TIS 792-2011

Thai Industrial Standards

Ceramic Sanitary Wares: Water Closets

TIS 792 – 2011

 Thai Industrial Standards
Vitreous China Sanitary Appliances: Bowl

1. Scope
1.1 This industrial standard covers sanitary ware: Only for the toilet made from ceramic
including of toilet with cistern assembly type and flush-valve bowl type. The flushing
volume per time is not over 3 litres or 6 litres cisterns upon bowl system
1.2 This standard does not cover squat bowl, seat and lid.

2. Definition
2.1 Ceramic sanitary wares: This standard will refer to as “toilet” is a ceramic product for
sanitary cleansing consisting of a bowl with or without a cistern. The bowl has a seat
to support users.
2.2 Ceramic: Glanced clay wares fired in high temperature its firm finishes with the low
water absorption rate.
2.3 Cisterns: Sanitary appliances that are parted of toilets. Used for adequate water
storage enough for the each flush. Cistern interior has a tank trim installed.
2.4 Lid: The part of toilets that used with cisterns.
2.5 Toilet with cistern-assembly type is a toilet that has a cistern. Cleansing a bowl can
be done by operating a tank trim (see figure 1).
2.6 Tank trim: a device consists of inlet and outlet valve installed inside a cistern. The
inlet valve can allow water to fill the cistern and can control the inlet water volume.
The outlet valve can allow water to flush the bowl and can control the outlet water
volume.
2.7 Single-flush One-piece toilet: a toilet with an integrated cistern assembly. It has an
outlet valve which can flush its bowl with up to 6 L per flush (see figure 1).
2.8 Dual-flush One-piece toilet: a toilet with an integrated cistern assembly. It has an
outlet valve which can flush its bowl with up to 6L per flush for faecal cleansing or up
to 3L per flush for urinary cleansing.
2.9 Single-flush WC: a toilet with a segregated cistern assembly. It has an outlet valve
which can flush its bowl with up to 6 L per flush (see figure 1).
2.10 Dual-flush WC: a toilet with a segregated cistern assembly. It has an outlet valve
which can flush its bowl with up to 6 L per flush for faecal cleansing or up to 3 L per
flush for urinary cleansing.
2.11 Flush-valve WC: a toilet without a cistern assembly. Utilizing a flush valve for the
bowl cleansing.
2.12 Flush valve: a device that can turn cleansing water on or off.
2.13 Water line: The line shows the highest water level in the cistern. A floating inlet valve
should shut the water flow immediately when water flows into the cistern exceeding
this line.
2.14 Casting slip drain hole: An orifice for drawing slip remaining after casting of a work
piece, especially hollow casting.
2.15 Visible Surface: The surface which is visible after installation.
2.16 Flushing Surface: The visible surface which becomes wet during the operation.
2.17 Pottery Square: A 50x50 mm (2500 mm2) square size for quality check.
2.18 Warpage: Deformation resulting in the manufacturing process.
2.19 Craze: Fine cracks in the glaze.
2.20 Dunt: A hair-line fracture in the glaze extending through the body.
2.21 Fire Check: A fine shallow crack in the body not covered with glaze resulting from
firing.
2.22 Dull or Eggshell Finish: Undeveloped glaze or a non-glossy eggshell-like finish.
2.23 Wavy glaze: A defect in the finish having the appearance of numerous runs in the
glaze; an irregular or mottled finish.
2.24 Speck: An area of contrasting colour bigger than 0.25 mm but not bigger than 1.0
mm.
2.25 Spot: An area of contrasting colour bigger than 1.0 mm but not bigger than 3.0 mm.
2.26 Large Spot: An area of contrasting colour bigger than 3.0 mm but not bigger than 6.0
mm.
2.27 Discoloration: An area of contrasting colour bigger than 6 mm or sufficient numbers
of specks/spots that can change the colour of sanitary appliances.
2.28 Blister: A raised portion of the glazed surface 1.0 mm to 3.0 mm
2.29 Pinhole: A small hole in the glazed surface less than 0.3 mm to 2.0 mm
2.30 Bubble: A raised portion of the glazed surface or a sand speck less than 1.0 mm
2.31 Polishing Mark: A spot not larger than 10 mm where minor blemish has been
removed by polishing.

