aROVp 6.

Exp. 28

TASTE AND SMELL

Taste
Aims and cbicctives
To iest whether subject can detect and distinguish sweet, sou, salty and bitter tastes.
2. To map out the distributions of the various taste buds on the tongue.
To investigate the effects of anaesthesia on the taste buds
4. To investigate the effects of electrical stimulation of the test buds. x

Meihodoiogy
Direct application method is used.

Equipment
Test solutions in beakers labelled I, I H IV.
Potassium permanganate sterilizing solution
Lignocaine 2% sohution
Tcst papcr strips
Filter paper
iead Penci
2 volt battery scurce
Non polarisabie eiectrode assembiy
Cieanuinking waler in fiask.
B Procecure

The group chooses subject, reader, investigator and recorder.

2 The invesiigaior identifies he various iesi sampies labelled LHMIV.
3 Theinvestigator seats thesubject comfortably on he stool provided.
4 The nvest:gator requests the subject to open the mouth and protrude the
tongué out ceariy and mauitaitis it un that positicn.
The tongue is dried with filter paper then investigator deeps test paper stip in test
sample marked I. The investigator paints the tip, sides, centre and back of
subjecis tongue using thesampie on the test strip in turrIS, observes and notes the
rcacticn, lacial cAprcssion and tumc takcrn botwccn applicatiOn of tcst samplc and
sensation of the subject. The resuits is recorded in tabie I The subject is asked
to report on the sensation felt at the region, of the tongue tested and is recorded im

The investigator thcn taps thc subjcct's tonguc tip using thc icad pencil stenliscd in
potassium permanganate soiution provided and notes response in terms of time,
sensation feit by subjec, andrecords results in tabie I. The subject is asked to wash
cf the tongue using the clean drinking water provided
The procecure 4 end 5 above is repeated using different test samples (I, , IV) and
Iesulis CCOrded in tabie
Procecure 4cbore 2s repeated and the tongue dried with 1lter paper. The tip, s:des
back of !cngue is painted in turns with lignocaine soluion provided The subjects
sesái:fei ediime iaken bettveeli aolicatien of lignocanc is tecorded for each
: 2 i T a l e d evcer: i02shne 3: the 1ongue
 Withcuu washing or drying the subject tongue. The inestigatcr peints in turs ip,
sides centre and hack of the tongue with test sampie i and records the resuBts.
10. The tongue is washed and procedure 8 aid 9 is
& V. repeated using test soluticns H,H
ii. The invesligaior asks the subject lorinse mouth with
wash off all the test soluticn applied and the tongue clean drinking waler lo
inlter paper. Using2 volts DCcurent source through the of the subject is dried with
appiy cuTeNt out put across the tongue on the apex, sideselectrodes connected
and back of tongut n
tums. The time teken for sensetion 3nd the
table subiect's sensation felt is recorded in
12. At theend of experiment the laboratory
taste of test samples and substances usedtechuician
for
will give you the true actuai
and IV. Enter it in table i preparation of test samples , I, !

Results

Tabie I:
REAÇTIONS AND FACIAL EXPRESSION.
Test Samplc Rcactions Facial Exprcssion
No cea chion Neutral
H Cmiled
IV Sad' frowned
Cad Owned
Lgnecane etene fad
Lignocaine and test sampie i. spitr t. trowned

DC2 volt curent

 Tabie Ti

SENSATION, DURATION TAKENAND TEST SAMPLE DENTIFED.

Tesi
sample Test
Sensation and time taken to feel
spplied on
iongue SampBe
Identified
Tip of tonguc Sidc of longuc Back of tonguc
|Duration | Sensation Duration |Sensatioh Duration | Sensation
Water
Tap tong.
\SQcondi
Tap ton sodium chlonde
2ceondot
Tap tong, lemon:
IV
Tap tong.
Lsecond @uinine
iene- V
Lig+1
Lig :H
!Lig +!
Lig +IV
Tap tong.
LC-21
Tap tong. !

Tabie H:

SAMPLES
TASTE AND SUBTANCE USED FOR TEST

Substance used to prepare

Test Sampie Taste of test sample test sannple
+act eless water
sweet. Sugar
Odu_chloride
salty'
lemon:
Cuinine
bitter
 Discussions
Comment on the observed reaction nd faciai expression of
subjecl durng iesi.

hesubje dt.smiled..when,given.tet.
Sampte1.
he.utbject..owned.when.
given..teut.samples..mv, V.:
test hea.sujec...sprt.
Samples
when given.

2. Expiain the physiological basis of observed reaction and

faciai expression.

Ohsereed.. reachoM...and. taaal.oKgresion is...

brought..abeut..by..he...5inq.of.sigoa .in
the...limbio.syte m..and..cerebra...cortex:.

