i.

Physical chemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the study of how matter behaves on a
molecular and atomic level, and how chemical reactions occur. Earth chemistry, on the other hand, is
the study of the chemical composition and processes of the Earth's system, including the atmosphere,
hydrosphere, and lithosphere.

ii. Dr. Abdus Salam was a theoretical physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979. Dr. Atta-ur-
Rahman is a renowned organic chemist known for his research in the various areas of organic chemistry.
Dr. Samar Mubarakmand is a nuclear physicist who played a key role in Pakistan's nuclear weapons
testing.

iii. Glass is a non-crystalline, often transparent amorphous solid, commonly used for windows, bottles,
or eyewear. It is made by heating a mixture of silica (sand), soda (sodium carbonate), and lime (calcium
oxide) to a high temperature until it melts and then allowing it to cool without crystallizing.

iv. Pesticides can have several impacts, including potential harm to non-target species, contamination of
soil, water, and air, and potential health risks to humans and wildlife through exposure and
bioaccumulation.

v. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are harmful as they contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer when
they are released into the atmosphere. This increases the amount of harmful UV radiation reaching the
Earth's surface, which can cause skin cancer and cataracts in humans and harm to aquatic ecosystems.

vi. Blood is composed of several components: red blood cells (carry oxygen), white blood cells (fight
infection), platelets (aid in clotting), and plasma (the liquid component that carries cells, platelets,
nutrients, hormones, and waste products).

viii. Examples of chemical changes in daily life include: 1) Cooking an egg, where heat changes the
proteins in the egg white and yolk. 2) Rusting of iron, where oxygen in the air reacts with the metal. 3)
Digestion of food, where enzymes in the body break down food into nutrients.

ix. Conventional sources of energy are those that have been traditionally used for many years, such as
coal, oil, natural gas, and nuclear energy. They are typically non-renewable and contribute significantly
to greenhouse gas emissions.

x. Major diseases caused by smoking include lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),
heart disease, stroke, and various other types of cancer such as oral, throat, esophageal, and bladder
cancer.

xi. Signs and symptoms of tuberculosis can include a persistent cough that lasts more than three weeks,
chest pain, coughing up blood, fatigue, weight loss, night sweats, chills, and fever.

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Q.3 Non-Conventional Sources of Energy: Solar and Wind Energy

1. Solar Energy: Solar energy is a form of renewable energy that is harnessed from the sun's rays.
The nature of solar energy is such that it is abundant, inexhaustible, and clean. It is harnessed
using solar panels, which convert sunlight into electricity. This process is known as
photovoltaics. Solar energy can also be used for heating purposes, such as in solar water
heaters. The utility of solar energy is vast. It can be used for residential, commercial, and
 industrial purposes. It reduces dependence on fossil fuels, thereby reducing greenhouse gas
emissions. It is also cost-effective in the long run, as the cost of installing solar panels is offset by
the savings on energy bills.

2. Wind Energy: Wind energy is another form of renewable energy that harnesses the power of the
wind to generate electricity. Wind turbines are used to capture this energy. The nature of wind
energy is that it is clean, renewable, and widely available. The utility of wind energy is seen in its
application in both onshore and offshore wind farms. It is a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels
and helps in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Wind energy is also cost-effective, with the
cost of wind power decreasing significantly over the years.

Q.4 Cleanliness ensures health: Cleanliness is not just about maintaining a neat and tidy environment,
but it also plays a crucial role in ensuring our health. A clean environment reduces the risk of disease
transmission. Regular cleaning eliminates harmful bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens that can cause
illness. Cleanliness also extends to personal hygiene, such as regular hand washing, which is one of the
most effective ways to prevent the spread of diseases. Moreover, a clean environment promotes mental
health by reducing stress and enhancing productivity. Therefore, cleanliness plays a vital role in
maintaining both physical and mental health.

Q.5 Developments in the Medical Field:

1. Development of Vaccines: Vaccines have been a major breakthrough in the medical field,
providing immunity against various diseases like polio, measles, and more recently, COVID-19.

2. Advancements in Medical Imaging: Technologies like MRI, CT scans, and ultrasound have
revolutionized the way diseases are diagnosed and treated.

3. Genomic Medicine: The Human Genome Project and subsequent developments in genomic
medicine have paved the way for personalized medicine, where treatments are tailored to an
individual's genetic makeup.

4. Telemedicine: With the advent of the internet and digital technologies, telemedicine has made
healthcare more accessible, especially in remote areas.

5. Robotic Surgery: The introduction of robotic surgery has improved precision and reduced
recovery time in surgical procedures.

Q.6 Impacts of Chemical Products: Chemical products have both positive and negative impacts on our
lives and the environment. On the positive side, they are used in a wide range of applications, from
cleaning products to pharmaceuticals, enhancing our quality of life. However, the production and
disposal of chemical products can have significant environmental impacts. They can contribute to air and
water pollution, and many chemicals are non-biodegradable, leading to long-term environmental
contamination. Some chemicals are also hazardous to human health, causing illnesses ranging from
respiratory problems to cancer. Therefore, it is crucial to manage chemical products responsibly to
minimize their negative impacts.