Figure 1 One-Piece Toilet Single-Flush

(Item 2.5 and 2.7)

Figure 2 Single Flush WC

(Item 2.5 and 2.9)
 Figure 3 Flush-Valve WC
(Item 2.11)

3. Model, Category, Type and Quality Level

3.1 Model – toilets can be classified into 2 models:
3.1.1 Floor-mount model
3.1.2 Wall-mount model
3.2 Category and type - toilets are classified into 2 categories:
3.2.1 Cistern Assembly Category including these following 4 types:
3.2.1.1 Single-Flush One-Piece toilet
3.2.1.2 Dual-Flush One-Piece toilet
3.2.1.3 Single-Flush WC
3.2.1.4 Dual-Flush WC
3.2.2 Flush-Valve toilet
3.3 Quality Level
3.3.1 Quality Level 1
3.3.2 Quality Level 2

4. Dimensions and Tolerances

4.1 Width, length and height: shall be as specified by the manufacturer in the technical
drawing with a tolerance +/- 3%. Measurement shall comply with item 9.1.1
4.2 Thickness: must be thicker than 6.0 mm measuring away from slip holes at least 10
mm. The measurement shall comply with item 9.1.2
4.3 Water seal (see picture4): all types of toilets must have the height of the water level
not be less than 50 mm. The measurement shall comply with item 9.1.3

Figure 4 Seal Height

(Item 4.3 and 9.1.3)

5. Requirements
5.1 General
5.1.1 Surface: the surface of toilets quality level 1 and 2 must be free of defects. In
case of defect, it must be complied with table 1 and item 9.2.1
5.1.2 Warpage (only quality level 1): Following item 9.2.2, the toilet must not warp
more than 6.0 mm
 Table 1 Toilet Defects

(Item 5.1.1 and 9.2.1.2)

Criteria
Defects Defective Size Quality Level 2 Quality Level 1
Flushing Surface Visible Surface Flushing Surface Visible Surface
Dunt
(2.20)
Fire Check
Not allowed
(2.21)
Not specified
Dull
(2.22)
Wavy glaze Not allowed
(2.23)
more than 3 mm
Large Spot
but less than 6
(2.26)
mm Allowed
Discoloration
more than 6 mm
(2.27)
Speck from 0.25 mm to
(2.24) less than 1.0 mm Maximum of 2 Maximum of 3
Maximum of 2 Maximum of 3 within a pottery within a pottery
Bubble within a pottery within a pottery square. Total of square. Total of
less than 1.0 mm 4. 10.
(2.30) square. Total of square. Total of
4. 10.
more than 1.0 mm
Spot
but less than 3
(2.25)
mm Allowed
Blister from 1.0 mm but Total of 3 and Total of 5 and
(2.28) less than 3 mm not grouping not grouping

Pinhole from 0.3 mm to Total of 3 and Total of 5 and

(2.29) 2.0 mm not grouping not grouping
Polishing Mark
less than 10 mm Total of 1
(2.31)
5.2 Performance
5.2.1 Cleanability (only dual-flush toilets with less than 3 liters per flush)
When tested as in item 9.3.1, the color of the sample must be lighter than or
equal to the reference solution.
5.2.2 Air leak
When tested as in item 9.3.2, must not be leaked.
5.2.3 Sump
A sump of a bowl must have diameter at least 38 mm. Follow the test
procedure in item 9.3.3.
5.2.4 Water containment
A bowl must be able to contain the water without leaking.
Follow the test procedure in item 9.3.4.
5.2.5 Flushing (only dual flush one-piece toilet with less than 6 liters per flush,
single flush one-piece toilet and flush-valve toilet)
Following the test procedure in item 9.3.5.1, toilet papers must be
completely flushed and there must be no ink left on a bowl.
5.2.6 Water volume and water flow rate
When tested as in item 9.3.5.2, the used water volume must be as specified
by manufacturers and water must flow out within 10 seconds
5.3 Crazing
When tested as in item 9.4, must be no crazing
5.4 Water absorption
When tested as in item 9.5, the water absorption of each specimen must not exceed
0.75% and the average water absorption of all specimens must not exceed 0.50%
5.5 Chemical Resistance
When tested as in item 9.6, the glaze must not be different from the reference
sample.
 6. Container
6.1 Bowls and/or cisterns and lids must be contained in proper containers to prevent
any damage that could occur during transportation and storage

