Nar

rat
iveAnal
ysi
s

Mi
chael
Bamber
g

Cl
arkUni
ver
sit
y

I
nH.Cooper(
Edi
tor
-i
n-chi
ef)
,APAhandbookofr
esear
chmet
hodsi
npsy
chol
ogy

(
3vol
umes)
.Washi
ngt
on,
DC:
APAPr
ess.

*
Cont
actaddr
ess:

MichaelBamber g
Clar
kUni v
ersit
y
Depart
mentofPsy chol
ogy
950MainSt reet
Worcester,MA01610
USA

mbamber
g@cl
arku.
edu

(
onsabbat
ical
unt
ilAugust2010,
pleasecont
actusi
ngemai
laddr
ess)
 Ther
ear
eanumberofdi
ff
erentconnot
ati
onst
hatar
ecommonl
yconnect
edt
o

t
heuseoft
het
ermsnar
rat
iver
esear
ch,
nar
rat
ivei
nqui
ry,
andnar
rat
iveanal
ysi
s--

connot
ati
onst
hati
nter
sectandof
tencont
ri
but
etot
hei
mpr
essi
onofnar
rat
iver
esear
ch

ascompl
exandmul
ti
lay
ered,
ifnotconf
usi
ng.Oneoft
hemostcent
ral
way
sthi
s

compl
exi
typl
aysouti
sinwhatcanbet
akenast
hemostbasi
cint
ersect
ion,
namel
y

bet
weenr chonnar
esear rat
ives,
wher
enar
rat
ivesar
etheobj
ectofst
udy
,andr
esear
ch

wi
thnar
rat
ives,
wher
enar
rat
ivesar
ethet
ool
stoexpl
oresomet
hingel
se-
-t
ypi
cal
l
y

aspect
sofhumanmemor
yorexper
ience.Oneoft
hegoal
soft
hischapt
eri
stowor
k

t
hroughsomeoft
hecompl
exi
tyandt
omaker
ecommendat
ionsf
orhowt
ofol
l
ow

met
hodi
cal
procedur
eswhenwor
kingwi
thnar
rat
ives-
-pr
ocedur
est
hatar
ebui
l
ton,
and

f
oll
owi
nsi
ght
sgai
nedf
rom, konnar
wor rat
ives.

Thechapt
eri
sdi
vi
dedi
ntot
wopar
ts,
fol
l
owedbyabr
iefsummar
yandr
efl
ect
ion.

Thef
ir
stpar
tpr
esent
sanov
erv
iewont
het
opi
cofnar
rat
ivemet
hodswi
tht
heai
mto

showhowdi
ff
erentr
esear
chquest
ionsanddi
ff
erentr
esear
cht
radi
ti
onshav
einf
ormed

andl
edt
owhatf
all
sbr
oadl
yundert
hepur
viewofnar
rat
ivemet
hods.Thesecondpar
tof

t
hechapt
erf
eat
uresananal
ysi
sofast
oryt
hatwi
l
lil
l
ust
rat
ehowt
radi
ti
onsand

quest
ionssampl
edi
nthef
ir
stpar
toft
hechapt
ercanbeappl
i
ed,
andcont
ri
but
eto

answeranumberofdi
ff
erentr
esear
chquest
ions.Thus,
incont
rastt
othet
radi
ti
onal

r
eci
peappr
oachst
art
ingwi
thaquest
ionandf
rom t
her
emov
ingont
ousi
ngt
he

met
hodol
ogi
cal
l
yappr
opr
iat
etool
boxt
oanswert
hequest
ion,
thi
schapt
erpr
oposesa

di
ff
erentr
out
e:I
tpr
esent
sasampl
i
ngofmet
hodsi
nor
dert
orev
eal
dif
fer
entst
rat
egi
es

f
orhowt
oposei
nter
est
ingr
esear
chquest
ions.I
nessence,
ther
eaderi
snotgi
vena

2
r
eci
pef
orhowt
oar
ri
veatgoodnar
rat
iver
esear
ch;
rat
her
,ift
hei
nsi
ghti
sal
ongt
hel
i
nes

of“
oh,
nowIknowhowt
oposemyr
esear
chquest
iont
hatcanbef
oll
owedbyuseof

nar
rat
ivemet
hods,
”thegoal
oft
hischapt
erhasbeenaccompl
i
shed.

Par
t1-
--
Thepr
ojectofnar
rat
iveanal
ysi
s

Whynar
rat
ive?

Anexami
nat
ionofnar
rat
iveanal
ysi
smustbegi
nwi
thadef
ini
ti
onofwhatwe

meanbynar
rat
ive.Letmest
artwi
thapr
ovi
sional
def
ini
tonofnar
i rat
ivet
hatwi
l
lbe

r
evi
sit
edt
hroughoutt
hischapt
er:
Whennar
rat
orst
ell
ast
ory
,theygi
ve‘
nar
rat
ivef
orm’

t
oexper
ience.Theyposi
ti
onchar
act
ersi
nspaceandt
imeand,
inav
erybr
oadsense,

gi
veor
dert
oandmakesenseofwhathappened-
-orwhati
simagi
nedt
ohav
ehappened.

Thus,
itcanbear
gued,
thatnar
rat
ivesat
t oexpl
emptt ainornor
mal
i
zewhathas

occur
red;
theyl
ayoutwhyt
hingsar
ethewayt
heyar
eorhav
ebecomet
hewayt
heyar
e.

Nar
rat
ive,
ther
efor
e,canbesai
dtopr
ovi
deapor
tal
int
otwor
eal
ms:
(i)t
her
eal
m of

exper
ience,
wher
espeaker
slayouthowt
heyasi
ndi
vi
dual
sexper
iencecer
tai
nev
ent
s

andconf
ert
hei
rsubj
ect
ivemeani
ngont
otheseexper
iences;
and(
ii
)ther
eal
m of

nar
rat
ivemeans(
ordev
ices)t
hatar
eputt
ousei
nor
dert
omake(
thi
s)sense.I
nthef
ir
st

i
nst
ance,
wet
ypi
cal
l
yencount
err chwi
esear thnar
rat
iveandi
nt onnar
hesecond, rat
ive.

Att
hispoi
nt,
wehav
enotspeci
fi
edwhet
hernar
rat
orsempl
oynar
rat
ivemeanst
omake

senset
oot
her
sincommuni
cat
iveandi
nter
act
iveset
ti
ngsorwhet
hernar
rat
orsat
tempt

t
omakesenset
othemsel
ves,
aswhenwr
it
erswr
it
efort
hemsel
ves,
orcl
i
ent
sspeak‘
i
n

sear
choft
hei
rsel
ves’
inat
her
apeut
icset
ti
ng.Wehav
efur
therl
eftunspeci
fi
edwhet
her

nar
rat
orst
alkaboutt
hemsel
ves,
i.
e.,
tel
lper
sonal
exper
iencest
heyi
magi
nedor

under
wenti
nper
son(
fi
rst
-per
sonexper
iences)
,orwhet
hert
heyt
alkaboutt
he

3
exper
iencesofot
her
s--
evenf
ict
ional
l
yinv
ent
edot
her
s(t
hir
d-per
sonexper
iences)
.

Fur
therbel
owweal
sowi
l
llookmor
ecl
osel
yi ot
nt heki
ndsofexper
iencesort
hemes

t
hatar
econf
igur
edi
ntomeani
ngf
uluni
tsbyuseofdi
ff
erentnar
rat
ivemeans.Whi
l
eal
l

t
hesei
ssuesar
eimpor
tant
,wewi
l
lst
artwi
thacl
oserchar
act
eri
zat
ionofnar
rat
ive

anal
ysi
s.

Thepr
ojectofnar
rat
iveanal
ysi
s

Whi
l
eiti
sper
fect
lyr
easonabl
etocol
l
ectnar
rat
ivesofpeopl
e’
sexper
iencesand

ar
chi
vet
hem i
ntext
ual
,audi
oorv
ideof
ormatsot
heycanbeaccessedl
ateronbyt
hose

i
nter
est
edi
nthem,
thepr
ojectofnar
rat
iveanal
ysi
sinv
olv
esmor
e.St
art
ingagai
nfr
om a

pr
ovi
sional
andbr
oaddef
ini
ti
on,
onet
hatr
equi
resmor
especi
fi
cat
ion,
nar
rat
iveanal
ysi
s

at
tempt
stosy
stemat
ical
l
yrel
atet
henar
rat
ivemeansdepl
oyedf
ort
hef
unct
ionofl
ayi
ng

outandmaki
ngsenseofpar
ti
cul
arki
ndsof
,ifnott
otal
l
yuni
que,
exper
iences.Her
e,

nar
rat
iveanal
yst
scanpl
acemor
ewei
ghtonanal
yzi
ngt
henar
rat
ivemeans;
ort
he

i
ntent
ionmaybet
oext
rapol
ateandbet
terunder
standpar
ti
cul
arexper
iences.Ofcour
se,

i
nthebestofal
lwor
lds,
bot
happr
oachesi
nfor
m eachot
her
,i.
e.,
thatl
ear
ningmor
e

aboutnar
rat
ivemeansi
mpr
ovesoranal
ysi
sofwhatnar
rat
ivesar
eusedf
or-
-andv
ice

v
ersa.I
nanycaset
hough,
nar
rat
iveanal
yst
sar
erequi
redt
olayoutt
her
elat
ionshi
p

bet
weennar
rat
ivemeansandexper
iencet
hati
sconst
it
utedbysuchmeansi
nor
dert
o

maket
ranspar
entanddocumenthowt
heyar
ri
veatt
hei
rint
erpr
eti
veconcl
usi
ons.

Whenev
ert
heanal
yti
cfocusi
sont
henar
rat
ivemeans,
qual
i
tat
iveand

quant
it
ati
veappr
oacheshav
ebeenempl
oyedsi
de-
by-
sidewi
thl
i
ttl
ejoi
ntconsi
der
ati
on.

Expl
orat
ionsofhowchi
l
drenl
ear
ntousenar
rat
ivemeanst
hatest
abl
i
shchar
act
ersi
na

st
ory
,howt
oti
ecl
ausest
oget
heri
ntomeani
ngf
ulepi
sodes,
orhowt
oev
aluat
ewhati
s

4
goi
ngonf
rom anov
erar
chi
ngper
spect
ive,
hav
etur
nedupel
abor
atecodi
ngsy
stems

t
hatal
l
owcr
oss-
ageandcr
oss-
li
ngui
sti
cquant
it
ati
vecompar
isons,
del
i
ver
ingi
nsi
ght
s

i
ntot
heacqui
sit
ionofnar
rat
ivecompet
enci
es.Fur
therr
esear
chi
ntocompar
isons

bet
weenf
ir
st-andsecond-
languagel
ear
ner
s’nar
rat
ivemeansandt
hemeansand

st
rat
egi
esusedi
nat
ypi
cal
popul
ati
ons(
e.g.Downsy
ndr
omeandaut
ism)hav
eledt
o

i
nter
est
ingappl
i
edf
iel
dssuchasl
i
ter
acyeducat
ionandpar
ent
alt
rai
ningi
nnar
rat
ive

i
nter
vent
ionpr
ogr
ams.

Nar
rat
ivei
nqui
ryt
hati
smor
eint
erest
edi
nhowmeani
ngi
sconf
err
edont
o

exper
ience,
especi
all
yinnar
rat
ivesofper
sonal
exper
ienceaboutconcr
etel
i
fesi
tuat
ions

(
star
ti
ngf
rom exper
iencessuchasmenar
cheorf
ir
str
omant
ici
nvol
vement
stol
arger

r
esear
chquest
ionssuchasdi
vor
ce,
prof
essi
onal
ident
it
y--
all
thewayupt
oagi
ngand

l
i
fesat
isf
act
ion)hast
radi
ti
onal
l
yleanedmor
etowar
dtheempl
oymentofqual
i
tat
ive

r
esear
chpr
ocedur
es.Ther
elat
ionshi
psbet
weent
heuseofconcr
etenar
rat
ivemeans

f
ort
heconst
ruct
ionofhi
ghl
ysubj
ect
iveandv
eryspeci
fi
cli
fesi
tuat
ionsupt
o

r
etr
ospect
iveev
aluat
ionsofl
i
fecour
sesi
sopent
obot
hquant
it
ati
veandqual
i
tat
ive

anal
yti
cpr
ocedur
es.Howev
er,
int
hef
oll
owi
ng,
Iwi
l
lfocusmor
est
rongl
yonnar
rat
ive

anal
ysi
sasaqual
i
tat
iver
esear
chmet
hod-
-t
houghpoi
nti
ngt
owar
dpossi
bil
i
tiesf
orot
her

r
esear
chpr
act
ices,
whenev
erappr
opr
iat
e.

Theemer
genceofnar
rat
iveanal
ysi
s

Hav
ingcl
ari
fi
edt
hatnar
rat
iveanal
ysi
sisi
nvest
edi
nbot
hthemeansandt
heway

t
hesemeansar
eputt
ouset
oar
ri
veatpr
esent
ati
onsandi
nter
pret
ati
onsofmeani
ngf
ul

exper
iences,
wecant
urnt
oabr
iefgeneal
ogyoft
heemer
genceofnar
rat
iveanal
ysi
sin

t
hesoci
alsci
ences,
and,
mor
especi
fi
cal
l
y,i
nthedi
sci
pli
neofpsy
chol
ogy
.Inor
dert
o

5
getacl
ear
erconcept
ionofwhatspur
redt
her
ecentsur
geofi
nter
esti
nnar
rat
iveand

nar
rat
ivemet
hods,
aswel
last
obet
terunder
standdebat
esamongpr
oponent
sof

di
ff
erentanal
yti
cpr
act
ices,
iti
swor
thwhi
l
etodi
sti
ngui
shbet
ween(
i)howi
twas

possi
blet
hatnar
rat
iveshav
ebecomeaccept
edasagenr
ethatseemst
ocl
osel
yref
lect

peopl
e’
ssensemaki
ngst
rat
egi
es-
-par
ti
cul
arl
ynar
rat
ivesofl
i
ves,
asi
n(aut
o-)
biogr
aphy
,

l
i
fewr
it
ing,
conf
essi
onsandot
herdi
scl
osur
esofi
dent
it
y;(
ii
)hownar
rat
ivecoul
d

cat
apul
tint
other
oleofamet
hod-
-onet
hati
ssai
dtobet
hemai
npor
tal
int
oindi
vi
dual

andcommunal
sensemaki
ng,
exper
ience,
andsubj
ect
ivi
ty;
and(
ii
i)howt
her
ear
e

di
ff
erences(
andcommonal
i
ties)bet
weenav
ari
etyofnar
rat
ivemet
hodst
hatar
e

seemi
ngl
ycompet
ingwi
thoneanot
herasanal
yti
ctool
s.Iwi
l
ltur
ntobr
ief
lyconsi
der

t
hesedi
sti
nct
ionsundert sofnar
heheader rat
iveasgenr
e,nar
rat
iveasmet
hod,
and

nar
rat
ivemet
hods.

