups[edit]
Eagles are often informally divided into four groups.[a][22]
The snake eagles are placed in the subfamily Circaetinae. The fish eagles, booted eagles, and harpy
eagles have traditionally been placed in the subfamily Buteoninae together with the buzzard-hawks
(buteonine hawks) and harriers. Some authors may treat these groups as tribes of the Buteoninae;
Lerner & Mindell[23] proposed separating the eagle groups into their own subfamilies of Accipitridae.
Fish eagles[edit]
Sea eagles or fish eagles take fish as a large part of their diets, either fresh or as carrion.
Proposed subfamily Haliaeetinae. Genera: Haliaeetus, Ichthyophaga.
Some authors include Gypohierax angolensis, the "vulturine fish eagle" (also called the palm-nut vulture)
in this group.[22] However, genetic analyses indicate it is related to a grouping of Neophron–Gypaetus–
Eutriorchis (Egyptian vulture, bearded vulture (lammergeier), and Madagascar serpent eagle).[24]
The fish eagles have a close genetic relationship with Haliastur and Milvus; the whole group is only
distantly related to the Buteo group.[24]
Booted eagles[edit]
For the species Hieraaetus pennatus (Aquila pennata), see booted eagle.
Main article: Booted eagles

Booted eagle in flight.

Booted eagles or "true eagles"[22][25] have feathered tarsi (lower legs).
Tribe Aquililae or proposed subfamily Aquilinae.
Genera: Aquila, Hieraaetus; Spizaetus, Oroaetus, Spizastur; Nisaetus;[24] Ictinaetus, Lophoaetus; Polema
etus; and Stephanoaetus.[22][25]
See comments under eagle species for changes to the composition of these genera.
Snake eagles[edit]
Most snake or serpent eagles, as the name suggests, primarily prey on snakes.

 Subfamily Circaetinae. Genera: Circaetus, Spilornis, Dryotriorchis, Terathopius.[22]
 Eutriorchis (subfamily Gypaetinae or Circaetinae).
Despite filling the niche of a snake eagle, genetic studies suggest that the Madagascar serpent
eagle (Eutriorchis) is not related to them.[24]
Harpy eagles[edit]
Harpy eagles[22] or "giant forest eagles"[21] are large eagles that inhabit tropical forests. The group
contains two to six species, depending on the author. Although these birds occupy similar niches and
have traditionally been grouped, they are not all related: the solitary eagles are related to the black
hawks and the Philippine eagle to the snake eagles.

 Harpy eagles (proposed subfamily Harpiinae)

o Harpia harpyja, harpy eagle ― Central and South America.
 o Morphnus guianensis, crested eagle ― Central and South America.
o Harpyopsis novaeguineae, Papuan eagle ― New Guinea.
 Philippine eagle
o Pithecophaga jefferyi, Philippine eagle ― Philippines.
 Solitary eagles
o Chaco eagle or crowned solitary
eagle, Buteogallus (formerly Harpyhaliaetus) coronatus ― South America.
o Solitary eagle or montane solitary
eagle, Buteogallus (formerly Harpyhaliaetus) solitarius ― South America.

Species[edit]

Martial eagle in Namibia.

Philippine eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) in Southern Philippines.

Wedge-tailed eagle in Australia. Eastern imperial eagle in Israel

Major new research into eagle taxonomy suggests that the important genera Aquila and Hieraaetus are
not composed of nearest relatives, and it is likely that a reclassification of these genera will soon take
place, with some species being moved to Lophaetus or Ictinaetus.[23]
  Bonelli's eagle and the African hawk-eagle have been moved from Hieraaetus to Aquila.
 Either the greater spotted eagle and lesser spotted eagle should move from Aquila to join
the long-crested eagle in Lophaetus, or, perhaps better, all three of these species should
move to Ictinaetus with the black eagle.
 The steppe eagle and tawny eagle, once thought to be conspecific, are not even each other's
nearest relatives.
Family Accipitridae
Main article: Accipitridae

