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5 Dielectrics
5 Dielectrics
5 Dielectrics
Dielectric
E app can penetrate into their interiors and
affect the internal structure of such materials.
macroscopically,
εo A
i) When no dielectric, C o =
d
ε oε r A
ii) When a dielectric is inserted, C =
d
iii) The calculation of ε is an important aim of any microscopic theory
of dielectrics.
iv) also, their response to the AC E field reflected in
n= ε
v) In some ionic crystal, even when Eapp = 0,
there may be long-range electrostatic force between the
ions (in addition to the lattice potential)
- + - - + -
+ - + + - +
+ +
Definition
- + dipole moment p = qd (- →+)
−q d +q
qE Torque felt
+
τ = p× E
Potential energy
- E
V = −p⋅ E
− qE
In discussing dielectric materials
Polarization P = # of dipole moment / unit volume
= NP the dipole moment density : units of C/m2
Electric field inside the parallel plate :
V0
E0 =
L
Now, insert a slab of dielectric ⇒ modify the field to a new value E
E0 − E ′ = E
E ′ due to polarization change
E0 − E ′ = E : new field inside the slab
Now,
Electric displacement D = ε0 E 0 (just outside the dielectric) or
D = ε0 E + P (inside dielectric)
P
∴ E = E0 −
ε0
also, D = ε E + P = εE = ε ε E
0 0 r
ε
where ε r = Dielectric constant
ε0
All the dielectric and optical characteristics of
substances are contained in this constant.
The dielectric constant and polarizability : the local field
Nα
= ε 0 1 + E
ε0
Previously, D = ε 0ε r E
Nα
∴ εr = 1+
ε0
Define electrical susceptibility χ such that
P = ε 0 χE cf. P = NαE
then
Nα
χ = εr = 1 + χ
ε0
In fact,
P = αE local instead of P = αE Maxwell
https://chemistry.osu.edu/~woodward/ch754/lect2003/dielectrics_lect28.ppt
*)Soda-lime glass, also called soda-lime-silica glass, is the most prevalent type of glass, used for windowpanes, an
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https://chemistry.osu.edu/~woodward/ch754/lect2003/dielectrics_lect28.ppt
Local effective field at an atom or an ion in a dielectric sample :
Eloc = Eo + E1 + E2 + E3
P
E1 = depolarization field =−
ε0
π P cos θ
2
P
E2 = ∫ − 2πR sin θdθ =
2 See Kittel
4πε 0 R 3ε 0
0 2
E 3 = 0 for the symmetric structure such as cubic
P P 2
∴ E local = E0 − + + 0 = E0 − P
ε 0 3ε 0 3ε 0
Lorentz cavity field E2 and field of dipoles inside cavity E3
E2 from
Eo surface of
spherical cavity
++ +
+++ +
P P
E local = E0 − +
ε 0 3ε 0
Therefore,
P
E local = E Maxwell + E local : microscopic field which
3ε 0
fluctuates within the
medium
Now,
P = NαE local E local = E Maxwell +
P
3ε 0
P Nα
P = Nα E + = NαE + P
3ε 0 3ε 0
Nα
∴ P=
Nα 1 − 3Nεα
P 1 − = NαE
3ε 0
0
By the way,
Nα
D = ε0E + P = ε0E + E = ε 0ε r E
1 − N α
3 ε 0
(
ε 0 1 −Nα
3ε 0
)
+ Nα
E = ε 0ε r E εr =
1+ 2 Nα
3ε 0
Nα
1 − 3ε 0 1 − 3Nεα
0
Nα 2 Nα
εr 1 − = 1+
3ε 0 3ε 0
Nα
3ε 0
(ε r + 2) = ε r − 1
ε r − 1 Nα 1
= = χ
Clausius-Mosotti relation ε r + 2 3ε 0 3
Sources of polarizability (Mechanism)
Different types of physical processes gives rise to polarizability
ex) dipolar(orientational), ionic, electronic polarizability
E= 0 E≠0
Average value of P, now only considering Px
∫ Px f (θ )dΩ
Px =
∫ f (θ )dΩ
π
∫0 P cos θ ⋅ e PE cos θ kT ⋅ 2π sinθdθ
= π PE cos θ kT
∫0 e ⋅ 2π sinθdθ
1 PE
= PL(u ) where L(u ) = coth(u ) − , u=
u kT
Langevin function
Paraelectricity
For small E field,
p2 pE orientational E
Px = E ~ p ⋅ = p ⋅
3k BT 3k BT thermal E
M εr − 1 N A p2
= α ei +
ρ
ε r + 2 3ε 0 3k BT
P2
αd = applicable in solids ?
