LIGHTING TYPES AND MARKET FIXTURES

FOR EACH LIGHTING TECHNIQUES

SUBMITTED BY :- SAHIL AGARWAL(14)

SANCHAY ARORA(16)
SHIVANGI SHARMA(21)
TANISHKA SHARMA(34)
TARANPREET SINGH(37)
VAIDEHI MANDHANIYA(38)
 LIGHTING
Lighting is a form of energy without which there can be no vision. When
light strikes an object it may be reflected, absorbed or allowed to pass
through.

OR

It is electromagnetic radiation within a certain portion of the

electromagnetic spectrum. The word usually refers to visible light, and
responsible for sense of sight. The sun produce light and that light bounces
off objects and into our eyes.

OR

Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation that enables the human eye to

see or make things visible. It is also defined as radiation that is visible to the
human eye. Electromagnetic radiation occurs over an extremely wide range
of wavelengths, from gamma rays with wavelengths less than about 1 × 10−11
metres to radio waves measured in metres.
 METHODS OF LIGHTING
AMBIENT LIGHTING :
Ambient light is a soft glow that blankets your space just enough for you to
function without causing a harsh glare. In décor, it is very similar to natural light ,
except you create the ambient light by making the room's lighting as natural and
flat as possible. Ambient lighting is often referred to as mood lighting.

Examples of the lights that create accent light are Chandeliers, Pendants,
Recessed, Track, Ceiling etc.

TASK LIGHTING :
Task Light is a smaller more concentrated light. It is meant to help you see when
you’re doing projects in which you need a finer light, such as, reading, cooking,
writing, etc. It only works well when it is used as a contrasting light which allows
you to be more alert and concentrated.

Examples of the lights that create task light are Pendants, Swing Arm Lamps,
Under Cabinet, Vanity.

ACCENT LIGHTING :
Accent light is a very concentrated light with the intention of drawing the eye to its
focal point. This will help you illuminate the pieces you want on display, while
shadowing dull areas. Outdoor accent lighting is when you highlight parts of the
architecture. This lighting type is used a lot for museums, historical buildings and
art shows.

Examples of the lights that create accent light are Wall Lights, Recessed,
Landscape, Track
 TYPES OF LIGHTING SYSTEM

LIGHTING SYSTEM

DIRECT INDIRECT SEMI-DIRECT SEMI-INDIRECT DIFFUSED

In a direct lighting In an indirect lighting In a semi-direct In a semi-indirect In a diffused, lighting
system, 90% to 100% system, 90% to 100% of lighting system, 60% lighting system, 60% system, light is
of the light from the the light from the to 90% of the light to 90% of the light distributed equally to
luminaire shines luminaire shines from the luminaire from the luminaire both the upper and
toward the work upward and reflects shines toward the reflects toward the lower areas of a
surface. The area off the ceiling. The working surface. The ceiling. Highly room—50% upward
that is lit depends on ceiling is the main remainder of the light reflective ceilings and and 50% downward.
the characteristics of source of light in this is reflected toward the room finishes are While diffused
the luminaire. The type of system, so it ceiling and the upper important. This lighting can be
placement of the should be completely portion of the walls. method of lighting pleasing to the eye, or
fixture or brightness and evenly lit. Indirect This lighting system produces a very seems harsh to some.
of the light can be lighting minimizes softens shadows and pleasing room Therefore, a more
adjusted to eliminate veiling reflections, produces even ambience while also indirect method of
glare and shadows. shadows, and direct lighting. providing good lighting is often
glare reading areas. desirable.
 LIGHTING CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SOURCE

The bright radiant energy of the sun, daylight, is a major determining factor in the
NATURAL LIGHT design of hotel guestrooms and homes, especially where large wall areas have been
decorated with glass.

Artificial lighting is lighting which is man made, such as fluorescent, tungsten,

ARTIFICIAL LIGHT mercury vapor, sodium vapor, halogen, compact fluorescent, et cetera. It can be turned
on and off at a flick of a switch.

INCANDESCENT LAMP CFL FLUORESCENT TUBE DISCHARGE LAMPS LED

1. INCANDESCENT LAMP :
It is widely used, although its relatively low energy
efficiency is leading to its replacement by other
more efficient lamps such as the CFL.

The connection to a light fitting is either by screw

thread or bayonet.