Nar
rat
iveasgenr
e

St
ori
esandst
ory
-tel
l
ingpr
act
icesar
eassumedt
obecl
osel
yti
edupwi
tht
he

phy
logenesi
sofl
anguage,
humansoci
alf
ormat
ionsandt
hehi
stor
ical
l
yemer
gingv
isi
on

ofi
ndi
vi
dual
i
tyandt
hemoder
nper
son.Ear
lynar
rat
ivef
orms,
reachi
ngbackasf
aras

1500BCE,
ref
lectf
ormsofr
ecor
dedhi
stor
ical
exper
iencei
nepi
cfor
mat
sandar
e

ar
guedt
obei
nst
rument
ali
nthecr
eat
ionofcommunal
(tr
ibal
)educat
ion.I
nthecour
se

ofsoci
ogenesi
s,t
heepi
cfor
misj
oinedandpar
tl
yrepl
acedbyf
olkt
ales,
fabl
es,

t
rav
elogues-
-al
lal
readyf
oreshadowi
ngt
her
iseoft
her
omant
icf
ict
ionandt
henov
el,

st
art
ingar
ound1200andcul
minat
ingi
nEur
opebet
ween1600-
1750.Thenewand

i
nnov
ati
venar
rat
ivet
echni
quesputt
ousei
nthesegenr
es-
-i
nconcer
twi
tht
he

dev
elopmentoft
hepr
intcul
tur
e--
gav
eri
set
othewr
it
ing(
andr
eadi
ng)ofl
ett
ers,

6
conf
essi
onsandmemoi
rs.Thi
sint
urnf
edr
eader
s’i
nter
esti
nper
sonal
hist
ori
es,
the

bi
ogr
aphy
,li
fehi
stor
y,andaut
o-bi
ogr
aphi
es-
-al
lmaki
nguseoft
empor
alsequencesof

l
i
vedev
ent
sforasy
stemat
icandsel
f-
ref
lect
ivequestoft
he(
aut
hent
ic)sel
f.Not
abl
y,

t
hest
ory
-char
act
eri
nthesequest
s,t
heper
sont
hest
oryi
scent
ral
l
yabout
,isbecomi
ng

mor
eandmor
eopent
obeconst
ruedi
nter
msofchangeandper dev
sonal elopment
.En

r
out
efr
om t
heepi
cvi
athenov
elt
othebi
ogr
aphy
,nar
rat
ivehasemer
gedasanewbut

cent
ral
for
mat
ti
ngdev
icef
ort
heor
gani
zat
ionofsel
fand(
moder
n)i
dent
it
y.I
t

successf
ull
yfedt
hecommonl
yshar
edbel
i
eft
hatwhowear
e,orwhowet
hinkwear
e,i
s

r
eal
i
zedi
nthest
ori
eswet
ell
aboutour
sel
ves;
ever
y yhasast
onenotonl orybutal
sohas

ar
ightt
otel
lthei
rst
ory(
Bamber
g,2010b)
.Thus,
notonl
yist
hequestf
ort
hemoder
n

sel
fint
hef
or hewho-
m oft am-
Iquest
iondeepl
yroot
edi
nthehi
stor
yofnar
rat
ive,
but
,in

addi
ti
on,
thest
oryact
ual
l
ybecomest
hev
erydat
atobeanal
yzedwhenseeki
nganswer
s

t
othewho-
am-
Iquest
ion.

Ther
eal
i
zat
iont
hatt
he(
moder
n)sel
fisopent
ochange,
andt
hatt
hemeansf
or

act
ual
changehav
etowor
kthr
ought
henar
rat
ive,
hasl
edt
oasecondwav
eofi
nter
est

i
nnar
rat
ive.I
nkeepi
ngwi
tht
he“
ther
apeut
icnar
rat
iveofsel
fhood”(
Il
louz,
2008)andi
ts

i
njunct
ion“
thatwebecomeour‘
mostcompl
ete’
and‘
sel
f-
real
i
zed’
sel
ves”(
p.172)
,we

ar
econt
inuousl
yur oseekoutt
gedt hepr
obl
em i
nournar
rat
ive,
theonet
hati
scausi
ng

ourl
ackoff
ulf
il
lmentandt
hesuf
fer
ingt
hatcomesi
nit
swake.Gr
oundi
ng‘
thepr
obl
em’

i
nsomepr
evi
ousev
ent
s,of
tenr
eachi
ngbacki
ntochi
l
dhoodexper
iences,
and

est
abl
i
shi
nganar
rat
iveconnect
iont
hathasl
edt
othepr
obl
em,
notonl
yissai
dto

enhancesel
f-
ref
lect
ionbuti
sregar
dedt
hef
ir
stst
epi
naheal
i
ngexer
ciset
hati
s

supposedt
ofr
eet
henar
rat
orof‘
thepr
obl
em’
andt
hesuf
fer
ingi
tcauses.Nar
rat
ivesel
f-

7
r
efl
ect
ion,
inconj
unct
ionwi
thnar
rat
ivesel
f-
discl
osur
e,ar
etakent
ofor
mthe

cor
ner
stonesofanar
rat
ivel
ygr
oundedappr
oacht
oar
ati
onal
l
y-r
efl
exi
vel
ymoni
tor
ingof

sel
fhood.

Nar
rat
iveasmet
hod

Whi
l
ether
elat
ionshi
pbet
weennar
rat
iveandi
dent
it
yhasbeent
heor
izedby

phi
l
osopher
s,hi
stor
ians,
li
ter
arycr
it
icsandpsy
chol
ogi
sts(
amongot
her
s),
credi
tfor

mov
ingt
henar
rat
ivemodeofsense-
maki
ngi
ntoaspeci
alst
atusbel
ongst
oBr
uner

(
1986,
1991)andLy
otar
d(1984)
.Ly
otar
dandBr
unerhav
ear
guedcogent
lyt
hatt
her
e

ar
etwoki
ndsofsense-
maki
ngmodes,
whi
chst
andi
nopposi
ti
ont
ooneanot
her
:one

bestchar
act
eri
zedasa“
logi
co-
sci
ent
if
ic”mode,
andt
heot
her
,of
tenunder
rat
edand

negl
ect asanar
ed, rat
ivemodeofor
der
ingexper
ienceandmaki
ngsense.Bot
hmet
hods

ofknowi
ngr
elyondi
ff
erentpr
ocedur
esf
orv
eri
fi
cat
ion,
wit
hnar
rat
iveknowi
ngcent
eri
ng

ar
oundt
hepar
ti
cul
ari
tyandspeci
fi
cit
yofwhatoccur
red,
andt
hei
nvol
vement(
and

account
abi
l
ity
/responsi
bil
i
ty)ofhumanagent
sinbr
ingi
ngaboutt
hesespeci
fi
cand

i
nci
dent
alev
ent
s.Thus,
viewi
ngnar
rat
iveasabasi
chumanmet
hodt
omakesensei
s

mor
ethanshar
inghowsensehasbeenmadei
nthef
orm ofst
ori
es.Thet
erm nar
rat
ive

asmet
hodi
mpl
i
esagener
alappr
oacht
hatv
iewst
hei
ndi
vi
dual
wit
hint
hei
rsoci
al

env
ironment
sasact
ivel
yconf
err
ingmeani
ngont
oobj
ect
sint
hewor
ld,
incl
udi
ngot
her
s

andsel
ves;
thewayt
hishappensi
nev
ery
daysi
tuat
ions,
aswel
lasi
nint
erv
iewsor

sur
vey
s,i
snecessar
il
ysubj
ect
iveandi
nter
pret
ive.I
fnar
rat
ivei
sel
evat
edi
nto“
the

pr
imar
yfor
m bywhi
chhumanexper
iencei
smademeani
ngf
ul”(
Pol
ki
nghor
ne,
1988,
p.

1)
,theni
tmakessenset
oar
guet
hatt
hest
ori
eswet
ell
aresuchbecauset
heyr
efl
ect

t
hest
ori
eswear
e(McAdams,
1993;
Randal
l
,1995)
.

8
 Tappi
ngi
ntot
hesenar
rat
ivepr
ocessesofmeani
ngmaki
ngt
houghi
snot

unpr
obl
emat
ic.Forone,
ther
ear
edi
ff
erentst
ori
esaboutour
sel
ves(
orwhatwet
ell
our

exper
iencet
obe)atdi
ff
erentoccasi
ons.Andt
heway
stheseoccasi
onsar
ebr
oughtof
f

i
mpact
sont
hei
nter
nal
organi
zat
ionofwhati
sbei
ngt
old,
itscont
entmat
ter
s,andt
he

meani
ngt
hatbot
htel
l
erandaudi
encemayt
akef
rom t
hem.Af
urt
herpr
obl
em i
sthe

of
tencl
aimedassumpt
iont
hatt
heshar
ingofnar
rat
ivesaboutsi
tuat
ionsi
nwhi
ch

nar
rat
ivemeani
nghasbeenconf
err
edont
oot
her
sandsel
vesi
sopent
oref
lect
ionand

seemi
ngl
ytr
anspar
entt
obot
hnar
rat
orandaudi
ence(
seeHol
l
way&Jef
fer
son,
2008,

f
oracr
it
iqueoft
hisassumpt
ion)
.Al
thoughnar
rat
ivescanbecome,
andi
npar
ti
cul
ar

set
ti
ngscanbeusedas,
ref
lect
ivemeans,
ther
eisnoapr
ior
ireasont
orenderst
ori
es

unanal
yzedasr
efl
ect
ionsofsubj
ect
ivi
ti
esorpr
esent
ati
onsofpar
ti
cipant
s’“
own”v
oices

(
Gubr
ium &Hol
stei
n,2009)
.Howev
er,
amor
edanger
ousst
ancemaybel
urki
ngi
nthe

nar
rat
iveasmet
hodmet
aphorwhenl
i
feandexper
iencear
elev
eledasnar
rat
ivesot
hat

notonl
yhumanknowl
edgebutal
soi
nter
act
ivepr
act
ices,
par
ti
cul
arl
yint
erv
iews,

becomenar
rat
ivei
nqui
ryandbl
urt
heboundar
iesbet
weenusasl
i
vingourst
ori
esand

usasanal
yzi
ngt
hest
ori
esofot
her
s.I
tshoul
dbenot
edt
hatev
eni
fnar
rat
ivei
sel
evat
ed

i
ntoacent
ral
orev
enpr
imar
ymet
hodofsensemaki
ng,
itst
il
lneedst
obeopent
o

i
nter
pret
ati
onandr
eint
erpr
etat
ion;
andi
nter
pret
ati
onr
equi
resl
ayi
ngopent
heangl
es

andper
spect
ivesf
rom wher
emeani
ngi
sbei
ngconf
err
ed,
andscr
uti
nizi
ngt
hemet
hods

empl
oyedbynar
rat
orsi
nar
ri
vi
ngatt
hei
rst
ori
es(
andl
i
ves)
.

Nar
rat
ivemet
hods

Whi
l
ethear ornar
gumentf rat
iveasmet
hodwasi
nst
rument
alf
oragr
eatnumber

ofi
nqui
ri
esi
ntot
heper
sonal
sensemaki
ngofexper
ience(
indi
ff
erentdi
sci
pli
nesandon

9
di
ff
erentexper
ient
ial
topi
cs)
,nar
rat
iveasmet
hodi
stobekeptsepar
atef
rom whathas

t
radi
ti
onal
l
ybeenhel
dundert
hepur
viewofnar
rat
ivemet
hods.Nar
rat
iveswhet
her

acqui
redt
hroughpar
ti
cul
arel
i
cit
ati
ont
echni
ques,
suchasi
nter
viewi
ng,
or“
found”i
n

nat
ural
(pr
ivat
e,publ
i
c,ori
nst
it
uti
onal
i
zed)i
nter
act
ional
set
ti
ngs,
typi
cal
l
yar
ether
esul
t

ofar
esear
chst
anceoror
ient
ati
on.Cr
it
ical
vis-
à-v
ist
radi
ti
onal
sur
veypr
act
ices,
the

nar
rat
ivei
nter
viewwasdesi
gnedandai
medt
oov
ercomet
hecommont
endencyt
o

r
adi
cal
l
ydecont
ext
ual
i
zeanddi
sconnectt
her
espondent
s’meani
ngmaki
ngef
for
tsf
rom

t
heconcr
eteset
ti
ngf
orwhi
cht
heyor
igi
nal
l
ywer
edesi
gnedandf
rom t
hel
argersoci
o-

cul
tur
algr
oundsofmeani
ngpr
oduct
ion(
Mishl
er,
1986,
p.26)
.Inr
ecenty
ear
s,anumber

ofqual
i
tat
ive,
in-
dept
hint
erv
iewi
ngt
echni
queshav
ebeendesi
gnedt
oel
i
citexpl
i
cit
ly

nar
rat
iveaccount
s--
someopen-
endedandunst
ruct
ured,
other
ssemi
-st
ruct
uredand

gui
ded;
thef
reeassoci
ati
onnar
rat
ivei
nter
viewmet
hod(
Hol
l
way&Jef
fer
son,
2008)
,the

bi
ogr
aphi
c-nar
rat
ivei
nter
pret
ivemet
hod-
-ani
nter
viewt
echni
quet
hatl
eadsi
ntoper
sonal

exper
ience,
li
vedsi
tuat
ionsandl
i
fe-
hist
ori
es(
Wengr
af,
2006)
,ornar
rat
iveor
ient
ed

i
nqui
ry(
Hil
es&Cer
mák,
2008)
,tonameaf
ew.

Whi
l
ethef
ocusondi
ff
erentmet
hodsi
n‘nar
rat
ivei
nter
viewi
ng’
hasl
edt
o

i
nter
est
ingi
nsi
ght
sint
other
elat
ionshi
psbet
weennar
rat
ivef
orm andcont
enti
nthe

f
aceofdi
ff
erentel
i
cit
ati
onst
rat
egi
es,
other
shav
etakent
hist
opushmor
eint
he

di
rect
ionofcar
eful
l
yconsi
der
ingt
hecondi
ti
onsunderwhi
chnar
rat
ivemeansar
e

empl
oyedi
nnar
rat
ivepr
act
ices.Thenot
ionofnar
rat
ivepr
act
icesher
eincor
por
ates

i
nter
viewi
ngpr
act
icesofal
lki
nds,
incl
udi
ngf
ocusorbr
ainst
ormi
nggr
oups,
andal
so

opensupt
hef
iel
dfornar
rat
ivei
nqui
ryi
ntoi
nst
it
uti
onal
andev
ery
dayst
ory
tel
l
ing

pr
act
icessuchasdur
ingdi
nner
ti
me,
sleepov
ersandonschool
yar
ds,
incour
trooms,
AA

10
meet
ingsordur
ingmedi
cal
anamnesi
s.

Onewayt
odi
ff
erent
iat
ebet
weennar
rat
ivemet
hodsi
stor
elyont
hedi
sti
nct
ion

bet
weenst
ruct
ureandper
for
mance(
Bamber
g,1997)
.Gubr
ium andHol
stei
nsuggesta

si
mil
arbi
par
ti
tedi
vi
sion,
onet
hatdr
awsonnar
rat
ivesast
ext
sandnar
rat
ivesas

pr
act
ice(
Gubr
ium &Hol
stei
n,2009)
.Thest
udyoft
het
ext
ual
proper
ti
esofnar
rat
ives

t
ypi
cal
l
yisconcer
nedwi
tht
het
ext
ual
str
uct
ural
proper
ti
esaswel
laswi
thcont
enti
n

t
ermsoft
hemesandt
heway
schar
act
ersar
epr
esent
edi
n(nar
rat
ed)t
imeandspace.