 Subfamily Buteoninae – hawks (buzzards), true eagles and seaeagles

o Genus Geranoaetus
 Black-chested buzzard-eagle, Geranoaetus melanoleucus
o Genus Harpyhaliaetus
 Chaco eagle, Harpyhaliaetus coronatus
 Solitary eagle, H. solitarius
o Genus Morphnus
 Crested eagle, Morphnus guianensis
o Genus Harpia
 Harpy eagle, Harpia harpyja
o Genus Pithecophaga
 Philippine eagle, Pithecophaga jefferyi
o Genus Harpyopsis
 Papuan eagle, Harpyopsis novaeguineae
o Genus Spizaetus
 Black hawk-eagle, S. tyrannus
 Ornate hawk-eagle, S. ornatus
 Black-and-white hawk-eagle, S. melanoleucus – formerly Spizastur
 Black-and-chestnut eagle, S. isidori – formerly Oroaetus
o Genus Nisaetus – previously included in Spizaetus
 Changeable hawk-eagle, N. cirrhatus
 Flores hawk-eagle N. floris – earlier a subspecies, S. c.
floris
 Sulawesi hawk-eagle, N. lanceolatus
 Mountain hawk-eagle, N. nipalensis
 Legge's hawk-eagle, Nisaetus kelaarti – previously a
race of S. nipalensis
 Blyth's hawk-eagle, N. alboniger
 Javan hawk-eagle, N. bartelsi
 (Northern) Philippine hawk-eagle, N. philippensis
 Pinsker's hawk-eagle (Southern Philippine hawk-
eagle), Nisaetus pinskeri – earlier S. philippensis
pinskeri
 Wallace's hawk-eagle, N. nanus
o Genus Lophaetus
  Long-crested eagle, Lophaetus occipitalis – possibly belongs
in Ictinaetus
o Genus Stephanoaetus
 Crowned eagle, Stephanoaetus coronatus
 Malagasy crowned eagle, †Stephanoaetus mahery
o Genus Polemaetus
 Martial eagle, Polemaetus bellicosus
o Genus Hieraaetus
 Ayres's hawk-eagle, H. ayresii
 Little eagle, H. morphnoides
 Pygmy eagle, H. weiskei – previously subspecies H. m. weiskei
 Booted eagle, H. pennatus
 Haast's eagle, †H. moorei
o Genus Lophotriorchis
 Rufous-bellied eagle, L. kienerii

A steppe eagle in Lahore Zoo,

Pakistan
o Genus Aquila
 Bonelli's eagle, Aquila fasciata – formerly Hieraaetus fasciatus
 African hawk-eagle, A. spilogaster – formerly in Hieraaetus
 Cassin's hawk-eagle, A. africana – formerly
in Hieraaetus or Spizaetus genera
 Golden eagle, A. chrysaetos
 Eastern imperial eagle, A. heliaca
 Spanish imperial eagle A. adalberti
 Steppe eagle, A. nipalensis
 Tawny eagle, A. rapax
 Greater spotted eagle, A. clanga – to be moved
to Lophaetus or Ictinaetus
 Lesser spotted eagle, A. pomarina – to be moved
to Lophaetus or Ictinaetus
 Indian spotted eagle, A. hastata – to be moved
to Lophaetus or Ictinaetus
 Verreaux's eagle, A. verreauxii
 Gurney's eagle, A. gurneyi
 Wahlberg's eagle, A. wahlbergi – to be moved to Hieraaetus
 Wedge-tailed eagle, A. audax
 o Genus Ictinaetus
 Black eagle, Ictinaetus malayensis
o Genus Haliaeetus
 White-tailed eagle, Haliaeetus albicilla
 Bald eagle, H. leucocephalus
 Steller's sea eagle, H. pelagicus
 African fish eagle, H. vocifer
 White-bellied sea eagle, H. leucogaster
 Sanford's sea eagle, H. sanfordi
 Madagascar fish eagle, H. vociferoides
 Pallas' sea eagle, H. leucoryphus
o Genus Ichthyophaga
 Lesser fish eagle, Ichthyophaga humilis
 Grey-headed fish eagle, I. ichthyaetus