Compare and comnient the subject's results with the true actual results given by
thc tochnician un tablc lI.

he. subjecs. results. are..all.eowect and normal

when ompared withthe. results prvided
by Ahete ehnieiaM..in.he.table. II
 4
Comment on the subject's identification cf test sample
he...subie cts..identhficaten.of.. Hhe...
test..sample.s. nomal...and. good.

Commernt on duration of time taken rom application of sample to when sensaticn is

felt

Thedura'on.. iS...em...One. seeend.to.

tour.seconde ....hich..is...almost...dore.to..
the..ner.mmad.duraten:

Fxplain the physiological hasis of the ohserved duration

1heme.talen. om.gpelicc on ot.. test sample to wenstation

felt can vag depending en seveal factors.. includine
Typer of..taste
Concent atien ot. subtae
Indiidual difterences
Speihie eirumstances
 when epplied alone and when applied
7 Discuss the effect cf lignocaine on taste buts
with test sampie

9 Whal componení of lasie interprelalion is described by:

Swestness, sourness, bitterness and saltvness?

Suweetne..rimary.Gutatery ertex Biter nes.- mggala

Seurness-.hmary.austaoy.badex. Custrtory
albynes..Rimang Cortex

b. Recognition and identification of test sanpBe

nsular cortex:
C. Reaction and facial expression observed
Jtmbio.ystem...and...cevebral.corteX...
 SMELL

Ains and obiectives

1. To invesligale the sensalion of smell.
To investigate the ability to differentiate between different smells.
3
To investigate the ability to identify the substaHces used to produce smeli
samples

Methodology
Drect exposures to smell samples to nose

Equiph1ent
Test sampies
Tcst samplcs labellcd as : ), (a) (n), Gv), (V), (vi), (vi1), and(vi)

Procedure
Thc ggoup chooscs subjcct, invcstigator, recordcr and rcadcr.
The investigator seats the subject facing away from the test samples.
3. The investigator asks the subject to close his eves and the investigator-pcks any. -
oneof the test samples, brings it cBose to the nose of subject, observes the
reection, fecial expression of the subject and records in tabËe I.
The subjei is asked io:
Say whether he or she smells any thing.
b. Describes what he or she smeils whether pieasant or
Sweet and iritant or not.
unpieasani, p1mgent or
C. Recognise, identify the substance used to make the smell test sample, records
and resulis in iable i.

Thenvestigator repeats procedure 3 end 4 above tor al! the test samples proided
uSUig u thuee othêr subjects and sesuits of eac test recorded in tabie Iand H
respectively.
At the ed of practical the technicia will provide the names of
actual substänces
uscd to prcparcd the tost smcli samplcs and what thc tost samplc actual smcll ike.
Enter these data in 1abie ii.
RESULTS

Table I
Rect:ons, and facai expression obserrved
FACIAL EXPRESSION
| SUBJECT | TEST REACTION
SANPLE
No reachon
|Neutral.
A Gnilling miled.
() Happy
turned head away
frowned
Sad
Sad, turned head away' Frowned.
(A Sailed
(vi)
(vii)
Hapey
(V1:1)
A No reachon |Neutral
iled,
(O) C CRned head away' Frowned.
Smlled
Smiled
(n)
(vii)
(i)
A No reachon. Weutal
(B)
BHape9 Sniled
(5) Sad tuvned head awey |Frouwned.
(6) b Sadi turned head way ifrowned
Cmiled
(i)
(ü)
(vii)
A No reachion. Woutral.
Smilod.
(a) ad tu ngd head awag Frowned.
head aay Fruwned.
(vi)
(vii)
£Hapy Smiled

(vii)
 SMELT PLEASANT PNGENT :RRTAR.RES

X X water.

Kritant lotion lsoap

8 Vfleasant
C X X ur ine
X iritet, Vinegar
X Viwet lemon

X X X water
veasant totion soap
Vritent
X
Urine
X Vinegar
Pleasant X X lemon

A X X water
Pleaant
X Atvitont lotonlcoap.
urine
X VInitat vineyar
X VSweet. X
lemon

X water
B
C
rleasont X lotton ltoap
X
X
Aritent Urine
Vitat vinegar
Vsuet X le wmon
 Table I
Actual snmell and substance used for test
sanples
iest Sanpie Actuai Smeli
A Actual Substance used
Odo urlecs woter. water:
() fleasant
| Pungent $0qp
Ammonu m chloride
lvritant lewt Acoto Acid
(i)
Sweot
Lemon
(v)

DISCUSSION
Commeni on ihe observed reacliun and faciai
expression of subjecl during iesi.
lhe subjects..expessed..frowned
.taces, to. me.
ivritat smollf, samples..c and D..and. .expresced.
Smiling..faces to pleatant smatl. (ampler.. &.and. E):
for samples C..and D:llitant stmall).the
Sybjeds. tesned thetr. heads..away.. and.to. tamples. B.
and. E.weue happysmel] He.snbjed!.head.emalned. frm and
they E..Cpleasnt.
Éxpiain ihe physiviogjcai basis of observedreaclion and facial expression.
o bserued.eachons..and..facial. expressios
brought about by the limbicsyutem whieh
is retpons ible tor emotons tike..cmilag and.
kouning Hic also important to note that ther observed
reachon and tacial ex presslons are. brought atkout byoher
and ventro medi
parts ot the braln Aike an tenior cingulate, inula
emohons .
pretont ad Hhat jnluenea
 actual resuls given by the
Compare and comment on the subjects results with the
technician in tabie iii.