7. Mark and Label

7.1 Each unit of bowls and/or cisterns with covers shall, at least, bear letter, number or
mark representing legibly and clearly of the following information:
(1) Name of manufacturer or factory, or registered trade mark
7.2 Each container unit of bowls and/or cisterns with covers shall, at least, bear letter,
number or mark representing legibly and clearly of the following information:
(1) Name of toilet
(2) Color
(3) Model, Category, Type and Quality Level
(4) Product Code
(5) Name of manufacturer or factory, or registered trade mark
(6) Country of origin
In case of foreign language used, the meaning must be corresponded to Thai
specified above.
Note: In case of packaging is such that a product is not totally enclosed or
marking is not permitted, only mark a product code and type of the
product.

8. Sampling and Judgement Procedure

8.1 Sampling and judgement procedure must comply with Appendix A

9. Test Procedure
9.1 Dimensions
9.1.1 Width, length and height
 Use proper measuring equipment with 1-mm resolution, measure as defined
in a drawing
9.1.2 Thickness
Use proper measuring equipment with 0.05-mm resolution, measure the
thickness of 3 pieces of water absorption specimens. Report the average to
the second decimal point.
9.1.3 Water Seal
Release water into a specimen to the maximum level. Use proper measuring
equipment with 1-mm resolution, measure the water level from the lowest
point of the water seal wall to the water surface (see figure 4). Measure at
least 2 points and report the lowest measurement.
9.2 General
9.2.1 Surface
9.2.1.1 An inspector must not be familiar with a sample. Inspect the sample
from 600 +/- 10 mm distance, under day-light fluorescent with
1,100 lux or under sun light.
(1) Locate the sample vertically and inspect for the front side
(2) Locate the sample 45o and inspect the side of the sample
(3) Locate the sample 45o and inspect the back side of the sample
9.2.1.2 After inspected as in item 9.2.1.1 and found large spot,
discoloration, speck, bubble, spot, blister, pinhole and polishing
mark exceeding the criteria in table 1, item 5.1.1. Examine the
defect with a scope or proper measuring equipment.
9.2.2 Warpage (only quality level 1)
9.2.2.1 Floor-mount
(1) Floor face
Position the specimen so that the tested side is in contact with a flat
surface. Insert a feeler gauge as appropriated into the largest gap
between the specimen and the flat surface.
 (2) Rim face
Position the floor-mount bowl on the flat floor or wall-mount bowl
on the smooth vertical wall. Place a spirit level gauge across the left
and right rim horizontally. If the specimen is not warped, the bubble
will position at the centre. If the bubble positions toward either
side, uses a feeler gauge to underpin the opposite side of the bubble
until the bubble move toward the centre. The warpage is the total
value of the feeler gauge used.
9.2.2.2 Wall mount
(1) Wall face
Position the specimen so that the tested side is in contact with a
flat wall. Insert a feeler gauge as appropriated into the largest gap
between the specimen and the wall.
(2) Rim face
Position the floor-mount bowl on the flat floor or wall-mount
bowl on the smooth vertical wall. Place a spirit level gauge across
the left and right rim horizontally. If the specimen is not warped,
the bubble will position at the centre. If the bubble positions
toward either side, uses a feeler gauge to underpin the opposite
side of the bubble until the bubble move toward the centre. The
warpage is the total value of the feeler gauge used.
9.3 Performance
9.3.1 Cleanability (only dual-flush one piece toilet with less than 3 litres per flush)
9.3.1.1 Solution Preparation
Dissolve 1 g of Methylene Blue to 1 litre water. This is the 100%
concentrated solution.
9.3.1.2 Pan Preparation
Ensure that a pan is clean. Flush the pan with normal water once to
clean it.
 9.3.1.3 Testing Procedure
(1) Pour 0.1 L of the solution to the water spot in the pan. Ensure
that there’s no splash. Stir it well
(2) Take 15 ml and add 0.5 L of water, this is 3% concentrated
solution. Keep it in a test tube for reference.
(3) Flush the remained water in the pan. The water volume must
not exceed 3 L.
(4) Take 25 ml of the water from the pan and visually compare it
with the reference solution from item (2).
(5) Repeats item 9.3.1.2 to 9.3.1.3(4) for 3 times
9.3.1.4 Judgement
The color of the sample must be lighter than the reference solution
for all 3 times to pass the test.
9.3.2 Air leak
Install the specimen levelly. Release water to the bowl to the maximum
level. Apply air pressure to the water outlet until it reaches 500 Pa. Keep the
pressure for 3 minutes. Check if there is any leak.
9.3.3 Sump
Use smooth surface sphere made from plastic or wood with 38 +2 -0 mm
diameter. The sphere must be able to roll through the sump.
9.3.4 Water Containment
Install the specimen levelly, fills up the water in the sump and marks the
maximum water level. After 10 hours, inspect the water level whether it
decreases from the mark or not. If it decreases, it must not be less than the
water level on a reference container which has similar cross-section area to
the sump.
9.3.5 Flush (only dual flush one-piece toilet with maximum of 6 litre per flush,
single flush one-piece toilet and flush-valve toilet)
 9.3.5.1 Flush
(1) Preparation
(1.1) Cistern-assembly Toilets
Install a toilet according to the manufacturer instructions.
(1.2) Flush-valve Toilets
Adjust the water flow to 1 L/s minimum.
(1.3) Determine toilet paper absorption time
Place 2 pieces of toilet papers, 250-mm length, on top of each other.
Then, place them over water surface, The water absorption time is
the time when papers touch the water until there is a 3-mm water
spot on the top paper.
(2) Materials
Uses toilet paper approximately 110-mm width and 750-mm length as
described quantity in table 2 based on water absorption time of the toilet
paper, crumples each toilet paper yielding a 50-75-mm ball.

