GRAMMAR

-Dr. Aarzoo Minnat Ansari

MPT (CPS)
 TENSES

• A tense is a form of verb that is used to show the time of an

action.
• For example: when an action happened
 Types

• PAST: I bought a bag

• PRESENT: I am buying a bag
• FUTURE: I will buy a bag
 TENSES

• SIMPLE: Past, Present, Future

• PROGRESSIVE/CONTINOUS: Past, Present, Future
• PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: Past, Present, Future
 TYPES

• PAST TENSES
SIMPLE PAST: He played football every Tuesday.
PAST PROGRESSIVE/CONTINOUS: He was playing football.
PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: He had been playing football
for ten years.
 EXAMPLE
(PAST)

• She was using mobile phone

• She has been using mobile phone since 10 years
• She used mobile phone
 EXAMPLE

• She was using mobile phone: PAST PROGRESSIVE

• She has been using mobile phone since 10 years: PAST
PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
• She used mobile phone : SIMPLE PAST
 TYPES

• PRESENT TENSES:
SIMPLE PRESENT: He plays football every Tuesday.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE/CONTINOUS: He is playing football.
PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: He has been playing
football for ten years.
 EXAMPLES
(PRESENT)

• He is selling flowers
• He sells flowers
• He has been selling flowers since 8 years
 EXAMPLES
(PRESENT)

• He is selling flowers: PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

• He sells flowers: SIMPLE PRESENT
• He has been selling flowers since 8 years: PRESENT PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE
 TYPES

• FUTURE
SIMPLE FUTURE: He will play football
FUTURE PROGRESSIVE/CONTINOUS: He will be playing
football.
FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE: He will be going to play
football for ten years.
 Example
(FUTURE)

• Rina will be going to participate in the quiz competition for

upcoming years
• Rina will participate in the quiz competition
• Rina will be participating in the quiz compitiotion.
 Example
(FUTURE)

• Rina will be going to participate in the quiz competition for

upcoming years: FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
• Rina will participate in the quiz competition: SIMPLE FUTURE
• Rina will be participating in the quiz competition: FUTURE
PROGRESSIVE
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
VOICE
 ACTIVE VOICE

• In most English sentences with an action verb, the subject performs the
action denoted by the verb.
• e.g. Columbus discovered America.
• These examples show that the subject is doing the verb's action.
 PASSIVE VOICE

• One can change the normal word order of many active sentences (those
with a direct object) so that the subject is no longer active, but is, instead,
being acted upon by the verb - or passive.
• e.g. America was discovered by Columbus.
 EXAMPLES
PAST:
• Rita wrote a letter
• A letter was written by Rita
PRESENT
• Rita writes a letter
• A letter is written by Rita
 Examples

FUTURE
• Rita will write a letter
• A letter will be written by Rita
INFINITIVE
• Rita can write a letter
• A letter can be written by Rita
 EXAMPLES

• GUITAR WAS PLAYED BY SUNITA

• SUNITA PLAYED THE GUITAR
 EXAMPLES

• GUITAR WAS PLAYED BY SUNITA: PAST Passive Voice

• SUNITA PLAYED THE GUITAR: PAST Active Voice
 EXAMPLES

• ANITA USES LAPTOP

• LAPTOP IS USED BY ANITA
 EXAMPLES

• ANITA USES LAPTOP : Present Active

• LAPTOP IS USED BY ANITA: Present Passive
 Examples

• Ravi will do the homework

• Home work will be done by Ravi
 Examples

• Ravi will do the homework: Future Active

• Home work will be done by Ravi: Future Passive
 Examples

• Vinay can prepare the whole meal

• Whole meal can be prepared by Vinay
 Examples

• Vinay can prepare the whole meal: Infinitive Active

• Whole meal can be prepared by Vinay: Infinitive Passive
 ARTICLES AND
OMISSION OF ARTICLES
 ARTICLES

• An article is used to indicate the exactness of a noun. It is a word used to

modify a noun, which is a person, place, object, or idea. Technically, an
article is an adjective, which is any word that modifies a noun.
• English has two types of articles:
1. definite and
2. indefinite.
 Definite Article

• It limits the meaning of a noun to one particular thing.

• The is Definite article.
• Example: The Taj Mahal, means particular Taj Mahal
It is used to indicate the whole the whole class in general.
• Example: the sun, the moon, the world
 Indefinite Article
• The indefinite means any one. These articles are invariable. You use one or
the other, depending on the first letter of the word following the article, for
pronunciation reasons.
• Use a before a word which begins with a consonant sound (Not spelling)
• Example: a one day, a horse, a building
• Use an when the next word starts with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or with a mute h.
(Not the spelling)
• Example: An honest, an onion, an apple
 Omission of articles

• We do not use articles before uncountable and abstract nouns used in a general
sense.
 Example: Honey is sweet. (NOT The honey is sweet.)
• We do not use articles before plural countable nouns used in a general sense.
Example: Computers are useful machines.
• We do not use articles before the names of languages.
 Example: Can you speak French?
 Omission of articles

• We do not use articles before the names of meals

Example: Reeta has dinner at 8:00pm every day.
• We do not use articles before the name of games.
 Example: I like to play hockey.
• We do not use articles before the names of subjects.
Example: She doesn‘t like Hindi.
Prepositions
 Prepositions
A preposition is a word (often a short word) that expresses the relationship between
two other nearby words. In the examples below, each preposition (highlighted) shows
us the relationship between the word book and the word wizard.

• The book about the wizard

• The book by the wizard
• The book near the wizard
• The book behind the wizard
• The book under the wizard
 Prepositions

• It is a container for butter.

• The eagle soared above the clouds.
• He is the President of the United States.
• Here is a list of common prepositions:
• above, about, across, against, along, among, around, at, before,
behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, during,
except, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, since, to, toward,
through, under, until, up, upon, with and within.
 Example

• Rita was standing ______ the tree.

• Apples were _____ the basket
• Arjun was looking ____ the painting
• Everyone was singing the song ____ Jim
• The piano was played ____ the musician
• All were taking _____ Women’s Day
Idioms
 Idioms

• An idiom is a common word or phrase with a culturally understood meaning

that differs from what its composite words' denotations would suggest.
• For example, an English speaker would understand the phrase "kick the
bucket" to mean "to die" – and also to actually kick a bucket.
 List of Idioms

• A hot potato
Speak of an issue (mostly current) which many people are talking about and which is usually
disputed
• A penny for your thoughts
A way of asking what someone is thinking.
• Actions speak louder than words
 People's intentions can be judged better by what they do than what they say.
• Add insult to injury
To further a loss with mockery or indignity; to worsen an unfavorable situation.
HOMONYMS &
HOMOPHONES
 Homonyms

• Words with:
• same spelling
• same pronunciation
• different meanings
 Homonyms

• Eg: Bear (animal) and bear (tolerate)

a bear can bear very cold temperature
Left (direction) and left (leave)
the driver turned left and left the main road
 HOMOPHONES

• Sound a like word

• Pronounced identically
• Different meaning
• Different spelling
 HOMOPHONES
• To, too and two
• There and their
• Bee and be
• Sun and son
• Which and witch
• Plain and plane