Short-toed snake eagle in flight

 Subfamily Circaetinae: snake-eagles
o Genus Terathopius
 Bateleur, Terathopius ecaudatus
o Genus Circaetus
 Short-toed snake eagle, Circaetus gallicus
 Beaudouin's snake eagle, Circaetus beaudouini
 Black-chested snake eagle, C. pectoralis
 Brown snake eagle, C. cinereus
 Fasciated snake eagle, C. fasciolatus
 Western banded snake eagle, C. cinerascens
o Genus Dryotriorchis
 Congo serpent eagle, D. spectabilis
o Genus Spilornis
 Crested serpent eagle, Spilornis cheela
 Central Nicobar serpent eagle, S. minimus (subspecies
or species)
 Great Nicobar serpent eagle, S. klossi
 Mountain serpent eagle, S. kinabaluensis
 Sulawesi serpent eagle, S. rufipectus
 Philippine serpent eagle, S. holospilus
 Andaman serpent eagle, S. elgini
 o Genus Eutriorchis
 Madagascar serpent eagle, Eutriorchis astur

In culture[edit]

Eagles, a Chinese Ming period painting. Located at the National Palace

Museum
Etymology[edit]
The modern English term for the bird is derived from Latin: aquila by way of French: aigle. The origin
of aquila is unknown, but it is believed to possibly derive from aquilus (meaning dark-colored, swarthy,
or blackish) as a reference to the plumage of eagles.
Old English used the term earn, related to Scandinavia's ørn/örn. It is similar to other Indo-
European terms for "bird" or "eagle", including Greek: ὄρνις (ornís), Russian: орёл (orël),
and Welsh: eryr.
In the southern part of Finland, near the Gulf of Finland, is the town of Kotka, which literally means
"eagle", while the town of L'Aquila in the central part of Italy literally means "the eagle".

The sculpture of eagle at the top of the fountain at Plac Orła

Białego in Szczecin, Poland
In Britain before 1678, eagle referred specifically to the golden eagle, with the other native species,
the white-tailed eagle, being known as erne. The modern name "golden eagle" for aquila chrysaetos was
introduced by the naturalist John Ray.[26]
The village of Eagle in Lincolnshire, England, has nothing to do with the bird; its name is derived from the
Old English words for "oak" and "wood" (compare Oakley).[27]
Religion and spirituality[edit]