Table 3 Toilet Paper Quantity

(Item 9.3.5.1 (2))

Absorption Time Toilet Paper

Seconds Pieces
0 to 3 7
4 to 6 6
7 to 15 5

(3) Test Procedure

For Cistern-Assembly Toilets
Release water to the specimen cistern until it reaches water line. Draw the
50-mm line at 30 mm below the flush inlet in the bowl washable area with
water soluble ink. Drop toilet paper balls and flushes immediately. If all of
the toilet paper balls disappear from the specimen and no trace of the ink
line left after flushing, it is passed.
 For Flush-Valve Toilets
Draw the 50-mm line at 30 mm below the flush inlet in the bowl washable
area with water soluble ink. Drop toilet paper balls and flushes
immediately. If all of the toilet paper balls disappear from the specimen
and no trace of the ink line left after flushing, it is passed.

9.3.5.2 Flushing volume and water flow rate

Prepare the test as in item 9.3.5.1 (1) without an outlet pipe and
prepares a container for the water. Fill up the cistern to its water
line, seal the inlet; inspect the water leakage. If there is no water
come out from the cistern, flush the toilet. Measure the water
volume that comes out from the toilet and time from when water
starts coming out from the outlet until stops.
Note: 1. Can perform this test along with item 9.3.5.1
2. After the performance tests, cut both toilets for craze, water
absorption and chemical resistance
9.4 Craze
9.4.1 Specimen
Each specimen, with glaze on one side, without glaze on the other side, has
approximately 25,000 mm2 surface area, 3 pieces:
(1) 1 piece from the flushing surface
(2) 2 pieces from the visible surface
9.4.2 Test procedure
Inspect the specimens from item 9.4.1 for any cracks or crazes from the
preparation using Methylene Blue solution. Mark the location of the crack or
craze if found. Then steam pressure the specimens in an autoclave, which
has 0.33 MPa to 0.37 MPa pressure, for 10 hours or 2 times of 5 hours steam
when the interval between these 2 steams is less than 24 hours. After the
steam, release the pressure and dwell the specimens until cool down to the
 room temperature. Soak the specimens in Methylene Blue solution or any
similar solution with wetting agent included for at least 5 hours. Examine for
crazing.
9.5 Water Absorption
9.5.1 Specimen
Each specimen, with glaze on one side, without glaze on the other side, has
approximately 10,000 mm2 surface area, 3 pieces:
(1) 1 piece from the flushing surface
(2) 2 pieces from the visible surface
9.5.2 Test procedure
9.5.2.1 Cure the specimens at 110+5-5oC to the constant mass. Cool down
the specimens in a desiccator containing to the room temperature.
Individually weight the dried specimens to 0.1 g resolution (M1).
9.5.2.2 Place the specimens in the vacuum device at 4000 Pa vacuum for 1
hour. Add cold freshly-boiled distilled water to the vessel without
reducing the vacuum, until the specimens are covered. Admit the
air into the vessel while moving the specimens until there is no
more bubble coming out from them.
9.5.2.3 Boil the specimens on another vessel while they are fully submerged
for not less than 20 minutes. Allow them to cool down for at least
12 hours. Individually, remove any surface water with a clean damp
cloth and weigh specimens (M2).
9.5.3 Calculation