Thef
ocusonnar
rat
ivepr
act
ice“
takesusout
sidesuchaccount
sandt
hei
rtr
anscr
ipt
sto

v
ari
edst
ory
tel
l
ingoccasi
ons”(
Gubr
ium &Hol
stei
n,2009,
p.210)
.Ri
essman(
2008)

suggest
sat
ri
par
ti
tedi
vi
sionwi
thr
egar
dtodi
ff
erentanal
yti
cst
ancesr
egar
ding

nar
rat
ives:
Shedi
ff
erent
iat
esbet
weent
hemat
ic,
str
uct
ural
anddi
alogi
c/per
for
mat
ive

appr
oaches.Whi
l
ethemat
icappr
oachesar
epr
imar
il
yint
erest
edi
nwhatt
opi
cal
l
yand

t
hemat
ical
l
ysur
facesi
nther
eal
m ofast
ory
’scont
ent
,thoseanal
yst
sconcer
nedwi
tha

st
ory
’sst
ruct
ureor
ientmor
est
rongl
ytowar
dthel
i
ngui
sti
cphenomenaaswel
last
he

st
ory
’sov
eral
lsequent
ial
composi
ti
on.Anal
yst
swhof
all
int
othet
hir
dgr
oupcombi
ne

aspect
soft
hepr
evi
oust
woanal
yti
cor
ient
ati
ons,
buti
naddi
ti
onask“
whoanut
ter
ance

maybedi
rect
edt
o,when,
andwhy
,thati
s,f
orwhatpur
poses?
”(Ri
essman,
2008,
p.105)
.

I
nthef
oll
owi
ng,
Ibr
ief
lywor
kthr
ought
hreeanal
yti
ctr
adi
ti
onst
hatdi
ff
eri
nter
ms

oft
hei
rbackgr
oundassumpt
ions,
thei
rbasi
cuni
tsofanal
ysi
s,andt
hei
rpr
ocedur
al

anal
yti
cst
eps.Theset
hreeanal
yti
ctr
adi
ti
onsar
egr
oundedi
ndi
ff
erentdi
sci
pli
nar
y

or
ient
ati
ons,
butal
soaskdi
sti
nctquest
ionsandhav
edi
ff
erentpur
poses.Thi
snext

sect
ionai
mst
oshowmor
ecl
ear
lywhatki
ndsofquest
ionsopenupwhenadopt
ing

di
ff
erentanal
yti
cpr
ocedur
es.Thef
ir
stanal
yti
cor
ient
ati
oni
stext
ual
int
hesenset
hati
ts

11
f
ocusi
sont
hel
i
nearsequenceofcl
auses-
-t
hewaynar
rat
ivesar
efor
mingcohesi
ve

sequencesofr
efer
red-
toev
ent
s.Thesecondor
ient
ati
oncent
ersar
oundt
heov
eral
l

concept
ual
str
uct
ureoft
het
ext
--
thewayev
ent
sar
econcei
vedaspar
tsofepi
sodes,

whi
chi
ntur
nar
epar
tsofl
argert
hemat
icst
ruct
uressuchaspl
ots.Bot
hoft
hese

t
radi
ti
onst
ypi
cal
l
ydeal
wit
htext
s,butwi
tht
wodi
ff
erentor
ient
ati
ons;
thef
ir
stonei
n

t
ermsofabot
tom-
upf
ormat
ionpr
ocess,
thesecondonei
nter
msofat
op-
down

f
ormat
ionpr
ocess.I
naddi
ti
on,
bot
hanal
yti
cor
ient
ati
onsar
edeal
i
ngwi
thwhatcanbest

bechar
act
eri
zedasmonol
ogues.At
hir
dor
ient
ati
oncomescl
oset
oGubr
ium and

Hol
stei
n’
s(2009)anal
yti
cfocusonnar
rat
ivepr
act
iceandRi
essman’
s(2008)suggest
ion

t
ofor
egr
oundt
hedi
alogi
c/per
for
mat
ivef
eat
uresoft
heactoft
ell
i
ngi
ntheanal
yti
c

pr
ocess.Iam cal
l
ingt
hiski
ndofanal
yti
cfocusi
nter
act
ive-
per
for
mat
ive(
Bamber
g,1997;

2010b)
.

Nar
rat
ivemet
hodsandanal
yti
cconcept
s

I
nwor
kingt
hroughv
ari
ousappr
oachesat
ri
-par
tdi
sti
nct
ionwi
l
lbemade,
though

i
tisi
mpor
tantt
onot
ebywayofcaut
iont
hati
nact
ual
nar
rat
iver
esear
cht
het
hree

di
ff
erentappr
oachest
hatf
oll
owar
eof
tennotcl
ear
lydi
sti
ngui
shabl
e.Nev
ert
hel
ess,
as

i
deal
typest
heyf
oll
owpar
ti
cul
arpr
inci
plesandgui
del
i
nes.Thepur
poseoft
henex
t

sect
ionsi
stobeabl
etoconcept
ual
l
ymov
ewi
thi
neachoft
hesef
ramewor
kst
owar
d

t
hei
rdi
ff
erentgoal
s.

Text
sasl
ingui
sti
cst
ruct
ure:wor
ds,
sent
encesandt
opi
calcohesi
veness

Thepr
efer
reddef
ini
ti
onwi
thi
nthi
sfi
rstmet
hodi
sthatanar
rat
iveconsi
stsof

mi
nimal
l
ytwonar
rat
ive(
event
)cl
auses, Theki
suchas: ngdi
ed.Thent
hequeendi
edof

gr
ief
.Bot
href
err
ed-
tohappeni
ngsr
esul
tint
hesecondev
ent
,notonl
ytempor
all
y

12
f
oll
owi
ngeachot
her
,butseenasconnect
edbysomef
orm ofcausal
cont
ingency
.Thi
s

appr
oacht
onar
rat
iveassumest
hatev
ent thappeni
sdon’ nthewor
ld.Thef
lowof

cont
inuousl
ychangi
ngt
imeneedst
obest
oppedandpackagedi
ntoboundeduni
ts:

ev
ent
sandev
entsequences;
andt
hisi
sdonebyuseofpar
ti
cul
arv
erb-
typepr
edi
cat
es

i
nconj
unct
ionwi
tht
heki
ndsoft
empor
almar
kingt
hatpar
ti
cul
arl
anguageshav
eatt
hei
r

di
sposal
.St
ri
ngi
ngt
heseev
ent
stoget
herf
ormst
hebackboneorskel
etonofast
ory

(
Labov
,1972)
.Whenev
erspeaker
sst
epoutoft
hesequenceofst
ri
ngi
ngev
ent
sint
o

t
hei
rst
ory
,theyusual
l
ypur
sueot
herbusi
ness(
e.g.
,summar
izi
ngorev
aluat
ingwhat

happened)bywayofadopt
ingamor
eov
eral
lorev
aluat
iveper
spect
ive.

Howev
er,
tempor
ali
tyi
sonl
yoneamongsev
eral
opt
ionst
omakeast
ory

cohesi
ve.Ot
hermeansar
etheuseofspat
ial
mar
ker
sandt
hemar
kingofchar
act
er

cont
inui
ty.Takent
oget
her
,nar
rat
orsmakeuseofl
i
ngui
sti
cdev
icest
omov
echar
act
ers

t
hrought
hespat
ial
andt
empor
alcont
igui
tyofwhathappenedandi ngsobui
ndoi l
d

char
act
ersandposi
ti
ont
hem i
nrel
ati
onshi
pswi
thoneanot
her
.InEngl
i
shf
orexampl
e

(
asi
nmostI
ndo-
Eur
opeanl
anguages)
,ther
ear
eint
ri
cat
eopt
ionst
oempl
oyshi
ft
sfr
om

pr Jenni
opernames( e)t
onomi
nal
for t
ms(hi
sgi
rl
)topr she)t
onouns( osi
mpl
ynot

ment
ioni
ngt
her
efer
ent(
zer
o-pr
onoun)
.Anar
rat
orempl
oyst
heseshi
ft
sski
l
lful
l
y,i
n

conj
unct
ionwi
tht
empor
alandspat
ial
dev
ices,
tobui
l
dsmal
lthemat
icuni
ts,
thoset
hat

r
esembl
epar
agr
aphsorepi
sodes,
wheni
tcomest
osequenci
ngofot
her
wiser
andom

cl
ausesi
ntol
argeruni
tst
hatul
ti
mat
elysur
mountt
othenar
rat
iveandwhati
tisabout
.

Not
ethatt
hiswayofappr
oachi
ngnar
rat
ivesst
art
sfr
om t
hecl
auseandi
tsl
exi
cal

-
synt
act
icmake-
upast
hebasi
canal
yti
cuni
tandassumest
hatt
yingcl
ausescohesi
vel
y

t
oget
herf
oll
owst
hel
anguage-
speci
fi
cpr
act
icesandnor
msofcohesi
on-
bui
l
ding.I
n

13
f
oll
owi
ngt
hesepr
ocedur
es,
aful
l
er,
epi
sodi
cst
ruct
ureemer
ges-
-onet
hatr
esembl
es

andi
sty
pical
forst
ori
es.St
ori
es,
accor
dingt
othi
svi
ew,
comei
ntoexi
stencebyuseof

l
exi
cal
andsy
ntact
icdev
icest
hatspeaker
sputt
ouseasi
ndi
cesf
orst
ory
-for
mat
ions.

Thedev
icescont
inuousl
ysi
gnal
(cont
ext
ual
i
ze)wher
ethenar
rat
ori
sint
heconst
ruct
ion

oft
heov
erar
chi
nguni
t.Thus,
basedont
hesmal
l
estuni
tofanal
ysi
s,t
hecl
ause,
the

l
i
ngui
sti
cdev
icesempl
oyedmar
k,andassuchar
eint
erpr
etedas,
whatt
hespeaker

assembl
esasagi
vennar
rat
iv obeabout
et .Not
eal
sot
hatt
hisappr
oachcanbe

st
ret
chedi
ntot
hesemant
icor
gani
zat
ionofcohesi
onbui
l
ding:
Shi
ft
sbet
weenl
exi
cal

dev
icest
hatseemi
ngl
yref
ert
othesamechar
act
eral
socanbesi
gni
fi
cant
.Ref
err
ingt
o

af
emal
echar
act
erbyuseofgender
edt
erms,
suchas‘
greatbody
’or‘
sl
ut,
’posi
ti
onsher

i
nmember
shi
pcat
egor
iest
hatobv
iousl
ymar
kdi
ff
erentposi
ti
onsv
is-
à-v
ist
hisf
emal
e

char
act
erbutal
sol
ocat
eadi
ff
erentsenseofsel
foft
hespeakerv
is-
à-v
ist
heaudi
ence

(
Bamber
g,2004)
.

Text
sascogni
ti
vest
ruct
ure:pl
ots,
themesandcoher
ence

Al
thoughi
tispossi
ble,
asLabov(
1972)suggest
ed,
todescr
ibet
heuni
tst
hat

emer
gei
nthecour
seofnar
rat
ivecohesi
on-
bui
l
dingi
nter
msofel
ement
sthatul
ti
mat
ely

r
esul
tinsomest
ruct
ural
whol
e,t
heemer
gentwhol
eismor
ethani
tsl
i
ngui
sti
c

component
s.I
not
herwor
ds,
theemer
ginguni
tsar
easmuchpr
oduct
sorout
comesof

bot
tom-
upconst
ruct
ionpr
ocessesast
heyar
eref
lect
ionsofanov
eral
lst
ruct
uret
hat

or
gani
zesi
tscomponent
sfr
om t
het
opt
othebot
tom.Ty
pical
l
y,t
hist
op-
downki
ndof

pr
ocessi
sconcei
vedofi
nter
msofconcept
ual
uni
tst
hathav
ethei
ror
igi
nsi
n

(
uni
ver
sal
l
y)shar
edst
orygr
ammar
s.Theseki
ndsofconcept
ual
uni
tshav
efound

suppor
tincogni
ti
ver
esear
chonst
orycompr
ehensi
onandst
oryr
etel
l
ings(
cf.Mandl
er

14
&Johnson,
1977;
Thor
ndy
ke,
1977)
.Thear
gumenti
sthatt
heseuni
tsar
emor
e

concept
ual
andl
essl
i
ngui
sti
cinnat
ure.Theyar
euni
tst
hatspeaker
sandst
ory

compr
ehender
sbr
ingt
othet
ell
i
ngsi
tuat
ionast
empl
atest
oembedormakef
itt
he

st
orypar
ti
cul
ars.Theseuni
tst
ypi
cal
l
yconsi
stofan(
opt
i )abst
onal ract
,fol
l
owedbyan

or
ient
ati
on(
orset
ti
ngorexposi
ti
on)
,fol
l hecompl
owedbyt i
cat
ion(
al edpr
socal
l obl
em

orcr
isi
s),
may
beanact
ionoract
ionor
ient
ati
ont
owar
dar
esol
uti
on,
resul
ti
ngi
nthe

r
esol
uti
on(
oroccasi yf
onal
l ai
l
ure)
,whi
cht
heni
sul
ti
mat
elyf
olowedbyacoda(
l or

cl
osur
e).Theor
ient
ati
ont
akest
hel
i
steneri
ntot
het
her
e-and-
thenwher
eact
ionst
ake

pl
ace, hecodai
andt staki
ngt
heaudi
encebacki
ntot
heher
e-and-
nowoft
het
ell
i
ng

si
tuat
ion.

Thechar
act
ersi
nthest
oryar
etheexponent
sofi
ntent
ional
i
ty(
andemot
ions)

andi
tist
hei
ract
ionor
ient
ati
on-
-basedont
hei
nter
ior
it
yoft
hei
rmi
ndsandemot
ions-
-

t
hatl
eadsupt
owhatact
ion(
ornon-
act
ion)unf
olds.Howev
er,
notunl
i
keact
ionsand

act
ionor
ient
ati
onsi
ntheepi
c,i
ndi
vi
dual
act
ionsi
nst
orygr
ammarappr
oachesar
ehel
d

t
oget
herandcal
l
edoutbyl
argermot
ivat
ional
scr
ipt
sthatr
esembl
epl
ots,
ifnotaspect
s

oft
he‘
humandr
ama.
’Takef
ori
nst
anceast
oryt
hati
spl
ayedouti
namaj
orHol
l
ywood

mov
iet
hati
nvol
vesabar
fi
ngi
nci
dent
,thathappenedi
napi
e-eat
ingcont
est
,whi
ch

act
ual
l
yfi
gur
esasani
ntent
ional
par
twi
thi
nar
evengepl St
ot( andbyMe)
:Al
thought
he

char
act
ersi
neachoft
hesedi
ff
erentpl
otconf
igur
ati
onsengagei
nthesameki
ndof

act
ivi
ti
es-
-t
heyal
lbar
f,whi
l
ecompet
ingi
n(andwat
chi
ng)t
hecont
est
,andact

(
unknowi
ngl
y)wi
thi
nther
evengeschemeoft
hepr
otagoni
st-
-t
heyof
ferdi
ff
erentopt
ions

f
ori
dent
if
icat
ionsf
ort
ell
erandaudi
ence(
cf.Bamber
g,2003)
.

Thus,
inspi
teofst
orychar
act
ersconcei
vedofasi
ntent
ional
agent
s,t
he

15
cogni
ti
veor
ient
ati
onv
is-
à-v
isnar
rat
iver
esear
chi
ntegr
atest
hesequenceofev
ent
s(as

i
ntendedornot
-i
ntended)i
ntomor
eorl
esscoher
entconf
igur
ati
onst
hatcont
aina

pur
pose.Howev
er,
pur
poseher
e,i
nat
op-
downf
ashi
on,
gai
nsi
tsmeani
ngf
rom t
he

nar
rat
ivewhol
e.Thewhol
elendsmeani
ngt
othecomponent
soft
hest
oryandt
hei
r

sequent
ial
arr
angement
.Andt
hewayt
hecomponent
sar
ear
rangedi
stobev
iewedasa

f
unct
ionoft
hewhol
e.Consequent
ly,
theanal
ysi
swi
thi
nthi
sanal
yti
cfr
amepr
oceeds

f
rom t
hewhol
etoi
tspar
ts.Thegener
alt
hemeofanar
rat
ivei
sest
abl
i
shedt
hrought
he

exami
nat
ionoft
hispar
t-
whol
erel
ati
onshi
pty
pical
l
ythr
oughmul
ti
pler
eadi
ngsoft
he

nar
rat
ive,
oft
enaspar
tofat
eam ex
erci
se.Thr
ought
hispr
ocesst
hecomponent
sofa

nar
rat
ivecanbedi
vi
dedandunder
got
hei
rindi
vi
dual
anal
yti
cscr
uti
nyi
naddi
ti
ont
o

r
elat
ingt
hem t
oal
argerwhol
e.