A large variety of shapes, sizes and power is

available, as well as different colour ranges. Typical
lamps for household use range from about 40 to
100 W, giving a light output of 420 to 1360lm at the
typical lamp efficiency of about 12%
2. COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMP (CFL) :

The compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) was designed as a more

efficient replacement for incandescent lamp.

It is supplied with the same fixing system (screw or bayonet),

and can be used in many light fittings designed for
incandescent lamps.

Power ratings of CFLs that can provide approximately the

equivalent light output to incandescent lamps.

3. FLUORESCENT TUBES :

Fluorescent tubes are the main form of lighting for offices and commercial
buildings.

They are a form of gas discharge lamp, and are formed in a long thin glass
cylinder with contacts at either end that secure them to the fitting (or luminaire)
and provide the electrical connection.

The tube contains mercury vapour at low pressure, and the inner wall of the glass
is coated with a phosphor that reacts to ultra-violet radiation. When electricity is
passed through the vapour it emits UV radiation that is converted by the
phosphor to visible light.

The most efficient fluorescent tubes are the T5. With a smaller diameter (16mm)
than earlier tubes, these can achieve a luminous efficacy of up to 104lm/W.
4. DISCHARGE LAMPS :
Discharge lamps work by striking an electrical arc between two electrodes, causing a filler gas to give off light.
Different metals and filler gasses can be used to provide a range of colour and brightness.
It provide high luminous efficacy combined with long life, resulting in the most economical light source available.

TYPES OF GAS-DISCHARGE LAMPS

A. LOW PRESSURE DISCHARGE LAMPS :

Low-pressure lamps have working pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. For example common
fluorescent lamps operate at a pressure of about 0.3% of atmospheric pressure.

- Compact fluorescent lamp,

- Fluorescent lamps,
- Low pressure sodium lamps: the most efficient gas-discharge lamp type, producing up to 200 lumens per watt,
but at the expense of very poor color rendering. The almost monochromatic yellow light is only acceptable for street
lighting and similar applications.

B. HIGH PRESSURE DISCHARGE LAMPS :

High-pressure lamps have a discharge that takes place in gas under slightly less to greater than atmospheric pressure.
For example, a high pressure sodium lamp has an arc tube under 100 to 200 torr pressure, about 14% to 28% of
atmospheric pressure; some automotive HID headlamps have up to 50 bar or fifty times atmospheric pressure.

- Metal halide lamps: These lamps produce almost white light, and attain 100 lumen per watt light output. Applications
include indoor lighting of high buildings, parking lots, shops, sport terrains.
- High pressure sodium lamps: producing up to 150 lumens per watt. These lamps produce a broader light spectrum
than the low pressure sodium lamps. Also used for street lighting, and for artificial photoassimilation for growing plants.
- High pressure mercury-vapor lamps: This lamp type is the oldest high pressure lamp type, being replaced in most
applications by the metal halide lamp and the high pressure sodium lamp.
C. HIGH-INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS :

A high-intensity discharge (HID) lamp is a type of electrical lamp which produces

light by means of an electric arc between tungsten electrodes housed inside a
translucent or transparent fused quartz or fused alumina arc tube. Compared to
other lamp types, relatively high arc power exists for the arc length.

Examples of HID lamps include:

Mercury-vapor lamps.
Metal halide lamps.
Ceramic discharge metal halide lamps.
Sodium vapor lamps.
Xenon arc lamps.
Ultra-High Performance (UHP).

HID lamps are typically used when high levels of light and energy efficiency are
desired

4. LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED) :

LEDs use semi-conductors to convert electrical energy directly into

light.

They are only recently becoming available as a light source for lighting
purposes, and are highly efficient and long lasting.

LED torches are becoming very popular, as they provide a far longer
battery life than other types of light source.
 TYPES OF LIGHTING FIXTURES

1. ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING FIXTURE :

The three most common forms of architectural lighting are cove, soffit and valance; all three are
integrated into the room’s structure.

COVE LIGHTING : Cove lighting is located in a ledge, shelf or

recess high up on a wall, and the light is bounced toward the
ceiling or upper wall.

SOFFIT LIGHTING : Soffit lighting is located in a soffit or

cornice near the ceiling, and the light radiates downward,
washing the wall with light.