Representation of an eagle at Rio Carnival, 2014

Garuda, the vahana of Lord Vishnu, depicted with an eagle's beak and wings

In ancient Sumerian mythology, the mythical king Etana was said to have been carried into heaven by an
eagle.[28] Classical writers such as Lucan and Pliny the Elder claimed that the eagle was able to look
directly at the sun, and that they forced their fledglings to do the same. Those that blinked would be cast
from the nest. This belief persisted until the Medieval era.[29]
The eagle is the patron animal of the ancient Greek god Zeus. In particular, Zeus was said to have taken
the form of an eagle in order to abduct Ganymede, and there are numerous artistic depictions of the
eagle Zeus bearing Ganymede aloft, from Classical times up to the present (see illustrations in
the Ganymede (mythology) page.)[30]
Eagles appear metaphorically in many translations of the Old Testament. God is spoken of as carrying
Israel on "eagles' wings" in Exodus 19:4, Isaiah 40:31 compares those who wait on the Lord to flying
eagles, and Psalm 103 mentions renewing one's youth "as the eagle". In explaining this
rejuvenation, Augustine of Hippo says in his commentary on the Psalms that eagles' beaks overgrow as
they age and that they break them against rocks to restore them.[31] The translation, however, is
uncertain: the word in the Hebrew, ‫נשר‬, can also be translated vulture,[32] and is listed alongside specific
kinds of vulture in Leviticus' discussion of unclean animals.
The eagle is also often used in Christian iconography to represent the Gospel of John,[33] and eagle-
shaped lecterns are common in Anglican and some Roman Catholic churches.[34] The eagle was
believed to be able to look directly into the sun in the same way that the Gospel of John looks directly at
Jesus' divinity, and the great distances the eagle flies represent the spread of the gospel to the ends of
the earth.
The United States eagle feather law stipulates that only individuals of certifiable Native
American ancestry enrolled in a federally recognized tribe are legally authorized to obtain eagle feathers
for religious or spiritual reasons.[35] In Canada, the poaching of eagle feathers for the booming U.S.
market has sometimes resulted in the arrests of First Nations person for the crime.[36]
The Moche people of ancient Peru worshiped the eagle and often depicted eagles in their art.[37]
While every Native American tribe has their own set of customs and beliefs, one thing virtually every
tribe has in common is a reverence for eagles. Native Americans view them as powerful medicine
animals that represent bravery, honor, and insight. In addition, because eagles have the ability to fly,
many tribes view them as having a connection to the Creator and possessing the ability to communicate
with both the physical and supernatural worlds. In fact, the mythical Native American bird,
the thunderbird, is based on the eagle and yet is considered to have even greater powers.
For Native Americans, eagle feathers are also sacred. Eagles and their feathers are protected
under federal law. However, Native Americans with certified ancestry are permitted to obtain and use
eagle feathers in spiritual ceremonies. Traditionally, when a warrior displayed bravery in a battle, he was
given an eagle feather. Hence, the iconic headdresses worn by the plains tribes that contained many
eagle feathers represented a brave and powerful warrior. In addition, Native Americans believe that if a
person finds an eagle feather on the ground, it is a gift from the Sky and the Earth.[38]
Heraldry[edit]
Main article: Eagle (heraldry)

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Coat of arms of Austria.

Coat of arms of Kotka, Finland

Coat of arms of the United States

Eagles are an exceptionally common symbol in heraldry, being considered the "King of Birds" in contrast
to the lion, the "King of Beasts". Whereas the lion (e.g. England) usually represents authority, the eagle is
the symbol of power. They are particularly popular in Germanic countries such as Austria, due to their
association with the Holy Roman Empire. The eagle of the Holy Roman Empire was two-headed,
supposedly representing the two divisions, East and West, of the old Roman Empire. This motif, derived
from the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire was also adopted by the Russian Empire and is still featured
in the Flag of Albania. The Roman eagle was preceded by the eagle of Ptolemaic Egypt and
the Achaemenid Empire. In the coat of arms of Kotka, Finland, the eagle is depicted carrying
an anchor and the caduceus on its feet.
Heraldic eagles are most often found displayed, i.e. with their wings and legs extended. They can also
occur close, i.e. with their wings folded, or rising, i.e. about to take flight. The heads, wings, and legs of
eagles can also be found independently.

Usage against drones[edit]

Some eagles have been trained to take down unwanted drones (unmanned aerial vehicles). Such eagles
have been deployed by Indian Border Security Force,[39] Dutch police and Swiss police. The Dutch and
Swiss police later discontinued eagles' usage against drones. The Dutch police cited high training costs
for the birds and training complexity as reasons to abandon their usage, while Swiss police stated that
"the technological and strategic improvements in terms of the use of drones make this project using
raptors too uncertain, even dangerous for the physical integrity of the eagles".[40] Following the 2023
Kremlin drone explosion, Russian politician Aleksey Zhuravlyov suggested forming "a squadron of eagle
interceptors in the Kremlin and other places" to protect vital infrastructure.[41]
Eagles are known to attack drones naturally. In Austria two eagles mistook a drone for a food and
brought it to the ground.[42] In 2020, a bald eagle attacked and destroyed a quadcopter in Michigan,
United States.[43]