I
tisessent
ial
tonot
ethatbot
hthel
i
ngui
sti
c-cohesi
veandcogni
ti
ve-
coher
ence

appr
oachesdescr
ibedabov
efocusonmonol
ogi
ctext
s.Al
thoughf
orbot
happr
oaches,

st
ri
vi
ngf
orst
rongercohesi
vet
iesandbet
tercoher
encear
eint
heser
viceofeasi
erand

bet
tercompr
ehensi
on,
thepur
poseoft
hest
oryaccor
dingt
otheseappr
oachesi
sto

encodei
nfor
mat
ion,
andt
hewayt
hei
nfor
mat
ioni
sst
ruct
uredi
srel
evantf
ort
heef
fect

oft
hest
oryont
heaudi
ence.Thel
i
ngui
sti
candconcept
ual
str
uct
uresoft
hest
oryar
e

f
unct
ionsi
ntheser
viceoft
het
heme,
theov
eral
lpl
ot,
andt
hecont
ent
.Iti
sasi
fthe

cont
entandi
tsor
gani
zat
ionar
ecent
ral
tot
henar
rat
or’
sconcer
n,andheorshef
oll
ows

t
hel
i
ngui
sti
candcogni
ti
veconv
ent
ionst
hatar
eappr
opr
iat
etoencodet
hiscont
ent
.

Consequent
ly,
anyr
esear
chi
nter
estt
hati
spr
imar
il
yconcer
nedwi
thcont
entand

t
hemat
icst
ruct
uri
ng,
wil
lgr
avi
tat
etowar
dthesemet
hods.

Bey
ondt
het
ext
:whyt
hisst
oryher
e-and-
now?

16
 I
ncont
rastt
othepr
evi
oust
womor
emonol
ogi
candt
ext
ual
l
yor
ient
ed

appr
oaches,
ani
nter
act
ive-
per
for
mat
iveor
ient
ati
onwor
kswi
thnar
rat
ivesassi
tuat
edi
n

di
alogue(
wewi
l
luset
het
ermi
nter
act
ion-
-cf
.tenHav
e,t
hisv
olume;
Pot
ter
,thi
svol
ume)
1
andper
for
med-
-notonl
ywi
thl
i
ngui
sti
cmeansbuti
naddi
ti
onwi
thot
herbodi
l
ymeans.

Thef
ocusher
eisonst
ory
tel
l
ingasact
ivi
ty,
incl
udi
ngwhathasbeengoi
ngonbef
oret
he

speakerent
erst
hef
loor
,andwhathappenst
her
eaf
ter(
e.g.
,thest
ory
’sup-
take)
.Thus,

weseeacl
earshi
fti
nter
msofwhatent
ersi
ntot
hef
ocusofanal
yzi
ngsuchnar
rat
ives:

Exami
ningst
ori
esi
nter
msoft
hei
rcohesi
veandcoher
ence(
themat
ic)component
sand

anal
yzi
ngt
hemeanst
hatar
etakent
obet
hebui
l
dingbl
ockssi
mpl
yisnotsuf
fi
cient
.

Suchst
ori
es,
irr
espect
ivewhet
hert
heyar
e‘smal
l
’andshor
torwhet
hert
heyconst
it
utea

l
engt
hyt
urni
nthef
orm ofaf
ull
-bl
ownl
i
fest
ory
,hav
eant
ecedent
sandconsequencesi
n

si
tuat
ionsi
nwhi
cht
heyemer
ge.Thesesi
tuat
ionsar
etakent
obepar
tofnar
rat
ive

pr
act
icest
hatheav
il
yimpacthowast
oryi
stol
d,andwhatt
hei
rthemat
icandst
ruct
ural

make-
upt
urnsoutt
obe.Thi
s,howev
er,
doesnoti
mpl
ythatani
nter
act
ive-
per
for
mat
ive

appr
oacht
onar
rat
iveanal
ysi
sisobl
i
vioust
ocont
entandst
ruct
ure.Accor
dingt
othi
s

t
hir
dper
for
mancet
ypeappr
oach,
li
ngui
sti
candcogni
ti
vest
ruct
uri
ngi
spar
tofwhat

speaker
saccompl
i
shwi
tht
hei
rnar
rat
ives.Butwhatspeaker
sdowi
tht
hei
rst
ori
esmay

ser
vemul
ti
plepur
poses-
-andmostoft
hem of
tencannotber
eaddi
rect
lyof
foft
he

st
ori
es’
str
uct
ureorcont
entnecessi
tat
ingappeal
stol
argercont
ext
ual
issuesandt
hei
r

anal
ysi
s.

1
Theimpl
icati
onthatl
anguagei sanotherbodil
ymeansofexpr essionand
communicati
onispurposelyusedinthiscontext
.Oneofthereasonsi stotake
l
anguageoutofthe(purely
)cogniti
verealm andplacei
tint
her ealm ofi
nteract
ive
act
ivi
ti
esinwhichwemakesenseanddi spl
ayasenseofself.Analyti
cal
ly,weplace
l
anguageatthesamel evelasotherbodil
ymeans.

17
 Whatnar
rat
orsaccompl
i
shwi
tht
hei
rst
ori
esi
sfi
rstofal
lhi
ghl
ylocal
busi
ness.

Theymaycl
ai oexpl
mt ain,
butsi
mul
taneousl
yengagei
nact
sofapol
ogi
zi
ng,
gai
ning

t
hei
raudi
ence’
sempat
hy,
orat
tempt
ingt
ore-
gai
nthei
rtr
usti
nor
dert
ober
eel
ect
ed

(
seet
heanal
ysi
soff
ormerUSSenat
orJohnEdwar
d’sconf
essi
ont
ohav
inghadan

ext
ramar
it
alaf
fai
randr
epeat
edl
yly
ingabouti
t-
-Bamber
g,2010a)
.Accor
dingt
oan

i
nter
act
ive-
per
for
mat
iveappr
oacht
onar
rat
ive,
alt
houghnar
rat
orsof
tenmayappeal
to

t
hei
rcor
eident
it
y, sr
whospeaker eal
l
yar
eismostof
tennotwhatacl
oseanal
ysi
sof

t
hei
rst
ori
esr
eveal
s.Thus,
theanal
ysi
sofnar
rat
ives-
in-
int
eract
ioni
sli
mit
ingi
tsf
ocust
o

assi
sti
nanswer
ingt
woquest
ions:
Whyt
hisst
oryher
e-and-
now?andmor
econcr
etel
y,

Whati
sbei
ngaccompl
i
shedwi
tht
hisst
ory
?

Thei
nter
act
ive-
per
for
mat
iveappr
oacht
onar
rat
ivehasnotgonewi
thoutcr
it
ique.

Forone,
ithasbeennot
edt
hatanappr
oacht
hatv
iewssuchnar
rat
ivesasconcr
ete

act
ivi
ti
esi
nlocal
int
eract
ionspl
acesl
i
mit
sonwhatcanbegener
ali
zed.Asecond,
and

assuchpot
ent
ial
l
yfur
therl
i
mit
ingaspectoft
hisappr
oacht
onar
rat
ivesandnar
rat
ive

anal
ysi
s,i
sit
sfocusonot
hert
hant
ext
ual
component
sofst
ory
tel
l
ing.I
nqui
ryf
or

i
nst
ancei
ntonar
rat
ors’
useofi
ntonat
ionandgazet
onav
igat
ethei
ract
ivi
tyont
hef
loor
,

andhowt
hisi
sint
heser
viceoft
heact
ual
stor
yper
for
med,
arequest
ionst
hatar
eonl
y

possi
blet
ofol
l
owupbycl
oseandt
ime-
consumi
nganal
yti
cpr
ocedur
es.Nev
ert
hel
ess,

ananal
yti
cst
ancet
hatdi
smi
ssest
hist
y oachasonl
peofappr ylocal
andi
rr
elev
antwi
th

r
espectt
othel
argerquest
ions(
suchasi
dent
it
yissuesbehi
ndt
hest
ori
est
old)mayi
n

f
actdosopr
emat
urel
yandassuchconf
eri
nter
pret
ati
onst
hatar
edi
ff
icul
ttof
oll
owand

maynothol
difmor
edet
ail
edscr
uti
nywasconsi
der
ed.Att
hispoi
nt,
thei
ssuei
snotone

ofwhi
chappr
oachi
s“best
”orcor
rect
.Inl
ayi
ngoutt
heseappr
oachest
heper
spect
ive

18
pr
esent
edi
sthateachcomesf
rom adi
sti
nctt
radi
ti
on,
focusesondi
ff
erentf
ormsof

nar
rat
ingandusual
l
ypur
suesdi
ff
erentt
ypesofr
esear
chquest
ions.

Par
tII
:TheJenni
eSt
ory

I
nor
dert
oexempl
i
fyt
heaf
orement
ionedmet
hodol
ogi
cal
procedur asmal
es, l

st
orywaschosent
hatal
l
owsf
ordemonst
rat
ingt
hemul
ti
-l
ayer
sofnar
rat
iveanal
ysi
s.

Thest
oryemer
gedi
nagr
oupdi
scussi
onbet
weenf
ourt
en-
year
-ol
dboy
s(Bi
l
li
e,Mar
ti
n,

Vi
ctorandWal
l
y)andanadul
tmal
emoder
ator
.Theboy
sar
eint
hesamegr
adeofan

i
nner
-ci
tyel
ement
aryschool
,spr
eadacr
ossdi
ff
erentcl
assr
ooms.Theyknoweachot
her

butdonotconsi
dereachot
hert
obef
ri
ends.Thest
oryi
tsel
fisshor
tbutcompl
ex.I
tis

embeddedi
nVi
ctor
’st
urn(
bel
ow)butdoesnothav
eacl
earbegi
nni
ng,
and,
aswewi
l
l

see,
itdoesnothav
eacl
earendi
ngei
ther
.It
spl
otandt
hemeal
soar
eambi
guous,
and

whyt
hisst
orymayhav
ebeenshar
edal
so,
atl
easti
nit
ial
l
y,i
suncl
ear
.Thest
ory

nev
ert
hel
essi
swhatwewoul
dconsi
derat
ypi
cal
stor
ythatemer
gedi
nrel
ati
vel
y

mundanemul
ti
-par
tyt
alk-
-her
eaboutgi
rl
s--
andpr
esent
sit
sel
fasaper
fectgr
oundt
o

demonst
rat
ehownar
rat
iveanal
ysi
spr
oceedsi
ntheat
temptt
omaket
ranspar
enthow

nar
rat
orsoper
atei
nthei
rnar
rat
ivepr
act
ices.

Thest
udyi
tsel
fst
art
edasanexpl
orat
orypr
ojectwi
tht
heai
mtof
oll
owupt
went
y

10-
year
-ol
dboy
sint
hei
rint
eract
ionsi
nandout
sideschool
foraper
iodoff
ivey
ear
s.

Theywer
eaudi
o-andv
ideot
apedatdi
ff
erentoccasi
onsengagedi
ntal
ksot
hatweas

r
esear
cher
scoul
d‘par
ti
cipat
e’i
nthei
rnar
rat
ivepr
act
ices.Theov
eral
lfr
ameoft
he

r
esear
chpr
ojectf
it
sPot
ter
’schar
act
eri
zat
ionofat
tempt
stowor
kupt
henar
rat
ive

r
eper
toi
resof10-
14-
yer
-ol
dmal
es(
alt
houghweanal
y hem asposi
zet ti
oni
ngst
rat
egi
es,

Bamber
g2003,
2004)andt
hei
rsequent
ial
andconv
ersat
ional
occasi
oni
ngs(
Pot
ter
,thi
s

19
v
olume)
.Thepar
ti
cul
art
opi
cchosenf
ort
hepur
poseofi
l
lust
rat
ioni
nthi
schapt
er

comesf
rom al
argerst
ret
choft
alkont
het
opi
cofgi
rl
s.Al
thought
heor
igi
nal
int
entwas

t
osi
mpl
ydev
elopal
argear
chi
veofr
ecor
dsofi
nter
act
ioni
nwhi
chwet
hencoul
d

i
dent
if
yst
ori
edaccount
s,wespeci
fi
edourr
esear
chquest
ionsi
ntheear
lypr
ocessof

col
l
ect
ingr
ecor
dsoft
hei
rint
eract
ivepr
act
ices,
andoneofourquest
ionsbecame

f
ormul
atedast
her
epr
esent
ati
onofsel
fandot
herar
oundi
ssuesofgenderand

sexual
i
ty.I
ntheexampl
echosenher
e,t
heor
igi
nal
gui
dingquest
ionwashowt
hemal
e
2
t
en-
year
-ol
d(Vi
ctor
)posi
ti
onsasenseofsel
fvi
s-à-
visapar
ti
cul
argi
rlnamedJenni
e.

Wewi
l
lst
artanal
yzi
ngt
hest
oryoutofcont
extand,
inasecondst
ep,
expandt
he

t
ranscr
iptt
oincl
udepr
evi
ousandsubsequentt
hemat
ici
nfor
mat
ionaswel
lasext
ra-

t
ext
ual
modal
i
tiest
hatassi
stt
odi
sambi
guat
ethest
oryt
old.Thef
ir
stt
ranscr
iptf
oll
ows

adi
vi
sioni
ntocl
ausest
hatwi
l
lhel
pmaket
ranspar
entt
hecohesi
vel
i
nkagesbet
ween

l
exi
cal
choi
cesandcl
ause-
li
nkages,
andhowt
heycont
ri
but
etot
het
hemat
icbui
l
d-upof

t
heunder
lyi
ngpl
ot.

Tur
ningt
othequest
ionoft
ranscr
ibi
ngnar
rat
ivedat
a,i
tshoul
dbekepti
nmi
nd

t
hatt
ranscr
ipt
sat
temptt
omanaget
hreegener
alandcompl
ext
asks:
(i)r
ender
ing

r
eal
i
ty,
(ii
)tr
ansf
ormi
ng(
asi
nact ychangi
ual
l ng)r
eal
i
ty,
and(
ii
i)pi
cki
ngoutand

communi
cat
ingwhati
sconsi
der
edr
elev
antaboutt
hatr
eal
i
tyt
other
eaderandt
othe

i
nter
pret
ivet
askathand.Pl
aci
ngt
het
askoft
ranscr
ipt
ionatt
hisi
nter
sect
ionr
equi
res

managi
ngt
hecl
aimsofr
eal
i
sm t
orepr
esentf
ait
hful
l
ywhati
shappeni
ngi
nanobj
ect
ive

r
eal
i
tywi
tht
her
equi
rementoft
ransf
ormi
ngwhati
sassumedashappeni
ngi
ntol
i
neson

2
Jennie,asall
othernamesofparti
cipant
sinthi
schapter,
isapseudony m.Thestudy
wasappr ovedbytheIRB,andconsentwasgivenbyt
hepar ti
cipant
sandt hei
rguar
dians
thatgranteduspermissi
ontouseexcerpt
sfrom t
hei
rinter
actionsforeducat
ional
purposes.