3kT
in solids
finally:
2P 2
∴ αd =
kT
M ε r − 1 vs. 1
If we plot the
ρ ε + 2
r T
M ε r −1 N A P2
= α ei +
ρ ε r + 2 3ε 0 3k BT
https://s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/erbuc/files/4155_16642919-af64-4cad-b717-e2cc45746249.pdf
The dipole moments for various molecules,
https://s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/erbuc/files/4155_16642919-af64-4cad-b717-e2cc45746249.pdf
b) Dipolar dispersion (frequency dependence of orientational polar)
For AC applied field
dPd (t ) Pd (t ) α d (0 ) − iωt
+ = Ae
dt τ τ
Let’s try a solution of the form
Pd (t ) = α d (ω ) E (t ) = α d (ω ) Ae − iωt
α d (ω ) − iωt α d (0 ) − iωt
α d (ω ) Ae − iωt (− iω ) + Ae = Ae
τ τ
α d (ω ) α d (0 )
(1 − iωτ ) =
τ τ
α d (0)
∴ α d (ω) = α d (0) : static polarizability
(1 − iωτ)
⇒ The polarization is no longer in phase with the field
(This gives rise to energy absorption)
E = Ae − i ωt
P = Be −i ( ωt −ϕ )
To derive the expression for εr(ω)
ε r (ω ) = 1 + χ e (ω ) + χ d (ω )
where ionic concentration assumed negligible
Then, ε r (ω ) = n 2 + χ d (ω ) where n2 = 1 + χ e
χ d (ω ) = ε r (ω ) − n Not follow the E (ω ) instantaneously
2
χ d (0 )
χ d (ω ) = : the same complex form as αd(ω)
1 − iωτ
χ d (0 ) = ε r (0 ) − n 2
ε ( 0 ) − n 2
∴ ε r (ω ) = n 2 + r
1 − iωτ
ε ( 0 ) − n 2 ε ( 0 ) − n 2
= ε r′ (ω ) + iε r′′(ω ) = n 2 + r
+i r
ωτ
1+ω τ 2 2 1+ω τ 2 2
ε ( 0 ) − n 2
ε r′ (ω ) = n 2 + r
1 + ω 2τ 2
ε r (0 ) − n 2
ε r′′(ω ) = ωτ
1+ω τ 2 2
: Debye equations
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d) Ionic polarizability
It is related with the optical properties of lattice vibration.
The frequency dependent dielectric constant is given by
ε r (0 ) − ε r (∞ )
ε r (ω ) = ε r (∞ ) + 2
ω
1−
ωt
Since ε r (∞ ) = n 2
ε r (0 ) − n 2
ε r (ω ) = n 2 + 2
ω
1−
ωt
from
e) Electronic polarizability
For the e- under AC field
d2x dx
m 2 + mγ + m ω 02 x = − eE0e − iωt
dt dt
To be consistent with previous derivation
E 0 e − i ωt
x(t ) = − ⋅ 2
e k
ω0 =
(
m ω0 − ω − iγω
2
) ,
m
The polarization Pe is
(
P *e = ε 0 χE = ε 0 ε r* − 1 E0 e −iωt )
− i ωt
also P = Nα (ω ) E0 e
e
* *
e = Nex(t )
2 − i ωt
− i ωt e E0 e
α (ω ) E0 e
*
= ⋅ 2
e
(
m ω0 − ω − iγω
2
)
e2
m
α e (ω ) = 2
*
(
ω0 − ω 2 − iγω )
and (
Nα e* (ω ) E0 e − iωt = ε 0 ε r* − 1 E0 e − iωt )
ε (ω ) =
N
*
α e (ω ) + 1
ε0
r
N e2 1
= 1+
ε 0 m (ω02 − ω 2 ) − iγω
Ne 2 ω 02 − ω 2
ε r′ (ω ) = 1 +
ε 0 m (ω 2 − ω 2 )2 + γ 2ω 2
0
Ne 2 γω
ε r′′(ω ) =
ε 0 m (ω 2 − ω 2 )2 + γ 2ω 2
0
Ne 2 ω 02 − ω 2
ε r′ (ω ) = 1 +
ε 0 m (ω 2 − ω 2 )2 + γ 2ω 2
0
Ne 2 γω
ε r′′(ω ) =
ε 0 m (ω 2 − ω 2 )2 + γ 2ω 2
0
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Within a solid which contains permanent dipoles, all three of the above
phenomena contribute to the polarizability at low frequencies through
to high frequencies.
E=0
E>0
E≈EC
http://www.arne-lueker.de/Objects/work/Pb-free%20ferroelectrics/pb_free_quest.html
Polarization Switching by an Electric Field
from Kittel
(Spontaneous polarization)
Static
Ferro- Para-
Dielectric
electric electric
Constant
phase phase
Ferro-electric
phase
No E applied
potassium dihydrogen
phosphate
http://ckw.phys.ncku.edu.tw/public/pub/Notes/CondensedMatter/Powerpoint/
Rochelle salt
BaTiO3
KDP
from Kittel
https://chemistry.osu.edu/~woodward/ch754/lect2003/dielectrics_lect28.ppt
Domain Wall Movement
http://slideplayer.com/slide/4829425/
T>TC cubic
T<TC a slightly compressed cubic
~0.15Å
http://www.tf.uni-kiel.de/matwis/amat/elmat_en/kap_5/illustr/i5_1_1.html
Hynix Announces 512Mbit Mobile DRAM
Hynix Semiconductor, a noted memory maker has said it has developed
the world's fastest and smallest 512 MBit mobile DRAM. The new DRAM
operates at 200 MHz and processes 1.6 GB of data per second. "The
product will deliver the memory capacity and speed required for third
generation mobile phones that provide new services, such as digital
media broadcast (DMB), to subscribers," the chip maker has said. It is
expected that Hynix will combine this 512Mb mobile DRAM and Nand
Flash in a multi-chip package which will allow mobile manufacturers to
make slimmer mobile phones.
http://www.tech2.com/india/news
Non-Volatile RAMs (memory)
Smart cards use ferroelectric memories. They can hold relatively large amounts of information
and do not wear out from use, as magnetic strips do, because they use contactless radio
frequency input/output. These cards are the size and shape of credit cards but contain
ferroelectric memory that can carry substantial information, such as its bearer's medical
history for use by doctors, pharmacists and even paramedics in an emergency. Current smart
cards carry about 250 kilobytes of memory.
http://www.slideshare.net/researcher1234/ferroelectric-and-piezoelectric-materials