Notes[edit]

1. ^ "There are four major groups of eagles: fish eagles, booted eagles, snake eagles and
giant forest eagles."[21]

References[edit]

1. ^ del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Sargatal, J. (editors). (1994). Handbook of the Birds of the
World Volume 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-15-6
2. ^ Mitkus, Mindaugas; Potier, Simon; Martin, Graham R.; Duriez, Olivier; Kelber, Almut
(26 April 2018), "Raptor Vision", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of
Neuroscience, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190264086.013.232, ISBN 978-0-19-026408-6,
retrieved 12 June 2023
3. ^ Martin, Graham R. (January 1986). "Vision: Shortcomings of an eagle's
eye". Nature. 319 (6052): 357. doi:10.1038/319357a0. ISSN 1476-
4687. PMID 3945316. S2CID 4233018.
4. ^ Reymond, L. (1985). "Spatial visual acuity of the eagle Aquila audax: a behavioural,
optical and anatomical investigation". Vision Research. 25 (10): 1477–
1491. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(85)90226-3. ISSN 0042-6989. PMID 4090282. S2CID 2068
0520.
5. ^ Leclerc, Georges (2010). The Natural History of Birds: From the French of the Count de
Buffon; Illustrated with Engravings, and a Preface, Notes, and Additions, by the
Translator. Cambridge University Press. pp. 60–. ISBN 978-1-108-02298-9. Archived from
the original on 29 April 2016.
6. ^ Grambo, Rebecca L. (2003). Eagles. Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-89658-363-
4. Archived from the original on 30 April 2016.
7. ^ Grambo, Rebecca L (2003). Eagles. Voyageur Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-89658-363-4.
8. ^ Stinson, Christopher H (1979). "On the Selective Advantage of Fratricide in
Raptors". Evolution. 33 (4): 1219–
1225. doi:10.2307/2407480. JSTOR 2407480. PMID 28563923.
9. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Ferguson-Lees, J.; Christie, D. (2001). Raptors of the World.
London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-8026-1.
10. ^ "Amazing Bird Records". Trails.com. Archived from the original on 20 June 2017.
Retrieved 20 July 2012.
11. ^ "Deer dropped by eagle knocks out power in Montana". Reuters. 18 June 2011.
Retrieved 11 July 2023.
12. ^ Watson, Jeff (2011). The Golden Eagle (Second ed.). ISBN 978-0-30017-019-1.
13. ^ Sutton, C.; Dunne, P.; Sibley, D. (1989). Hawks in Flight: The Flight Identification of
North American Migrant Raptors. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0-3955-
1022-8.
14. ^ Ferguson-Lees, et al.)
15. ^ Jump up to:a b del Hoyo, J; Elliot, A; Sargatal, J (1996). Handbook of the Birds of the
World. Vol. 3. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-20-2.
16. ^ Gamauf, A.; Preleuthner, M. & Winkler, H. (1998). "Philippine Birds of Prey:
Interrelations among habitat, morphology and behavior" (PDF). The Auk. 115 (3): 713–
726. doi:10.2307/4089419. JSTOR 4089419. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23
August 2014.
17. ^ Morgan, A.M. "The spread and weight of the Wedge-tailed Eagle" (PDF). South
Australian Ornithologist. 11: 156–157. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April
2013.
18. ^ Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. ISBN 978-0-
85112-235-9.
19. ^ "Eagle: Description, Pictures, & Fun Facts I TheBirdPedia". 25 December 2021.
Retrieved 7 February 2022.
20. ^ "European Raptors: Golden Eagle". www.europeanraptors.org (in
German). Archived from the original on 7 May 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
21. ^ Jump up to:a b Stalcup, Carolyn. "All About Eagles". The American Eagle Foundation.
Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
22. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Rutledge, Hope. "Eagles of the World". American Bald Eagle
Information. Archived from the original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 11
June 2014. from Grambo, Rebecca L. (1999). Eagles. Voyageur Press,
Inc. ISBN 9780896583634.