20
paperbyuseofconv
ent
ionst
hatnotonl
yreducebutal
soenr
icht
hecompl
exi
tyof

r
eal
i
tyandmakev
isi
blewhati
sconsi
der
edr
elev
ant
.Thi
str
ansf
ormat
ioni
sbynecessi
ty

onet
hatsi
mul
taneousl
yvei
l
sandunv
eil
s,makest
hest
rangef
ami
l
iarandt
hef
ami
l
iar

st
range.I
tiscompar
abl
etot
het
askofdescr
ibi
ngwhathappensi
nsl
owmot
ionori
n

f
ast
-f
orwar
dmodal
i
tiesofwat
chi
ngact
ionsandev
ent
semer
ge.Tr
anscr
ibi
ngf
urt
her

r
equi
resdeci
sionsr
egar
dingwhati
sbei
ngpi
ckedf
rom t
heuni
ver
seofobser
vabl
esand

madecommuni
cabl
e.Ther
efor
e,t
her
eisnor
ightorwr
ongt
ranscr
ipt
ion.And

t
ranscr
ipt
ionsy
stems,
def
ini
ti
veandpr
inci
pledornot
,al
way
sar
epr
escr
ipt
ionsof

i
nter
pret
ivepr
ocedur
es.

Thef
oll
owi
ngt
ranscr
iptr
epr
esent
swhati
str
ansmi
tt
edv
erbal
l
yinacl
ause-
by-

cl
ausef
ormat
.Cl
ausesar
euni
tst
hati
ncl
udeapr
edi
cat
eandi
tssat
ell
i
tes(
subj
ect
,

obj
ect
,et
c.)andcapt
uret
hesy
ntact
icandl
exi
cal
makeupoft
hesecl
auses.Di
spl
ayi
ng

eachcl
auseasasepar
atel
i
neor
ient
stheanal
yti
cey
etot
hel
anguagespeci
fi
cwor
d

or
der
--
suchasi
nEngl
i
shsubj
ect
-ver
b-obj
ect
,Ger
mansubj
ect
-obj
ect
-ver
b,orMaor
iver
b-

subj
ect
-obj
ect
--
sot
hatpar
all
elconst
ruct
ionsorsy
ntact
icshi
ft
scomet
othef
ore.

Tr
anscr
ipt
sthathi
ghl
i
ghtt
hesy
ntact
icconst
ruct
ednessandl
i
nkagesbet
weencl
auses

hel
ptomaket
ranspar
enthowchar
act
ersar
eint
roducedandf
oll
owedup,
andhowt
he

sequent
ial
arr
angement
sofspat
ial
locat
ionsandt
empor
alconnect
ionsar
econst
ruct
ed

-
-i
nshor
t,t
heyl
ayopenhowchar
act
ersar
egi
venshapei
nspaceandt
ime.

At
ranscr
iptoft
hissor
tisst
il
lrel
ati
vel
yreader
-f
ri
endl
y,i
ncont
rastf
ori
nst
ancet
o

t
ranscr
ipt
sthatuset
hei
nter
nat
ional
phonet
ical
phabetori
ncor
por
ateanov
erl
oadof

sy
mbol
sthatr
eader
sfi
rsthav
etol
ear
ninor
dert
ofol
l
ow.Notal
lpr
osodi
cinf
ormat
ion

(
str
essandi
ntonat
ion)i
scapt
uredi
nthet
ranscr
ipt
.Howev
er,
atoccasi
onsi
nwhi
cht
he

21
accentorv
oicequal
i
tyi
saccent
uat
ed,
thi
sisi
ndexedascont
ext
ual
inf
ormat
ion<<hi
gh

pi
tch>>.Ar
rowsar
eusedt
oindexr
isi
ng orf
all
i
ng i
ntonat
ion,
CAPI
TALSf
orspeci
al

st
ressonsy
ll
abl
esorwor
ds,
andshor
tbr
eaksar
eindexedbydot
s(.
).

(
91) Jenni
eusedt
ocal
lmeherl
i
ttl
ehoney

(
92) f
orsomeSTRANGEREASON

(
93) weusedt
ogot
opr
eschool
toget
her(
.)r
ight

(
94) andt
her
ewast
hatbi
gmat

(
95) l
i
kei
twasabi
gpi
l
low

(
96) i
nthel
i
ttl
eint
her
eadi
ngar
ea

(
97) andIusedt
oli
ket
ogett
her
ewi
ckedear
ly

(
98) causemyDadusedt
owor
kfort
heci
ty(
.)r
ight

(
99) andIusedt
ohi
dei
nthatpi
l
low

(
100) soJenni
ecoul
dn'
tfi
ndme(
.)r
ight

(
101) andsheusedt
orunupt
her
e

(
102) andsheusedt
opounceont
hebal
l

(
103) shesai
dVI
CTORI
'
M GONNAFI
NDYOU <<i
nhi
ghpi
tch>>

(
104) andt
henIj
ustsi
tther
egoi
ngoughhhh <<ducki
ngdown–shaki
ng

hands>>

Whent
aki
ngaf
ir
stst
abatat
ranscr
iptl
i
ket
his,
I’
dli
ket
osuggestt
otakea

numberofhi
ghl
i
ght
ersandst
artbymar
kingt
hedi
ff
erentact
orsbyuseofdi
ff
erent

col
orsf
rom st
artt
oend(
incl
udi
ngso-
cal
l
edzer
o-pr
onouns)
.Inasecondst
ep,
the

pr
edi
cat
eswi
l
lbemar
kedf
ort
hei
rtempor
alsequence-
-t
hoset
hatmov
etheact
ion

f
orwar
dinadi
ff
erentcol
orf
rom t
hoset
hatencodest
ati
vei
nfor
mat
ion;
fol
l
owedby

22
mar
kingl
ocat
ionst
hatar
ebei
ngr
efer
redt
o--
agai
nwi
thaney
eonchangesand

mov
ement
s.Thi
sfi
rstl
evel
ofanal
ysi
sseemst
oappr
oacht
het
ranscr
iptexcessi
vel
y

det
ail
ed,
par
ti
cul
arl
yfort
hosewhoar
eingoodnat
ivecommandof(
Engl
i
sh)l
i
ter
ary

(
nar
rat
ive)conv
ent
ions.Howev
er,
imagi
nesomeonewhospeaksMaor
iasherf
ir
st

l
anguage(
orChi
nese,
alanguaget
hathasnot
ensemar
king)andt
husi
sfami
l
iarwi
th

v
erydi
ff
erentnar
rat
iveconv
ent
ionst
oweav
echar
act
ersi
ntot
hei
rspat
ial
andt
empor
al

r
elat
ionshi
ps.I
naddi
ti
on,
thi
slev
eloft
ranspar
encyf
urt
herenabl
esust
omakei
nit
ial

assumpt
ionsast
owher
ethest
orybegi
nsandwhati
tconsi
stsofi
nter
msof

del
i
neat
ingmai
n(Jenni
eandVi
ctor
)fr
om secondar
ychar
act
er f
s(at
her
),andpr
obabl
y

ev
ent
ackl
ethequest
ionhowt
het
womai
nchar
act
er JennyandVi
s( ctor
)ar
eposi
ti
oned

v
is-
à-v
isoneanot
her
.Int
hef
oll
owi
ngIwi
l
llayoutt
hisf
ir
stst
abandt
aket
her
eader
3
t
hrought
hiski
ndof(
dry
)exer
cise.

Wor
dsandsent
ences-
-andt
hei
rli
nkagei
ntot
opi
calcohesi
veness.

Theexampl
eout
li
nedabov
ebegi
nswi
thaper
son-
ref
erencei
ntur
n-andsent
ence

-
ini
ti
alposi
ti
on(
li
ne91)i
nthef
or Jenni
m ofaname: e.Thr
eeot
herr
efer
ent
sinsubj
ect

posi
ti
onf
oll we(
ow: li
ne93)
,I(
li
nes97and99andagai
ninl
i
ne104)
,andmyDad(
li
ne

98)
.Jenni
eisr
eint
roducedi
nsubj
ectposi
ti
oni
nli
nes(
100-
3)andr
efer
encet
othe

speaki
ngsel
freappear
sinobj
ectposi
ti me)i
on( nli
nes(
100)and(
103)
.Thecohesi
ve

f
lowoft
hepar
ti
cipat
ingchar
act
ersi
nthi
ssegmenti
sindexedbyt
heshi
ft
sbet
ween

pr
opernamesandpr
onouns:
from Jenni
etous(
meandJenni
e),
wihmyDadbr
t ief
ly

i
nter
sect
ing,
thenr
etur
ni oJennyast
ngt hemai
nchar
act
er,
endi
ngwi
tht
hespeaker

3
PleasenotethatIam notsuggesti
ngthatt
heseanalyticpr
ocedureshavetobelai
dout
i
nt hi
skindofdetailwhenpubli
shed.However,
ifadecisionisnecessar
ywithregar
dto
whatt henar
rati
veconsist
sof,asinthecaseofthetranscri
ptunderinv
esti
gat
ion,t
he
analysthast
obeabl etodrawont hi
sanalyt
icprocedure.

23
r
efer
ri
ngt
ohi
msel
finsubj
ectposi
ti
on(
whopr
evi
ousl
ywasposi
ti
onedi
nobj
ectposi
ti
on,

subj
ect
edt
oJenni
e’
sact
ions)
.

I
nter
msoft
het
empor
alf
low,
all
act
ionsandev
ent
sar
ecl
ear
lymar
kedashav
ing

t
akenpl
acei
nthepast
--
exceptf
orVi
c’
sact
ioni
nli
ne(
104)
,whi
chi
sst
atedi
nthe

pr
esentt
ense.Howev
er,
mostact
ionsar
emar
kedashav
inghabi
tual
l
yoccur
r used
ed(

t
o),
notcl
ear
lyest
abl
i
shi
ngev
entboundar
iest
othel
eftandr
ightofeachsi
ngul
arev
ent
,

asf
orexampl
ei onedayIhi
n“ dint
hepi
l
low,
sher
anup,
pouncedont
hebal
l
,andsai
d…”

-
-i
nwhi
chcasewewoul
dhav
ethr
eecl
eart
empor
alboundar
iesbet
weenf
ourev
ent
sso

t
hatt
heywoul
dber
eadasi
nsequence.Nev
ert
hel
ess,
ther
eisani
mpl
i
edt
empor
aland

cont
iguoussequenceofhabi
tual
occur
rencesofact
ionst
hatr
esembl
eahi
de-
and-
seek

scheme,
wher
ethehi
dingact
ionhast
obecompl
eted, hatr
sot unni
ngupt
othel
ocat
ion

hepounci
andt ngcanf
oll
owandest
abl
i
shwhatcanbeconsi
der
edt
heov
eral
lact
ivi
ty

f
rameofhi
de-
and-
seek.

I
nter
msoft
hespat
ial
lay
-out
,thef
ir
stor
ient
ati
ont
ospacei
simpl
i
edi
nli
ne(
93)

byment
ioni
ngt rpr
hei eschool
.Li
nes(
94-
6)r
emai
nwi
thi
nthi
slocat
ionandadd

descr
ipt
ivedet
ail
.Wi
thl
i
nes(
97-
8)t
hespeakerr
emai
nsatt
hesamel
ocat
i t
on(her
e),

addi
ngat
empor
almar
ki wi
ng( ckedear
ly)
,butf
rom adi
ff
erentper
spect
ive.Whi
l
ethe

descr
ipt
ionoft
heschool
-r
oom’
sint
eri
orseemedt
ohav
ecomef
rom wi
thi
nthi
sroom

(
bot
hspeakerandaudi
encear
evi
sual
i
zingi
tfr
om wi
thi
n),
thement
ioni
ngt
hati
twas

wi
ckedear
lycamef
rom aper
spect
iveout
side,
set
ti
ngupanear
li
ert
empor
alr
efer
ence

f
rame:
Hehadbeendr
oppedof
fbyhi
sfat
her
,wi
thr
easonsaddedast
owhyt
hiswas

t
hecase(
li
ne98)
.Wi
thl
i
ne(
99)
,thespeakerr
etur
nst
othef
ocal
i
zat
ionpoi
nti
nsi
det
he

r
oom,
hidesbehi
ndt
hepi
l
low,
andr
emai
nst
her
eunt
ilt
heendoft
hest
ory(
104)
.

24
 Eachoft
het
hreement
ionedchar
act
ersar
eposi
ti
onedi
ntwor
elat
ional
set
-ups:

t
hef
atherast
heagentdr
oppi
ngof
fhi
sson(
whoi
ntur
nisposi
ti
onedi
nobj
ectposi
ti
on

asunder
goer
).Ther
elat
ional
posi
ti
onsbet
weenJenni
eandVi
ctorar
espel
l
edout

si
mil
arl
y:Jenni
eisposi
ti
onedasagent(
li
ne91)andr
eappear
sint
hisposi
ti
oni
nli
nes

(
100-
4).I
nter
mit
tent
lyt
her
ei heIt
st hatgot(
notwent
)topr
eschool
ear
ly(
nott
hrough

hi
sagency heIt
)andt hatwenti
ntohi
ding(
li
ne99)
.Hi
dingi
tsel
fisanagent
ivemov
e,

t
houghr
equi
ri
nganot
heragentwi
thr
espectt
owhom goi
ngi
ntohi
dingi
sar
eact
ion.I
t

al
soi
mpl
i
est
hei
ntent
ionnotwant
ingt
obeseenorf
ound-
-r
esul
ti
ngi
nli
ne(
104)i
na

sel
f-
posi
ti
oni
ngasput
,notmov
ing,
wit
htheunspokenagendat
oremai
ninanon-

agent
iveposi
ti
onf
ort
her
estoft
hisnar
rat
ive.

Letusr
efl
ectbr
ief
lyont
heanal
yti
cpr
ocedur
ethusf
ar.Whatwehav
etr
iedt
o

accompl
i
shi
stot
racet
hewaycohesi
vet
ies,
areputt
ousesot
hechar
act
erscoul
dbe

i
dent
if
iedandv
iewedasr
elat
ingt
oone-
anot
her
,inl
i
newi
tht
het
empor
alandspat
ial

ar
rangement
sinwhi
cht
hechar
act
ersar
esi
tuat
ed.Remai
ningwi
thi
ntheanal
yti
clay
er

ofwor
dsandsent
encesandf
ocusi
ngont
heemer
genceofcohesi
on,
itcanbenot
ed

t
hatt
henar
rat
orposi
ti
onshi
msel
fasunder
goer
,ifnotv
ict
im,
oft
heact
ionsofot
her
s.

Thepr
esent
ati
onoft
heseact
ions,
ashav
ingt
akenpl
aceaboutf
ivey
ear
sago,
ashav
ing

happenedr
epeat
edl
y,andasnotunderhi
scont
rol
,canber
eadasdesi
gnedt
odownpl
ay

hi
sagencyandeschewaccount
abi
l
ity
.Thi
smuchwecanasser
tfr
om abot
tom-
up

scr
uti
nyofhowcl
ausesar
epr
esent
edasf
oll
owi
ngeachot
herandf
rom howt
he

cohesi
vet
iesbet
weent
hem ar
esetup.Andal
thought
her
eseemst
obesome

ov
erar
chi
ngt
empor
alsequence,
theact
ual
nar
rat
iveskel
eton,
exi
sti
ngofasequenceof

ev
entcl
auses,
isv
eryt
hin.Thedescr
ipt
ionoft
hepr
eschool
’
sint
eri
or(
li
nes94-
6)aswel
l

25
ast
heasi
deabouthi
sfat
herdr
oppi
nghi
m of
fear
lyonhi
swayt
owor
k(l
i
nes97-
8)do

notcont
ri
but
etoanypl
otdev
elopment
,andnei
therdot
hef
ir
stt
woopeni
ngl
i
nes(
91-
2).