VALANCE LIGHTING : Valance lighting is located in a wood,

metal or glass valance (horizontal shield) mounted above a
window or high on the wall, and the light bounces both
upward and downward.
2. CEILING MOUNTED LIGHTING FIXTURE :
This broad range of fixtures is, as its name implies, mounted directly to the ceiling, and typically features a
glass, fabric, or plastic shade that conceals the lightbulb and helps diffuse light more evenly.
Ceiling-mounted fixtures tend to be used to provide ambient light in a room as opposed to accent or task
lighting because they provide more general, dispersed lighting

3. RECESSED LIGHTING FIXTURE :

Installed above the ceiling, this type of lighting has an opening that is flush with the ceiling. A recessed
light requires at least 6 inches of clearance above the ceiling, and insulation is essential to ensure that
condensation does not drip into the fixture. Recessed lighting sends a relatively narrow band of light in
one direction; it can be used to provide ambient, task or accent lighting
4. TRACK LIGHTING FIXTURE :
Mounted or suspended from the ceiling, track lighting consists of a linear housing containing several
heads that can be positioned anywhere along a track; the direction of the heads is adjustable also. Track
lighting is often used for task or accent lighting.

5. TRACK LIGHTING & SPOTLIGHTS LIGHTING FIXTURE :

Pendant lights are lights that hang from a cable, cord, or pipe from an attachment at a ceiling, ending in
a shade enclosing a light bulb that primarily provides light in a downward direction, known as a
downlight. Pendants are often located over a table or kitchen island because they provide ambient or
task lighting, and usually have strong stylistic elements that bring character to a space because they’re so
visible.
6. PENDANTS LIGHTING FIXTURE :
Pendant lights are lights that hang from a cable, cord, or pipe from an attachment at a ceiling, ending in
a shade enclosing a light bulb that primarily provides light in a downward direction, known as a
downlight. Pendants are often located over a table or kitchen island because they provide ambient or
task lighting, and usually have strong stylistic elements that bring character to a space because they’re so
visible.

7. DESK, FLOOR & TABLE LIGHTING FIXTURE :

Made in a wide range of sizes and styles, lamps are extremely versatile and portable sources of light in a
room. Most lamps direct light downward, with the exception of a torchiere, which is a floor lamp that
directs its light upward. Lamps are often used as task lights, particularly for reading, but can also provide
ambient light.
8. ACCENT LIGHTING FIXTURE :
When you want to have incredibly concentrated light in your space so that you can draw someone’s
attention to a specific area of your room, then you need to make sure that you invest in accent lighting.
This is a great way to add drama to your home and to highlight a specific area, whether that is an
architectural detail or a piece of art. You will be able to cast a light on a specific area, illuminating it, while
also creating shadows in other areas of your room, which will result in a very dramatic effect.

9. UNDER CABINET LIGHTING FIXTURE :

It can be very difficult to make sure that you have ample light when you are working in the kitchen,
especially if you are worried about whether or not you will accidentally cut yourself with a knife or be able
to accurately read the recipe. To ensure that you can easily see what you are doing, it’s time to stop
relying on your ceiling light and install under-cabinet lighting in your space. This is a great way to
illuminate the entire countertop, which will ensure that you can easily see what you are working on, no
matter what time of the day or night you decide to cook
10. SEMI - FLUSH MOUNT FIXTURE :
Semi-mount fixtures come in many different styles, shapes, construction mediums and colors. They
typically hang down from the ceiling about 4 to 8 inches. Semi-Flush mounted light fixtures are better for
higher ceilings. Ceilings that are 8 feet high a tall person might hit there head on. We do not want you or
the guests to have to duck under the light or knock yourselves out on the light fixture.

The semi-mount fixture tends to direct light up toward the ceiling so that the light can bounce off the
ceiling and the walls. Then it also, depending on the individual fixture, can direct light to the floor. All of
the light coming from this fixture can make your room look and feel bigger.

11. LED INDIRECT LIGHTING FIXTURE :

The LED lighting can create so many impressive effects in your room. LED light fixtures are just strips of
light. They can be colored blue, green, red, orange, or only white light. They can add a more modern style,
or use can use them for an industrial style room. Led lighting is useful in just about any style of
decorating. It is excellent in kitchens above countertops and great to use for working light. You can add
white LED strips to the top of crown molding to your room for an exquisite and sophisticated look.