23. ^ Jump up to:a b Lerner, H. R. L.; Mindell, D. P. (2005). "Phylogeny of eagles, Old World
vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA". Molecular
Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 (2): 327–
346. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.010. PMID 15925523.
24. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Lerner, Heather R. L.; Mindell, David P. (9 May
2006). "Accipitridae". The Tree of Life Web Project. Archived from the original on 23
December 2014.
25. ^ Jump up to:a b Bouglouan, Nicole. "The booted eagles throughout the world:
introduction". Oiseaux-birds. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 11
June 2014.
26. ^ "TrekNature | Whitehead eagle Photo". www.treknature.com. Retrieved 25
March 2022.
27. ^ Reaney, P.H. The Origin of English Place Names (1964 ed.). Routledge and Kegan Paul.
p. 166.
28. ^ Horowitz, Wayne (1998). Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake, Indiana:
Eisenbrauns. pp. 43–59. ISBN 0-931464-99-4. Archived from the original on 6 December
2017.
29. ^ Badke, David. The Medieval Bestiary Archived 22 November 2016 at the Wayback
Machine
 30. ^ Hutchinson, John (1749). Philosophical and Theological Works of the Late Truly
Learned John Hutchinson. London, UK: James Hedges. p. 402. Archived from the original
on 25 April 2016.
31. ^ Psalm 103 Archived 8 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine in Augustine's commentary.
32. ^ "Lexicon: Strong's H5404 - nešer". Blue Letter Bible. 11 June 2023.
33. ^ Fonck, L. (1910). St. John the Evangelist. In The Catholic Encyclopedia (New York:
Robert Appleton Company). Retrieved 14 August 2017 from New Advent.
34. ^ Delderfield, Eric R. (1966). A Guide to Church Furniture. Newton Abbot: David &
Charles.
35. ^ Office of Law Enforcement. "National Eagle Repository". Mountain-Prairie
Region. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from the original on 10
October 2007. Retrieved 20 November 2007.
36. ^ Sin, Lena (30 April 2006). "Charges laid in eagle-poaching case". The Province. CanWest
MediaWorks Publications Inc. Archived from the original on 31 May 2009. Retrieved 20
November 2007.
37. ^ Larco Herrera, Rafael, and Berrin, Kathleen (1997) The Spirit of Ancient Peru Thames
and Hudson, New York, ISBN 0500018022
38. ^ Stanton, Kristen M. (19 August 2022). "Eagle Meaning and Symbolism". UniGuide.
Archived from the original on 1 October 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
39. ^ "The eagle is coming: Indian Army's trained birds to knockdown airborne enemy
drones - WATCH". Times Now. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
40. ^ "Swiss drone-busting eagle squadron grounded permanently". The Register]. 8
November 2022. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
41. ^ "Депутат Госдумы из Воронежа Алексей Журавлев предложил создать
эскадрилью орлов-перехватчиков для борьбы с дронами". Moskovskij
Komsomolets (in Russian). Retrieved 7 May 2023.
42. ^ "A Drone Encounters Two Eagles, and the Birds Win". Smithsonian. 19 November 2015.
Retrieved 7 May 2023.
43. ^ "Eagle dispatches EGLE drone, sparks social media delight". AOPA. 17 August 2020.
Retrieved 7 May 2023.

External links[edit]

Look up eagle in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Eagles.

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Eagle".

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eagles.

  PBS Nature: Eagles
 Eagle photos Archived 6 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine on Oriental Bird Images
 Eagle videos on the Internet Bird Collection
 Web of the Conservation Biology Team-Bonelli's Eagle, of the University of Barcelona
 Decorah Eagles: 24/7 Live Webcam from The Raptor Resource Project Archived 1 March
2012 at the Wayback Machine
 EagleCAM: White-bellied Sea Eagles Live Webcam at Discovery Centre in Sydney, Australia
 "Eagle" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.

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