Summar
izi
ngt
heexami
nat
ionofspat
ial
,tempor
alandchar
act
err
efer
encesand

t
yingt
hem t
oget
her
,thel
ocal
ori
ent
ati
on,
andbyi
mpl
i
cat
ional
soat
empor
alset
ti
ng,

comet
othef
orei
nli
ne(
93)
,mar
kingt
hest
artofast
ory
.Fr
om her
eanact
ion

or
ient
ati
on,
andwi
thi
tapar
ti
cul
archar
act
erconst
ell
ati
on,
canunf
oldandmov
efor
war
d

(
li
nes101-
3),
resul
ti
ngi
nanout
come(
li
ne104)
.Thef
ir
stt
wol
i
nes(
91-
2)ar
emar
kedof
f

asadi
ff
erenti
nci
dent
,thoughonet
hatmayt
hemat
ical
l
yber
elat
edt
othest
oryt
hat

st
art
sinpr
eschool
.Accor
dingt
oLabov
’sdef
ini
ti
on,
cit
edabov
e,t
hef
ir
stt
wol
i
nesdo

notest
abl
i
shanar
rat
ive,
becausewi
thl
i
ne(
92)
,byuseofaf
reecl
ause,
thespeaker

r
emov
eshi
msel
ffr
om t
heev
entf
ormat
ion.Thus,
hav
ingest
abl
i
shedl
i
ne(
93)ast
he

or
ient
ati
on(
wit
hli
nes94-
6asf
urt
herdet
ail
i
ngt
heset
ti
ng)
,andl
i
nes(
99-
100)ast
he

est
abl
i
shmentofanact
ionf
ramef
ort
hisset
ti
ng,
li
nes(
101-
3)cant
henbet
akenasa

possi
blecompl
i
cat
ion,
thoughnotr
esul
ti
ngi
nar
esol
uti
on(
li
ne104)
.Incasewedi
dn’
t

knowt
hatwewer
einaher
e-and-
nowf
ivey
ear
slat
er,
onecoul
dassumet
hatVi
ctormay
4
hav
est
ayedi
nhi
ding,
or,
symbol
i
cal
l
yspeaki
ng,
maybei
nter
pret
edas‘
sti
l
linhi
ding.
’

Thechoi
ceofpar
ti
cul
arf
ormul
ati
onswi
l
lbecomemor
erel
evantwhenanal
yzed

bel
owi
nter
msoft
hei
rint
eract
ivef
unct
ions.Howev
er,
att
hispoi
nt,
iti
snot
ewor
thyt
hat

t
henar
rat
ivest
art
swi
thanat
tri
but
iont
hator
igi
nat
edf
rom t
heper
sonwhowi
l
l

subsequent
lybedev
elopedi
ntot
hemai
nchar
act
er(
atl
easti
nter
msofheragency
)of

t
hest
ory
.Thespeci
fi
cfor
mul
ati
ont
hati
sat
tri
but
edt
ohi
m(honey
),f
urt
herel
abor
ated

4
Thequest i
onthati
sloomingalr
eadyatthi
sl evelofanaly si
sis:
Whatist
hepointof
tel
li
ngthisstor
y?Whatisitthatt
ell
i
ngthisstorycontributesandmakesrel
evantfort
he
sit
uati
onspeakerandaudiencearecurr
entl
yin?I sit(more)aboutJenni
e?(More)about
me?Ori sitaboutourr
elat
ionshi
p?Backthen?Her e-and-now?

26
byadi
minut
iv l
e(i
tt
le)
,andcl
aimedt my
obeowned( )
-myl
- i
ttl
ehoney
--dr
awsona

semant
icf
iel
dthati
sty
pical
l
yconnot
edt
olov
ers’
tal
korpar
ent
al(
mostl
i
kel
ymot
her
-

chi
l
d)t
ermsofendear
ment
.Thef
actt
hatVi
ctorcl
aimst
hatt
hisf
ormul
ati
onwasa

habi
tual
att
ri
but
ionbyJenni
e,andt
hatJenni
e’
spur
sui
tsal
sohappenedhabi
tual
l
y,poi
nt

t
othei
nter
pret
ati
ont
hathenei
therv
iewst
hesecat
egor
izat
ionsasacci
dent
alnor

mot
ivat
edbyany
thi
nghedi
dtoencour
ageher
.Tot
hecont
rar
y,Jenni
e’
sact
ionsar
e

mar
kedof
f,notonl
yasr
epet
it
iveandt
her
efor
eext
reme,
butal
soasunr
easonabl
e--

cl
ear
lyunder
scor
edi
nhi
sev
aluat
ivest
anceexpr
essedi
nli
ne(
92)
.Theasi
dei
nli
nes

(
97-
8)t
hatest
abl
i
shest
heev
ent
sast
aki
ngpl
acei
nthemor
ningbef
oreschool
wasi
n

sessi
on(
wit
hli
tt
lesuper
visi
onpr
esent
)al
somayaddt
ohi
sov
eral
lev
aluat
ivest
anceof

notagent
ivel
yinv
olv
ed,
notpr
otect
edbyt
he‘
nor
mal
’fr
ameofadul
tsuper
visi
on,
wit
hhi
s

f
athergone,
andsubj
ect
edt
othemer
cyofaf
emal
epr
otagoni
stwhoi
shi
sage.

Pl
otsandt
hemes-
-t
owar
dthepr
oduct
ionofst
orycoher
ence.

Hav
ingst
art
edwor
kingt
hrought
henar
rat
ivewi
thaf
ocusont
hesequenceofcl
auses

andt
hei
rlexi
cal
andsy
ntact
icmake-
up,
wewer
eabl
etosor
tthr
oughsomeoft
he

ev
ent
ive(
thet
empor
alsequenceofwhathappened)andev
aluat
ive(
wher
eVi
ctorgav
e

i
nsi
ghti
ntohi
sev
aluat
ivest
ancev
is-
à-v
iswhathappened)component
soft
hest
ory
.

Separ
ati
ngt
heev
ent
sthatr
epor
tedl
yhappenedf
rom ev
aluat
ivest
ancesl
eftuswi
tht
he

quest
ion:
Whatf
unct
ionsdot
hepar
ti
cul
arl
exi
cal
andsy
ntact
icchoi
cesoft
hespeaker

ser
ve-
-i
nser
viceoft
hel
argerquest
ionwhatt
hisst
orymeans.Wenowt
urnt
oanal
yze

t
hesegmentofdi
scour
sef
rom t
heper
spect
iveoft
hesecondl
ayert
hatpur
suest
he

quest
ionofst
orycoher
ence,
li
nki
ngt
hepl
otwi
thi
tscont
ent
s.

I
nter
msofi
tsov
eral
lst
ruct
ure,
thef
ir
stt
wol
i
nes(
91-
2)needt
obedeal
twi
th

27
separ
atel
y.Thest
oryst
art
swi
thanor
ient
ati
oni
ntot
het
her
e-and-
thenwi
thl
i
ne(
93)
.

Topi
cal
l
y,t
hest
oryf
ocusesonJenni
e--
wit
hthenar
rat
orposi
ti
onedi
nreci
pientr
ole-
-and

i
tst
hemei
sher(
habi
tual
)pur
sui
tofhi
m.Thi
sthemei
snotmar
kedasat
ypi
cal
hide-
and

-
seekgame-
li
keact
ivi
tyi
nthel
i
fe-
spaceoff
ive-
year
-ol
ds,
butasanact
ivi
tyt
hatdi
dnot

r
esul
t(att
het
ime)i
npl
ayandf
unf
ort
hesakeofpl
ay.Mov
ingf
rom t
hisov
eral
l

i
nter
pret
ati
onofl
i
nes(
93-
104)backt
othef
ir
stt
wol
i
nes,
thet
hemat
icl
i
nkbecomes

mor
etr
anspar
ent
:Thet
wost
ruct
ural
segment
sspeakt
othe(
same)i
ssueofJenni
e’
s

habi
tual
act
ions,
andbot
har
est
rongl
ychar
act
eri
zedf
rom t
hesameev
aluat
ive

or
ient
ati
on.I
nthef
ir
stsegment(
li
nes91-
2),
theev
aluat
ionofJenni
e’
sact
i f
ons(or

somest
ranger
eason)i
smar
kedof
fbyst
eppi
ngoutoft
het
her
e-and-
thenandgi
vi
nghi
s

ev
aluat
iveposi
ti
onf
rom t
heher
e-and-
nowofspeaki
ngt
ime.I
nthesecondsegment

(
li
nes93-
9),
thespeaker
’sev
aluat
iveposi
ti
oni
smor
eimpl
i
citandsi
gnal
edbyuseof

l
exi
cal
andgr
ammat
ical
choi
cest
hatchar
act
eri
zehi
m notonl
yasuni
nvol
vedbutal
so

asnotappr
ovi
ngoft
heposi
ti
oni
ntowhi
chhei
spl
acedbyJenni
e.Tosuppor
tthi
s

i
nter
pret
ati
on,
wemayt
akeaddi
ti
onal
(per
for
mat
ive)meansi
ntoaccount
,suchasusi
ng

hi
s“t
ell
i
ngbody
”(bot
hexpr
essi
nghi
semot
ion<oughhh>andhi
sbodi
l
ydi
spl
ayof

post
ureandhands)
:Bot
hcanbet
akent
oindexwhati
tmusthav
elookedandf
eltl
i
ke

hi
dingbehi
ndt
hepi
l
low.I
nthi
slastl
i
neofhi
sst
ory(
104)
,inwhi
chhehi
ghl
i
ght
shi
s

af
fect
,heal
soswi
tchesf
rom t
heuseofpastt
enset
othepr
esentt si
ense( t
).Thi
scan

f
urt
herbet
akent
oindext
her
elev
ancyoft
hispar
tofhi
sst
ory
--notnecessar
il
ythehi
gh

poi
nt,
butsomet
hingt
hathasendur
ingr
elev
ance.

Att
hispoi
nt,
itmayber
elev
antt
okeepi
nmi
ndt
hatJenni
eisagi
rl
--
whi
l
eVi
ctor

i
sposi
ti
onedasaboy
.InEngl
i
sh,
thi
sdi
sti
nct
ionmostcommonl
yisi
mpl
i
edbynames

28
cul
tur
all
yty
pif
yingboy
sandgi
rl
s,and,
ofcour
se,
byt
hemar
kingofper
sonal
pronouns

hev
( s.she)
.Not
e,howev
er,
thatJennysi
mpl
ycoul
dhav
ebeenr
efer
r oasaf
edt ri
end

ormyf
( ri
end)
,leav
inghergenderl
essaccent
uat
ed.Focusi
ngont
hiscat
egor
ical

di
sti
nct
ion,
thequest
ioncanbeaskedwhet
hert
hisst
oryi
sati
t eaboutgi
scor rl
-boy

r
elat
ionshi
ps(
i.
e.,
het
erosexual
i
ty)
.Att
hesamet
ime,
thi
sst
oryi
saboutsomet
hingt
hat

happenedi
npr
eschool
:al
ongt
imeagowhi
chcanbei
nter
pret
edi
ntwoway
s:(
i)asst
il
l

cur
rent
lyr
elev
ant
,or(
ii
)assomet
hingt
hathappenedi
nther
emot
epast
,wi
thnooronl
y

l
i
ttl
erel
evancet
othest
ateofaf
fai
rsi
nthepr
esent
.Int
hef
ir
sti
nst
ance,
picki
ngupon

t
het
hemeofhet
erosexual
i
ty,
Jenni
e’
sthemat
icr
olewast
omaket
hepoi
ntt
hatt
he

nar
rat
orv
iewshi
msel
fasst
il
lhav
ingt
ogoi
ntohi
ding:
Nowaday
s,t
hought
wicet
hei
r

age,
Jenni
e,orot
hergi
rl
s,posi
ti
onhi
m(asamal
e)i
nthesamepl
ot-
li
keconf
igur
ati
on.I
n

t
hissecondcase,
wear
edeal
i
ngwi
thanaccountt
hatchar
act
eri
zest
heact
ionsofa

f
emal
echi
l
dint
hedi
stantpast
,andhowt
heseact
ionsbackt
henhav
eimpact
edona

mal
echi
l
d.Thoughi
fthi
sisnotbei
ngmadeexpl
i
cit
,whyt
hent
ell
thest
ory
?

Hav
ingconduct
edat
hemat
icanal
ysi
soft
heunder
lyi
ngpl
otconf
igur
ati
onof

Vi
ctor
’sst
ory
,wear
eendi
ngupwi
thatl
eastt
woopt
ionsf
orwhatki
ndofpl
oti
sin

ci
rcul
ati
on.Accor
dingt
oaf
ir
stopt
ion,
Vict
orcoul
dbehear
dasconf
igur
ingt
he

par
ti
cul
arsofwhathappenedaspar
tofagener
alconf
li
ctbet
weenmal
esandf
emal
es.

Bei
ngcal
l myl
ed‘ i
ttl
ehoney
’andi
naddi
ti
onbei
ngphy
sical
l
ypur
suedar
eexampl
esof

i
ntr
usi
onandt
her
efor
eunwant
edact
ionsoff
emal
esi
ntowhati
sbei
ngconst
ruct
ed

sy
mbol
i
cal
l
yasmal
espace.I
nthi
sty
peofpl
otconf
igur
ati
on,
ther
easonsf
ort
hese

ki
ndsofact
ionsar
einscr
utabl
eandeni
gmat
ic,
andt
huspot
ent
ial
l
yresul
ti
ngi
nconf
li
ct.

What
everVi
ctor
’smot
ivesmayhav
ebeent
obor
rowt
hiski
ndofpl
ot-
-may
beVi
ctori
s

29
hear
dasay
oungboyf
orwhom gi
rl
s“st
il
lhav
ecoot
ies”
,may
behei
shear
dasspeaki
ng

f
rom t
heposi
ti
onof“
mal
eangst
”vi
s-à-
viswomeni
ngener
al,
ormay
beJenni
e’
s

at
tempt
s(cumul
ati
vel
y,oroneofherappr
oachesi
npar
ti
cul
ar)hav
elef
tVi
ctor

t
raumat
ical
l
yscar
red;
thewayt
hechar
act
ersar
eposi
ti
onedi
nthet
her
e-and-
thenmay
5
i
nvi
tet
heseki
ndsofi
nter
pret
ati
on.I
nasecondopt
ion,
anot
heri
nter
pret
ati
onsuggest
s

t
hatJenni
eisconf
igur
edasamemberoft
hecat
egor
yoff
emal
eswhopur
suemal
esas

par
tofar
omant
icorhet
erosexual
plotconf
igur
ati
on.Wi
thi
nthi
sint
erpr
eti
vescenar
io,

Vi
ctorpr
esent
shi
msel
fbackt
her
e-and-
thenasdecl
i
ning,
butbor
rowi
ngt
hiski
ndof

st
ancet
ober
elev
antandpot
ent
ial
l
yst
il
lhol
dingi
ntheher
e-and-
now.Wi
thi
nthi
spl
ot

conf
igur
ati
onhecoul
dber
eadasbor
rowi
ngt
heper
sonaofsomeonewhoi
spopul
ar

butuni
nvol
ved-
-t
hemai ayofmal
nst ecool
.Andmay
bei
tist
hisf
eat
urei
nthewayhe

const
ruct
shi
srel
ati
onshi
ptot
heot
hergendert
hati
sfor
egr
oundedandmader
elev
ant

f
ort
heher
e-and-
nowoft
het
ell
i
ngsi
tuat
ion.Att
hispoi
nt,
theanal
ysi
soft
hel
ayerof

st
orycoher
encedoesnotr
esol
vewhet
herei
theroft
heset
wot
hemat
icconf
igur
ati
on

at
tempt
sisappr
opr
iat
e.

I
nter
act
ionandper
for
mance-
-whyt
hisst
oryher
e-and-
now?