Percentage of water absorption =

where
M1 = mass of dry specimen (gram)
M2 = mass of wet specimen (gram)
9.5.4 Test Report
Report each water absorption percentage and the average of the 3
specimens.
9.6 Chemical Resistance
9.6.1 Solution and Preparation
9.6.1.1 Acetic acid solution 10% by weight
9.6.1.2 Citric acid solution 10% by weight
9.6.1.3 Laundry Detergent solution 0.3% by weight
Laundry detergent powder for hand laundry according to TIS 78
approximately 0.3 grams in 0.1 litres of distilled water.
9.6.1.4 Hydrochloric acid solution 1+1
Consist of equal volumes of distilled water and hydrochloric acid of
density 1.18
9.6.1.5 Sodium Hydroxide solution 5% by weight
9.6.1.6 Sodium stearate solution 0.15% by weight
9.6.1.7 Sulfuric acid solution 3% by weight
9.6.2 Specimen
Each specimen, with glaze on one side, without glaze on the other side, has
approximately 25x75 mm, 8 pieces:
(1) 1 piece from flushing surfaces
(2) 2 pieces from visible surfaces
(3) 5 pieces from rim surfaces
9.6.3 Test Procedure
9.6.3.1 Place 1 piece of the specimens from item 9.6.2(3) in a desiccators
and used as a control specimen
9.6.3.2 Immerse one each of the other seven specimens in each of the
solution from item 9.6.1. The immersion time and temperature are
specified in Table 4. Then clean and dry them.
9.6.3.3 Examine each specimen in item 9.6.3.2 for discoloration and
deterioration comparing them to the control specimen in item
9.6.3.1 from 250 mm distance under 300 lux light. Do not examine
under the sunlight.
 Table 4 Immersion Time and Temperature

(Item 9.6.3)

Immersion Time Temperature

Solution and Concentration
(hour) (oC)

Acetic acid solution 10% by weight 16 100

Citric acid solution 10% by weight 16 100

Laundry Detergent solution 0.3% by weight 48 60

Hydrochloric acid solution 1+1 48 15-21

Sodium Hydroxide solution 5% by weight 0.5 60

Sodium stearate solution 0.15% by weight 48 60

Sulfuric acid solution 3% by weight 16 100

 Appendix A
Sampling and Judgement
A.1 Batch in this appendix means same model, type, category and quality of toilets which
made, delivered or sold during the same period of time.
A.1.1 Model means toilets that are the same model, type, category and quality
level as per design
A.1.2 Code means toilet models which has same flush valves or cisterns and same
tank trims as per design
A.2 Sampling and acceptance criteria should comply with the following sampling plan or
could utilize another sampling plan which is academically similar to the given
sampling
A.2.1 Sampling and Acceptance criteria for dimension (except thickness) and
general appearance test
A.2.1.1 Sampling from the same model as per the defined quantity in Table
A.1, test the general appearance prior to the dimension test (except
thickness).
A.2.1.2 It is acceptable if the number of specimens which are not complied
with item 4.1, 4.3 and 5.1 less than the acceptable quantity defined
in Table A.1

Table A.1 Sampling Plan for dimension (except thickness) and general appearance test

(Item A.2.1)

Batch Size Sample Size Acceptable

Units Units Quantity
less than 500 2 0
501 to 3,200 8 1
More than 3,200 13 2

A.2.2 Sampling and acceptable criteria for thickness test, acceptable characteristics
and dimensions (width, length and height)
 A.2.2.1 Uses 2 units of good samples from A.2.1 for performance test prior
to the thickness, water absorption, crazing and chemical resistance
test

A.2.2.2 It is acceptable if all samples are complied with item 4.2, 5.2, 5.3,
5.4 and 5.5.

A.3 Judgement

It is acceptable if toilet samples are complied with item A.2.1.2 and A.2.2.2