Taee-isegprusmatet
he.sbjectr. identifhed.a. tour.of. the..
correcty. that.is...A, B, D.and E..and.identified
tastt.
.test. ample.c.ar...ictltaat.
iasita nt. yet.according te.
techniian...test. ample.c..ik..punqent.:.
he.subjecr..identhfed..three..of.the..
sourees.ot. the test. tample.corecty.A,.B, E.but.
ot.ubtane. Med
failed. to.. dentty theourcas.
et.samples...eD!
to..make.eutsampler.

Comment on he subjecls ideniivaiion of the lest sample.

Most.ot...the..subed.have.a...nerma!
Sense.ct.smel):

Briefly outlinethe physiological basis of smell sensation.

in.ue.osal cavity
nhalation ... knty of..odoun. mateeules.
olfactory
ltacy.plthelium H has.. Hhe.cilta where the
are lo catedreeeptor. cellsaheykre.an.achon.potentain the
receotactoy bulbr 1 acs. as. a.reloy.staton.tor smell
er4nab i c gystem- Otacy cortar
and llbic siem (or emehond And memoy
responible tor aterpretetion ot mell his is done..by...9ltaoorg
teehfy ditter ed
cortex whieh allows to relogatze. and.
lodous
 al comnponcnt ef Gmell intep:ctation 1s desc:itedt)
weet puhcht, tun plenvint and non-picasunt smcii
nerlly, Akte ic dune by the olfatoy cortex
lungonl * Antenu olfactong nuclevs, ond amygdaa
lvritant and pleasant - 0
Non- le adant - nsu la bitotontal eyea
nevgulion aNd rdentufication of thecortex
sueii test substances

Olkacty co rtex:

() Rcacition and facial

expression observed
Keacti'on ond toçal express ion - nbi o gs tem, co veb ral
cortex

RESULTS
Table I:

SaupieSiueiiResults for Test

Resuiis sheei.
!est Smel:í) Pleasan! or P1ngent Iitant! or
Saluyies unpleasant Reactiorn ldent1fication
of facial of substances
expression sweet
X
no ceachiea! water.
plearant X
Hapy tohen soap.
X
X
Vheitanti trewnpd uriae
eitant frowned winegar
VT X Vsweet lemon
V!
 Table Iy Biack
DISCUSSION

1.
COmmenton your fndinzs and what doyou deduce on the
substances. nature of ordiferous
findings..axe.normal:
.oTer2MS..Mubstan ce...axethosethat have dmell.
.can.bt.categoised .based on.chemical.. natire and the
per copthioM.they ewoke:. he. categosed. .aye..velahle organic
compou ads,. Amtnes, sulhur omgo und.Kters, aldehyder , etones,
and 1er pen es
What component of smell is expressed on
Pieasant or unpieasant
b. unpleaant-lncula cortex
Sweet or pungent
Pleasant - Oacto ny coter:
C. Iritant
Olfachong cortex
Orbitirontal ortex
d. Ideniilication

3 Otacey ortex
Explain the physioiogdca! basis of the reaction and facial expression noted.
1he..Oaser.e d. reo chiens..and..tacia.Lexpessiens. are bronght
about. by. he.inmbit.ytem.hich..is..respeasible tor emohons ike
re ning.Hhex pots et. he. brain.ske..the.cerebval eo rtex it
also.respons ihle...to..40chons. and.. taial.exe<ssiens noted.

4 Commeni on recogmiiion and identificationof tes substançe score of subject and

Explain the physiologjcal basis recognition and identification. 1he subjeds
She scored of he test suartan ces.
The. sukjt....ae.. normal
Iable IH Reactions, Facia! Expression Obser:ed and Test Substance Uscd.
SUPSTANCE USED FOR
TEST SAMPLE OBSERVED OBSERVED FACIAL
REACTION EXPRESSION TEST
SAMPLE

A No reachion Noutral:
water
Became
Smiled.
hapy
Sodened frownod.
oved head Mededt
Ammoniu chlosde
away
Sadenod Frowaed Acehc Acid
Moued head aay
Became Smailed
Hapey heman

ve.,VI

VII