Hav
ingst
art
edwi
thacl
osel
ookatt
heact
ual
wor
dingandt
hei
rcomposi
ti
oni
nto

al
i
nearandcohesi
vet
extt
hatwasf
eedi
ngi
ntoacommont
opi
cal
theme,
fol
l
owedby

ananal
ysi
soft
heov
erar
chi
ngt
hemat
icor
gani
zat
ionoft
hepl
otoft
hest
ory
,wewi
l
lnow

expandouranal
yti
cfocust
oincor
por
atet
het
hir
dlay
erout
li
nedabov
e.Her
etheexcer
pt

i
sexami
nedi
nter
msoft
hequest
ionwhatt
hest
oryi
saboutt
othepar
ti
cipant
sint
hei
r

5
Theset hr
eeint
erpret
iveconcl
usionsweresuggest
edbycoll
eaguesandst
udent
saf
ter
watchingandhavingwor kedt
hroughthefir
stt
woanaly
ticl
ayers,
(i)t
hewor
dsand
sentences,and(
ii
)thethemesandpl ots.

30
ongoi
ngnegot
iat
ionofwhati
stopi
cal
l
yandi
nter
act
ional
l
yrel
evant
.Iti
swi
tht
hisl
ayer

t
hatwear
eopeni
ngt
heanal
ysi
stomor
econt
ext
ual
inf
ormat
ionsuchashowt
he

par
ti
cipant
sar
etr
yingt
osi
gnal
whatt
heyconsi
derr
elev
ant
,andhowt
hisi
sbei
ng

negot
iat
ed.Asnot
edear
li
er,
thegoal
ist
ocont
inuet
odi
sambi
guat
ewhatt
hemat
ical
l
y

i
sbei
ngnegot
iat
edandt
omaket
hecuest
hatar
eusedbyt
hepar
ti
cipant
str
anspar
ent

t
otheanal
yti
cey
e.Her
ewenotonl
ygobey
ondt
he(
ori
ginal
)textbyconsi
der
ing

pr
evi
ousandsubsequentt
ext
ual
element
s,buti
naddi
ti
onwewi
l
l awonot
dr herbodi
l
y

cuessuchasgaze,
gest
uresandpost
ure.

Oneoft
hosecueswehadspot
tedear
li
eri
ntheanal
ysi
swasVi
ctor
’sabr
upt

i
ntr
oduct
ionofJenni
ebyuseofhernamei
nli
ne(
91)
.St
art
ingat
urn,
nar
rat
iveornot
,by

useofar
efer
ent
ial
for
mthati
shi
ghl
yspeci
fi
cindexesacont
exti
nwhi
cht
her
efer
redt
o

char
act
eri
stakenaspr
esupposed;
inot
herwor
ds,
thi
sfor
m poi
ntedpar
ti
cipant
s

t
owar
dpr
evi
ousment
ioni
ngsofJenni
east
hemat
ical
l
yrel
evant
.Ot
hercuesar
etobe

uncov
eredi
nhowVi
ctorhast
akenuponwhathasbeensai
dimmedi
atel
ybef
oreand

howot
her
sar
etaki
nguponhi
sst
oryaf
terhi
stur
ncompl
eti
on.

St
art
ingf
rom t
het
woki
ndsofpl
otconf
igur
ati
onsr
eveal
edi
ntheanal
ysi
sint
he

f
ir
stt
wol
ayer
sinVi
ctor
’sov
eral
lst
ruct
uri
ng,
wecanseet
hatbot
hpl
otconf
igur
ati
ons

cor
rel
atewi
tht
wodi
ff
erentt
ypesofspeechact
ivi
ti
esatt
hei
nter
act
ive-
per
for
mat
ive

l
ayer
:Whi
l
etheconf
igur
ati
oni
nwhi
chf
emal
esmakeunexpl
ainabl
eandunwant
ed

mov
esv
is-
à-v
ismal
esl
endsi
tsel
ffort
hespeechact
ivi
tyofcompl
aini
ng,
thepl
oti
n

whi
chf
emal
eappr
oachescont
ri
but
etoagai
ninsoci
alst
atusandpopul
ari
ty,
and

consequent
lyar
eli
kel
ytof
all
int
othe‘
want
edcat
egor
y,’
cant
ransl
atei
ntospeechact
s

ofboast
ingorf
launt
ingamal
e(het
erosexual
)ident
it
y.

31
 6
St
art
ingf
rom asl
i
ght
lyexpandedt
ranscr
ipt(
bel
ow)
, wecanseet
hatVi
ctor(
li
ne

91)cut
sint
oBi
l
li
e’
stur
n(l
i
ne98)
.Howev
er,
att
heexactmomentwhenVi
ctor
’sand

Bi
l
li
e’
stur
nbegi
ntoov
erl
ap,
Bil
l
ie’
scompl
aintst
oryi
snotf
ull
ydev
eloped.I
nst
ead,
at

t
hatpoi
ntBi
l
li
ejusthadcl
aimedt
ohav
ehadagi
rl
fr
iend,
andt
hatt
hisgi
rl
fr
iendseemed

t
ohav
ebeenv
eryexper
iencedwi
thboy
s.Fr
om t
hev
isual
cuesav
ail
abl
e(par
ti
cul
arl
yhi
s

gazeor
ient
ati
on)
,Vi
ctordoesnothearBi
l
li
eoutandhi
stur
nseemst
odel
i
ber
atel
y

i
nter
rupt
.Inl
i
ghtoft
heseobser
vat
ions,
itr
emai
nsuncl
earwhet
herVi
ctori
stel
l
inghi
s

st
oryaboutJenni
easboast
ingaboutgi
rl
fr
iends;
orwhet
herVi
ctori
scont
ri
but
ingt
oa

t
hemet
hatl
endsi
tsel
fmor
eforacompl
aint
,namel
ythatgi
rl
sint
rudemal
eter
ri
tor
y.

Fur
ther
mor
e,i
nor
dert
obet
terunder
standwhyJenni
ewasmader
elev
anti
nresponse

t
oBi
l
li
e’
sconv
ersat
ional
cont
ri
but
ion,
wear
efor
cedt
olookf
urt
herf
orear
li
erment
ions

ofJenni
eint
heconv
ersat
ionandwi
l
lret
urnt
othi
sshor
tl
y.

<<ev
ery
onesi
tt
ing>><<gazedi
str
ibut
ed

ar
ound>>

96) Bi
( l myex-
gir
lf
ri
endhadl
i
ket
wel
veex-
ex-
ex-
exboy
fri
ends <<al
lgazeat

Bi
l
li
e>>

(
97) shehadt
wel
veoft
hem

(
98) andshet
akest
he[
goodst
uff <<Vi
gazesatmoder
ator
>>

(
90) andshebr
eaksup <<Vi
cont
inuesgazeatmod>>

(
91) Vi
c [
Jenni
eusedt
ocal
lmeherl
i
ttl
ehoney

f
orsomeSTRANGEREASON

weusedt
ogot
opr
eschool
toget
her(
.)r
ight

6
Thecontext
ualinfor
mat i
onontheright
-handsi
deoft
hetranscri
ptisshadedsoitcan
bedist
ingui
shedfrom thetext
uali
nformati
on.I
naddi
ti
on,
squar ebracket
s[areusedto
markthebeginni
ngsofov erl
appi
ngspeech.

32
 andt
her
ewast
hatbi
gmat

(
95) l
i
kei
twasabi
gpi
l
low <<gest
uresout
li
ningpi
l
low>>

i
nthel
i
ttl
eint
her
eadi
ngar
ea <<ev
ery
onet
unedt
oVi
c–post
ure+

gaze>>

andIusedt
oli
ket
ogett
her
ewi
ckedear
ly

causemyDadusedt
owor
kfort
heci
ty(
.)r
ight

andIusedt
ohi
dei
nthatpi
l
low <<par
ti
cipant
sgazeatVi
ctor
>>

(
100) soJenni
ecoul
dn'
tfi
ndme(
.)r
ight

andsheusedt
orunupt
her
e

andsheusedt
opounceont
hebal
l

shesai
dVI
CTORI
'
M GONNAFI
NDYOU <<hi
ghpi
tch>> <<ev
ery
onesmi
l
ing>>

(
104) andt
henIj
ustsi
tther
egoi
ngoughhhh <<ducki
ngdown–shaki
nghands>>

<pause+l
i
ttl
elaught
er><<gaze+bodypost
ures

r
eor
ient
ing>>

(
105) shewast
all
whenshewasi
npr
eschool

(
106) shewasl
i
ke[ <<Vi
cgest
uri
ngt
all
>>

Bi
l [
shei
sshor
tnow

Vi
c noshei
shuge(
.)Jenni
eThompson <<Vi
cst
andi
ngup>>

Bi
l y
est
oYOU <<gest
uri
ngsmal
l
>>

110)Wal shei
( stal
l
ershei
sshor
tert
han[
me

Bi
l [
she'
sshor
tert
hanme

Mar [
shor
tert
hanme

Vi
c noshei
sn'
tBi
l
li
e

shei
stal
l
ert
hany
ou

115)Bi
( l neh

Vi
c IknowIknowonegi
rlwhoi
stal
l
ert
hanALLofy
ou<<t
opi
cchange>>

33
 Vi
ctor
’sst
ory(
endi
ngi
nli
ne104)i
stakenupi
nthef
orm ofl
aught
erconj
oined

wi
thev
ery
onemov
ingt
hei
rbodi
esbackt
oamor
erel
axedposi
ti
onandar
eor
ient
ati
on

ofgazef
rom Vi
ctort
oot
heror
ient
ati
onpoi
ntsi
nther
oom.Thesebodi
l
yreact
ions

t
ypi
cal
l
ysi
gnal
ther
ecogni
ti
onoft
heendoft
hest
oryandopent
hef
loorf
orsomeone

el
set
ofol
l
owup-
-of
tenwi
thanev
aluat
ionorasecond-
stor
y.Thi
s,howev
er,
doesnot

happen.Vi
ctorr
eent
erst
hef
loorwi
thabr
iefdescr
ipt
ivecl
aimr
egar
dingJenni
e’
ssi
ze

whenshewasi
npr
eschool
.Thi
scl
aim,
alt
hought
opi
cal
l
ycohesi
ve,
ispost
-nar
rat
ive.

Wi
thl
i
ne(
104)
,hehadmar
kedhi
stur
n(andt
hushi
sst
ory
)ascompl
eted.Sot
he

quest
ioni
swhathi
scont
inuancei
ssupposedt
oaccompl
i
sh.Thesubsequentar
gument

amongt
hepar
ti
cipant
saboutJenni
e’
snowaday
ssi
zer
econf
ir
mst
hatev
ery
oneknows

Jenni
e,butdoesn’
tnecessar
il
yanswerquest
ionsr
aisedbyVi
ctor
’sst
oryaboutJenni
e.

Anot
herwayofpr
ovi
dingt
hemat
iccont
inui
tybet
weent
het
opi
cofVi
ctor
’sst
ory

andhi
spost
-nar
rat
ivecl
aimst
oJenni
e’
ssi
zecanbepr
ovi
dedbymov
ingoutoft
he

t
ext
ual
repr
esent
ati
onandi
ntoVi
ctor
’sbodi
l
ysel
f-
repr
esent
ati
on:
goi
ngi
ntohi
dingand

ducki
ngdown,
i.
e.,
maki
nghi
msel
fpur
posel
ysmal
landi
nvi
sibl
e.Whenpl
ayi
nghi
de-
and-

seek,
thi
smaybeanappr
opr
iat
emov
e,t
houghwhenboast
ingaboutbei
ngappr
oached

orpur
suedbyagi
rl
,thi
smaybeconst
ruedasaf
orm ofanxi
etyorun-
readi
nessf
ort
he

chal
l
engeof(
mat
ure)sexual
i
ty.I
fthi
sthemat
icst
randi
swov
en,
oremer
gingatoneor

anot
herpoi
nti
nthei
nter
act
ion,
Vict
or’
spost
-nar
rat
ivecommentonJenni
e’
ssi
zei
s

mostl
i
kel
ytobehear
dasani
nocul
ati
onat
temptagai
nstt
hiski
ndofi
nter
act
ive

posi
ti
oni
ngbyt
hepr
esentpar
ti
cipant
s.St
andi
ngupf
rom hi
schai
rwhenchal
l
engedon

hi
ssi
zeandmaki
nghi
msel
fov
erseet
heot
herpar
ti
cipant
s(seet
ranscr
ipt
,li
ne108)i
s

l
i
kel
ytober
eadi
nsuppor
twi
tht
hisi
nter
pret
ati
on.

34
 Reev
aluat
ingwher
ewear
einourat
temptt
odi
sambi
guat
ethet
hemat
ic

r
elev
anceofVi
ctor
’sst
oryf
rom acont
ext
ual
-i
nter
act
ivev
ant
agepoi
nt,
andent
eri
ngt
he

cont
ext
ual
i
zat
ionofhi
sst
oryf
rom ananal
yti
cangl
ethati
sgr
oundedi
nthe

conv
ersat
ional
-i
nter
act
ivef
abr
icofr
elat
ional
wor
kbet
weent
hepar
ti
cipant
s,opensup

newquest
ionsor
igi
nat
ingf
rom t
heexpansi
onoft
het
extandi
tsi
nter
act
ional

embeddi
ngast
henewuni
tofanal
ysi
s:Wher
eandhowwasJenni
eor
igi
nal
l
ymade

t
opi
cal
l
yrel
evant
?Howdi
dthi
stopi
cpr
ogr
essf
rom t
her
eonandhowi
sJenni
e

posi
ti
onedi
nthi
stopi
cal
progr
essi
on?Whati
sint
eract
ivel
yaccompl
i
shedbet
weent
he

par
ti
cipant
soft
heconv
ersat
ion?Quest
ionsl
i
ket
hese,
andmay
beot
her
s,al
lar
ecent
ral

t
otheanal
yti
clay
eroft
heper
for
manceappr
oachunderi
nvest
igat
ionher
e,t
hought
her
e

i
snotenoughspacet
olayt
hisouti
ndet
ail
.Sol
etmedescr
ibehowt
hest
oryemer
ged

att
hispoi
nti
ntheconv
ersat
ionamongt
hepar
ti
cipant
s.

Ear
li
er,
inadi
scussi
onofhowl
ongonehast
oknowsomeonei
nor
dert
ocount

asbestf
ri
end,
Vict
orhadment
ionedJenni
ewhom hehadknownf
rom whenhewas

bor
n.Lat
eron,
thi
sst
atementwasr
ecal
l
ed,
andVi
ctorcl
aimedherasabestf
ri
end.

Chal
l
engedbyWal
l
ywhoobj
ect y
ed:oucan’
ttr
ustgi
rl
s,anewt
opi
cemer
gednamel
y

whet
hery
oucant
rustMomsandsi
ster
s.Att
hispoi
nt,
Vict
orsi
dedcl
ear
lywi
tht
hose

whot
rust
.Ov
ert
henextt
urns,
ini
ti
atedbya(
smal
l
)st
oryf
rom Bi
l
li
eont
het
opi
cofhi
s

Mom showi
ngal
way
shi
sbabypi
ctur
es,
anumberofmor
est
ori
eswer
ecal
l
edupbyal
l

par
ti
cipant
s,i
ncl
udi
ngt
hemoder
ator
,whi
chal
lshar
edexper
iencesi
nwhi
chmot
her
s

embar
rassedt
hei
rchi
l
drenbyt
aki
ngandshowi
ngt
hei
rpi
ctur
es.Dadswer
eexpl
i
cit
ly

excl
udedf
rom andposi
ti
onedasst
ri
ctl
yopposi
ngi
fnotunder
mini
ngsuchpr
act
ices.

Wal
l
ysummedupt
hedi
scussi
onwi
tht
hewor y
ds:oucan’
ttr
usty
ourgi
rl
fr
iendei
ther

35
‘
causet
heyt
ellt
hei
rfr
iends-
-wi
thVi
ctoragr
eei y
ng:eah,
you’
rer
ighti
t’
snut
s--
ther
eby

ov
ert
lycal
l
ingi
ntoquest
ionhi
sear
li
ercl
aimt
hathet
rust
edhi
sMom andsi
ster
.Iti
sat

t
hispoi
ntt
hatBi
l
li
ejoi
nedt
heconv
ersat
ionwi
thhi
sst
oryabouthi
sex-
gir
lf
ri
endwho

hadbr
okenupwi
thhi
m,f
oll
owedbyt
heJenni
est
ory
.

I
nli
ghtoft
heunf
oldi
ngt
opi
csi
nthef
orm ofcompl
aintst
ori
es,
Vict
or’
sJenni
e

st
oryosci
l
lat
esbet
weent
woor
ient
ati
ons.Ont
heonehand,
Vict
orcanbehear
das

f
launt
inghi
saut
hor
it
yofknowi
ngaboutgi
rl
s’pur
sui
tofboy
s.Andpr
esent
inghi
msel
fas

uni
nvol
vedandunr
esponsi
vev
is-
à-v
issuchat
tempt
s,hebr
ingsof
facer
tai
nst
anceof

(
typi
cal
l
ymascul
i
ne)cool
.Ont
heot
her
,hecanbei
nter
pret
edasj
oini
ngt
hechor
usof

secondst
ori
est
hatcompl
ainaboutgi
rl
s’(
andmot
her
s’)t
endenci
est
oembar
rasst
hem.

Wi
thi
nthi
sver
sion,
hepr
esent
shi
msel
f-
-j
ustasBi
l
li
edi
dinhi
stur
n--
assubj
ect
edt
othe

act
ionsoft
hegener
ali
zedf
emal
eot
her
;andsi
mul
taneousl
yasdeepl
yvul
ner
abl
e.Not
e

t
hatt
hisl
att
eri
nter
pret
ati
ongoesbey
ondt
hei
nter
pret
ati
onofVi
ctor
’sst
oryasa

compl
aint
.Int
heshar
ingoft
hei
rst
ori
es,
thesi
ngul
aranduni
queexper
iencesoft
hef
ive

par
ti
cipant
shav
egai
nedt
hest
atusofgener
ali
zabl
eknowl
edget
hati
scol
l
ect
ivel
y

di
scl
osed.Tel
l
ingt
heseper
sonal
exper
iencesi
nst
ori
edf
ormsi
tsel
fisv
ulner
abl
e

t
err
it
ory
--andt
hisseemst
obehi
ghl
yref
lect
edi
nVi
ctor
’sst
oryaboutJenni
eandhi
s

post
-nar
rat
iveat
temptt
onegot
iat
eJenni
e’
ssi
ze.I
nspi
teoft
hef
actt
hatt
hesest
ori
es

ar
ecar
eful
l
ynav
igat
edt
err
it
ori
es,
shar
ingsuchst
ori
esi
srel
ati
onal
wor
kthathast
he

pot
ent
ial
tobui
l
dtr
ustandi
nti
macyamongt
hepar
ti
cipant
s.Tosum up,
inourat
tempt
s

t
odi
sambi
guat
etheJenni
est
oryandf
igur
eoutwhatt
hisst
orymeansandwhyi
twas

shar
edatt
hispar
ti
cul
arpoi
nti
nthei
nter
act
ion,
weent
eredt
hev
iewpoi
ntsandv
aluesof

t
hel
ocal
cul
tur
eoft
en-
year
-ol
dsasacommuni
tyofst
ory
-shar
ingpr
act
i anar
ces, rat
ive

36
r
eal
i
ty(
Gubr
ium &Hol
stei
n,2009)t
hatgoesf
arbey
ondt
het
ext
,it
sfor
m andcont
ent
,

andi
ntot
hewor
ldofnar
rat
ivepr
act
ice.

Summar
yandr
efl
ect
ion

West
art
edwi
tht
heassumpt
iont
hatnar
rat
iveanal
ysi
slay
sopen,
int
hesenseof

maki
ngt
ranspar
ent
,hownar
rat
orsusenar
rat
ivemeansi
nor
dert
ogi
ve(
nar
rat
ive)f
orm

andt
her
ebymakesenseofev
ent
sandexper
iences.I
nor
dert
obeabl
etodot
his,
thi
s

chapt
erdr
ewont
hreeappr
oachest
owor
kwi
thnar
rat
ives:
(i)al
i
ngui
sti
c-based

appr
oacht
hatwor
kst
hrought
hel
exi
cal
andsy
ntact
icconf
igur
ati
onsoft
ext
sand

f
oll
owst
hei
rbui
l
d-upi
ntot
het
opi
cal
organi
zat
ionoft
het
ext
,(i
i
)acogni
ti
ve-
based

appr
oacht
hatwor
ksf
rom t
heassumpt
iont
hatt
hest
orysegment
sar
ehel
dtoget
herby

anov
erar
chi
ngst
ruct
ureoft
hepl
otor
gani
zat
ion,
and(
ii
i)ani
nter
act
ive-
basedappr
oach

t
hatv
iewsst
ori
es(
andt
hei
rmeani
ngs)asl
ocal
accompl
i
shment
samongpar
ti
cipant
s.

Al
thoughal
lthr
eeappr
oacheswor
kwi
thdi
ff
erentassumpt
ionsofwhatpeopl
edowhen

t
heyengagei
nst
ory
-tel
l
ingact
ivi
ti
es,
andal
thougheachoft
hem st
art
sfr
om di
ff
erent

uni
tsofanal
ysi
sasanal
yti
cgi
vensand,
inaddi
ti
on,
isl
i
kel
ytoaskdi
ff
erentt
ypesof

r
esear
chquest
ions,
wet
ookt
heset
hreeappr
oachesandappl
i
edt
hem t
oapar
ti
cul
ar

i
nst
anceofst
ory
tel
l
ing.

Thepar
ti
cul
ari
nst
anceofst
ory
tel
l
ingwasdel
i
ber
atel
yonei
nwhi
cht
her
ear
e

di
ff
erentway
sofmaki
ngsenseoft
hest
ory
--whatt
hest
oryi
saboutandt
hepur
posei
t

canbear
guedt
oser
vei
nter
act
ivel
y.Wef
ir
stwer
eusi
ngt
hemet
hodsav
ail
abl
eto

i
dent
if
ywhet
hert
her
eact
ual
l
yisast
oryt
hati
sbei
ngshar
ed,
andwher
ethi
sst
oryst
art
s

andends.Fr
om t
her
ewemadet
ranspar
entt
hedi
ff
erentl
ayer
soft
opi
cal
consi
stency

andt
hemat
iccoher
encei
nor
dert
omov
eint
othequest
ionwhati
nter
act
ivepur
poses

37
t
het
ell
i
ngoft
hisst
orymayhav
ehad.Endi
ngupwi
thnodef
ini
ti
veanswermaybe

v
iewedasashor
tcomi
ngoft
hemet
hodsempl
oyed.Howev
er,
rat
hert
hangi
vi
ng

def
ini
ti
veanswer
stopar
ti
cul
arr
esear
chquest
ions,
itwast
hedecl
aredpur
poseoft
his

chapt
ert
orai
sequest
ionst
owhi
chnar
rat
iveappr
oachesmaybeusedi
nsear
chf
or

answer
s.

Tur
ningbackt
otheov
erar
chi
nggoal
oft
her
esear
chpr
ojectf
rom wher
ethi
s

smal
li
nter
act
ivenar
rat
ivehador
igi
nat
ed,
whi
chwast
hei
nvest
igat
ionof10-
15-
year
-ol
d

boy
s’posi
ti
oni
ngst
rat
egi
es(
al eddi
socal
l scur
siv
eori
nter
pret
iver
eper
toi
res)
,ther
e

nev
ert
hel
essar
esomei
mpor
tanti
nsi
ght
swear
eabl
etot
akeawayf
rom t
hiski
ndof

anal
ysi
sper
for
medsof
ar.Whatcanbei
nter
pret
edasambi
val
encebet
weenhear
ing

Vi
ctorasbot
hcompl
ai ngandboast
ni ingmaybenot
hingmor
ethannav
igat
ing

di
l
emmat
icposi
ti
onst
hatpul
li
ntodi
ff
erentdi
rect
ions.Onepul
lthatwecoul
dident
if
yin

si
mil
arnar
rat
iveswi
thi
nthi
sagegr
oupofboy
sist
aki
ngshapei
napl
otor
ient
ati
on(
also

edmast
cal
l ernar
rat
ive)
,wi
thi
nwhi
chy
oungboy
sseekt
odi
ff
erent
iat
ea(
mal
e)senseof

sel
ffr
om t
hef
emal
eot
her
,whi
l
etheot
herpl
otor
ient
ati
onpul
l
sforamor
eint
egr
ated

appr
oachof(
mal
e)sel
fand(
femal
e)ot
her
.Bot
har
edi
ff
erenti
nter
msofr
elat
ional

i
nvest
ment
sinot
her
s,i
.e.
,thosewhoar
epl
acedi
nmember
shi
pcat
egor
iesdi
ff
erent

f
rom sel
fandi
n-gr
oup,
andatt
hesamet
imebot
hpl
otor
ient
ati
onsdodi
ff
erent

di
scur
siv
ewor
kindi
ff
erentsi
tuat
ions(
cf.Bamber
g,2010b;
Bamber
g&Geor
gakopoul
ou,

2008)
.Indeed,
findi
ngsl
i
ket
hisl
edust
oreal
i
zet
hepot
ent
ial
ofst
ory
-tel
l
ingpr
act
ices

ast
hef
iel
dparexcel
l
encewher
edi
ff
erentnar
rat
ivepl
otor
ient
ati
onsar
etr
iedoutand

nav
igat
edas,
whatwecal
l i
ed,dent
it
ypr
oject
s(Bamber
g,2020b;
Bamber
g,DeFi
na&

Schi
ff
ri
n,2010)
.Hav
ingst
art
edatt
heonsetoft
hiscont
ri
but
ionf
rom adef
ini
ti
on

38
accor
dingt
owhi
chnar
rat
ives‘
giv
enar
rat
ivef
ormt
oexper
ience,
’wenowar
eabl
eto

r
efi
net
hisdef
ini
ti
on:Apar
tfr
om exact
lydoi
ngt
hat
,nar
rat
ivesi
nthewayt
heyar
e

pr
act
icedi
nev
ery
dayi
nter
act
ionsal
soar
ethet
est
inggr
oundsf
orcompl
i
anceand

r
esi
stancet
odomi
nantv
ersi
ons,
wher
eambi
val
encecani
nter
act
ivel
ybedi
spl
ayedand

t
ri
edouti
ndi
ff
erentcommuni
ti
esofpr
act
ices,
andwher
ethesenar
rat
ivepr
act
icesar
e

t
hegr
oundsi
nwhi
chi
dent
it
iesandsenseofsel
fcanconst
ant
lybei
nnov
atedand

r
edef
ined.

Theat
tempthasbeenmadet
oshowt
hateachoft
het
hreeappr
oachesl
aidout

i
nthi
schapt
erhasi
tsownmer
it
sandshor
tcomi
ngs.Maki
ngt
ranspar
entwhatcohesi
ve

t
iesf
eedt
hebui
l
d-upofwhatt
het
exti
stopi
cal
l
yaboutf
ormsaf
ir
standnecessar
yst
ep

i
ncui
ngt
heaudi
encei
ntowhatact
ivi
tyi
sgoi
ngonandwhatt
hepot
ent
ial
pur
posesmay

bef
ormaki
ngt
hatpar
ti
cul
arexper
iencef
rom f
ivey
ear
sagor
elev
antt
otheher
e-and-

nowoft
het
ell
i
ngsi
tuat
ion.Anal
yzi
ngt
hepar
twhol
erel
ati
onshi
psi
nter
msoft
hei
rtop-

downconcept
ual
int
egr
ati
oni
ntopl
otor
gani
zat
ionspr
esent
sasecondl
ayerofanal
yti
c

wor
kthatpoi
ntst
owar
dsomeov
erar
chi
ngt
hemat
icr
elev
ancet
hatt
hest
orymayhav
e

f
ort
henar
rat
or-
-agai
nti
edi
ntot
hel
ocal
sit
uat
ionofshar
ing.Howev
er,
bot
hanal
yti
c

pr
ocedur
esr
emai
nfi
xat
edont
ext
s,ei
theri
nter
msoft
hei
rli
ngui
sti
corconcept
ual

st
ruct
uri
ng.Theybot
hfor
m st
art
ingpoi
ntst
obecompl
ement
edbyscr
uti
nyofat
hir
d

anal
yti
clay
ert
hatt
urnsmor
ecl
osel
ytot
hef
unct
ionsoft
het
ext
ual
meansanal
yzedi
n

t
hepr
ecedi
ngt
wol
ayer
s.I
naddi
ti
on,
thi
sappr
oachal
sosuggest
sinv
est
igat
ingt
hei
nter

-
text
ual
embeddednessoft
het
ext(
thebef
oreandaf
ter
)al
ongwi
t heuseofot
ht her

bodi
l
ymeanst
hatar
ebr
oughtt
obeari
nthet
ell
i
ngoft
henar
rat
ive.Asdocument
ed,
thi
s

l
ayerofi
nter
pret
iveanal
ysi
stakest
hei
nter
pret
eri
ntot
her
eal
m ofnar
rat
ivepr
act
icesas

39
t
hepl
acet
oanal
yzet
hepur
poseandt
heaccompl
i
shmentofwhati
sgoi
ngon.

I
tshoul
dbenot
edt
hatr
e-concept
ual
i
zingt
het
hreenar
rat
ivemet
hods(
text
sas

wor
dsandsent
ences;
text
saspl
otsandt
hemes;
andgoi
ngbey
ondt
het
extandaski
ng

whyt
hisst
oryher
e-and-
now)asanal
yti
clay
erst
hatof
feri
nsi
ght
sint
onar
rat
ivesas

t
ext
s-i
n-i
nter
act
ionsi
snotst
rai
ght
for
war
d.Ont
heonehand,
itneedst
obeemphasi
zed

t
hatt
heanal
yti
cor
ient
ati
onsst
artf
rom di
ff
erentassumpt
ionsaboutt
heper
son,
about

l
anguage,
andaboutnar
rat
ive.Thet
hreeor
ient
ati
onsal
soar
einspi
redbydi
ff
erent

r
esear
cht
radi
ti
ons,
aski
ngdi
ff
erent(
resear
ch)quest
ions.Agai
nstt
hisbackdr
op,
the

useoft
hreeappr
oachesasmat
ri
cesf
ordi
ff
erentanal
yti
clay
ersshoul
dnotbe

const
ruedasat
ickett
o(r
andoml
y)mi
xmet
hodsort
otr
iangul
atei
nor
dert
ofi
ndout

mor
eaboutnar
rat
ivet
ext
sand/
orpr
act
ices.Nev
ert
hel
ess,
andt
hisi
sat
opi
cwor
th

f
oll
owi
ngupel
sewher
e,seei
ngt
het
hreedi
ff
erentappr
oachesappl
i
ednextt
oone

anot
her
--
modi
fyi
ngt
hedat
acont
inuousl
ysot
hatt
heset
hreeappr
oachescanspeakt
o

t
hedat
a(andt
hedat
atot
hedi
ff
erentquest
ionsbei
ngpur
sued)
,hel
psseei
ngt
hem as

pr
act
icest
hatar
enotnecessar
il
yonl
yincompet
it
ionbutal
soempl
oyabl
etoget
her
.

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43